«:^«lo.. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


i:>^ 


1.0 


III  !.l 


11.25 


"    1^    112.2 


■  10 

Uuu 


2.0 


IIIM 

1.4    11.6 


nl X !-_•_ 

I  iiuiugicipmc 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MA<N  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  37ij.4503 


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CIHM/JCA1H 
Microfiche 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  histoiiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquea  at  bibliographiquas 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  beat 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  ths 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertura  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couvertura  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAc 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  da  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleua  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Pfanchea  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli*  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


n 


n 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieur* 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  cartaines  pagea  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaisaent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pagea  n'ont 
pas  6ti  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  examplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  so  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvant  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

D 

n 

D 
D 
D 

n 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^as  et/ou  pellicuides 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piquees 

Pages  detached/ 
Pagea  ditach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  ('impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  peiure, 
etc.,  ont  4t6  fiimies  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meiileure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  dc  reduction  indiqu«  ci-dessous. 
10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


T 


20X 


26X 


30X 


./ 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmsd  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library 

Indian  and  Northern  Affairs 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  paqe  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —*>(  meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
begiPiiing  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  ^  la 
ginirositA  de: 

Bibliothdque 

Affaires  Indiennes  et  du  Nord 

Lea  images  suivantes  ont  iti  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
dtt  la  netted*  de  l'exemplaire  f!im«,  at  en 
conformity  avec  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  exemplalres  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprimte  sont  filmis  en  commandant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
P'>t,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  axempiaires 
originaux  sont  filmto  en  commenqant  par  la 
premiere  pa^e  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derncAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  das  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
demiAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  Is  symbols  — ••  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimte  d  dee  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche.  11  est  film«  i  partir 
da  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  baa.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrant  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

^ 


TREES   OF   AMERICA. 


■  m 


THE 


TREES 


H^ 

■J' '  •^""•^^ II,,,,      J-  ^ 

OF    AMERICA; 


NATIVE  AND  FOREIGN, 
iJictortalij)  antr  ilotanicalln  Dth'nratctr. 


AND 


SIHENTIFICALLY  AND  POPULARLY  DESCRIBED; 


BEIXO   CONSIDERED 


..UINCPAM.V    WITH    UKrEREXC.    TO    THEIR    «EO,mAP„V    AND    HI.STORV  ;    SOI,.    AVO    S.TU  1 

t.on;  propaoatiov  and  cltcre;  accidents  and  diseases;  properties  .nd    " 
uses;    economv   in   the   arts;    introduction   into   commerce-   and 

THEIR    application    IN    USEFUL    AND    ORNAMENTAL    PLANTATIONS; 

ILLUSTRATED  BY  NUMEROUS  ENGRAVINGS. 


B  Y     D.    J.    B  R  O  W  N  E, 

AUTHOR    OF    THE    SYLVA    A.MEIilCANA. 


'  Think  of  your  ancestors;  Miink  of  posterity." 


Gai.gacus. 


NE  W    YORK: 
HARPER    &    BROTHERS,    S2    CLIFF  STREET. 


M.DCCC.XLVI. 


y 


i 


Enleic'd,  nccoiaing  to  Act  of  Cfingi-^ssr  in  llie  year  1840,  l)y 

HaIIPEU    &    BllOTllKRS, 

111  the  CK'ik's  Offico  of  the  Southern  District  of  New  Vork. 


f 


M 


TO 


HONOURABLE   JAMES   TALLMADGE, 

i.ATi;  pRi;«sii)i;.\T  of  the  .\Mi:RrrA\   ixsTrnrK, 


^■ftts  ^a?orU  ts  SctKcfltctr 


W  1  T  II    !•;  \-  !■:  H  Y    F  K  K  J.  1  N  (.i    0  F    K  !■:  .S  V  K  C  T 


BY 


T  II  E   A  r  T  n  0  R. 


P  R  E  F  A  C  E. 


N  pr.^st•ntiIl^r  fi>  tlio  piiMic  a  trrdtisc  like  ilio  prf.sriit,  it  would  natiiriilly  1»e 
rxju'ctcd  thiit  (lie  mitlior  sliould  Htiile  tho  gidiind.s  upon  wiiicli  Ik,-  losts  hia 
claiiii  to  attoiitioii.  With  thin  i-xpcrttition  ho  most  cordially  complies.  Soon 
lifter  till!  ])ul)lic!itioii  of  his  "Sylva  Americaim,"  in  18;i2,  nt  the  solicitation, 
not  only  of  personal  friends,  hut  with  tiio  cxpresse<l  wishes  of  nnineroiis  indi- 
vidnals  to  whom  ho  was  comparatively  a  stran-rer,  ho  nndertook  the  pro[)ara- 
tion  of  a  work  on  tho  trees  of  this  country,  more  complete  and  extensive  in  its  character 
than  had  hitherto  been  published.  With  this  view,  in  connection  with  other  pursuits, 
he  extended  his  lesoarchos  by  travelling  and  residing  for  a  time  in  various  parts  of  North 
and  South  America,  tho  West  Indies,  JCurope,  and  Western  Africa,  whoro  he  availed 
himself  of  the  advantage  of  not  only  verifying  or  correcting  tho  observations  which  had 
been  made  by  others  on  tho  trees  of  these  countries,  but  examined  them  under  variouu 
conditions  in  a  state  of  nature,  as  well  as  in  nurseries  and  collections  of  tlu!  curious. 

in  the  year  1838,  ho  announced  to  tho  public,  through  a  "  Memorial  jiraying  Con- 
gross  to  adopt  measures  On-  procurin-  and  preserving  a  supply  of  timber  for  naval  pur- 
poses," [Doc.2n,25fk  Cunirrrsx,  2d  yc.s.sion,  Sniafr.]  that  he  Imd  conunenced  the  prop- 
nration  of  a  treatise  f>n  tiiis  subject,  setting  forth  tho  course  ho  was  pursuing  and  the 
chief  objects  of  inquiry;  but  (.wing  to  tho  party  strife  and  political  warfare  which  ex- 
isted at  that  period,  he  regrets  to  say  that  no  action  was  taken  in  the  matter  beyond  re- 
ferring said  memorial  to  the  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs,  and  ordering  it  to  be  printed. 
In  18i;i,  at  tho  roijucst  of  his  friends,  detinito  proj)osals  were  issued  by  the  author 
for  publishhig  tho  work  in  a  popular  form,  and  a  large  mimber  of  wealthy  and  public- 
spiiited  citizens  profHired  him  their  aid,  to  whom  ho  can  not  hero  omit  to  acknowledge 
his  lasting  obligations;  but;  owing  to  various  causes  which  have  unavoidably  retarded 
tho  jiublication,  it  could  not  with  propriety  bo  issu(;d  before  tho  present  time. 

While  complying  with  this  request,  he  has  read  or  consulted  the  works  of  all  tho  most 
judicious  authors  on  tho  subject,  both  ancient  and  modern,  with  the  view  of  giving  a 
concise  account  of  such  trees  and  shrubs  as  are  cultivated  or  growing  in  America.'as 
would  interest  the  general  reader,  and,  at  tho  same  time,  would  jirovo  econoniical  and 
useful  to  the  artisan,  the  i)lanter,  and  to  those  interested  in  arboriculture,  in  a  more  ex- 
tended sense. 

The  pictorial  illustrations  of  this  work  have  either  been  mad(>  directly  from  drawings 
after  nature,  or  from  accurate  delineations  already  in  existence,  one  figure  representing 
the  general  api)earance  of  each  tree,  and  another  of  the  loaf,  flower,  fruit,  &c.,  in  order 
that  the  descriptions  may  be  better  and  more  clearly  understood,  and  to  render  their 
identity  more  certain. 

Tho  classification  he  has  preferred  to  adopt  is  tho  Nutinal  Sij.shm,  chiefly  for  the 
sake  of  aiding  in  generalizing  on  the  species  ami  varieties  contained  in  each  family  or 
tribe,  which  is  in  accordance  with  tho  plan  a.h.ptod  by  Professor  Don,  in  "  Miller's 


I 


.1 


I^         "  Ln..  u.  .v,.nls  ,ins  u.nu,«o,nunt.  to  which  ih.,  uuthur  w.  ul-l  ..l    l-urt.cuhu 
Z  t  will  l.:  porcmv..l  ,h,U.  iu  v.n..UH  insta.u.o..  h.  h.s  .vhu..!  .h.  nu.nl,...- 

o  W-    H   anJ  c.v..n.  b  ...rn.,  n.cs,  of  varioti...  uhi.-h  ho  wish.,  tu  b.  ....UM.ly  un- 

„.li...,..nl.  hut,  with  an  opinion  thut  Huch  analogi..  do  ox.Ht  ;  yK  h.  ,s  not  hy  any   . 
L  i   ...H  to  separate  Lon.hh.g.s  of  spori.-s.  o.-  to  alt.r  ...ahhsl,..!  nan....  n.  any 

n  u  u  what.v.r.  No  .>no,  h-  .•..n....iv..s,  .houhl  .lo  .his  who  has  not  attan..-  an  ..n- 
r  .m  s  a  botanist,  to  whi.:h  h.-  has  n.,  p.vt.n.ions.  Hone,  iu  n,ost  ol  the  .^.s 
,  ,,,.  h.  has  assn.n...l  a  species  us  a  variety,  he  has  given  the  numen  as  a.lop.e.l  by 
Mi  nx.  Nuttall.  Loudon,  or  son,c  other  botani..al  writer,  in  ..r.  .-r  that  .he  n.a.h.  n.ay 
know  un.  er  what  h..a.ls  sn..h  vari..tios  are  .h-snibe.!  iu  the  w..rks  ot    •--;'";■; 

The  author  IV-ls  called  upon  to  a.Unowl.Mlge  that  he  .s  paHu-ularly  n.debte.l  ■  M  . 
J.  C.  Loudon  for  a  large  share  of  his  w..rk,  taken  iron,  the  "  Arb.ue  tnn.  "t-'  ".urn 
and  to  Dv  Tha.ldeuH  W.  Harris  for  many  valuable  extra.ts  iron,  h.s  Ke,...rt  on  the 
t  ^  M  acbus.tts  bOurions  to  Vegetati..n;"  also  to  Mr.  1>^  J  S.-lby  ior  extnu.s 
1^:1  his  b..autiful  work  on  "  iiritish  F.u-est  Trees,"  and  to  "  I'lLstoue  des  Arbros 
Forestiers  do  I'Ameri.iuo  Septentrionulo,"  par  M.  F.  Andre-Mich     x. 

is  the  preparation  if  a  treatise  like  the  present  necessarily  re.pnres  tune  t.j  be  con- 
sul U<-d  an.l  is  attended  with  considerable  oxpensd.  the  au,h..r  has  ventured  to  .ssue 
a  vT  irne.by  wh.ch  public  opinion  may  be  guided  respecting  its  nter.ts  and  ajudgnu 
Ly  bo  LLd  of  the  ability  or  fidelity  with  which  it  has  been  executed      Should  the 
public  demand  an  cxtensh.n'of  the  work  conformably  to  the  plan  he  has  adopted,  a  sup- 
lemeruary  volume  will  IbHow,  embracing  an  account  of  n.ost  of  the  other  trees  grow- 
ln.pe  and  America,  with  statements  of  the  sources  from  w  uch  the  n.f.,rn,at,on 
will  have  been  derived  ;  copious  indexes  ;  a  glossary  of  tocluncal  terms  '-l-  '.y 
the  work;  and  comparative  tables  of  the  ^arious  kinds  ol  w..od    n.  regard  to  th^i 
sm-ngth,  .bu-ability,  value  as  fuel,  and  a  variety  of  other  useful  mtornuU.on  respectmg 
timber  and  trees  never  before  published.  •       t      „f 

„  „„clu.io„,  U,c  „„U,o..  rc.„uc,,.  that  1,«  roadon,  will  »,■»»..««">•  "I'l"™'  ;  -  ' 
tvhatovor  correction,,  ..IJitio,,,,  or  .uggo.tions  n„y  occ.r  u,  tl.cn,  ,„  »"••"•"'  ''^'• 
work  may  bo  rcKkrcl  u.  co„n.lctc  .»  l.os.iblo,  and  i«»cd  w.tl.out  „m,oco»,.ty  delay. 


1! 


]S\w  York,  Augiusl,  1816. 


I  N  D  K  X. 


A(JA('IA,  tlirne-tlinrnrd 

"         \'ir({iiiiiiii 
A(^KIl,  BiMuric  cliuractt'rs  ol 
Acer  ciimpculre 

"     enrinaliim 

"     dii.ii/iiiipinn 

"     n  iiicai  jiHin 

"     viiiniiidijiuiii    . 

"     fiiiinsiir.iyitluiiuni 

"     Mdii/aiiii  . 

"     viainiiln  . 

"     pniiisiflrnnicum 

"     /iliildiioidrx       .  , 

"     jisi  iiilii-iilaluHitu 

"     ruhnnii    ... 

"     siur.harinum     . 

"      s.  llliriKin 

"     siHfiiliiin 
"     liliiiiliim  . 
"     liiltinnim 
^•JSCri.rs,  geiiciif  charactora  of 
Aiaculua  Jlitvu, 

"        hi/ipocaslanum   . 
"        h.  f.'liil/ra    . 
"         h.  oliiDcnxis 
"         /(.  palliilii  . 
"        h   niliii-.umUi 
"        inacrostachi/a 
"       7)«i)/a 
AILANTCS,  KPiiorii!  uliaracte 
Ailanlus  filunihilu.sa 

"        jiitircni 
Alinniullii'e   . 

AMi:i,A.\(:;iIIi;i{,  soncriP  characti 
Avicliuuhicr  lioln/iiiHKin 
"  canadnixiK    , 

_"  c.  liiHryapium 

AMYtlDAI.I'S,  geiiurii'  characters 
Amij^dulus  cummiims 
"  jicrsica  . 

"  p.  laeia  . 

Amyris  demifera 
Aiidiiiiiitilii  iirlnirca  . 
ANNONA,  generic  cliaracters  of 
Annona  tnliiha 
Apple,  American  Cral)    . 
"      Astraclian    . 
"      Common 
"      European  Crab    , 
"      .sil)erian 
Apricotirce    . 
Armcniaca  rulfraris 
Asli,  American,  Wliite   . 
"     lilack,  Urown,  Water 
"     Carolina 
"     European 
"     Flowering 
"    Manna    . 
"    Mountain,  Wild  Service 


rs  of 


of 


297, 


.  313 
.   1U5  > 
.     7!' 
.    103 

.    o:« 

.    {>:> 

.    ur> 

.    7S  ' 

.    101 

.     71 

,   1011 

,     78 

,     80 

,     88 

98 

8:i 

84 

71 

70 

7:) 

109 

llH 

110 

111 

110 

111 

HI 

ISO 

115 

If).') 

mo 

15(i 
3^1 
381 
383 
383  I 
388  ' 
333 
33 1  , 

3;u) 

3;)1 

188 

3r)() 

30  j 

31 
398  ! 
398 
306 
297 
298 
243 
313 
394 
396 
398 
384 
404 
402  ' 
335 


350 


Asli.  Kid        .... 

"     'I'liorny,  I'rickly     . 
Animiiiu  iiiUd/a 
Azeduracli     .... 

I' inian-trcc    .... 
Da.s.s-wood,  American  l.ime-treo 
IJuy,  American  Koso 
"     l.oiilolly. 

"     lied,  Carolina  Eaurel 
l)EI{l)i;|{|,S,  trcneric  characters  of 
licrhr.ria  caiutdriisis 
'        "        vulunns 
Berberry,  Common 
"  Canadian 

Uitintinid  ciilal/ia 
llircli.    \    Mt  India  . 
How-wood,  Osage  Orange 
Ho.\-wo()d      .... 
Hread  l'"ruit-treo     . 
Dread  iNut-trce,  Jamaica 
llUOI'SSON'M'riA,  generic  characters 
Hiuiixsijurlia  jia/iyii/iia   . 
lluckeyc,  Edible      . 
"         Ftetid 
I         "         i-ar^ro.  Yellow  Pavia 

■Small 
Bucktiiorn,  Purging 

.Sua  .        '. 

liiiflalo  Dcrry,  Rabbit  licrry  . 
iil.'KSFKA,  generic  characters  of 
Hitrxmi  mimmifcni . 
UI.'XI'S,  generic  characters  of 
Hu.riis  sniipcirirciis 
"      iikurka 

Campiior-trec 

Carobtree      .... 

Cassena,  Vaupon   . 

CATALPA,  generic  characters  of 

Ca/iil/iii  si/riiifr(tf,ilia 
CEI/riN,  generic  characters  of 
Ccltis  ausiKilis 
"      rr(issi/(dia 
"      occideiilalis    . 
"      trnuifuUa 
CERASl'.S,  generic  characters  of 
Ccrasus  iiriinn 

"         burciilis 

"        capromana 

"        cwulimaiia 

"        chiiasa 

"       maludcb 

"        pnmsyh-anica     , 

"        scroliiiii 

"        sylvcstris    . 

"        virgmiana . 

"        vul','aris 

"   V.  semperjlorcns  . 


of 


431 


.  30fi 
.  lAO 
.  31 
.  I2J 

.  469 

.  47 

.  309 

.  69 

.   414 

.  33 

.  37 

.  34 

.  34 

.  87 

.  406 

.  189 

465 

,  433 

461 

464 

460 

461 

ISO 

110 

118 

118 

175 

428 

439 

188 

189 

431 

432 

431 


.  420 
.  211 

.  169 
.  405 
113,406 
.  516 
.  516 
.  619 
.  517 
.  518 
.  251 
.  353 
.  365 
.  357 
.  372 
.  350 
.  386 
.  265 
.  268 
.  353 
.  268 
.  357 
.  360 


INDEX. 


i     I 


of 


of 


CERCIS,  generic  chavacters  of 
Ccrcis  canadensis     . 
"      silKjuaslritm 
Cherry,  American  Bird,  (Mioke 
"       Carolinian,  \Vild  Orange 
"      Comiuon  Garden 
"       Perfumed  . 

Virginian,  Wild,  Black 
Wild,  Gean,  Merry    . 
Chicasaw  I'him 
CHIONANTHIJS,  generic  characters  o 
Cliwiianlkus  virginica 
CITRUS,  generic  characters  of 
Citrus  ainanlium     . 
CLADRASTIS,  generic  characters 
^ladrus/is  liiiclona  . 
Cofl'ce-tree,  Arabian 

"  Kentucky     . 

CORNUS,  generic  characters  of 
Cornus  alba     .         .         ■         ■ 
"      Jlorida 

"       mas     .         .         .         • 
Cow-tree        .        .        .        • 
Craiiherry,  Tree     . 
CRATAEGUS,  generic  characters 
Cratfcgas  cordata     . 
"         crus-galli 
"         punctata  . 
Cucumber-tree 

CVDOXIA,  generic  characters  of 
Ci/donia  vulgaris      . 

Daphne  mczcrcum    . 

Devd-wood,  American  Olive 

DIOSPYKOS,  generic  cl.aractera  of 

Divxpijrus  virgimana 

Dogwood,  New-England  Box-wood 

Elm,  American,  White,  Rock 

"  Boston,  on  Common 

"  European 

"  Hatfield . 

"  Johnstown     . 

"  Pcnn's   . 

"  Pittsfield 

"  Red,  Slippery 

"  Thomas' 

"  Walioo  . 

"  Washington   . 

FICUS,  generic  characters  of 
Ficus  canca     .         ■         '         • 
'•      sycomorus       ... 
Fig-tree,  Common  . 
Franklin  ia       .         .         •        • 
FRAXINUS,  generic  characters  o 
Fraxtiius  americana 
"         excelsior    . 
Fringe-trees  .        .        •        • 

Furze 

Fustic-trees    .        .        .        • 

Georgia  Bark,  Pinckneya 
GLEUITSCHIA,  generic  characters  o 

Gkditschia,  monusperma  . 
"  triacantlwi     . 

GORDONIA,  generic  characters  of 
Gorduma  lasiaiUhus 
"        pubcns 


.  220 
.  221 
.  220 
.  265 
.  272 
.  257 
.  206 
.  268 
.  253 
.  250 
.  370 
.  371 
.     56 
.     57 
.   191 
.   192 
.  353 
.  218 
.  347 
.  348 
.  350 
.  348  I 
.  464! 
.  353 
.  274 
.  280 
.  278 
.  277 
.     14 
.  331 
.  333 

.  422 
.  381 
.  367 
.  363 
.  350 

.  503 
.  507 
.  479 
.  509 
.  510 
.  504 
.  508 
.  501 
.  500 
.  502 
.  510 

.  469 
.  470 
.  469 
.  470 
.  54 
.  383 
.  394 
.  384 
182,  371 
.  191 
.  460 

.  354 
.  21! 
.  214 
.  212 
.     51 


Gordonia  pul'scens 
Grape-vine,  American,  Wild  . 

"  Bland's,  Pale-red 

"  Catawba 

"  Elsunborough 

"  Isabella 

Guava,  Florida 

GY.VINOCLADIIS,  generic  characters 
Gi/mnocladus  canadensis  . 

Hack  jJerry,  Hag  Berry,  Hog  Berry 
HALESlA,  generic  characters  of  . 
Ifulcsia  tctriiplcra     . 
Hawthorn,  Euro|ican 
Hippophac  argcntca 
Holly,  American     . 

"      Emetic,  Yaupon  . 

"      European     . 
Horse-chestnut,  Common 

"  Scarlet- flowered 

Hydrangea  Iwrtensc 
Hypericum  lasianlkus 

n.EX,  generic  characters  of. 

Ilex  ai/ui'i'lium 

"    casneiM     .... 

"    c.  vera      .... 

"    opac'jf       .... 

'    paraguariensis 

'    vomttoria  .... 


52 
54 


.Tudas-trce,  Red-bud 
June  Berry,  Shad-blow  . 

KALMIA,  generic  characters  of 
Kalmia  lalifolia 

Laurel,  Kalmia 

"      Big,  Magnolia    . 
"      Carolinian,  Red  Bay  . 
''      European,  Sweet  Bay 
"      Sheep,  Ijamb-kill 
LAURUS,  generic  characters  of 
Lauras  benzoin 
"      camphora     . 
"       carolinensis 
"       cassia  .         .         ■         ■ 
"       ciniiamomum 
"       7tolnlis 
"       sassafras 
Lilac,  Indian,  Persian     . 
Lime-tree,  American,  Bass-wood 
"         European,  Linden 
"  Ogeciiee,  Tupelo  . 

LHUODENURON,  generic  characters 
Liriodrndron  iulipifcra      . 
Locust,  Black 
"       Common    . 
'•       (ireen,  Yellow  . 
"       Honey,  Sweet    . 
"       Red   .... 
"       Rose-flowering  . 
"       Water 
"       White 
Lotus,  European    . 
LY'ONIA,  generic  characters  of 
!  fjyunia  arhoreo. 


MACLURA,  generic  characters  of 


Pnge 

54 
133 
134 
134 
135 
134 
3-12. 
217 
218 

519 
365 
366 
275 
429 
167 
169 
160 
110 
HI 
349 
,  52 

.  159 
.  100 
.  169 
.  169 
.  167 
.  171 
.  169 

.  221 

.  282 

.  363 
.  363 

.  363 
.   2 
.  414 
.  411 
.  362 
409 
.  409 
.  420 
.  414 
.  409 
.  409 
.  411 
.  416 
.  123 
.  47 
.  39 
.  426 
.  23 
.  24 
.  195 
.  195 
.  195 
.  212 
.  195 
.  209 
.  214 
195 
.  367 
.  356 
.  356 

.  464 


INDEX. 


Xt 


54 
133 
134 
134 
135 
134 
342, 
217 
,  218 

,  519 
,  365 
.  306 
.  275 
.  129 
.  1(57 
.  169 
.  160 
.  110 
.  HI 
.  349 
.  52 

.  159 
.  160 
.  169 
.  169 
.  167 
.  171 
.  169 

.  221 

.  282 

.  362 
.  363 

.  363 
.   2 
.  414 
.  411 
.  362 
.  409 
.  409 
.  420 
.  414 
.  409 
.  409 
.  411 
.  416 
.  123 
.  47 
.  39 
.  426 
.  23 
.  24 
.  195 
.  195 
.  195 
.  212 
.  195 
.  209 
.  214 
195 
,  367 
.  355 
.  356 

.  464 


Madura  aurantiaea .... 
MA(;\()rJA,  generic  characters  of 

Maiiiiolia  acuminata 
"         a.  curdala 
"         aiirlciila/a 
"         cunspir.ua 
"        c.  aUxaiulrina  . 
"        c.  soulangcaiia  . 
"        frascri 
"        glauca, 
"         grandiflora 
''         maciophi/tla 
'•         purpurea  . 
"        ;).  gracilis 
"        pyramidala 
"         tnpctala    . 
"         nmhrclla  . 
Magnolia,  ( 'onspiciioiis-flo wered 
"         llar-lcavod 
"         Jyarge-tlowereJ 
"         J/irgo  leaved  . 
"         Tiirple-tlowered 
Umbrella 
Maliogany-lrec 
Maple,  .Asli-lcaved,  Negundo , 
"      Field  . 
"      Large-leaved 
"      Moiitpellier 
"      Moiinlain 
"      Norway 
"      lied,  Swamp 
'      lioiind-leaved 
"      Silver-leaved 
"      Striped-barked     . 
"      Sugar,  Roek 
"      'Sugar,  Ulaek 
"      Tartarian    . 
"      Wliite,  Soft,  Sdver 
Mate,  Paraguay  Tea 
Medlar,  Dutch 

MELIA,  generic  characters  of 
Mclia  azcdarach 
Mcspilus  arborea 
MOllUS,  generic  characters  of 
Morus  alba 

"      a.  muliicaulis 
"       nigra    . 
"      papijrifera     . 
"      rubra    . 
"      tinctoria 
Mountain  Asii,  Wild  Service 
Mulberry,  Black     . 
"'        Brousa  . 
"         Chinese 
Italian    . 
Paper     . 
"        Red,  Virginian 
"        Tartarian 
White    . 
Myrtle,  Common  European 
MYRTUS,  generic  characters  of 
Myrtus  communis    . 

Nectarine       .... 
NEGUNUO,  generic  characters  of 
Ncgu  mln  fraxi  a  i folia  m     . 
Nettle-tree,  American    . 
'•  Kuropean     . 

NYSSA,  generic  characters  of 


PiBf 

.  465 

1  Nijssa  aquatica        .... 

Pofa 

.  423 

1 

"      biflora  

.  423 

.     14 

"      candicans      .... 

.  426 

.     15 

"      capita/a          .... 

.  426 

.     17 

"      grandidcntala 

.  426 

.     19 

"      syleatica        .        .         ,         , 

.  423 

.     20 

.     19 

OLEA,  generic  characters  of 

.  372 

.     17 

;  Olca  amcncaua         .... 

.  381 

7 

j     "     europiia            .... 

.  373 

2 

Olive,  American     .... 

.  381 

.     12 

"      European     .... 

.  373 

.     22 

"      Wild 

.  366,  426 

.     22 

1  ORNUS,  generic  characters  of 

.  402 

.     18 

Ornus  amcricana      .... 

.  404 

.     10 

"      curnptta          .... 

.  402 

.     10 

Orange,  Common    .... 

.     57 

.     19 

Navel        .... 

.     58 

.     17 

2 

.     12 

"       Osage,  Madura 

.  465 

Pauloirnia  imperialis 

.  405 

.     22 

Paviajlava 

.  lie 

.     10 

"      lulca      

.  lis 

.   127 

"      macrostachya 

.   120 

.   106 

"      rubra     

.   115 

.   102 

Pawpaw 

.     31 

.     78 

Peach,  Common     .        ,        .        . 

.  230 

101 

Pear-tree,  Common 

.  287 

74 

Wild,  Tuiielo 

.  423 

80 

Persica  vulgaris       .... 

.  230 

93 

Persinion,  Virginian  Date  Plum     . 

.  368 

93 

PINOKM;ya,  generic  characters  of 

.  353 

9.) 

Pinckneya  pubens     .... 

.  354 

76 

"         pubesccns 

.  354 

83 

Pipperidge,  Tupelo 

.  423 

84 

P1STAC(.\,  generic  characters  of. 

.   178 

73 

Pistacia  cifftcinarum 

.   179 

95 

"        vera   

.   179 

171 

Pistachio  Nut-tree          .        .        .        . 

.   179 

281 

PLANER.V,  generic  characters  of 

.  514 

122 

Planera  gmelini 

.  515 

123 

"        ric/iardii 

.  514 

282 

"       ulmif'olia 

.  515 

438 

Plane-tree,  Euiopean  Sycamore    . 

.     88 

443 

Plum,  (;ommon  Domestic 

.  245 

445 

"      ("liieasavv 

.  250 

439 

"      Washington          .        .        .        . 

.  246 

461 

Poison  Sumach,  Poison  Elder 

.   186 

457 

Pomegranate-tree 

.  338 

460 

Poplar,  White,  Yellow  .         .         .        . 

.     27 

325 

Pride  of  ('liina,  Azedarach     . 

.   123 

439 

PRIJNIJS,  generic  characters  of    . 

.  242 

445 

Prunus  armcniaca 

.  243 

444 

"       avium          .         .         .         .         . 

.  253 

444 

"       cerasus        

.  257  '■ 

461 

"       chirasa 

.  250 

457 

"       domcstica     .         .         .         .         . 

.  245 

446 

"       mahaleb 

.  206 

443 

"       serotiiia        .         .         .         .         , 

.  268 

343 

PTEIJA,  generic  characters  of     . 

.   152 

342 

I'icliu  trifuliala 

.   153 

343 

PtJ.NTCA,  generic  characters  of    . 

.  337 

Punica  granalum 

.  338 

231 

PYRL'.S,  generic  characters  of 

.  284 

105 

Pyrus  aucuparia 

.  326 

100 

"      a.  amcricana          .... 

.  326 

517 

"      communis       .          ,         ,          .         . 

.  287 

516 

"      c.  pyrastcr 

.  287 

422 

"      cydonia 

.  333 

xli 

Pj/rua  japntuca        .         .        .         • 

"      mains 

"      m.  arcrha       .         .         ■         • 
"      m.  eoronaria  .         .         .         • 

Quince,  Common   .... 

RII.AMNUS,  gonoric  characters  of 
KhamnuK  ratkarlinm 
HHODODIINDKON,  generic  characters 
Hhuduilciidiun  maximum  . 
"  funlicum    ■ 

IIOI3INIA,  Reiicric  cliaracters  of 
Kobinia  frIuliiKisa     . 

"       mciiilana 

"       jiscudacacia 

"       ■jtseudu- acacia 

"       viscosa 
IIHU.S,  generic  characters  of 
Kfiiis  curiacca  .         .         •         • 

"     cotinus   .         .         .         • 

"     I ij plana  .         .         .         • 

"     venenata 

"     vcrnix     .         .         • 

Sassafras-trco 
,Sorvic(;-trce,  Wild 
Silill'llERUlA,  generic  characters  of 
Shepherdia  argenlca 
Htiow-drop-tree 
Snow-llowcr-trce,  Virginian  . 
Surhiin  aiiciiparia     . 
fSorrel-lrc'C,  Lyouia 
Sour  (iiim       .        .        .        • 
"    Tupelo   .... 
Slillntgia  schifcra    . 
Sli/rax  (tffirinate 
Humacii,  I'oiMinoiis 

"        Staghorn,  Virginian 

"        Venice     . 
HWIETENI..,  generic  characters 
Swiclenia  mahogoni 
•Sycamore,  Maple    . 

Tallow-tree    .... 

Tamarix  gallica 
Tliorn,  Cock-spur  . 

"      Dottnd-fruitcd     . 

"      Washington 


INDEX. 


of 


of 


:)3l 

296 
297 
297 

333 

174 
175 

3.58 
.  359 
.  3.58 
.  194 
.  209 
.  209 
.  195 
.  195 
.  209 
.  181 
.  182 
.  183 
.  184 
.  186 
.   186 

.  416 
.  325 
.  428 
.  429 
366,  371 
.  371 
.  325 
.  356 
.  423 
.  426 
.  431 
.  365 
.  186 
.  184 
.  182 
.  126 
.  127 
.     88 

.  431 
342,  403 

.  278 
.  277 
.  280 


TILIA,  generic  characters  of 
Titia  americana 
"     a.  alba     . 
"     curopica 
"     glabra     . 
'•     liclerophylla     . 
Toothache-tree 
Tree  of  Friendship 
"       Heaven 
"       Liberty 
Tulip-tree,  Liriodendron 
Tupelo-tree    . 

"  Large . 

"  Suur    . 


ULMUS,  generic  characters  of 

Ubnus  americana 

"      a.  alala 

"      a.  fiilva 

"      a.  opaca 

"      a.  raccmosa  . 

"      campeslris    . 

"      c.  monlaiia    . 

"      c.  m.  glabra  . 

"  rubra  . 
Umbrella-tree 
Uiiaria  triloba . 

Virgilia  lutca  . 

VITIS,  generic  characters  of 

Vitis  labrusca 
"     /.  isabclla 
"     vinifcra  . 

Wahoo   .... 
White-wood   . 
Wickoby 
Witch  Hazel  . 


XANTHOXYLUM,  generic 

Xanthoxylum  fraxincum  . 

Yellow  Gum,  Tupelo      . 
Yellow-wood,  Virgilia    . 

"  Great  Prickly 

Zanthoxylum  amcricanum 

"  clava  hercuUs 

Zelkoua,  Zelkona   . 


characters  of 


.   m 

.  47 
.  48 
.  39 
.  47 
.  49 
.  150 
.  5t)7 
.  156 
.  506 
.  24 
.  423 
.  426 
.  486 

.  477 
.  499 
.  502 
.  501 
.  503 
.  500 
.  479 
.  485 
.  486 
.  501 
.  10 
.  31 

.  192 
.  131 
.  133 
.  134 
.  131 

17,  502 
.  24 
.  422 
.  349 

.  149 
.  1.50 

.  423 
.  192 
.  150 

.  1.50 
.  1!50 
.  514 


Pago 


35,  line  36,  fnr 
113,  "  34, /or 
307,  "  44,  fnr 
435,  "   7,  for 

•>       "      9,  for 


ERRATA. 

'  spherules,"  read  "  sporules." 
■syringifolia,"  read  "  syringa'folia." 
'Europe,"  irnrf  "England." 
'formschneiden,"  read  "  Formschneider. 
'  briefmalen,"  read  "Briefmaler." 


.  m 

.  47 
.  48 
.  39 
.  47 
.  49 
.  150 
.  5t)7 
.  156 
.  506 
.  24 
.  423 
.  426 
.  426 

,  477 
.  499 
.  502 

.  501 
.  503 
.  500 
.  479 
.  485 
.  486 
.  501 
.  10 
.  31 

.  192 

.  131 

.  133 

.  134 

.  131 

17,  502 
.  24 
.  422 
.  349 


.  423 
.  192 
.  150 

.  150 
.  150 
.  514 


THE 


TREES  OF  AMERICA. 


Genus  MAGNOLIA,   Linn. 


Magnoliaceae. 

Syst.  Nat. 


Synonymes. 


Polyandria  Polyg-ynia. 

Syat.  Lin, 


Of  Authors. 


MagnaJa, 

Magnolier,  France. 

Magiiohe,  Gurkenbaum,  Bieberbaura,  Germany. 

Magnolia,  ^^ *'">  Italy,  Britain,  and 

I      Anolo-America. 

periraHov^  The  name  Magnolia  v.ag  pivcn  to  this  genus  by  LInnreiis  in  honour  of  M.  Pierre  Matrnol,  n  distlniulshed 
hitaiu.t  of  Moiupelmr,  in  l-nmce  The  German  mmo  Gurkmhaum,  means  Cucumber-tree:  and  iiie6er6oMm  Bignifies 
Beavertree,  wlucli  la  auinetimca  applied  in  America  to  the  Magnolia  glauca.  •"•c"c7  uum,.   Digniucs 

Generic  Characters.  Calyx  of  3  decifluous  sepals,  that  resemble  petals.  Corolla  of  from  6—9  petals  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Pistils  numerous.  Carpels  disposed  compactly  in  spike.s,  opening  by  the  external  angle, 
l_j.seeded,  permanent.  Seeds  baccate,  somewhat  cordate,  pendulous,  hanging  out  beyond  the  carpels 
by  a  very  long  umbilical  thread.  Trees  and  shrubs  with  large,  entire  leaves,  and  solitary,  terminal, 
large,  odoriferous  flowers.— Do/(,  M/Zer's  i)^c^ 

HE  genus  Magnolia  embraces  the  most  admirable  productions  of 
the  vegetable  world.  All  the  species  are  highly  ornamental, 
and  may  generally  be  cultivated  in  most  parts  of  Britain,  the 
middle  and  southern  states  of  Europe  and  of  North  America, 
without  protection  during  winter.  But,  in  Russia  and  the 
northern  parts  of  Britain,  Germany,  Sweden,  and  of  the  United 
States,  the  less  hardy  kinds  are  green-house  plants.  Few  of 
the  species  ripen  their  seeds  in  England,  but  most  of  them  do  in  France.  The 
American  species  are  generally  produced  from  seeds ;  but  those  from  Asia  are 
increased  by  layers,  or  by  inarching,  and  in  some  cases  from  seeds. 

Gcosrajj/iical  Dlstrihiition.  The  native  country  of  the  most  hardy  mag- 
nolias is  North  America ;  but  there  are  some  hardy  species  found  in  China, 
Japan,  and  probably  in  Hindoostan.  No  tree  of  this  genus  has  hitherto  been 
tound  indigenous  to  Europe,  Africa,  South  America,  nor  Australia;  and  the 
geograplHca!  range  of  the  order  Magnoliacea;  in  America  and  Asia  is  compara- 
tively hmited.  ^ 
1 


Magnolia  grandijlora, 
THE  LARGE-FLOWERED  MAGNOLIA. 

Synonymcs. 


Magnolia  grandifiora, 


{  LinNjEDs,  Species  Plantarum. 
Du  Hamel,  Arbres  et  Arbustes. 
De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 
MiciiAUx,  North  American  Sylvft. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
France. 
Germany. 
Italy. 
Spain. 

Southern  Indians. 
French  Louisiana. 
South  Carolina. 
Other  parts 


.  OF  THE 

United  States. 


Magnolier  a  grandes  fleurs, 

Grossblumige  JIagnolie, 

Magnolia  tulipano. 

Magnolia  floregranda, 

Toola, 

Laurier  tulipier, 

Large  Magnolia, 

Laurel-leaved  Magnolia,  Large-flow- 
ered   Evergreen  Magnolia,   Bay- 
tree,  Laurel  Bav,  Big  Laurel, 
Engravings.    Micl  .„.,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  51 ;  Audubon,  Birds  of  America,  pi.  v. ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
vol  v.,  pi.  U  andlliefigurea  below.  _ 

Specific  Characters.    Evergreen     Leaves  oval;oblongconacJus  upper  surface  shining,  under  surface 
rusty.    Flowers  erect,  9-12  petals,  expanding.-Do/i,  Miller  s  JJict. 

Dcscriptioti. 

"  Scest  thou  Iho  hcavcnwanl  head 
Ofyonm,a!!nnlia,  with  Us  ample  bmiiilw 
And  its  pure  bUissoiiis  ?    Say,  dosl  tliou  inhale 
Its  breathing  fragrance?"  .    •  ,„ 

"Yes.    Nor  can  I  view 

That  glory  of  the  forest,  bul  my  heart 
la  full  of  pleasure." 

TilAIta  OP  THE  Abobiqines. 

F   all   the   trees  of    North 

America,  east  of  tlie  Rocky 

Mountains,  the  Large-flow- 
_^^_       ered  Magnoha  is  the  most 
remarkabiTlor  the  majesty  of  its  form,  the  mag- 
nificence of  its  fohage,  and  tlie  hcauty  ot  its  flowers. 
It  claims  a  place  among  the  largest  trees  of  the 
forest,  varying  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet  or 
upwards,  in  height,  and  from  two  to  three  leet  in 
diameter.      Its  head  often  forms  a  perfect   cone, 
placed  on  a  clean,  straight  trunk,  rcsemhhng  a 
beautiful  column :  and,  from  its  dark-green  fohage, 
silvered  over  widi  milk-white  flowers,  it  is   seen 
at  a  great  distance.    The  roots  are  branched,  and 
yet  hut  sparingly  supplied  with  fibres.      1  he  bark 
of  the  trunk  is  smooth,   grayish,  and  somewhat 
resembles  that  of  the  beech,   and  is  disagreeably 
bitter  when  chewed  to  a  pulp.     The  leaves  vary 
fVnin  siv  to  twelve  inches  in  length,  and  trom  three  . 

lo'fotir  incherin  iiiadth.  They  are  always  smooth  and  shining  on  their  iippev 
sides,  and  perfectly  entire  on  the  edges.  They  vary  m  fo["^^^^^^;:;;;;^;^S  ^^ ^^^^^^ 
variety  to  which  they  belong,  being  sometimes  oblong,  oval,  or  acummate,  and 


!^  t 


LARGE-FLOWERED   MAGNOLIA. 


3 


1  Brilannicum, 
ider  surface 


'I 


heir  upper 
ling  to  the 
linate,  and 


at  others,  narrow,  round,  or  obtuse.  They  are  usually  thick  and  coriaceous  of 
a  rusty  brown  on  their  under  sides,  and  are  borne  by  short  petioles.  In  Florida 
treorgia,  and  Carolina,  the  flowers  first  appear  in  April  or  May ;  but  in  England' 
1-  ranee,  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States,  they  seldom  put  forth  before 
June  or  July ;  and  they  continue  in  some  varieties  until  they  are  destroyed  by 
Irost.  Ihe  flowers  are  produced  on  the  summits  of  the  last  year's  shoots  and 
are  trom  six  to  ten  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  remarkable  that  they  are  produced 
throughout  the  summer,  whereas,  those  of  all  the  other  species,  with  the  excep- 
tion ot  the  Magnolia  glauca,  Avhen  planted  in  moist  situations,  come  forth 
comparatively  at  once,  and  last  only  a  short  time.  Their  odour  is  exceedingly 
sweet,  aM  overpowering  to  some  when  near,  though  agreeable  at  a  dis- 
tance. 1  hey  are  succeeded  by  fleshy,  oval  cones,  which  are  about  four 
inches  in  length,  and  contain  a  great  number  of  cells.  At  the  age  of  maturity, 
or  about  the  first  of  October,  in  Carolina,  they  open  longitudinally,  exhibitiiia 
two  or  three  seeds  of  a  vivid  red,  which  soon  after  quit  their  cells,  and  for  seve- 
ral days,  remain  suspended  without,  by  white  filaments  attached  to  the  bottom 
ol  tlieir  cells.  1  he  red,  pulpy  substance  of  the  seeds  decays,  m  time,  and  leaves 
naked  a  stone  containing  a  white,  milky  kernel. 

Varicdes.  In  consequence  of  the  great  demand  for  this  species,  many  vari- 
ations have  been  produced  by  cultivators,  and  have  been  considered  as  distinct 
races,  among  which  the  following  are  deserving  of  notice  •— 

1.  M.  G.  OBOVATA,  Loudon.  Obovate-leaved  Laro-e-Jlotoered  Mn<rnoUa.  This 
IS  said  to  be  the  only  variety  found  in  the  wild  state.  When^ cultivated  it 
deserves  the  preference  of  all  others  for  the  magnificence  of  its  fohage ;  bu   it 

2.  M.  G.  ROTUNDiFOLiA,  I.oudou.  Rouud-leavcd  Large-fioxoered  Magnolia.  x\ot 
a  very  distinct  or  handsome  variety,  nor  a  free  flowerer.  It  may  be  known  by 
Its  roundish  leaves.  ^  ' 

3.  M.  G  ExoNiE.Nsis,  Loudon.  Exmouth  Large-floivered  Magnolia.  This  is  the 
most  distinct  of  all  the  varieties  of  the  species;  Ind,  on  account  of  its  flower  i  g 
early  and  freely,  it  is  most  deserving  of  general  culture.  Its  form  is  tall  and 
lastigiate  in  consequence  of  which,  it  is  less  liable  to  be  injured  by  a  heavy  fall  of 
snow.  It  is  also  said  to  grow  taster  than  any  other  variety.  It  may  be  distin. 
fri'l  ^7  ''!  oblong-elliptical  leaves,  generally  rusty  underneath, Ind  by  hs 
somewhat  contracted  flowers.  ,  c  n^^   uy  us 

4.  M  G.  FEKHUGiMEA,  Loudon.     RusUj-lcaved  Lav gc-Jlovcred Magnolia.     This 
differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  rather  broadc>r  leaves,  and  larger  flowers 
and  in  having  a  wider  and  more  compact  head.  *     ^^^wtrs, 
T1ino3  ''■  ''"''^f  ^"^TA,   Loudon.     Lanceolnlc-Imvcd   Large-flowered  Magnolia. 
D.  lei^  from  the  last-iu-mcd  variety  in  not  having  the  leaves  rusty  underneath 
nor  of  so  broad  and  busliy  a  head.  <imi.iiit.ain, 

6.  M.  G  Er.LiPTicA,  London.  Elliptic-leaved  Large-flower cd  Magnolia.  The 
flowersof  f  us  variety  are  contracted  as  in  the  th?ce  preceding  ^'adetiJs  from 
which  it  diflers  only  iu  the  oblong-elliptioal  form  of  its  leaves      ^  ' 

\    ;«       ?•■  /^^"f ^'^""'•••^'    LoxnXoxi.      Narrow-leaved    Large- flowered  MaonoUa 
at  bc^-'  S."     '''"''^'  ''"'^^'^  '™''^^'  ^y  '''  lanceolate;  A^vy  leaves,  pointed 

va?iotv\vhiphT'''^'    ^"""^""r     ^^'''•^y->«'«-'".?    Large.flowered  Magnolia.     A 
variety  whicl   deserves  a  preference  on  account  of  the  largeness  of  the  flowers 
and  because  they  appear  early,  and  continue  during  the  summer.     The  leaves 
are  oval-oblong,  and  the  flowers  fully  expanded.  me  leases 

Olograph  "nd  iJistory.  The  Magnolia  grandiflora  is  only  found  indi- 
genous  to  a  tract  of  comitry  extending  from  the?  lower  part  of  NortirCarolhia, 


MAGNOLIA   GRANDIFI.ORA. 


in  about  latitude  thirty-five  and  a  half  degrees,  along  the  maritime  districts  of  the 
more  southern  states  and  the  Floridas,  and  as  far  up  the  Mississippi  as  Natchez, 
three  hundred  miles  above  Now  Orleans.     It  is  said  to  grow  in  Texas  near  the 

Brasos.  ,         ,     i         i- 

The  introduction  of  the  Magnolia  grandiflora  mto  t  ranee  dates  back  as  lar 
as  1732.  A  fine  plant  was  taken  that  year  from  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  by 
a  marine  officer,  and  planted  in  a  poor  soil  in  the  town  of  Nantz.  It  grew  there 
in  the  open  air  until  1758,  without  attractuig  any  particular  notice,  when  it 
came  under  the  observation  of  M.  Bonami.  At  the  meeting  of  the  states  of  Bre- 
tagne,  held  at  Nantz,  in  September,  1760,  he  presented  a  branch  of  it  in  flower, 
to  the  Princess  of  Rohan-Chabet,  which  became  a  subject  of  conversation  and 
interest  to  all  there  assembled.  At  that  time  the  tree  was  thirty-five  or  forty 
feet  in  height ;  but,  during  the  civil  war  of  La  Vendee,  it  was  mutilated,  and 
lost  most  of  its  branches.  Afterwards,  the  burning  of  a  house,  near  where  it 
stands,  having  damaged  its  fine  head,  it  Avas  treated  as  an  orange-tree  injured  by 
frost;  that  is,  the  branches  were  cut  off  close  to  the  trunk.  It  shot  out  vigo- 
rously, at  first,  but  the  young  shoots,  not  having  had  time  to  ripen,  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  frost.  Notwithstanding  this  check,  it  again  recovered,  and  after- 
wards became  a  fine  tree,  between  twenty-five  and  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a 
large  well-proportioned  head,  and  a  trunk  four  feet  in  circumference,  the  lower 
branches  sweeping  the  ground.  It  annually  produces  from  three  hundred  and 
fifty  to  four  hundred  large,  elegant,  and  sAwet-scented  flowers.  The  seeds, 
however,  never  arrive  at  perfect  maturity;  although  the  fruit  attains  its  full 
size,  and  remains  upon  the  tree  until  the  following  spring.  It  may  be  sufficient 
to  state,  that  this  tree,  after  having  sustained  so  many  injuries,  and  been  a 
living  witness  of  all  the  political  struggles  of  France  for  more  than  a  century, 
still  exists  at  Maillardiere,  the  estate  of  M.  le  Compte  de  la  Brctcsche,  from 
whom  the  foregoing  account  was  received.  .    . 

The  precise  date  of  the  introduction  of  the  Magnolia  grandiflora  into  Britain, 
is  uncertain.  In  the  "  Hortus  Kewensis,"  on  the  authority  of  Catesby,  it  Avas 
cultivated  prior  to  1737,  by  Sir  John  CoUinton,  at  Exeter;  and,  as  far  as  known, 
the  tree  there  was  the  first  which  was  raised  or  planted  in  England.  It  was  cut 
down  through  mistake,  about  the  year  1794,  previous  to  which  it  seems  to  have 
beenrented  by  different  gardeners,  who  at  first  sold  the  layers  at  five  guineas 
each  •  but  the  price  gradually  fell  to  half  a  guinea.  It  is  statfd  in  the  "  Linnfean 
Transactions,"  vol.  x.,  that  in  1759,  two  fine  trees  about  twenty  feet  in  height 
stood  in  the  American  grove,  at  Goodwood,  near  the  coast  of  Sussex,  that 
flowered  annually;  also,  that  Mr.  ColHnson  had  a  plant  there,  raised  by  himself 
from  seed,  which  flowered  for  the  first  time  in  176U,  when  twenty  years  old. 
At  White  Knights,  near  Readina:,  there  exists  at  present,  a  magnolia  wall,  which 
is  one  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  in  length  and  twenty-four  feet  high,  entirely 
covered  with  twenty-two  plants  of  this  species,  that  flower  every  year  from 
June  till  November.  They  were  planted  in  the  year  18U0,  when  the  price  in  the 
nurseries,  for  good  plants,  was  five  guineas  each. 

The  Magnolia  grandiflora,  soon  after  its  introduction  mto  Francs  and  Eng- 
land, doubtless  found  its  way  into  the  botanic  gardens  of  Spain  and  Germany. 
The  first  planted  trees  in  Italy  were  in  the  botanic  garden  at  Padua.  ^'^  the 
authority  of  the  Abbe  Belese,  who  made  a  tour  through  northern  Italy  in  1832, 
these  trees  were  planted  in  1742,  and  at  that  time  were  sixty  feet  in  height,  with 
trunks  four  feet  in  diameter.  We  are  also  informed  that  in  the  botanic  garden  at 
Pisa,  there  arc  trees  which  flower  and  produce  perfect  seeds,  from  which  plants 
hove  been  raised  bv  M.  Marmier,  on  his  estate  at  Rois,  near  Besnuc^on. 

It  is  believed  that  this  tree  has  been  introduced  into  the  botanic  gardens  of 
South  America  and  India;  and,  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Reeves,  in  Loudens 


4? 


LARGE-FLOWERED    MAGNOLIA.  5 

•'Gardeners'  Magazine,"  vol.  xi.,  it  was  introdnccd  at  Macao  by  a  Mr.  Livingston 
previously  to  1830;  and  the  Magnolia  acuminata,  gluuca,  and  umbrella,  soon 
afterwards.  ' 

Soil  and  Situation.  The  Magnolia  grandiflora,  in  its  natural  habitat,  grows 
in  cool  and  shady  places,  where  the  .soil,  composed  of  brown  mould,  is  deep 
loo.se  and  fertile  These  tracts  lie  contiguous  to  the  great  swamps  which  are 
loundon  the  borders  of  the  rivers  of  the  south,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  pine-bar- 
rens. In  i-.urope  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  deep  sandy 
loam,  dry  at  the  bottom,  and  enriched  with  vegetable  mould,  seems  to  suit  all 
the  varieties  of  the  species. 

The  situation,  in  the  colder  parts  of  Europe  and  America,  may  be  exposed  to 
the  direct  influence  of  the  mid-day  sun;  but  in  southern  Europe,  and  its  native 
climate,  it  always  thrives  best  when  in  the  shade  of  other  trees,  and  requires  a 
moister  soil.  In  general,  where  the  fig-tree  will  grow  as  a  standard,  and 
survive  the  winter  without  protection,  there  the  Magnolia  grandiflora  may  be 
planted,  and  treated  as  a  standard  also.  Perhaps  the  finest  situation  for  display- 
ing the  flowers  of  this  tree,  as  a  standard  in  a  northern  climate,  would  be  a 
sloping  bank  of  sandy  soil  facing  the  south-east.  Hero  it  might  be  mixed  with 
a  few  of  the  deciduous  magnolias,  and  particularly  with  the  Magnolia  con- 
spicua  soulangeana,  which  flowers  before  the  leaves  come  out,  and  would  be  set 
oft  to  great  advantage  by  its  green  leaves. 

Propagation  and  Management.     The  Magnolia  grandiflora  may  be   raised 
from  tlie  seed ;  but,  as  plants  so  originated  do  not  flower  for  twenty  or  thirty  years 
alter  oenig  planted  out,  it  is  preferable  to  have  those  which  have  been  propagated 
by  layers  from  flowering  trees  of  choice  varieties.     When  propagated  by  layers 
the  shoots  are  put  down  in  autumn,  and  require  two  years  to  become  sufficiently 
rooted  for  separation.     They  are  then  potted,  and  kept  in  pits,  or  under  glass 
where  the  climate  requires  it  to  be  protected,  or  set  in  the  open  air,  in  a  sliadv 
place  if  the  climate  is  too  hot,  till  wanted  for  final  planting.     It  is  not  recom'- 
meiided  in  any  case  whatever  to  purchase  any  species  of  magnolia  for  planting 
not  grown  in  a  pot ;  because  plants  so  grown  maybe  sent  to  any  distance  Avithout 
injury  to  the  roots,  which  aro  few  and  succulent,  and  easily  damaged  by  expos- 
ure to  air  and  light.    In  planting,  the  ball  should  be  carefully  broken  by  the  hand 
and  the  roots  spread  out  in  every  direction,  and  covered  with  a  mixture  of  leaf 
mould  and  sandy  loam.    The  soil  ought  to  be  made  firm  to  the  fibrous  roots,  not 
by  treading,  but  by  abundant  watering,  and,  if  the  plant  be  large,  by  fixing  with 
water;  that  i.s,  while  the  earth  is  being  carefully  put  about  the  roots  by  one  man 
another  should  pour  water  over  it  from  a  pot  held  six  or  eight  feet  above  it 
so  that  the  weight  of  the  water  may  wash  the  soil  into  every  crevice  formed  by 
the  roots.     Shading  aviU  be  advisable  for  some  weeks,   or  even  months  after 
planting.     If  the  plant  is  intended  to  form  a  handsome  tree  as  a  standard   it 
should  not  only  have  a  sufiicient  deptli  of  suitable  soil,  but  should  be  pruned  to 
a  single  stem  for  at  least  three  or  four  feet  from  the  ground,  to  direct  tlie  growth 
o   the  head.    If  the  plant  does  not  grow  freely  after  it  has  been  three  or  four  years 
planted,  it  ought  to  be  bent  down  to  the  ground,  and  kept  in  that  position  until 
it  throws  up  one  strong  shoot  from  the  collar.     The  old  stem  should  then  be  cut 
away,  leaving  on  y  the  new  shoot;  and  this  shoot,  which  will  probably  extend 
three  or  four  feet  the  first  season,  will  soon  form  a  handsome  tree.    If  the  Exinouth 
variety  (M.  g.  cxonicnsis)  of  this  species  be  made  choice  of,  layers  will  produce 
flowers  m  a  year  or  two  after  being  separated  from  the  parent'  plant,  if  k- pt  in 
pots;  but  when  they  are  planted  out,  and  grow  freely,  so  as  to  make  shoots  two 
or  three  feet  each  season,  they  will  probably  not  flower  for  three  or  four  years 
m  whatever  maimer  this  tree  be  treated,  ail  the  pruning  it  will  require,  after  'it  has 
begun  to  grow  freely,  will  be  to  cut  out  the  stumps  from  which  the  flowers  or 


-,-*  — •  ^*^^ 


l'*l 


6 


MAONOtIA   ORANDIFLORA, 


Strobiles  have  dropped  off,  or  any  dead  or  decayed  wood,  and  branches  which 
cross  and  rub  on  each  other.  For  a  few  years  after  benig  planted  as  a  standard, 
it  may  be  advisable  to  protect  it  during  winter,  by  f«>rming  a  small  cono  ot 
thatch  or  straw  round  the  stem,  after  the  manner  ot  M.  IJoursault,  of  Pans,  as 
described  in  Lovidon's  "  Arboretiun." 

CamaUies.  In  southern  Florida,  the  l-lpidcndrum  conopseum  grows  parasiti- 
cally  upon  the  Magnolia  grandiflora  and  other  trees.  .^       ,  , 

Properlics  and  Uses.  Tiie  medicinal  virtncs  of  this  magnificent  tree  were 
familiar  to  the  southern  Indians,  while  they  were  accustomed  proudly  to  point  it 
out  as  the  glory  of  the  forest.  Tiie  bark  of  its  roots  was  used  by  them  m  t  lor- 
ida,  in  combination  with  snake-root,  as  a  substitute  for  the  Peruvian  bark,  in  tlie 
treatment  of  intermittents. 

"  If  fever's  forvlil  rago 
GlowM  in  tlio  boiling  veins,"        *       *       *       * 
*****        "  Tlicy  woo'd  tliy  polcnl  spell, 
M.-i?nnlii\  grandilliira  ;  to  snpply 
Tlie  ^laco  of  funi'd  Cinclioiui,  wliosc  much  brow 
Now  ruddy,  and  anon  with  paleness  niark'd, 
Drinkti  in  its  native  lied,  tlio  yenial  gaies 
Of  inouiitainoua  I'eru." 

Traits  op  the  Aborioines, 

The  wood  of  this  tree  is  but  little  used  in  the  arts  or  for  fuel.  It  is  soft,  and 
remarkable  for  its  whiteness,  which  it  preserves  even  after  it  is  seasoned,  and 
when  dry,  weighs  from  twenty-seven  to  thirty  pounds  to  a  cubic  loot.  U  is 
easily  wrought,  and  is  not  liable  to  warp;  but  when  exposed  to  the  alternations 
of  moisture  and  dryness,  it  soon  decays.  For  this  reason  the  boards  are  used 
only  in  joinery  in  the  interior  of  buildings  In  trees  from  fifteen  to  eighteen 
inches  ill  diameter  there  cannot  be  discerned  any  mark  of  distinction  between 
the  sap  and  heart-wood,  except  a  deep-brown  space  about  half  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  near  the  centre  of  the  trunk.  In  general,  the  utility  of  the  Magnolia 
grandiflora  can  only  be  considered  in  the  light  of  an  ornament  to  plantations  and 
shrubberies,  or  to  the  more  refined  beds  of  the  conservatory. 


1 


!  r 


Ih' 


IS  which 
tandard, 

COilC  of 
Paris,  as 

parasiti- 

rce  were 

0  point  it 
in  Flor- 
k,  in  the 


soft,  and 
nied,  and 
ot.  It  is 
crnations 

are  used 
1  eighteen 

between 
m  inch  in 
MagnoUa 
.tions  and 


Magnolia  glaiica, 
THE  GLAUCOUS-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA. 

Synonymcs, 


Magnolia  glauca, 


Magnolier  Rlauquc,  Arbre  de  castor, 

Graiier  Bieburbiiuin, 

Albero  di  castoro, 

While  Bay,  Sweet  Bay, 

Magnolia,    Small     Magnolia,   Swamp  (    Other   i-arts 
Magnolia,   Swamp  Laurel,   Swamp  |         of  the 
Sassafras,  Beaver-wood,  (  Unjted  States. 


'LiNN^ijs,  Species  Plantarum. 
WiM.DENow,  Berlinischi!  Baumzucht. 
Ue  Candoli.e,  Prodromus. 
MiciiAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
PuRSH,  Flora  America;  SeptenirionalLs. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
BiuKi.ow,  Medical  Botany. 
France. 
Germany. 
Italy. 
Southern  States. 


Dencalions.  The  flpccific  name  glauca  is  derived  from  llie  Gruelc  word  glaucot,  seagrcen,  alluding  in  the  colour  of  the 
leaves.  It  IS  named  Siramp  Siissafms  on  accminl  of  its  growini  in  Ixinsy  eronnds,  ajid  resemtilin!?  some  of  tlio  qualities  of  the 
Laurn.s  sassafriw;  and  «rai>er7rcf,  hecauso  tlio  root  is  eaten  as  a  Kroat  dainty  liy  lieavers,  which  are  sometimes  caught  by 
means  of  it.  Wichaux  telis  us  that  it  Is  felled  by  them  for  constructing  tlieir  dams  and  houses,  in  preference  to  any  other  tree, 
onaccounl  of  the  softness  of  tlie  wood.  •  "oo) 

Etigrarhigs  IMIchaiix,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  52  ;  Audubon,  Birds  of  America,  pi.  cxvlil. ;  Loudon,  Aboretum  Britan- 
nicum, v.,  pi.  3;  and  tlie  figures  below. 

Specific  Characters. — Almost  deciduous.     Leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  under  surface  glaucous.     Flowers 
y— 12-petaled,  contracted.    Petals  ovate,  concave.— 2)o«,  Milkr's  Did. 


Descriptio7i. 

HE  MagnoUa  glauca,  though 
inferior  in  size  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  and  less  regularly 
-^— „ .  ——  -  ^  formed,  is  interesting  on  ac- 
count of  its  beautiful  foliage  and  sweet-scented  flow- 
ers. It  sometimes  attains  an  elevation  of  forty  feet, 
with  a  diameter  of  ten  or  twelve  inches ;  but  it  does 
not  ordinarily  exceed  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  in  height, 
either  in  Britain  or  this  country,  and  often  fruc- 
tifies at  the  height  of  five  or  six  feet.  The  trunk  is 
usually  crooked,  and  divided  into  a  great  number  of 
divaricating  branches.  The  young  shoots  are  from 
twelve  to  eighteen  inches  in  length,  and  the  roots,  like 
all  the  species  of  the  magnolia,  are  branched,  and 
sparingly  supplied  with  fibres.  The  bark  of  the  trunk 
is  grayish,  and  of  a  bitterish  taste.  The  leaves  are 
five  or  six  inches  long,  petiolated,  alternate,  oblong- 
oval,  or  obtuse,  and  entire.  They  are  of  a  shining 
bluish-green  on  their  upper  surface,  and  whitish  or 

glaucous  and  often  silky  when  young,  underneath.  In  the  southern  states  this 
tree  is  often  found  with  evergreen  leaves,  and  sometimes  near  its  northernmost 
limits  It  1        IS  a  part  of  its  foliage  during  winter.     The  leaves  usually  fall,  how- 


8 


MAGNOLIA   OLAUCA. 


I  i 


II! 


f 


ever,  in  autumn,  and  arc  renewed  early  in  the  following?  spring.  This  tree  begins 
to  flower  in  Florida  and  the  southern  states,  th(!  last  of  April  or  early  in  May,  and 
a  month  or  six  weeks  Jater  in  Massachusetts.  The  tlowers  are  single,  two  or  three 
inches  broad,  and  are  produced  at  the  extremity  of  the  last  year's  shoots.  They 
have  six  white  concave  petals,  and  an  agreeable  perfume,  which  may  be  perceived 
at  a  considerable  distance.  If  shut  up  in  a  close  apartment  during  the  night,  thriy 
communicate  to  the  air  a  heavy  and  almost  insupportable  odour.  They  are  of 
short  duration,  although  the  tree  continues  tlowering  for  several  months.  It  is  not 
unfrequent  to  find  it  in  bloom,  in  the  south,  in  autunm.  The  fruit  is  con)posed 
of  numerous  cellules,  and  varies  in  length  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half, 
and  when  of  full  size,  is  an  inch  in  diameter  in  the  widest  part.  When  ripe, 
the  cones  are  of  a  reddish-brown,  and  the  seeds,  which  are  of  a  scarlet  colour, 
burst  their  cells,  and  hang  down  several  days  by  white,  lax,  slender  threads,  as 
in  most  of  its  congeners. 

Varieties.  The  only  aboriginal  varieties  of  this  species  are  the  M.  ff.  arborea, 
which  assumes  the  character  of  a  tree;  and  that  which  retains  its  foliage  during 
a  greater  part  or  all  the  year,  and  is  sometimes  called  M.  g.  sempervirens.  Two 
otiier  varieties  are  noticed  by  Pursh,  one  of  which  has  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves  somewhat  silvery,  and  is  called  M.  ir.  argcntea,  and  another  with  longer 
leaves  than  usual,  called  M.  g.  Umgijulia.  There  are  also  two  varieties,  supposed 
to  be  hybrids,  produced  between  this  species  and  the  Magnolia  umbrella.  They 
are  usually  known  under  the  names  M.  g.  thomi^soniaiut  and  M.  g.  longifolia. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Magnolia  glauca  has  the  most  extensive  range, 
especially  near  the  sea,  of  any  of  the  genus.  It  abounds  from  Massachusetts  to 
Louisiana  and  Missouri.  Its  most  northern  boundary  may  be  considered  a  shel- 
tered swamp  in  Manchester,  Cape  Ann,  about  thirty  miles  northerly  of  Boston. 
It  here  attains  but  a  small  size,  and  is  frequently  killed  to  the  ground  by  severe 
winters.  In  the  maritime  parts  of  the  Floridas  and  lower  Louisiana,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  abundant  among  the  trees  which  grow  in  morasses  or  wet  grounds.  It 
is  not  usually  met  with  far  interior,  nor  to  the  west  of  the  Alleghauies.  In  the 
Carolinas  and  Georgia,  it  grows  only  within  the  limits  of  the  pine-barrens. 

This  species  was  introduced  into  England  by  Rev.  .hihn  Banister,  who  sent  it 
to  Bishop  Compton,  at  Fulham,  in  1688.  It  was  soon  afterwards  generally  prop- 
agated by  American  seeds,  and  became  known  throughout  Europe  many  years 
before  any  of  the  other  species.  At  VVoburn  Farm,  Chertsey,  there  was  formerly 
a  row  of  these  trees  twenty  feet  high,  and  nearly  a  century  old,  which  frequently 
ripened  their  seeds. 

In  France,  and  southern  Europe  generally,  this  species  is  no:  very  abundant, 
from  the  great  heat  of  the  summers,  and  the  general  dryness  of  the  air.  At  Ver- 
sailles and  the  Petit  Trianon,  as  well  as  in  Belgium,  it  has  attained  the  height  of 
fifteen  feet.  In  the  north  of  Germany,  and  in  Sweden  and  Russia,  it  is  a  green- 
house plant.     At  Monza,  in  Italy,  it  is  found  in  all  of  its  varieties. 

In  1843,  a  tree  of  this  species  was  cut  by  Dr.  Torrey,  on  Long  Island,  New 
York,  nearly  forty  feet  in  height,  and  six  or  eight  inches  in  diameter,  which  con- 
tained about  eighty  concentric  rings  or  annual  layers.  On  the  estate  of  Lemuel 
W.  Wells,  in  Yonkers,  (formerly  Philipsburgh,)  New  York,  there  is  a  Magnolia 
glauca  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  six  feet  in  circumference  two  feet  above 
the  ground,  and  is  supposed  to  be  more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  old. 

Soil  and  Situation.  In  its  natural  habitat  the  Magnolia  glauca  grows  most 
abundantly  in  deep,  boggy  swamps  and  marshes,  composed  of  a  black,  miry  soil ; 
but  when  cultivated  in  Europe  or  in  this  country,  the  soil  should  be  a  deep  sand, 
or  a  sandy  peat,  kept  moist,  more  especially  in  summer.  The  situation  should 
bo  sheltered,  and  shaded  by  large  trees,  but  it  should  not  be  overspread  by 
them.  ^  ' 


! 


OLAUCOrs-LEAVED   MAGNOLIA. 


a 


Propamtmi  and  Culture.  Plants  of  this  species  arc  generally  produced 
from  seeds;  but  the  Magnolia  glauca  tlionii)s<.niana,  and  o'her  varieties,  are  pro- 
pagated  by  uiarchmg,  or  by  layers,  which  require  two  years  to  root  properly. 
Iho  seeds  should  be  sown  in  pots  of  bog  (;arth  ahmt  the  beginning  of  March 
or  later,  accordujg  to  the  climate  or  season,  and  placed  in  gentle  heat,  if  neces' 
sary,  under  glass  They  should  annually  be  transplanted  into  small  pots  until 
they  arc  wanf.ul  for  linal  planting.  A  tree  in  ordinary  circumstances  will 
a  am  the  height  oi  one;  loot  per  aimum  until  it  is  lifteeu  or  twenty  feet  high, 
alter  which  it  will  remain  stationary.  "  ^  ' 

Insects.  The  Magnolia  glauca  is  very  free  from  the  attack  of  insects.  It  is 
noted,  however,  in  Smith  and  Abbot's  "  Insects  of  (Jeorgia,"  that  the  Sphinx  vitis 
leeds  upon  this  tree  as  well  as  upon  the  grape-vine. 

Properties  mid  Uses.  In  geiK-ral,  this  tree  can  onlv  be  used  for  ornamental 
purposes,  and  no  collection  should  be  without  it.  The  wood,  however,  is  some- 
tmics  employed  for  making  joiners'  tools;  and  the  bark  is  also  used  in  some 
parts  of  the  country,  like  that  of  tlu.  cinchona,  in  the  case  of  intermittent  and 
remittent  levers.  It  is  aromatic  and  pungent,  a].paiently  more  so  than  the  other 
species.  When  distilled,  it  has  a  peculiar  flavour,  and  an  cmpyreumatic  smell. 
In  a  dry  state  it  aflords  a  little  resin.  The  aroma  is  volatile,  and  probably  con- 
tains an  essential  oil,  or  a  variety  of  camphor.  The  bark,  seeds,  and  cones  arc 
employed  in  tincture,  in  chronic  rheumatism.  That  from  the  cones  is  very  bitter 
and  IS  sometimes  used  to  cure  coughs  and  pectoral  diseases,  and  for  preventing 
autumnal  levers.  The  flowers  in  a  dried  state,  may  be  used  in  drawing-rooms 
lor  j)ot  ponrn,  as  a  substitute  for  those  of  the  lily  of  the  valley 


li 


I 


\l 


Mag-nolia  umbrella, 

THE  UMBRELLA  MAGNOLIA. 


Magnolia  tripetala, 


Magnolia  umbrella, 

JlaRnolipr  piirasol,  Arbre  parasol, 
DrfyhliiitriKer    Bieberbaimi,   Dreyblat- 

ElkwiKid, 

Umbiella-trcp,  Uinbip||a  Magnolia, 


Synoni/mes. 

'  LiN,v.i:rs,  Sprric:j  Planlamrn. 
VVii.i.tin.NDW,  Ilcrlitiischi-  Hiuimziicht. 
ftliriiAi^x,  N'orlh  AiniTifaii  Sylva. 
Pi'RMi,  Flora  Aincricii'Scjitciiiriorialis. 
,  Ld'iiioN,  Arbiircttiiii  Urilaiinicum. 
Dk  CANfini.i.K,  I'riiilioimis. 
UoN,  Miller's  Dicilonnry. 
ToKiiKv  AND  Uhav,  Flora  of  North  ATuorica. 

fftANCE. 

Olhmany. 

ViRdlNIA. 

Other  i'arts  or  the  United  States. 


En,n..i.,,.    MiCaux,  N„rU.  A.nerio,,.,  Sy.va,  p..  r.r,;  I,„u„o„,  Arboretum  nr,.un„,c„,n,  v.,  ,„.  5;  an.,  .ho  flgure,  Mow. 
S;..,A-  Cknrarun.     Dc.,.„luo„s.     L..a..s  lancolate  .sprea.lu.S,  a.lult  ones  smooth,  younger  ones  pubes 

or  ones  noiK  ant— /)«/;.  MifLr>c  m.*  '  ^       °     ""^^  ^""*-^ 


cent  underneath.    Petals  9-12,  exterior  ones  imid^ni. -D^n.MLTvicI 


Description. 

V|  HE  dimonsions  of  the  Magiio- 

I    -    lia  tiinbrcUa  are  such  as  to 
form  a  connecting,'  Mnk  be- 
— w... .    »>-         -  twcoii  the  lai-tj;e  .shriih.s  and 

trees  ot  the  third  order;  ahhough  it  sometimes  rises 
to  the  height  of  thirty-five  or  forty  feet,  witli  a  diam- 
eter ot  hve  or  six  inches,  it  rarely  attains  this  size. 
Ihe  stem  .s  sehlom  erect,  hnt  generally  inclined,  and 
rises,  liom  the  root  in  twos  or  threes.     The  bark  on 
the  trunk  is  gray,  smooth,  and  polished,  and  if  cut 
when  green,  exhales  a  disagreeable  odour.    The  leaves 
arc  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  long,  and  seven  or  eight 
inches  broad.     They  are  thin,  oval,  and  uciiminat^  at 
both  extremities.     They  arc  often  disposed  in  ra  v's  ,iif 
the  extremity  of  vigorous  shoots;  and  Mirse  disi).  ly 
a  surftice  of  two  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  in  the' 
form  of  an  umbrella.     'J'he  flowers,  which  open  in 
May  or  June,  arc  seven  or  eight  inches  in  diameter 
with  large,  white,  flaccid  petals.     They  arc  placed  on 

^^6TZ^^'^''4^r'f'  f  ""^^'  '^^^^  ^^1  '^"!-"'"'^'  ^"^"••i-"^  appearance, 
aia  a  strong  odour.     1  he  fruit  is  five  or  six  inches  long,  and  about  two  inches 
mu'.mcter.     It  ripens  m  America  about  the  beginning  of  October  and  about 
th    same  period  in  England  and  Prance.     It  is  conical  in  its  form  of  a  beautS 
rose-colour,  and  usually  contains  from  fifty  to  sixty  pale-red  seed '  ^'^"*^*"^ 

vcrc  raided  iiom  sCeds  which  had  been  lecuudaled  with  the  pollen  6f  the  Mag- 


lfMBREt,t,A    MAONOMA. 


a 


■pecies,  ^  ut-iwceu   u   and   tho  luuro  dciicato  Cluueso 

loot  in  cirnirufnciir,.  ^         '  ^""^'y-^'^^  '^'^^  "i  »it-'iglit,  with  a  fniiik  three 

roots;  is  the  n.lLt  dc'llahle  sifc    "'^'"'  ^'"'"  '''^'''  '''''  ""'  ^^  bo  injured  by^the 

plants  are  kopt  in  pots  "nit  ilrm.Ud  Zl/  ^   ''^'■''•'-     '"  ''"''^•'  ^'^^^^^  'h*' 

be   sown    in/nu.liitd;  \a     ;Ty   a  "  t  Ith,  rod'-^^  r't'l^'-     ^^'"  T^'^  ^''"'"'^ 
rancid  and  losothoir/italcMnlios-H.nnS;//^^^  otborwise    they    bocomo 

they  „.ay  bo  prosorvod   Wr     !;- md  mo  t Z'   '  i^^^'^.^'^l'^^  >"  ^oist  moss,  or  oarth, 
seqnontly  flowers  yonn^  tho  o  is      T    n  ,"'  *'"''"  ''  «hort-Jived,  and  ron^ 

from  seeds,  as  ther^e  i   Tn  the  Sa^ol  n  .    . Tfr^'J''^'?^  to  raising  plants  of  it 

The  Umbrella  magnol  a    s  1  ardylj  d '^a.f  w hh  tS  tf ''''  '^  '  '""^'"'^^^^^  •'•^- 
when  the  sumnioi-  has  boon  sSmp  .V?t    ^'"'^.''^"^1   he  most  rigorous  winters. 

the  northern  parts  of     olJn  tod  8^^/^'   "  "'*'"  "'"  '"T'^-     ^"  »"»''^>"  •'"hI 
to  replace  thj  stems     vhicl    n.o  se  don^',    1  i"^'  ^- '"""'  '''""^'  ^"''""^  '''«  '""ts, 

erod  of  lutlo  „,■  „„  uiilhy  cxce,;!  for  tl,e  puVoses  of  omamcm        "">^  '"'  "'"'"'- 


R  0 


1^ 


111 


!'! 


' 


Magnolia  macrophylla, 
THE  LARGE-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA. 

Synony  tea. 


Magnolia  macrophylla, 


(  De  Candoixe,  Prodromus. 
I  Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
J  MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
\  ToRREY  \ND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
Magnolier  a  grandes  feuilles,  Magnolier  j  p^^pjcE. 

bananier,  ) 

Grossblattriger  Bieberbaum,  Germany. 

Large-leaved  Umbrella-tree,  Britain  and  Anglo-America. 

Deri^aaon.    The  ^P-ific,,a,ne  is  . Wived  .cm  the  G^eU^^cj;^  great  a,^  j4"(™ilul  J^  u'e  ^S^^ t^ 

nanio  sigiiilies  Large-leavoJ  Beaver-lree. 

Engravings.    Miohaux,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  57;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  v.,  pi.  6 ;  and  the  figure.,  below. 
Specific  Character.     Deciduous.     Leaves  very  large    oblo"g-obovate    som^Jat  pandun 
at  the  base,  under  surface  whitish,  glaucous.    Petals  6-9,  ovate.-Z)«H,  Miller  s  Dut. 


Description. 

^\  HE  Magnolia  macrophylla  is 
|A   the   least    multiplied  of    the 
American  species,  and  is  rare- 
^__   ^       ly  met  with  in  the  forests.  Its , 
eenerafappearance  greatly  resembles  that  of  the  Mag-' ^ 
nolia   umbrella.     The   terminal   arrangement   of   the  V 
leaves  is  the  sani(>,  and  it  is  remarkable  that  it  is  usu- 1 
ally  found  growing  with  it.     In  point  of  size  it  is  about 
the   same   as   the  above-named  species,   not  usually 
exceeding  thirty  or  thirty-five  feet  in  height,  and  five 
f  r  six  inches  in  diameter,  although  individual  trees 
have  been  found  of  nearly  double  these  dimensions. 
The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  smooth  and  very  white    ^^^   --^^ —     , 
bark,  by  which,  in  winter,  when  stripped  of  its  leaves,    \  ^^  K^/ 
it  is  1  jadily  distinguished.     At  this  season,  also,  it  may     K^y  ^-C^' 
be  known  by  its  buds,  which  are  compressed,  and  cov- 
ered with  a  soft  and  silvery  down ;    whereas,  in  the 
Magnolia  umbrella  they  are  prominent  and  rounded  at 

the  end.     The  leaves  in  a  wild  state  are  about  thirty-  ,     .        , 

five  inches  long,  and  nine  or  ten  niches  broad;  and  in  vigorous  plants,  when 
cultivated,  they  often  exceed  these  dimensions.  They  are  borne  on  pe tio  es 
short  in  comparison  with  their  size,  and  are  of  an  oblong-oval  shape,  pointed  at 
he  ex  temity,  and  sub-cordiform  at  the  base.  Their  colour  is  hght-green  above, 
and  glaucous  beneath.  The  flowers  put  forth  from  May  to  July,  and  are  larger 
han  those  of  most  of  its  congeners;  for,  when  fully  blown,  they  are  sometimes 
St  or  nine  inches  in  diameter.  They  are  composed  of  six  white  petals,  longer 
and  broader  than  those  of  the  Magnolia  umbrella.  Within  th^.A^^^r,  near  the 
bottom  of  lite  petals,  is  a  purple,  spot,  about  two  tlurds  of  an  inch  in  diamete  . 
The  flowers  emit  a  fragrant  odour,  and  their  beauty  is  heightened  by  the  luxu- 
riant foliage  which  surrounds  them.     The  fruit  is  about  four  inches  long,  nearly 


LARGE-LEAVED   MAGNOLIA. 


13 


cylindrical,  and  of  a  vivid  rose-colour  wlicn  arrived  at  maturity.  In  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  carpels  and  of  the  seeds,  the  fruit  resembles  those  of  the  Magnolia 
imibrella  and  acuminata.  It  should  be  remarked,  however,  that  it  is  destitute 
of  the  appendages  visible  on  that  of  the  last-mentioned  species,  especially  when 
it  is  dry. 

Geography  and  History.  The  large-leaved  magnolia  is  found  in  the  moun- 
tainous regions  of  North  Carolina,  about  ten  miles  from  Lincolnton ;  in  Tennes- 
see, near  the  river  Cumberland  :  and  in  Georgia  on  the  river  Chattahouchie.  It 
is  also  sparingly  found  in  Tennessee,  west  of  tiie  mountains,  at  intervals  of  forty 
or  fifty  miles. 

This  tree  was  discovered  by  the  elder  Michaux,  in  1789,  but  was  not  intro- 
duced into  England  till  imported  by  Messrs.  Loddiges,  in  1800.  In  France,  it 
seems  to  have  been  introduced  about  the  same  time  as  in  England ;  and  it  appears 
to  prosper  better  in  the  climate  of  Paris,  as  there,  in  the  nursery  of  M.  Godefroy, 
it  has  ripened  seeds,  from  A\hich,  in  1827,  young  plants  were  raised. 

The  largest  tree  of  this  species  in  England,  is  at  Arley  Hall,  the  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Mount  Norris.  In  1837,  it  was  twenty-eight  and  a  half  feet  high,  with 
a  trunk  six  inches  in  diameter,  at  a  foot  from  the  ground,  with  a  head  seventeen 
feet  in  diameter. 

In  France,  the  largest  Magnolia  macrophylla  is  at  Fromont,  which  in  1835, 
measured  twenty-four  feet  in  height,  and  the  branches  covered  a  space  of  fifteen 
feet  in  diameter.  It  had  flowered  every  year  since  182G,  and  ripened  seeds  in 
October,  from  which  many  young  plants  had  been  raised. 

In  the  Bartram  botanic  garden,  at  Kingscssing,  near  Philadelphia,  there  is  a 
tree  of  this  species  thirty  feet  in  height  and  six  inches  in  diameter. 

Soil  and  Situation.  In  its  natural  habitat  this  species  delights  in  cool  situa- 
tions, sheltered  from  the  wind,  where  the  soil  is  deep  and  fertile.  The  soil,  in 
which  trees  have  attained  the  largest  size  in  England,  is  a  deep,  dry  sand,  with 
a  situation  perfectly  sheltered  on  every  side,  and  slightly  shaded  from  the  mid- 
day sun. 

Propagation  and  Cvltnre.  Neither  this  species  nor  the  Magnolia  umbrella 
can  be  readily  ^nafted  or  inarched  on  each  other,  or  on  any  other  tree;  probably 
from  the  large  proportion  which  the  pith  bears  to  the  ligneous  part  of  the  shoots. 
It  will  root  by  layers  with  great  difficulty ;  but  plants  so  raised,  from  the  want 
of  vigour,  wii!  probably  not  be  of  long  duration.  The  only  mode  of  general 
adoption  is,  to  raise  it  from  seeds.  In  order  to  preserve  the  power  of  vitality  in 
the  seeds,  the  same  attention  is  requisite  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Young 
plants  grow  very  slowly  till  they  are  thoroughly  established,  which  will  require, 
in  general,  two  years.  Tiie  annual  growth  of  the  shoots  may  vary  from  one  to 
two  feet;  so  that  in  ten  years  a  plant  may  attain  a  height  of  twelve  or  fifteen 
feet.  This  species  may  be  considered  as  short-lived,  and,  like  all  trees  of  short 
duration,  comes  into  flower  when  young. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  this  species  is  softer  and  more  porous  than 
the  Magnolia  umbrella,  and  has  comparatively  no  value  except  for  ornament. 


ill 


Magnolia  acuminata, 


Magnolia  acuminata, 
THE  POINTED-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA. 

Synonymes, 

{ LiNNjECs,  Species  Plantarum. 

■  WiLLDE.vow,  Borlinische  Baumzucht. 

De  CANDor.LE,  Prudromus. 

MicuADX,  North  American  Sylva. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboreturn  Britaiiiiiciini. 

ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  ol'  North  America. 

France. 


Mafrnolinr  acumine,  Magnolier  k 

feuilles  pointecs, 
Zu!?espitztt'r  Bieberbaum,  '  Germany. 

Blue  Magnolia,  England. 

Cucumber-tree,  Anglo-America. 

Derivations.     Thin  aper.iea  is  called  Cucumher-tree,  from  its  fruit  resoinblin?  a  small  ciicumlwr.    The  other  names  are 
Ir.iriHliiiiiu'S  of  Iho  Ijolariic  one,  except  Blue  Magnolia,  which  has  reference  to  tlie  Ijluish  colour  of  the  (lowers. 

Kngravings,    Michaux,  North  American  Sylva,  pi,  53 ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  v.,  pi.  7  ;  and  the  figures  below. 

Sjieri/ic  Chiimcters.     Deciduous.    Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  under  surface  pubescent.    Flowers  6 — 9- 
l)eialed. — Don,  Miller's  Diet. 


Description. 


HE  Magnolia  acu- 
minata is  regarded 
as  one  of  tlie  finest 
trees  of  the  Ameri- 
can forests.  Its 
trunk  is  straight, 
of  a  uniform  size, 
and  is  often  destitute  of  branches  for  two  thirds  of 
its  length,  and  sometimes  attains  a  height  of  sixty 
or  eighty  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  three  or  four  feet. 
The  branches  are  numerous,  and  are  disposed  in 
a  regular  manner,  forming  an  ample  and  beauti- 
ful lastigiate  siunmit.  The  bark  on  old  stocks  is 
grayish,  and  deeply  furrowed.  The  leaves  upon 
old  tr(!cs  arc  from  six  to  seven  inches  long,  and 
from  three  to  lour  inches  broad,  and  double  diat 
size  upon  young,  vigorous  ones.  In  general,  on  (yj 
adult  trees,  they  arc  oval,  entire,  and  very  acu- 
minate; but,  on  seedlings,  they  are  sometimes  found  ovate,  nearly  orbiculate,  and 
cordiite-acumin  ite.  The  flowers,  which  open  in  May,  arc  five  or  six  inches  in 
diameter.  Tin  y  are  bluish,  and  sometimes  white,  Avitli  a  tint  of  yellow,  and 
emit  but  a  fecMc  oflour.  They  are  large  and  numerous,  and  have  a  fine  effect 
in  the  midst  of  the  superb  foliage.  The  cones  are  about  three  inches  long,  and 
nearly  an  inch  m  diameter.  They  are  cylindrical,  and  often  a  little  larger  at 
the  summit  than  at  the  base.  They  are  convex  on  one  side,  and  cnncave  on  the 
other;  and  when  green,  they  nearly  resemble  small  cucumbers.     They  are  rose- 


I 


1 1 


POINTED-LEAVED   MAGNOLIA. 


15 


Iher  names  are 


have  beca  discovered  by  tlie  elder  mI  laL  nml  i.«  fi    ,  ^f"''"^-     ^^  appears  to 
bv  John  Lvon   in  l<^m    '"^j '"^'^/''licfjaux,  and  was  first  introduced  into  England 

from  Ihree  to  fivo  „cho"  to  vid  if  '  re^omA^r     !'  '°  '"^  ,'""'"='  '"  '""S"''  ""d 
under  surfaces  .ome„,„'e^L'  ^r  ,,ZrS    sroUr°t"«'  """'''  ^"'',*'='' 

in  the  c^alf]  nrnf  I'n    '^>'^'^',^"1  ^^^»T  'I'^'fly,  't  was  soon  extensively  cultivated 
A  tree  of  this  species  more  than  (M^hty  feet  in  height   nnd  lUmn  f«^f  •     t 

.rit;"s^S*™;;,,,,■!;!'\"•"r''T^p'="»"'''!''  -'^p'^i '» <•-  grow,h  „f  ,m 

...e  ....  or  l^rel^n^i^'^  - -'— "^ ----^ -^  and 


16 


MAGNOLIA   ACUMINATA. 


fertile  To  attain  a  large  size,  when  cultivated,  it  requires  a  sheltered  situatioti, 
and  a'dcep,  rich  soil ;  but  it  will  grow  in  exposed  sites,  and  in  almost  any  soil 
that  is  moderately  free,  and  not  surcharged  with  moisture. 

Propacration  and  Culture.  The  Magnolia  acuminata  is  generally  propagated 
in  the  Eliropean  nurseries  by  layers;  the  plants  so  produced  flowering  much 
sooner  than  seedlings ;  but  the  latter,  as  they  make  far  more  durable  plants, 
should  always  be  preferred  when  this  species  is  used  as  a  stock  to  graft  or  inarch 
others  on.  It  is  thus  treated  very  generally,  not  only  for  the  Magnolia  auricu- 
lata  and  cordata,  but  for  the  Magnolia  conspicua  and  soulangeana  1  he  plants 
are  sometimes  grown  in  the  free  soil,  but  it  is  preferable  to  rear  them  m  pots; 
because,  in  that  case,  they  are  not  checked  by  transplanting,  and  at  least  a  year 
is  gained  in  their  growth.  Plants  raised  from  seeds  do  not  usually  produce  flow- 
ers till  they  arc  eight  or  ten  years  old,  when  the  tree  will  probably  be  flfteen  or 
t^Venty  feet  in  height;  but  those  propagated  from  layers  produce  flowers  in  two 

or  three  years.  .      .        „        ^  ^■^  j.        ■  x,- 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  this  species  is  soft  and  light,  weighing, 
when  dry,  twenty-six  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.  Being  comparatively  rare  in  the 
United  States,  its  timber  is  not  in  general  use.  Where  it  can  be  obtained,  it  is 
employed  in  ioinery  for  the  interior  of  houses,  and  for  cabinet-making ;  and,  trom 
its  size  and  lightness,  large  trunks  are  selected  for  scooping  out  into  canoes. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Alleghanies  gather  the  cones  about  mid-summer, 
when  they  are  half  ripe,  and  steep  them  in.  whiskey,  which  thus  becomes 
extremely  bitter,  and  habitually  taken  in  the  mornhig,  is  considered  as  a  pre- 
ventative against  autumnal  fevers. 


J 


I 


Magnolia  aurimlata, 
THE  EAR-LEAVED  MAGNOLIA. 


Magnolia  auriculata, 


Magnolia  fraseri, 

Magnolior  a  feuilles  auriculees, 
Gcohrtcr  Bieberbaum, 
Long-leaved     Cucumbei--tree,     Indian 
rhytiic,  Walioo, 


Synonymcs. 


WiLi.DENow,  Linnaci  Species  Plantarum. 

De  Candoli.e,  Prodroinus. 

MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva. 

Don,  ftliller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

ToRKEy  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

France. 

Germany, 


United  States. 


K,.gra.in,s.    Micl.aux,  NurU.  Americaa  Sylva,  pi.  50,  Lo„,,o„,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  v.,  p,.  ,0;  and  the  figures  below 


Description, 

JV^  HE  Magnolia  auriculata  is 

fc  -  romarkable  for  the  beauty 
of  its  foliage,  the  size  of 
its  flowers,  and  the  fra- 
grance ol  their  odour.  It  attains  a  height  of 
thirty  or  forty  feet,  with  a  straight  trunk,  twelve 
or  filtcen  inches  in  diameter,  often  undivided  for 
half  of  its  length.  The  branches  spread  widely, 
and  ramify  but  sparingly,  with  their  extremities 
turned  upward.s,  which  circumstances  give  the 
tree  a  peculiar  air,  so  that  it  may  readily  be 
known  at  a  distance,  even  in  winter.  The  baric 
is  gray,  and  always  smooth,  even  on  the  oldest 
trees,  except  on  the  young  shoots,  which  arc  of  a 
p  '-plish-rcd,  dotted  with  white.  When  the  epi- 
dermis is  removed,  the  cellular  integument,  by 
contact  with  the  air,  instantly  changes Yrom  white  „  « 

to  yellow.     The  leaves  are  of  a  light-green  colour,  of  a  fine  texture  eiffht  or  nine 
nches  long,  and  from  four  to  six  inches  broad.  '  On  youn- a  d  viSurtrees 
they  are  often  one  third,  or  even  one  half  larger.     They  arhroth  ^^0  h  sur ' 
foces,  acuminate  at  the  summit,  widest  near  the  top,  and  nar^est  towaS^^^^^^ 
bottoin.     The  base  ,s  divided  into  rounded  lobes,  me  on  cac    side  of   hf  nso 
tion  of  the  petiole.     They  l,ave  short  footstalk  .  sitting  nlar  each  other    ?nd 
radiate  ,n  regular  order,  with  their  margins  to.iclnng  or  slTgh' ly  ove  hpnln^ 
each  other,  like  an  umbrella.     The  flowL,  which  ojen  in  S  Kand  MafLre 

^L\T  "'''''•'  "/  ^^'"'^^^.^'^'  "f  "  "^*"^^  ^^h't^'  -^^d  are  situated  at  tStre! 
mities  of  the  young  shoots^  The  fruit  is  oval,  three  or  four  inches  Ion-  and  like 
the  Magnola  umbrella,  of  a  beautiful  rose-colour,  when  ripe.     It  differs  from 


« 


il 


18 


MAGNOLIA  AURICULATA. 


the  fruit  of  the  other  species,  by  a  Uttle  inferiority  of  size,  and  by  a  small  appen- 
dage which  terminates  the  carpels.  Each  carpel  contains  two  seeds,  which, 
when  ripe,  spring  from  their  cells,  and  are  suspended,  for  a  time,  by  a  winte, 

silky  thread.  ,  ,      t  t.     u 

Varieties.  A  tree  nearly  allied  to  this  species  was  discovered  by  John  Uar- 
tram,  in  the  mari'ime  parts  of  Georgia,  particularly  on  the  banks  of  the  Alta, 
maha,  and  was  subsequently  found  by  Mr.  John  Le  Conte,  in  the  western  parts 
of  Carolina  and  Georgia.  It  so  closely  resembles  the  Magnolia  auriculata,  except 
in  size,  which  is  much  less,  that  it  is  regarded  by  most  botanists  as  only  a  vari- 
ety. It  is  usually  described  under  the  name  of  Mugnolia  pymmiddta.  Tlie 
tree,  according  to  Bartratn,  grows  straight  and  erect,  thirty  feet  or  more  in 
height,  and  of  a  sharp,  conical  form,  much  resembling  the  Magnolia  acuminata 
in  figure.  It  was  first  introduced  hito  England  in  1818,  by  John  Lyon,  and  the 
original  tree  still  exists  in  the  nur.sery  of  Messrs.  Loddiges.  It  is  extremely  difli- 
cult  to  propagate,  whicii  is  done  by  inarching  on  the  Magnolia  auriculata. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Magnolia  auriculata,  in  its  natural  habitat, 
appear!  to  be  ciiiefly  confined  to  a  particular  part  of  the  AUeghanies.  According 
to  Michaux,  it  is  nowhere  found  so  abundant  as  on  the  steepest  parts  of  the 
lofty  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Great  Father,  and 
Black  Iron  Mountains.  It  is  sometimes  found,  however,  on  the  steep  banks  of 
the  rivers  which  rise  in  the  AUeghanies,  and  on  one  side,  roll  their  waters  mto 
the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  other,  to  meet  the  Ohio, 

This  tree  was  discovered  1)y  John  Bartram,  from  whom  it  was  first  received 
in  England  by  Messrs.  Loddiges,  in  1T80,  and  still  exists  in  their  nursery  at 
Hackney.  It  was,  probably,  soon  afterwards  sent  to  France;  because  we  find 
Madame  liemoimicr,  the  widow  of  Mirhaux's  patron  and  friend,  describing  a  tree 
of  this  species,  in  her  garden,  in  18UU,  which  was  nine  feet  high,  and  had 
already  flowered.  . 

There  is  a  Magnolia  auriculata  in  the  Bartram  botanic  garden,  at  Ivingsessing, 
on  the  Schuylkill,  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  four  feet  in  circuinterence. 
In  the  garden  of  Mr.  D.  Laudreth,  of  Plnladelphia,  there  is  also  another  tree  of  this 
species'^  twenty-five  years  planted,  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in 

diameter.  ,„,  .      ,,   .  ,    ,        ,  •  ,   i 

The  largest  Magnolia  auriculata  in  England  is  at  ^^  hite  Knight  s,  whicli  lias 
been  planted  about  forty  years,  and  is  more  than  thirty  feet  in  height.  There 
are  several  in  the  gardens  about  Paris,  and  some  at  Sceaux,  winch  have  attained 
a  height  of  more  than  twenty  feet.  .  ,     ,  .  .      • 

Sail  and  SilimtioK.  The  soil  of  the  Alpine  regions,  of  which  this  species  is  a 
native,  is  brown,  deep,  and  of  an  excellent  quality.  The  atmosphere  m  these 
situations,  is  continually  charged  with  moisture,  from  the  number  of  torrents 
which  rush  down  from  their  summits.  When  cultivated,  the  soil  should  he  free 
and  deep,  and  the  situation  low,  sheltered,  and  moist,  rather  than  dry. 

Propnoatiuu  and  Cidliirc.  As  seeds  are  rather  dillicult  to  ])rocure,  the  com- 
mon mode  of  propagation  is  by  layers,  or  by  inarching  on  the  Magnolia  acumi- 
nata, which  retiuires  two  years  before  the  plant  can  be  separated  from  the  parent 
shoot.  From  the  account  given  by  Michaux,  the  Magnolia  auriculata  is  found 
to  multiply  so  fast  from  seeds,  that,  in  its  native  forests,  a  thousand  plants  miglit 
be  collected  in  a  single  day.  Hence,  the  propagation  of  this  species  lioin  seeds 
would  be  far  preferable  to  any  other  mode,  in  England,  annual  shoots  of  young 
plants  are  from  one  to  two  feet  or  more,  in  length;  and  the  height  which  the  tree 
usualiv  attains  in  ten  years  is  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet. 

Prdnertics  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  Magnolia  auriculata  is  soft,  spongy, 
and  very  light,  and  when  dry,  weighs  only  Iweuty-foiir  p.Miuds  to  a  cubic  foot. 
The  bark  has  an  agreeable,  aromatic  odour,  and  an  miusion  ot  it  in  some  spirit- 
uous liquor,  is  employed  as  an  excellent  sudorific  in  rheumatic  affections. 


-i 


spongy, 


Magnolia  conspicua, 
THE  CONSPICUOUS-FLOWERED  MAGNOLIA. 

Synonymct, 


Magnolia  conspicua, 

Ma-^nolier  yulans, 
Yulans  Bii-'berbaum, 
Magnolia  dai  fiori  grandi, 
Yu  Ian, 
Lily-flowered  Magnolia, 


De  Candolle,  Prodromas. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

China. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


^,VeH.ations.    The  Chinese  na,ne,  Yu  Ian,  signifies  the  Li.Hree,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers  of  this  species  to  th. 
anf  uf/fis'j'rff-hefow.''""  "''"'"'='''  '''''^''^'"''-  P''  '«^' '   ^'"">".  ^'"-"'"m  Britannicum,  figure  (J.,  vol.  i.,  and  pi.  ,2,  vol.  v. ; 


Description. 

HE  Magnolia  conspicua,  as 
its    name    indicates,    is    a 
beautiful  and  showy  tree, 
„„    ZiT^^  c  .,        "-^  "*     ^"d    distinguishable    from 
all  others  of  the  genus  by  the  expanding  of  the  flow- 
ers before  any  of  the  leaves.     A  full-grown  tree,  in  its 
native  country,  is  .said  to  attain  a  height  of  forty  or 
ftfty  feet,  and  it  has  arrived  at  nearly  the  same  eleva- 
tion in  Europe  and  America.     It  assnmes  a  regular 
corneal   shape    with   numerous  branches  and  twins' 
which  generally  have  a  vertical,  rather  than  a  hori- 
zonta  direction ;  so  that  a  large  tree  of  this  species 
would  probably  be  more  fostigiSte  than  any  of  it^s  con^ 
geners      Ih^s  tree,  as  well  as  those  native  of  Asia 
generally,  differs  from  the  American  species  in  havin^ 
two  opposite  spathe-like  bracteas  enclosing  the  flow- 
er-buds, with  ovaries  somewhat  distant,  jnid  in  havin- 


anthers  bursting  inwards.     In 


young  tiM's,  the  leaves  are  from  six 


to  eight 


,        .     , o  "•"U.1U.3.      ju    yuiinfj   in  I'S.   trio    p;n 

wlien  sown,  pJi^  "Uirtive  '""^  "'"'  "'  ^'^'^  ""^  ^'^^^  «^  *'^^««  ^««ds, 

the^lSed'  Stlei'  "^f""  '^f  «/iF  "<^^l  seeds  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  in 

1.  M.  c.  ^o..:z::t:zi^^%-^:!:^j/;^,--^^ 


r 


I 


20 


MAGNOLIA   CONSPICUA. 


A  notice  of  this  variety  will  be  found  under  the  head  of  history.  The  chief  dif- 
ference between  this  tree  and  the  species,  consists  in  its  leaves  being  larger  and 
more  pointed,  its  flowers  marked  with  purple  within,  and  its  fruit  larger  and 


containing  more  seeds. 


2.  M.   c.  ALEXANURiNA,  Loudou.      The  Empress  Alexandr'ma' s    Conspicuous- 
flowered  Magnolia.     Tiiis  variety  so  closely  resembles  the  preceding,  that  it 
cannot  be  distinguished,  except  in  flowering  somewhat  earlier. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Magnolia  conspicua  is  said  to  be  indigenous  to 
the  southern  provinces  of  China;  and  to  be  extensively  cnltivatetl  there  in  the 
gardens  of  the  emperor,  and  in  those  of  all  eminent  persons,  who  can  afford  to 
procure  it.  It  began  to  be  cultivated  in  that  country  in  the  year  627,  from  Avhich 
time  it  has  always  held  the  very  first  rank,  as  an  ornamental  tree,  in  their  gar- 
dens, and  is  regarded  by  the  Chinese  poets  as  the  symbol  of  candour  and  beauty. 
It  is  not  only  planted  in  the  open  grounds,  and  allowed  to  attain  its  full  size, 
but  dAvarfs  are  kept  in  pots  and  boxes,  and  forced  throughout  the  year,  so  as  to 
keep  up  a  perpetual  supply  of  bloom  in  the  apartments  of  the  imperial  palace. 
So  highly  is  this  tree  valued,  that  a  plant  in  flower,  presented  to  the  emperor,  is 
thought  a  handsome  present.  In  very  severe  Avinters,  the  trunks  of  the  trees  in 
the  open  air  are  sometimes  wrapped  round  with  straw  ropes ;  but  it  never 
requires  any  otlier  protection,  even  in  the  climate  of  Pekin. 

The  tree  v/^as  first  introduced  into  England  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  in  1789 ;  but 
it  was  many  years  before  it  attracted  much  attention,  being  considered  merely 
as  a  green-house,  or  conservatory  plant.  Witfiin  the  last  twenty  years,  it  has 
been  discovered  to  be  nearly  as  hardy  as  the  American  magnolias,  and  is  now 
most  extensively  cultivated  in  the  nurseries  of  Britain,  continental  Europe,  and 
the  United  States.  It  flowers  freely  every  year,  as  a  standard  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  London,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia,  when  the  wood  has  been  prop- 
erly ripened  during  the  preceding  summer ;  and  at  White  Knights,  in  England ;  at 
Fromont,  and  various  other  places  in  France  ;  and  at  Monza,  in  Italy,  and  Brook- 
lyn, in  New  York,  it  has  ripened  seeds  from  which  young  plants  have  been  raised. 

At  Fromont,  near  Paris,  in  front  of  the  chateau  of  M.  Soulange-Bodin,  stands 
the  largest  plant  of  the  Magnolia  conspicua  in  Europe.  It  measures  over  forty 
feet  in  height,  and  twenty-four  inches  in  circumference,  two  feet  from  the  ground ; 
and  the  diameter  of  the  space  covered  by  the  branches  is  more  than  twenty-five 
feet.  It  fioAvers  magnificently  every  year,  at  the  end  of  March  and  beginning 
of  April,  and  the  perfume  of  its  blossoms  is  perceived  for  some  distance  around. 
It  was  from  the  seeds  of  this  tree  that  sprang  the  far-famed  varietj'^.  Magnolia 
conspicua  sonhmgcana,  the  leaves,  wood,  and  general  habits  of  which,  are  allied 
to  those  of  the  parent  tree ;  but  the  flowers  resemble  in  form  those  of  tlie  Magno- 
lia purpurea,  or  of  the  Magnolia  purpurea  gracilis,  and  the  petals  are  slightly 
tinged  with  purple.  This  variety  was  accidentr!ly  produced  by  fecundating  the 
flowers  of  the  Magnolia  conspicua  with  the  pollen  of  those  of  the  Magnolia  pur- 
purea. The  original  plant  of  the  Magnolia  conspicua  soiilangeana,  at  Fromont, 
is  more  than  twenty  feet  in  height,  and  though  it  flowered  several  years  before, 
it  did  not  ripen  seeds  till  1834.  The  seeds  have  been  sown,  and  some  new  and 
interesting  varieties  produced  from  them. 

The  largest  Magnolia  conspicua  in  England  is  at  Eastwell  Park,  in  Kent, 
which  is  reputed  to  be  more  than  forty  feet  in  height.  An  original  imported 
plant,  trained  against  a  wall  at  Wormleybury,  in  England,  measured  twenty- 
seven  feet  in  height,  covered  a  space  laterally  of  twenty-four  feet,  and  had  on  it, 
in  April,  1835,  five  thousand  flowers ! 

In  the  garden  of  Mr.  William  Davison,  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  there  is  a 
Mnmiolia  ronspirnn,  ten  vears  planted,  twenty-four  feet  in  height,  with  a  head 
eighteen  feet  in  diameter,  which,  in  April,  1845,  contained  six  thousand  flowers ! 


:hief  dif- 
irgor  and 
irgcr  and 

spicuous- 
g,  that  it 

^cnoiis  to 
n"e  in  tlie 
afford  to 
im  Avliich 
Iheir  gar- 
lI  beauty, 
full  siz(3, 
',  so  as  to 
il  palace, 
nperor,  is 
e  trees  iu 
it  never 

789;  but 
!d  merely 
irs,  it  has 
id  is  now 
rope,  and 
eighbour- 
een  prop- 
gland  ;  at 
id  Brook- 
en  raised, 
in,  stands 
3ver  forty 
e  ground ; 
/^enty-five 
beginning 
e  around. 
Magnolia 
are  allied 
c  Magno- 
•e  slightly 
lating  the 
iiolia  pur- 
Fromont, 
irs  before, 
i  new  and 

in  Kent, 
imported 
1  twenty- 
had  on  it, 

there  is  a 
th  a  head 
1  flowers ! 


CONSPICUOUS-FLOWERED  MAGNOLIA.  21 

t^vemV^H  fiTt^iu'wiM'  ^'^'"f  ^  '"^^^P'""  soulangeana  ten  years  planted. 
\ZaT^  1  '"?'?''''  ^*''''»  ^  ''P'ld  fourteen  Icet  in  diameter   wliicli   in  Mn, 


■ 


Magnolia  purpurea^ 
THE  PURPLE-FLOWERED  MAGNOLIA. 

Synonymes, 


Magnolia  purpurea, 


De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionnry. 
(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Bnlannicum. 
Masnoiier  bicolore,  Magnolier  uiscolore,  France. 
Rothcr  Bieberbaum,  Germanv. 

Obovate-leaved  Magnolia,  Britain  and  Anolo-America. 

Vfrimtinns     Tho  French  names  Imply  Two-coloured  Magnolia,  In  allualon  to  the  colour  of  iho  flowers, 
algniflen  Kvil  Ueaverlree. 

Engravings.    London  Botanical  Magazlnfl,  pi.  390;  and  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannlcum,  ).,  figure  30. 

Sperife  Characters.    Deciduous,     Leaves  obovate,  acute,  reticulatcly  veined ;  almost  smooth.     Flowers 
erect,  of  3  sepals,  and  6  obovate  petals.    Styles  very  short.— Z>««,  Miller's  Diet, 


The  Gorman  nann- 


T(t\  ^?  Magnolia  purpureajs  a  shrub,  from  six  to  twenty  feet 
&*  -   high;  native  of  Japan,  and  introduced  into  England  in 
1790 ;  propagated  by  seeds  and  layers  in  the  gardens 
— --^—-  -    ---     of  China,  Europe,  and  America;  grows  in  open  situa- 

tions, in  sandy  peat,  with  loam,  or  in  sand  and  clay,  well-drained,  with  manure. 
Leaves  lai^e,  of  a  very  dark-green ;  flowers  large,  more  or  less  purple  Avithout, 
and  always  white  within ;  put  forth  in  March,  April  or  May,  but  do  not  fully 
expand  till  a  day  or  two  before  they  drop  off.  The  bark,  when  bruised,  has 
an  aromatic  odour. 

Varieties.  Althoi.gh  plants  of  this  species  may  exhibit  slight  shades  of  differ- 
ence, there  cannot  be  truly  considered  but  one  or  two  distinct  varieties,  the  M.  j). 
gracilis,  and  the  M.  p.  obovata-pvmila,  Casoretti.  The  chief  difference  between 
the  former  and  the  species,  consists  in  being  less  hardy,  rather  more  fastigiate  in 
its  form ;  leaves  of  a  paler  green,  and  somewhat  narrower  in  shape ;  flowers 
longer  and  more  slender,  the  points  of  the  petals  slightly  turned  back,  and  exte- 
riorly of  a  dark-purple. 


he  Gorman  nnini' 


>th.     Flowers 


Genus    LIRIODENDRON,    Linn. 


RIagnoliacpm. 

Hi/tl.  Nat. 


Polyandria  I'olygynia. 

i^yal,  Lin. 


off?:twriou!riiru"ur'„fi;'3^rrl^^  f--  .here«mbl.nc« 

^'^!t  ^IlTv!'"'-    ^"r^",''  ^T--""-'^"''  '^'"^^^^  '"  ^P'''*-'^'  in'lehisccnt,  deciduous,  drawn  out  into  a 
flowtT  -It;,,  Sr's  zJfJ  ^ecmuous  s.puls.    Corolla  of  G  petals,  connivuig  iuto  a  bell-shaped 

illllODENDRON  is  a  genus  comprising  but  one  species,  a  tree 
ol  the  first  rank,  native  of  Nortli  America,  and  extensively  culti- 
vated for  ornament,  in  FJurope,  and  America. 
'rJ\i^TMm  ^'"""S  ^^^^  Magnoliacea3,  there  are  probably  other  trees,  adapted 
(tw^^S^  ^^  ^''*^  climate  of  the  United  States,  that  are  worthy  of  cultivation, 
J^Jt^'as^X^ft  among  which,  are  the  Magnolia  insignis,  of  Dr.  Wallich,  growing 
on  the  mountains  of  Nepal;  also,  the  Michelia  lanuginosa,  excelsa,  kisopa,  and 
d()ltsopa,  al  of  w  uch  arc  indigenous  to  the  elevated  regions  of  the  Himalayas, 
llie  Micheha  doltsopa  is  one  of  the  finest  trees  of  Nepal,  yielding  a  fragrant 
wood  much  used  in  that  country  in  civil  architecture.  The  Michelia  excelsa, 
according  to  Ur.  Wallich,  produces  a  valuable  timber,  of  a  fine  texture,  at  first 
greenish,  but  soon  changing  to  a  fine  yellow. 


LiriotleuJron  titllpl/ern, 
THE  TULIP-BEARING   LIKIODENDRON. 

Synoni/inea. 


LiriutUndron  tulipi/era, 


Tulipier  de  VirKinie,  Arhrc  aux  tiiliix's 
Virf,'iriisclicr  'l"iil|M'iiliiiuiii, 
LiiiodctKlro  tiihiiui'io, 
Virj,'iiiiari   ['ophir,  lulip-benring  Lily- 

trei',  Snddlc-tri'c, 
WluiL'  Popliir,  Vi'llow  Poplnr, 
Tiilip-ir<;i',    While-wood,    I'uphir,    Old 

Wile's  Shirt-tree, 


'  LiNN^us,  Species  Plantnnnn. 
I)k  C'aniiiii.i.k,  Prodriiiniis. 
MiriiAiix,  North  Aiiiericiui  Sylva. 
Hi(ii;i,()W,  IMediciil  Koiuny. 
Do.N,  Miller's  Dii'tioiiiiry. 
Loi'Ddv,  Arliorutuiii  Hritnnniciim. 
'roiiuKV  ANU  Gkav,  Flora  of  North  America. 

I'lUNrE. 
(lEIlMANY. 

Italv. 
Britain, 

Kentuckv, 

Otiik.k  i'arts  of  the  Unitkd  States. 


Drrtralionf  Tim  sraridi-  luimo  is  ilnnvod  fn)m  tliii  Ijitin,  /m/,/«i,  ii  tulip,  nrnl  fnn,  to  l«.ar,  on  nrcoiinl  of  Iho  rcunmhlnnra 
Mi;!  (Ii>w.t»  nf  Hiih  Irt'r  li.'iir  In  llios,.  (,f  iiili|iH.  Il  \,  cull,.,!  I'n/ilar.  Ir.irii  iiH  ucncriil  ;ip|i™riiiiro  to  trtvn  of  Iho  kimiih  J'oduIuh  ■ 
\Uiilevoo(l  mnl  YHInie  I'liplnr,  from  tlm  ('oloiir  of  lt«  tiriilwr;  Canurwinnl.dwiw  thu  iim  to  which  II  Is  iipplird  liy  thn  imlivo 
Imliaiis;  ami  Hadille-li-,  from  ihu  form  of  its  luiivus.  Tho  French  anil  liormari  iiuiiicvj  aro  literal  iranalalioiia  of  HrxiitUin 
J  uliplre'!.  * 

A'nffmnnj.*.  Micliaiix,  North  Aiiiurlcaii  Sylva,  pi,  (11 ;  Ainliilioii,  PinlH  of  America,  pi.  xil, ;  I,iuii!,m,  Arboretum  Brltannl- 
cum,  v.,  pi.  IJ;  and  thu  tiijurea  l)el(JW. 

Spcci/ic  Characters.  Leaves  smooth,  Iniiirale  at  llie  top;  'l-lobed,  resembling,'  a  saddle  in  shape.  Flow- 
ers lar«;e,  solitary,  l.Mininal,  vanej;ated  wilh  i;reeM,  yellow,  and  orange  colour;  larnished  with  two 
ileciduous  bracteas  under  the  flowers. — Dun,  Miller's  Diet. 


Description. 

F    all   the   docidiioiis 

trees  of  Norili  Atiior- 

ica,    the    Ttilip-troo, 

next  to  the  sycamore, 
(Platamis  occideiitalis.)  attains  the  amplest 
duncnsions;  while  the  jjerfect  strai^htiiess  and 
imiform  diameter  of  the  tniiik,  tlie  more  res^ular 
distribution  of  its  branches,  and  the  greater 
richness  of  its  foliage  and  tlowers,  give  it  a  de- 
cided superiority  over  that  tree,  and  entitle  it  to 
be  considered  one  of  the  most  magnificent  pro- 
ductions of  the  temperate  zones.  It  usually  at- 
tains a  height  of  sixty  or  eighty  feet,  with  a 
diameter  varying  from  eighteen  inches  to  three 
feet;  although,  in  favourable  localities,  it  has 
been  known  to  arrive  at  a  height  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  to  one  hundred  and  forty  feet, 
with  a  diameter  of  more  than  seven  feet.  The 
bark  of  the  trimk,  till  it  exceeds  seven  or  eight  inches  in  diameter,  is  smooth  and 
even ;  but  afterwards  it  begins  to  crack,  and  the  depth  of  the  furrows  is  in  pro- 
portion to  t!<e  sis'.e  and  age  of  the  tree.  In  the  development  of  its  leaves  it  differs 
from  most  other  trees.     The  leaf-buds,  in  general,  are  composed  of  scales  closely 


TULir-UKAKINO    I.inionKNDHON. 


80 


U^v  r     .;^^         "  spring  .-in.  d,s.n..l.Ml  l.y  ,1...  ^.rowll.r.f  tl,.,  n.inutr  Liuullo  of 

slio^  t  swHIs  n,nsi,l,«ruhly  bcloro  it  wivs  l.irth  to  the  Iraf     It  fnrn.s  an  oval  on 
volopo,  canumuu^  th.  yo.n.^^  l.-af,  whirl,   is  ,,ro,|..nMl  to  tin,  |,^|,t  us    o.  ,   as   t 

Witlmi  fins  .nvrlop,.  ,s  found  anoth.-r,  which,  after  the  tirst  Inif   s    ,  i '  |,h" 

«wHLs,  bnrsts.  an.l  kmv.-s  hnlh  to  a  s.-con,!.     (  h.  'y ^  and  vi^.,  <       f  •    „; 

81X  loavos  issn,.,  .snm.ss,vpiy,  in  this  n.a,nu>r,  iVoni  on.  I,ud  Till  .1...  Ir  has 
acqu.n.d  ,.s  ,Mowll,  ,t  n-lains  ,ho  two  M-alos  whi<.h  con.pns.d  the  nvH  p.  and 
u  id  ''.T;'.  ""''  :  ■'"-l/^'I'-I.'s.  In  sp^in,^  whon  tho  'wrathrr  is  w  u  n'  ad 
humul  th.!  growth  ot  tho  loaves  is  vory  rapid.  They  ar.^  six  or  .Muht  in(  os 
broad,  bornn  on  lon^  po.iol.-s,  alloma,,.,  sfanowhat  lloshy,  s  nooth  ml  o  ti  i  as 
g  KHH-n  rolour.  "hoy  aro  .l.v.do.l  n.lo  throo  lobes,  ,>rwhich  I  ill  H 
h  ,ru,,nta lly  notohod  at  its  sninrnit,  and  tho  two  lowor  onos  ronndo,  a  the 
bas.  Ins  oonlormation  is  poonliar  to  this  iroo,  and  th.-robv  rondors  it  dis/i 

.  »d  May,  and  n,  the  norlhorn  parts  of  the  United  Htatos,  in  June  and  lulv        ) 
detached  tives,  th.-y  are  largo,  brilliant,  v.-ry  numerous  and  varig    o,    wffh  ,  i 
ferent  colours,  among  whi.di,  yellow  prodominatos.     IMu^  h  ve  an  au  le-    le 
odou^   and.   surroundo,!    by  ,ho  Inxuiiant   foliage,  they  imd  .^  ^    i  ^' nj  !^^ 
Ihe  liu  t   s  composed  ol  nnm.u-ons  thin,  narrow  s.^alos,  attached  to -i  con   no  , 
axis,  and  lornrmg  a  conical  spike,  two  or  three  inches  i.   le  g  I       I  ;:h  Se  o 
frut  contains  sixty  or  seventy  carpels,  of  which,  never  mote  than  a     ,        a."d 

neaWv    II  H.n        "''''^^^  '^''''  ^"'•"'f.'  ten   years  after  it   begins  to  yi,ll  fm 

s^^^lt  h;sl:;:t:^:ich;::;;.p[i;rb,r'*^^'  ^-^ '-''  -  '-^--«'  ^'^ 

bo  rSS  a'll^tinit  tm^?:^:ISr=^  ^""'^'^^^  '''''  ^^"^'•^«'  ^^"'^'^  "^^ 
1.  L.  T.  CiTUsn.OHA,    l-oudon.     Blimt-lenred   Tulin-trcc    with  l)lm,<..r    lon,.«c 

than  the  original,  but  in  no  other  respect  ditlerent  Sn  it  '  ''"''' 

4J.   L.  T.  AcuTiKoiiA,  i.ondon.     Actv-kavvd  Tvlln-ln,-  with  leaves  smaller  and 

more  acutely  cut  than  either  the  preceding  variet/  or  tile  specieT  ^ 

d.   L.  T.  n,AVA,  London.      Ydlow-Jloircrcd  Tulip-trec,  very  rare 

inf  Kr'f^  ""''  ^^'-f^-     '^'''^'  ^'^'^""•'''•»  ^^treniit  V  of  I.ake  Clmmplain  accord- 
mg  to  Michanx,  may  be  considered  in  its  natural -distribution   astlienoZrn 
and  the  river  (Connecticut  as  the  eastern  limit  of  this  tree.     It  i    o  ly  wesSv  o  •' 
the  Hudson,  and  somberly  of  the  forty-third  a,.gree  of  latitude   t^^  is  fro 
quently  met  with   and  fully  developed.'  It  is  multiplied  in    I     middle  s  ates   hi 
the  nppcr  parts  of  (Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  still  nlore  abuiu  a  it  y  in  tl  le  wes 
en  sta  es,  particularly  m  K'entncky,  where  it  displays  its  most  poN^  fn   vegeta 
non.     Its  comparative  rareness  in  the  maritime  parts  of  the  ('arolinas  am  of 
Georgia,  m  the  F  oridas,  and  in  lower  Louisiana,  is  ow  nrioss        1  c  h       o^ 
stimmer  than  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  which,  in  .smno  partsf  i     oo  dry  a    n  t  e 
pine-barrens,  and  in  others  too  wet,  as  in  the  swamps  which  border^the    ivc  s 
It  IS  commonly  found  mingled  with  other  trees,  s.u-h  is  the  hickoik^s       e    lac 

^e  w!  d  d'^^r?^m^f '■""i^^^^'^^^^-^^*-'^  ^^'^"^""^'^^^^ 

nc  wiiu  ctierry-tiee ;  but  it  sometimes  constitutes,  alone,  considerable  tracts  nf 
he  forest,  as  was  observed  by  the  elder  Michaux,'on  the^oa^^n  Beard  tone 
to  Louisville,  m  Kentucky.  The  artificial  geography  of  this  tree  mav  be  s  .i,1 
to  embrace  the  middle  region  of  Europe,  fron?Herlifi  ami  Walaw  on 'he  nor  f 
"  f ',,^'r/f ^  "^  ^'»«  Mediterranean  and  Naples,  on  the  south:  ireLaufrtt 
mrf.'  lei  Tf?  TJ^'^  '^'i-  ^*  '"  successfully  cultivated  along  the  maritirne 
Fn  Scot  a  States  from  Newburyport,  L  Massachusettsf  to  St.  Ma  y^s^ 


t\' 


26 


LIRIODENDRON    TULIPIFERA. 


B     W    i: 


III 


if 


■ 


The  period  at  which  the  tulip-tree  was  first  introduced  into  England  is  uncer- 
tain. The  honour  is  said  to  have  been  conicrred  on  the  Earl  of  Norfolk,  as  far 
back  as  160;^.  It  is  certain  that  it  was  cultivated  by  Dr.  Henry  Compton,  at 
Fulham,  ui  1688,  at  which  time  it  was  wholly  unknown  as  ;,  limbcr-tree.  Ac- 
cording to  Miller,  Mr.  Darley,  at  Hoxton,  and  Mr.  Fairchild,  were  the  first  who. 
raised  this  tree  from  seeds ;  and  from  their  nurseries  it  is  probable  that  the 
numerous  old  trees  which  are  spread  all  over  Britain  were  procured.  The  old- 
est tree  in  England,  estimated  at  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  of  age,  is  at 
Fulham  palace.  It  is  about  fifty  feet  high,  and  its  trunk,  at  one  foot  from  the 
ground,  is  three  feet  in  diameter.  The  largest  tree  in  Britain  is  in  Somersetshire, 
at  Hestercombe,  which  is  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  three  feet  in 
diameter,  and  ripens  seeds  every  year. 

The  first  notice  which  we  have  of  the  tulip-tree  on  the  continent,  is  in  tne 
"Catalogue  of  the  Leyden  Garden,"  published  in  1731.  From  the  number  of 
these  trees  existing  in  France,  the  south  of  Germany,  and  Italy,  there  can  be 
httle  doubt  it  spread  as  rapidly  in  those  countries  as  it  did  in  Britain.  Public 
avenues  are  planted  of  it  in  Italy,  and  us  far  north  as  Strasburg  and  Mentz.  It 
stands  the  open  air  at  Vienna,  and  attains  a  large  size  there ;  but  it  will  not 
endure  the  climate  north  of  Warsaw,  nor  Moscow,  without  protection.  In  the 
grounds  of  the  palace  of  Liicken,  near  Brussels,  there  is  a  tree  which  has  a  clear 
stem  three  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  compact  globular  head.  When  Lacken 
belonged  to  France,  the  palace  was  occupied  by  the  Empress  Josephine,  who 
brought  her  gardener  from  Paris ;  and  the  poor  man,  while  he  was  gathering 
seeds  from  this  tree,  fell  from  it,  and  broke  his  neck.  At  Schwobber,  near  Han- 
over, there  is  growing,  in  alluvial  soil,  near  water,  a  tree  more  than  one  hundred 
and  twenty  years  old,  and  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  an  ambitus  of  thirty  feet.  In  Italy,  the  tulip-tree  attains  a  height  of 
seventy  or  eighty  feet,  flowers  fn  i  ly,  and  ripens  seeds  every  year. 

The  elder  Michaux  measured  a  tulip-tree,  three  and  a  half  miles  from  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  which  was  twenty-two  feet  and  a  half  in  circumference  five  feet 
from  the  ground,  and  from  one  hundred  and  twenty  to  one  hundred  and  forty 
feet  in  height.  In  1842,  there  was  felled  from  the  estate  of  Mr.  John  Lewis,  in 
Llangollan,  Kentucky,  a  tulip-tree,  eight  feet  in  diameter,  near  the  ground,  and 
five  feet  in  diameter  seventy-five  feet  above.  The  trunk  was  perfectly  straight 
and  sound,  and  was  sawed  into  boards  of  common  lengths. 

At  Green  Point,  Bushwick,  near  New  York,  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  N.  Bliss, 
there  is  a  tulip-tree  which  has  a  circumference  of  twenty-one  feet  at  three  feet 
above  the  ground,  and  a  height  of  seventy  feet. 

In  1807,  there  existed  a  tulip-tree,  in  Hamilton,  Adams  county,  Pennsylvania, 
noticed  by  Jolui  Pearson,  in  a  communication  to  Dr.  James  Mease,  in  the 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  promoting  Agriculture,"  for  that  year, 
which  had  a  circumference  of  thirty-six  feet,  with  a  trunk  thirty  or  forty  feet  to 
the  forks,  a  large  head,  and,  to  all  appearances,  perfectly  sound.  In  the  same 
work,  he  mentions  another  tree  as  growing  near  the  Virginia  head  of  the  river 
Roanoke,  which  was  thirty-nine  feet  in  circumference  four  feet  from  the  ground, 
apparently  sound,  and  about  forty  feet  to  the  forks. 

>Soil  and  Siittation.  The  liiriodendron  tulipifera,  in  its  natural  habitat,  delights 
only  in  deep,  loamy,  and  extremely  fertile  soils,  such  as  arc  found  in  the  rich 
bottoms,  lying  along  the  r'vers,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  great  swamps  which 
are  enclosed  in  the  forests.  Like  almost  all  other  trees,  however,  it  will  grow  on 
soils  of  dilFerent  qualities,  and  have  its  timber  and  other  properties  affected  by  the 
circumstances  in  which  it  is  placed.  But,  arcnrding  to  M.  Du  Hamel,  it  neither 
thrives  in  France  on  a  dry,  arid,  gravelly  soil,  nor  on  one  with  a  subsoil  of  clay, 
or  marl.     The  most  rapid-growing  young  tulip-trees  in  England,  it  is  said,  were 


I 


TULIP-BEARING   LIRIODENDRON. 


27 


in 


^ire  ^^^^'  ^^"^^  '°'^"^'  ^"  ^  ^'^^^^^  "^*^^^^  climate,  in  the  West  Riding  in  York- 

frZ^f  •^l'"''''''','  """"^^  favourable  to  this  tree,  is  one  which,  while  it  is  sheltered 
irom  high  Avinds,  is  at  the  same  time,  sufficiently  exposed  to  the  light  and  air  to 
admit  ot  the  maturation  of  its  leaves  on  every  side,  and  the  pertect  riponins  of 
Its  wood,  without  which  it  can  neither  resist  the  severe  frosts  of  winter  nor  Ibrm 
blossom-buds.  At  Kmlet,  in  Worcestershire,  England,  there  is  a  tulip-tree,  in 
Lnll"^*  T^'vl^r  P'^^V^l'y  sheltered  situation,  the  lower  part  of  which  always 
comes  into  leal  before  the  upper  part  has  the  least  appearance  of  doing  so.  The 
lower  part  IS  sheltered  by  high  ground,  while  the  upper  part  is  exposed  to  a 
St  long  west  wind.  It  flowers  freely,  and  has  a  splendid  appearance  at  that  sea- 
son as  also  in  autumn  before  it  sheds  its  yellow  leaves.  If  it  were  desired  to  grow 
he  tuhp-trpc  lor  the  purpose  of  forming  straight,  clean  timber,  it  should  be  placed 
m  a  close  plantation,  where  one  plant  would  draw  upon  another 

r^Sj'^^Tf'!!'  "'"^  ^f"'''Z  ^^^^'^  Liriodendron  tulipifera  is  seldom,  if  ever, 
propagated  otherwise  than  by  seeds,  which  come  up  best  in  very  fine  mould,  o; 
rn  ?I  v^^;  "i- ^1  shady  situation,  kept  rather  moist;  but  the  varieties  are  of 
^rS^rin  P  I  by  ayers,  budding,  grafting,  or  inarching.  When  the  seeds 
are  sown  m  autumn,  they  generally  come  up  in  the  following  spring;  but,  sown 
Lrn.  S"^'!*"'  ^'^  begniniiig  of  summer,  they  generally  reinain  a'year  in  the 
Sr  IK  f"  "''"''*'•'  '"''^,  .occasionally  in  England,  the  obtuse-lobed  variety  is 
hXr.  J  ^^r^l  ""'  '"'i^''^*""^-  but,  in  cither  case,  it  requires  two  or  three  years 
bttore  the  plant  can  be  separated  from  the  parent  stock.  The  tulip-tree;  like 
r.n,i;?,f^"  f!l  T"^  roots  furnished  with  but  few  fibres,  does  not  transplant 
readily;  and  therefore,  the  plant  ought  cither  to  be  kept  in  pots,  or,  if  in  the  free 

irSt  ^^'S  ^r'      ,""^,  /''.'  ""''"'^^  T'y  y^"^'  ;  «'•'  ^f  ""Either  of  these  modes 

be  practicable,  they  should  be  removed  to  their  final  situation,  when  not  more 

1  an  two,  or  at  most,  three  years  old.     The  progress  of  growth  of  young  trees, 

m  England,  in  favourable  situations,  has  been  at  the  rate  of  sixteen  feet  in  ten 

W^.  From  the  bitter  qualities  of  its  leaves,  the  Liriodendron  tulipifera 
does  not  seem  to  be  much  attacked  by  insects.  In  Smith  and  Abbot's  "  Insects 
ot  Georgia,  it  is  stated,  that  the  Phalana  liriodendrana,  or  tnlip-tree  butterflv 
fhe  rt?°?  \*-  ^  be  insect  went  into  the  ground  in  Georgia,  May  1  oth,  came  oui 
the  5th  of  June;  others,  which  went  in  the  lltli  of  Julf,  came  forth  on  the  1st 
ot  August      1  lie  moth  sits  on  the  bodies  of  the  trees,  but  is  not  very  common. 

1  roijcrtws  and  Uses,  The  timber  of  the  Liriodendron  tulipifera,  though  classed 
among  light  woods,  is  yet,  much  heavier  than  that  of  the  common  poplar-  it^ 
grain  is  equally  inc,  but  more  compact,  and  the  wood  is  easily  wrought,  and 
pohshes  well.  VVheu  dry  a  cubic  foot  weighs  twenty-five  pounds.  I?  affords 
excellent  charcoal,  the  product  of  which,  from  dry  wood,  is  twenty-two  per  cent 
rlif.flT  ''''«'  '''''".■  fP^'-^^ted  from  the  sap,  and  perfectly  seasoned,  long 
resists  the  influence  of  the  air,  and  is  rarely  attacked  by  insects.  Its  sreates^ 
^nhio '/''!'"'  f"P*"5^«^l '"  ^ide  boards,  and  exposed  to  the  weather,  is,  that  it  is 
liable  to  shrink  and  warp,  by  the  alternations  of  moisture  and  dryness  ;  but  this 
aeiect  is,  in  a  great  measure,  compensated  by  its  other  properties,  and  may  be 
in  part,  owing  to  its  not  being  allowed  sufficient  time  to  be  properly  seasoned' 
Iho  nature  of  the  sod  on  which  it  grows,  has  so  striking  an  infiucnce  upon  the 
TrS  f,"^;i"'^''ty  of  this  wood,  that  mechanics  distinguish  it  by  the  names  of 
Whac  Poplar  and  \  ellow  Poplar.  The  external  appearances  wliich  mark  these 
vaueties  are  so  equivocal,  that  they  can  onlv  ascertain  to  whirl.  ,>f  tlmni  a  tree 
belongs,  by  cutting  it.  It  is  known,  in  gen'eral,  that  the  whif  poplar  grows  in 
dry,  gravelly  and  elevated  places;  and  is  recognized,  too,  by  its  branchy  sum- 
mit, and  by  the  small  proportion  which  the  light  yellow  heart-wood  bears  to 


■  r  i  ; 


28 


LIKIODENDRON    TULII'IFERA. 


i     !■ 


the  sap-wood.     Ihe  grain,  also,  is  coarser  and  harder,  and  the  Avood  decays 
more  spmhly;  hence,  it  is  neglected  when  the  other  variety  can  be  obtained, 
llic  yellow  poplar  possesses  every  quality  requisite  to  fit  it  for  a  great  variety 
of  uses.     At  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and  in  the  adjacent  country,  it  was 
tormcrly  employed  ni  the  construction  of  houses,  for  rafters,  and  for  joists  of  the 
nppcr  stories,  lor  which  purposes  it  was  esteemed,  on  account  of  its  lightness  and 
strength  but  as  the  timber  has  become  scarce,  pine  and  spruce  have  taken  its 
place.     In  the  middle,  southern,  and  western  states,  where  this  tree  abounds  it 
IS  more  generally  used  in  building,  and  is  considered  as  the  best  substitute  for 
pme,  red  cedar    and  cypress,  and  serves  for  the  interior  work  of  houses,  and 
sometunes  for  the  exterior  covering.     The  panels  of  doors  and  of  wainscots  and 
the  mouldings  of  chimney  pieces,  are  made  of  this  wood.     In  some  states,  shin- 
g.es  are  made  of  it  about  fifteen  inches  long,  which  are  preferred  to  those  made 
o    pme,  because  they  are  more  durable,  and  are  not  liable  to  crack  from  the 
cflects  (,f  mtousc  irost  and  sunshine.     In  most  of  the  large  cities  and  towns 
in  tlM^   United  States,  boards  sawn  from  this  tree,  are  generally  used  for  the 
panels  of  carnages.     When  perfectly  dry,  they  take  the  paint  well,  and  admit 
ot  a  Uril liant  polish.     Large  quantities  of  this  wood  are  consumed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  trunks,  covered  with  cloth,  or  skins;    of  tables,  and  bedsteads,  which 
are  stained,  in  imitation  of  mahogany,  and  for  the  seats  of  chairs.     It  often 
enters  into  the  composition  of  bureaus,  and  cabinet  work  generally,  particularly 
when  it  IS  inlaid  with  veneers.     It  is  also  used  for  fhe  circular  boards  and  wings 
ot  wmnowmg  machines,  also  for  the  construction  of  sleigh  and  wagon  bodies 
where  white  pme  is  not  abundant,  and  for  the  interior  of  canal  and  steamboats! 
As  It  IS  easily  wrought  in  the  lathe,  it  is  often  used  for  bowls,  brush,  and  broom 
heads  and  handles,  and  numerous  other  articles  among  turners'  wares.     Among 
agriculturists  trunks  of  these  trees  are  often  formed  into  eating  and  drinking 
troughs  for  their  animals,  Avhich,  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  last  as  long  as 
tliose  uKu  e  of    chestnut  and  butternut.      In  some  parts  of  the   country    the 
wood  of  this  tree  is  employed  for  the  rails  of  rural  fences.     It  is  found  useful 
also,  m  the  construction  of  bridges,  as  it  unites  lightness  with  strength  and 
durability.     1  he  indians  who  formerly  inhabited  the  middle  states,  made  choice 
Of  tins  tree  to  form  their  canoes,  for  which  purpose  it  was  well  adapted.     The 
trunk  being  of  great  length  and  diameter,  and  the  wood  being  light  and  stron- 
It  was   sometimes  wrought  by  them  into  canoes  that  would  carry  twenty  or 
more  persons.     It  is  still  used  by  the  Indians  and  others  in  the  western  country, 
or  the  same  purpose.     Michaux  remarks  that,  when  one  of  these  trees  is  felled 
the  chips  of  the  heart-wood  that  are  left  upon  the  ground,  particularly  those 
winch  are  left  half  buried  in  the  leaves,  suffer,  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  weeks, 
a  remarkable  change;  the  lower  part  becomes  of  a  dark-blue,  and  they  exhale  a 
letid.ammomacal  odour;  though  the  live  part  of  the  bark  of  the  trunk  branches, 
and  still  more  of  the  roots,  has  an  agreeable  smell,  and  a  very  bitter  taste,  and 
even  under  the  same  circumstances  as  the  heart-wood,  it  neither  acquires  the 
bliK!  colour,  nor  the  disagreeable  smell. 

Tiie  bark  of  this  tree  is  considered,  by  some,  as  scarcely  inferior  to  the  cin- 
chona, being  a  powerful  tonic  and  antiseptic.  The  aromatic  principle  appears  to 
reside  in  a  resmous  part  of  the  substance  of  the  bark,  and,  when  used,  stimulates 
t  ic  intestinal  canal,  and  operates  as  a  gentle  cathartic.  In  many  instances,  the 
stomach  cannot  support  it,  unless  each  dose  is  accompanied  by  a  few  drops  of 
laudanum.  Ihese  properties  were  well  known  to  the  American  Indians,  who 
employed  the  bark  of  the  roots  of  this  tree  for  the  cure  of  intermittents. 


TULIP-BEARING   LIRIODENDRON. 


29 


"If Fever's  fervid  rage 

GlowM  in  the  Iwilin?  veins,"    ♦    *    *    ♦    ♦ 
*****     "  Anxiously  llipy  sniiglit 
Tile  I/irioilendrnn,  Willi  its  viineil  hlonni. 
Oranijo.  anil  green,  ami  p;ol<l;"     ***** 
*    *    *    *    *    "Xci  siip|)ly 
Tlie  place  nf  fain'il  Cincluina,  wliose  rough  brow 
Now  ruddy,  and  anon  witli  paleness  timrk'il, 
I)rinl{.s  in  its  native  lied,  the  genial  gales 
Of  inDunlainoud  I'uru." 

TiiAiTs  01'  THE  Aborigines. 

And  even  at  the  present  day,  in  parts  of  the  country  where  this  tree  abounds, 
some  of  the  inhabitants  steep  tlie  bark  of  the  roots  with  an  equal  portion  of  dog- 
wood barlf,  in  brandy,  during  eight  days,  and  lake  this  tincture  as  a  remedy  for 
the  intermittent  fever.  The  bark,  reduced  to  powder,  and  given  in  substance 
to  horses,  appears  to  be  a  pretty  certain  remedy  for  worms. 

In  Europe,  the  uses  of  the  Liriodendron  tuhpifera  are  limited  almost  entirely 
to  those  of  ornament ;  for  there  are  numerous  trees  which  would  produce  excel- 
lent timber,  if  cut  down.  We  have  never  heard  of  any  having  been  felled  for 
this  purpose.  Every  possessor  of  a  tulip-tree,  in  Europe,  values  it  far  higher  for 
its  beauty  in  a  living  state,  than  for  its  products,  or  the  artificial  application  of 
them.  On  the  continent,  where  trees  ripen  seeds,  they  may  be  considered  as 
affording  some  profit  from  that  source. 


Genus  ANNONA,  Linn. 


•ii;J 


Anonaceae. 

St/sl.  Nat. 


Polyandria  Polyirynia. 


Synonymcs. 


Anmna,  Aiwnn,  Asimina,  Orchidvcarpitm, 
J'urcelia,  Uvaria, 


Anone,  Corossol, 
Flaschcnbaum, 
Asimina, 
Anona, 
Custard  Apple, 


Of  Authors. 


France.       # 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


nio  Porcel,  a  Spai.i.l,  ,,r„>„oter  "f  b,,ianv  ^C  ^wna  ab"f  ?,  ±^^^^^  ,f '"'^''« '■■< ''''^''"o  given  hy  Kuiz,  i„  L.or  of  Amo- 

^.u^.a.^iieovaHe?=?--^'^£^^^^^^ 

HR  hardy  species  of  the  genus  Annona  are  chiefly  confined  to  the 
United  btates,  and  vary  in  height  from  two  to  tliirtv  feet  The 
low  shrubs  are  deciduous,  with  wliite  or  purple  flowers,'and  boar 
frujt  about  the  size  of  small  plums.  They  are  rath;;r  tender, 
ad  d.thcult  of  cidtivation,  although  the,  have  been  introduced 

into  Lurope  at  diflerent  periods  from  1736  to  1820.     All  the  sne- 
cies  require  peat  soil,  and  are  only  propagated  by  seeds.  ^ 


Annona  triloba, 
THE   THREE-LOBED-CALYXED  ANONNA. 

Sijnonymcs. 

Annona  triloba,  Linn^us,  Species  Plantarum. 

!De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 
MicHAL'x,  North  American  Sylva. 
Don,  Miller's  Diclionary. 
Asimtna  triloba,  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicnm. 

Uviiria  trihhn,  Torrey  and  Gray,  Flora  ol'  North  America. 

Anone  a  trois  lobes,  Asiminier  de  Vir-  j  ^ 
ginie,  li- range. 

Dreylnppiger  Flachenbaum,  Germany. 

Annona,  Italy. 

Anona,  Spain. 

Asiminier,  French  Lou.siana. 

Pawpaw,  Britain  and  Anulo-America. 

^Engrarings.    Micliaux,  North  American  Sylvn,  pi.  (10;   Louilon,  Arlxireluni  Britannicnm,  i.,  figure  39;  and  tlio  fijures 

Sjiecific   Characters.     Leaves  oblong-obovatn,  acuminate  ;    petals  dark-purple  :    the   exterior  orbicular. 
3  or  4  times  the  length  of  the  sepals.— Tor^y  and  Gray,  Flora. 


Description. 

HE  Annona  triloba  is  a 
small  tree,  seldom  ex- 
ceeding thirty  feet  in 
height,  densely  cloth- 
ed with  long  leaves,  lying  over  one  another,  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  pecidiarly  imbricated 
appearance  to  the  entire  plant.  I'he  trunk  is 
covered  with  a  silver-gray  bark,  which  is  smooth 
and  finely  polished.  The  leaves  are  borne  on 
short  petioles,  and  are  alternate,  five  or  six 
inches  in  length,  and  of  an  elongated  form, 
widening  from  the  base  to  the  snnimit.  They 
are  of  a  fine  textin-e,  and  the  upper  surface  is 
smooth  and  brilliant.  The  dowers  appear  in 
South  Carolina  and  (Jeorgia  in  March,  and  a 
month  or  six  weeks  later  farther  north.  They 
are  campanulate  and  drooping,  and  put  forth 
before  the  leaves;  the  ouior  petals  are  purple, 
and  vary  in  colour  indilferent  })lants ;  in  .some  they  are  very  dark,  and  in  others 
light,  inclining  to  yellow.  The  fruit  ripens  in  August,  and  is  about  three  inches 
long,  and  one  and  a  half  inches  thick,  yellow,  ovate,  oblong,  irregular,  and 
swelling  into  inequalities.  It  contains  a  yellow  pulp,  of  a  sweet,  luscious  taste, 
in  the  middle  of  which  lie,  in  two  rows,  twelve  seeds,  or  triangular  stones, 
divided  by  as  many  thin  membranes. 

Gcorrmpluj  (mil  History.  Micliaux  did  not  observe  this  tree  north  of  the  river 
Schuylkill;  and  it  appears  to  be  unknown,  or  extremely  rare,  in  the  low  and 
maritime  parts  of  the  southern  states.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  the  bottom- 
lands which  stretch  along  the  rivers  of  the  middle  states,  whore,  at  intervals,  it 


32 


ANNONA,    TRILOBA. 


forms  thickets  exclusively  occupying  several  acres.  In  Kentucky  and  the  west- 
ern part  of  Tennessee,  it  is  sometimes  seen  also,  in  the  forests,  where  the  soil  is 
luxuriantly  fertile ;  of  which  its  presence  is  an  infallihle  proof.  In  these  forests 
it  attains  the  height  of  thirty  feet,  with  a  trunk  six  or  eight  inches  in  diameter, 
thotigh  it  usually  stops  short  of  half  of  this  height.  According  to  Dr.  William 
Baldwin,  the  pawpaw  grows  spontaneouslj'  in  the  island  of  Bermuda ;  and  in 
Smith's  "  History  of  Virginia,"  it  is  stated  to  have  been  introduced  on  that  island 
prior  to  1623. 

This  species  was  introduced  into  England  by  Peter  Collinson  in  1736  ;  and  it 
has  since  become  known  in  the  principal  botanic  gardens  throughout  Europe. 
Miller  states  that  the  lar?:  v  -it  he  hud  seen  was  in  the  Duke  of  Argyll's  gar- 
den, at  Whitton,  which  f  ;  -.  :  every  year.  Another  plant  is  mentioned  as 
growing  at  Purser's  Cross,     j     u  ripened  fruit. 

Soil,  Situation,  S^'c.  This,  as  well  as  most  of  the  other  species  of  annona, 
generally  grows  in  shady  places,  and  in  a  sandy  soil.  All  the  species,  when  cul- 
tivated, require  peat  soil,  and  are  propagated  from  seeds.  The  pawpaw  seldom 
produces  shoots  exceeding  five  or  six  inches  in  length ;  hence  a  plant,  in  ten 
years,  does  not  reach  above  three  or  four  feet  in  height,  and  will  not  flower  till 
of  fifteen  or  twenty  years'  growth.  It  may  be  considered  as  a  curious,  slow- 
growing,  deciduous  shrub,  well  deserving  a  place  in  gardens,  but  which  ought 
always  to  be  isolated,  and  at  some  distance  from  rapid-growing  plants. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  Annoi^i  triloba  is  spongy,  extremely 
soft,  destitute  of  strength,  and  applicable  to  no  use  in  the  mechanic  arts.  All 
parts  of  the  tree  have  a  rank,  if  not  a  fetid,  smell;  and  the  fruit  is  relished  by 
few  persons,  except  negroes.  A  spirituous  liquor  has  been  made  from  it,  but  it 
is  of  little  worth. 


Genus  BERBERIS,  Linn. 


Bcrberaceae. 
Hj/il.  Mat. 


Ilexandria  Monogynia. 

Syai.  Lin. 


as 


Synonymes. 


Berbens, 


Epine  vinette, 

Berberitzbeerenstrauch,  Sauerdorn, 

Berberis, 

Berbero,  Crespino, 

EspiiKi  (te  majuelas, 

Berberry,  Pipperidge  Bush, 


Of  Authors. 

France. 

Germany. 

portusal. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Britain  and  Anglo- A.meeica. 


Deritationn.  The  word  Bfrlieris  ia  of  very  doubtful  origin.  Rime  derive  It  from  the  Arabic,  herberi/s,  a  word  used  f)r  this 
plant  by  Averrhoe.'i  and  other  writur.'f  on  medicine  ;  others  from  the  fjreek  word,  burlieri,  signifying  a  sliell,  from  the  leave.H  of 
the  common  kiiid  having  a  hollow  snrfai;e.  Bochart  derive.^  it  from  the  Phrtjniclan  word,  harar,  whicli  signifies  shiny  like  a 
shell.  Gerard  says,  that  it  is  corrupted  from  the  word  nniyrlieris,  the  name  Kiven  to  this  plant  by  Avicenna.  I)u  Haniel  derives 
it  from  an  Indian  word  signifying  Mother  of  pearl.  The  French  name,  H/iiiie  rinclle,  signifies  Acid,  or  Sorrel  Thorn,  froi:i 
the  I.T-ste  of  the  fruit  and  leaves.  The  Siianish  name  signifies  Prickly-hawthorn  Berberry  ;  and  the  German  and  Italian  names 
are  derived  from  the  Iwtanic  one. 

Generic  Characters.  Scpal-s  0,  guarded  on  the  outside  by  3  .scales.  Petals  0,  with  2  glands  on  the  inside 
of  each.  Stamens  toothles.s.  Berries  2 — 3-secded.  Seeds  2,  rarely  3,  laterally  inserted  at  the  base  of 
the  berries,  erect,  oblong,  with  a  crustaceous  coat  and  fleshy  albumen.  Cotvledons  leafy,  elliptical. 
Radicle  long,  capitellate  at  the  tip. — Bon,  Milhis  Diet. 

LL  tlie  species  of  Berberis  are  shrubs  from  two  to  twenty  feet  in  height, 
in  u  wild  state,  and  sometimes  attain  an  elevation  of  thirty  feet, 
when  cultivated.  They  all  throw  up  numerous  side-suckers,  and 
the  stronger-growing  species,  if  these  were  carefully  removed,  might  be 
formed  into  very  handsome  small  trees.  In  all  tlie  species,  the  llowers  are  yel- 
low. The  fruit  is  generally  red,  always  acid,  and  more  or  less  astringent.  The 
irritability  of  the  stamens,  more  particularly  those  of  the  Berberis  vulgaris, 
canadensis,  and  sinensis,  the  flowers  of  which  expand,  is  a  very  remarkable  prop- 
erty in  vegetable  economy.  When  the  filament  is  touched  on  the  inside  with 
the  point  of  a  pin,  or  any  other  hard  instrument,  the  stamens  bend  forward 
towards  the  pistil,  touch  the  stigma  with  the  anther,  remain  curved  for  a  short 
time,  and  then  partially  recover  their  erect  position.  This  is  best  seen  in  warm, 
dry  weather.  The  cause  of  this  curious  action,  like  that  of  all  other  vital  phe- 
nomena, is  unknown.  All  that  has  been  ascertained  concerning  it  is,  that  the 
irritability  of  the  filament  is  affected  diflerently  by  diff'erent  noxious  substances. 
It  has  been  found  by  Messrs.  Macaire  and  Marcett,  tiiat,  if  a  berberry  is  poisoned 
with  any  corrosive  agent,  such  as  arsenic,  or  bicloride  of  mercury,  the  filaments 
become  rigid  and  brittle,  and  lose  their  irritability ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  if 
the  poisoning  be  effected  by  any  nnrcotic,  such  as  prussic  acid,  opium,  or  bella- 
donna, the  irritability  is  destroyed  by  the  filaments  becoming  so  relaxed  and 
flaccid,  that  they  can  be  easily  bent  in  any  direction.  In  the  original  position 
of  tiie  stamens,  the  anthers  are  sheltered  from  rain  by  the  concavity  of  the  petals. 
Thus,  probably,  they  remain  till  some  insect  comes  to  extract  honey  from  the 
base  of  the  flowers,  and,  thrusting  itself  between  the  filaments,  unavoidably 
touches  them  in  the  most  irritable  part,  and  in  tliis  manner,  the  impregnation  of 
the  germs  takes  place.* 

Geographical  Distribution.  Few  genera  of  plants  arc  more  generally  dissemi- 
nated over  the  globe  than  the  berberis.  At  least  twenty  species  have  been  dis- 
covered, cither  in  Europe,  northern  and  central  Asia,  or  in  North  and  South 
America,  most  of  which  have  been  introduced  into  Britain,  and  treated  as  shrubs, 
or  small  ornamental  trees. 

*  See  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  \\'.,  p.  260. 


|r 


Berberis  vulgaris, 
THE   COMMON   BERBERRY. 

Synonymes. 


Berberis  vulgaris, 


Epine  vinette, 

Gemeine  Berberitze, 

Berber!  ordinario,  Spino  vinetto, 

Espina  ile  majuelas, 

Berberry,  Barberry,  Pipperidge-Bush, 


(  LinnjKus,  Species  Plantarum. 
I  De  Ca.ndolle,  Prodromus. 
■I  Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboreluin  Britannicum. 

ToBREY  AND  Gray,  FloHi  of  North  America. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Britain  and  ANdi.o-AMERicA. 


Engravings.    WiUdonow,  Berliaiache  Baumzucht,  pi.  39 ;  Loudon,  EncyclopoBdla  of  Plants,  figure  4922 ;  and  the  figures  below 

Specific  Characters.    Spines  3-parted.    Leaves  somewhat  obovate,  ciliately  serrated.    Racemes  many-flow 
ered,  pendulous.    Petals  entire. — Don,  Miller's  Diet. 

Description. 

HE  Common  Berberry,  in  its' wild 
^  state,  is  seldom  found  higher  than 
six  to  ten  feet,  but  when  cul- 
'^'  tivated  it  may  be  grown  to  nearly 
thirty  feet  in  height.  The  stems  are  upright,  and 
much  branched  towards  the  top;  smooth,  slightly 
grooved,  and  covered  with  a  whitish,  or  ash-coloured 
bark,  which  is  of  a  bright  yellow  within.  The  main 
stem  soon  becomes  so  surrounded  by  side-suckers,  as 
to  be  concealed  by  them ;  so  that,  even  when  the 
height  of  the  plant  is  that  of  a  tree,  its  character  is 
still  that  of  a  bush.  The  blossoms  are  yellow,  and, 
in  general,  are  abundant,  and  produce  a  tine  appear- 
ance in  April,  May,  and  June ;  their  odour  is  offensive 
when  near,  but  not  disagreeable  at  a  short  distance. 
The  fruit  is  oblong-oval,  which  at  first  is  green,  and. 


purple,  or  black, 
so  acid  that  birds 


when  ripe,  is  red,  white,  yellow, 
according  to  the  variety;  and  it  is 
seldom  touch  it. 

Varieties.     These  are  numerous.     Those  recognized  by  Messrs.  De  CandoUe 
and  Don,  are  as  follows: — 

1.  B.  v.  ALBA.     Fruit  white. 

2.  B.  V.  vioLACEA.     Fruit  violet-coloured. 

3.  B.  v.  PURPUREA.     Fruit  purple. 

4.  B.  V.  NIGRA.     Fruit  black ;  leaves  oblong ;  ciliately  serrated  ;  serratures  few. 

5.  B.  v.  DULcis.  Fruit  red,  less  acid  than  the  common  ,  iriety;  leaves  of  a 
bright,  shining  green.     Native  of  Austria. 

6.  B.  v.  ASPERMA.  Fruit  destitute  of  seeds,  in  old  plants.  It  is  said  by  Du 
Hamel,  that  this  variety  produces  the  best  fruit  for  preserving;  and  it  is  from  it 
that  the  delicious  confitures  (T  epine  vitiette,  for  whicli  Rouen  is  so  celebrated, 
are  made. 

Geography  and  History.  The  berberry  is  found  wild  in  most  parts  of  Europe, 
and  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  America.     In  the  warmer  parts  of  the  two  last- 


THE   COMMON   BERBEKRY. 


35 


named  countries,  it  grows  on  mountains,  and  in  the  colder  parts  of  Europe  and 
America,  in  plains,  as  in  Norway,  near  (Jhristiania,  and  in  Massachusetts,  north  of 
Boston.  It  also  grows  on  Mount  Lebanon,  and  on  Mount  iEtna;  in  which  last 
situation  it  becomes  a  low  shrub,  in  the  upper  zone  of  vegetation.  In  England  it 
is  found  indigenous  m  woods  and  hedges,  more  especially  on  calcareous  soils.  It 
is  also  indigenous  in  .Scotland  and  Ireland,  but  not  very  common.  It  was  doubt- 
less introduced  into  the  United  States  from  Europe,  and  has  naturalized  itself  in 
waste  places,  and  about  cultivated  grounds  in  the  northern  states,  and  in  the 
British  American  provinces.  The  plant  is  mentioned  by  Pliny ;  and,  among  mod- 
erns, it  appears  first  to  have  been  recorded  by  Bauhin,  in  his  "  Pinax,"  and  subse- 
quently by  all  the  writers  on  plants,  under  different  names,  till  the  time  of  Ray, 
in  1686  and  1688,  who  first  called  it  berberis ;  which  name  was  afterwards 
adopted  by  Linnasus.  and  by  all  botanists  since  his  time. 

Propagation  and  Culture.  The  original  species  of  the  Berberis  vulgaris  is 
propagated  in  the  nurseries  by  seeds,  and  the  varieties  by  suckers.  For  ordinary 
purposes,  no  plant  requires  less  culture ;  but,  to  produce  large  fruit,  it  should  be 
planted  in  a  deep,  well-manured,  somewhat  calcareous  soil,  and  be  constantly 
freed  from  side-suckers.  The  racemes  of  the  blossoms  should  be  thinned  out,  in 
order  to  reduce  the  ruimber  of  bunches  of  fruit,  and  to  increase  its  size.  When 
the  berberry  is  intended  to  become  an  ornamental  tree,  it  should  be  trimmed,  with 
a  straight  stem,  to  a  height  of  eight  or  ten  feet,  and  all  suckers  from  the  roots, 
and  all  side-buds  from  the  stem,  should  be  removed  the  moment  they  appear, 
and  then  suffered  to  branch  out  into  a  fine,  orbicular,  or  drooping  head.  So 
treated,  it  forms  a  singularly  beautiful  tree,  or  shrub,  and  will  sometimes  endure 
for  two  or  three  centuries,  without  increasing  much  in  size,  after  thirty  years. 
It  may  also  be  employed  for  hedges,  and  as  it  patiently  bears  the  shears,  it  may 
be  shorn  to  any  desirable  form.  The  rate  of  growth,  when  the  plant  is  young, 
is  rapid  ;  for  the  first  five  or  six  years,  it  will  nearly  attain  its  maximum  height, 
unless  the  side-branches  be  removed. 

Diseases,  >^'c.  The  Berberis  vulgaris  is  subject  to  a  disease  called  mildew, 
yEcidium  bcrberidis,  which,  when  magnified,  is  found  to  consist  of  a  number  of 
small  orange-cups,  with  a  fine  film  over  each,  as  shown  in  the 
adjoining  figure.  When  ripe,  these  films  burst,  and  the  tops 
of  the  cups  assume  a  ragged,  uneven  appearance,  in  which 
state  they  look  like  Avhite  fungi.  The  cups  are  filled  with 
innumerable  little  cases,  containing  seeds,  or  spherules,  and 
these  constitute  the  bright-orange  powder,  that  is  seen  on  the 
leaves  and  flowers  of  the  berberry,  and  was  long  supposed  to 
be  the  blight  on  corn  both  in  Europe  and  America.  This  opinion,  though  totally 
unfounded,  is  of  unknown  antiquity.  This  error  has  been  ably,  and  scientifi- 
cally refuted  by  Messrs.  Du  Hamel,  Broussonet,  an  .  Drs.  Grenville  and  Lindley. 
The  blight  on  corn  is  generally  a  species  of  uredo,  and  does  not  correspond  in 
botanical  characters  with  die  J^kidium.  One  cf  the  princi,  d  reasons  why  corn 
will  not  thrive  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  berberry,  is,  on  account  of  the 
meagreness  of  the  soil  in  which  it  often  grows,  it  being  impoverished  by  its  creep- 
ing root. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  berberry  is  hard  and  brittle,  of  a  yel- 
low colour,  and  contains  a  large  white  pith.  It  is  of  but  little  use  in  the  arts 
except  for  dying.  The  inner  bark,  both  of  the  stems  and  roots,  atfords  a  yellow 
dye.  The  leaves  are  agreeably  acid,  and,  according  to  Gerard,  were  used,  in  his 
time,  to  season  meat  with,  instead  of  a  salad,  like  sorrel.  The  berries  arc  not 
eaten  raw,  but  are  excellent,  when  preserved  witli  their  own  weight  of  siisar  or 
syrup,  or  candied.  They  are  also  inadf,  into  jelly  and  rob,  both  of  which  are 
not  only  delicious  to  the  taste,  but  extremely  wholesome-,  and  ^hey  are  pickled  in 


***  BEBBERIS   VULGARIS. 

and,  wl,c„  fcJemed,  ic   "S.^c^V^'l  Kt'^^^h^h  t'7'"'"^  P""^".' 
by  evaporation.     Thev  are  also  in  i^Pnnr.i  ,,  "^' '"^""^  ^^'i'«h  tartar  is  procured 

nally.  tL  berries,  leSf^nd  roots  afo  nils         ^''t'"^  '^'''^'''-  ^«^'^'- 
is  purgative  and  tonic    and  Te  berriS    '^^^^^^^^  "»«  barjc 

make  a  refreshing  drink  in  fevers  1^?;  Jr  n  ^/"'^"J^^.  ^"^  steeped  in  watert 
in  tlie  bark,  that  it  is  u^  in  lid  in  Ln  CT.^^^^^^^^  ««  ^^nndant 

low.  A  decoction  of  the  bark  is  said  o  mn  L  '^'',  '''*"'"  "  ^^^^  ^  «"«  y^l" 
throat  and  gums.  When  tl^  be  berrv  ifrnTn.  .^^'''''^  ^^'^'^  *°  strengthen  the 
preferable  to  .select  the  varietv  or  r^tho  v  ?  '"  ^  ^iVt"  ^^^  "«  *"'it,  it  is 
asperma,  in  which  the  seSsl^c;  said  to  be  wS^'.'^i'^''  ^^^«"!  ^"'^is 
sweeter  tlian  the  common  kinds.  This  shrnh  Z  W^'  n  '",^^\"<^'i  the  fruit  is 
exists  a  prejudice  against  it  among  agrtuuSi*^^^^^^^^^  ^"V^^^'« 

ica,  from  Its  supposed  influence  in  nrn,!  ,r  IL  Kr  .  f  Europe  and  in  Amer- 

grain  growing  near  it.  '"''"^"'^  '"  pioducing  blight,  or  mildew,  on  the  corn  or 


Berberis  canadensis, 

THE  CANADIAN  BERBERRY. 

Synonymvs, 


Berberis  canadensis, 


Epine  vinette  du  Canada, 
Canadischer  Berberitzbeerenstrauch, 
Barberry  Bush, 


'  De  Candoli.e,  Prodromus, 

Don,  ftlillcr's  Dictionary. 

NuTTAi.r,,  Genera  of  North  American  Plants. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
^ToimEY  AND  Gray,  Flora  ol'  North  America. 

France. 

Germany. 

Anolo-Amekica. 


Bngravingi.    Audubon,  Birds  of  America,  pi.  clxxxvlll, ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Brlttnnicum,  figure  48 ;  and  the  figures  Viclow. 
Sperijic   Characters.    Spines  3-parted.     Leaves  obovate-oblong,  remotely  serrated,  upper  ones  nearly 
entire.    Racemes  many-flowered,  nodding.— Z>on,  Miller's  Diet. 

Description. 

I  HE  Canadian  Berberry  is  a  low  shrub,  not  exceeding  five 
feet  in  heiglit,  with  stems,  roots,  and  flowers  yellow,  as  in 
the  preceding  species.     The  leaves  are  much  smaller  and 

. _-    -=.     narrower,  aUenuatc  at  the  base,  but  nearly  sessile.     The 

flowers  which  put  forth  in  May  and  June,  arc  also  smaller  than  those  of  the 
Berberis  vulgaris,  and  the  fruit  is  smaller  and  shorter,  of  a  red  colour,  and  less 
sour.  It  grows  on  fertile  hills,  and  among  rocks,  especially  in  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and,  on  the  authority  of  Pursh,  it  is  found  in  Canada.  Torrey  and 
Gray  remark  that,  "  This  indigenous  species,  very  distinct  from  the  Berberis 
vulgaris,  with  which  it  lias  been  in  some  degree  confounded,  is  probably  a  native 
of  the  southern  states  only;  the  barberry  of  the  New  England  states,  and,  doubt- 
less, of  Canada,  being  the  European  species,  and  certainly  not  indigenous.  Our 
species  was  first  noticed,  apparently,  by  Marshall,  who  states  that  he  has  a  dif- 
ferent species  of  barberry  growing  near  New  River,  Virginia.  Original  specimens, 
collected  and  named  by  Pursh,  exist  in  the  herbarium  of  the  late  Professor  Bar- 
ton, now  deposited  in  the  rooms  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Phila- 
delphia."   This  shrub  was  cultivated  in  England  in  1759. 


Genus   TILIA,  Linn. 


Tiliacetr. 


Polyundna  Tolyj^ynia. 
Si/ii.  Lin. 


abort,on.-W,  Milkr's  Diet  '  -"^uled.    Nut  coriaceous,  l-celled,  l-L'-seedcnf,  from 

^"w^;t}fnTJ'l'\?''']'''''  "^  ^''"^'^''  ♦'••'«■'''  ^^'t''  melliflnc.s  flowers, 

'  cymes  ofXflovve  r'n  '"''^''l'^  V^''  ^^^*""^'"  of  each  of  the 
the  oninon  of  r  .  ^j'^  "'""ber  of  species  varies,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  botanists,  from  two  to  leu.  As  there  is  great  uncer- 
tainty respecting  the  number,  owing  to  the  imperfbct^manrrTn 
which  several  of  them  have  been  heretofore  described  we  slvH 
canf  "tVZ  TT'  '"^  ''''^'''^'  ^'^^^"^  ''^"  "•"'•^r  Ti  ia  eilp^a  and  ameri 
des  appJaMo  be  that'rf '"^'T'  '^'^'^'^r'']^  characteristics  of  these  two  spe. 
cordat^e^ltaves  """■      """  ''^"'"''^  '"''^"^^'  ''^"'^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  °bHqueIy 


1 1  it 


Tiliu  europdci, 
THE   EUROPEAN   LIME-TREE. 


Synonymes, 


Tilia  europaa, 


Tilleul, 

Ti^lio, 

Tilo, 

Til, 

Lind, 

Linde, 

Lipa, 

Line-tree,  Linden,  Lime-tree,  Teil-tree, 

Lime-tree,  Liu  or  Lindeii-lree, 

Bnst, 

Bast  Holz, 


(LiN«»;Rrs,  Species  Plantarum. 
Smith,  English  Flora. 
Don,  ftliller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicuin. 
Ski.hy,  British  Forest  Trees. 
France. 
Itai.v. 
Spain. 

PoRTUOAL. 

Sweden  and  Denmark. 
Holland  and  Germany. 
Russia,  Poland,  and  Bohemia. 
Britain. 
Anolo-America. 
Lincolnshire,  (Eno.) 
Ancient  Germany. 


Dfrirnliom.  Thfi  Rennric  namo,  Tilia,  la  supposed,  hy  nnnio,  to  Im  derived  from  tlio  Oreolc,  ptilon,  a  feather,  from  thu  fea« 
Jtiery  iip|iciiriiiicc  (if  the  hractfiu;  and  by  olhord,  fnim  thoOrmik,  lilai,  light  iKidieH  lliiutliiff  In  the  air,  like  wool  or  fathers. 
The  French,  Spaninh,  Italian,  and  Portngueso  names  are  derivid  from  the  Iwlanical  one.  Most  of  the  other  European  names 
are  derivjd  from  the  lloman,  linm,  a  line  or  cord,  having  reference  to  the  Iwrk,  which  was  formerly,  as  at  present,  made  into 
lines  or  roiws.  The  name  Ilaat  was  applied  to  a  variety  of  tilia,  liy  the  ruslica  of  Lincolnshire,  because  ropes  were  made  from 
Its  liark.  The  ancient  Oernian  name,  Uaat  Jlulz,  signifies  literally,  bark-wood,  and  Is  evidently  derived  from  the  use  made  of 
the  bark  of  this  tree  in  making  mats. 

Engravingt.    Selby,  British  Forest  Trees,  pp.  1,  2  ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannlcum,  v.,  pi.  19;  and  the  figures  below. 

Specific  Characters.     Petals  without  scales.     Leaves  cordate,  acuminated,  serrated,  smooth,  e.Tcept  a  tuft 


of  hair  at  the  origin  of  the  veins  beneath,  twice  the  length  of  the  petioles. 
Fruit  coriaceous,  downy. — Dor.,  Milkr's  Diet. 

Description. 

"  And  the  Lime  at  dewy  ore 
Ditfuslng  odours." 

COWPBR. 


Cymes  many-flowered. 


I  HE  Linden  or  Lime- 
tree,  in  its  lull  and 
luxuriant  foliage, 
where  sufficient  room 
has  been  aflbrded  it,  and  the  soil  has  suited 
its  constitution,  is  pronoiniced  as  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  striking  of  European  trees. 
In  its  native  country,  it  often  attains  a  height 
of  eighty  or  one  hundred  feet,  with  a  diam- 
eter of  four  to  six  feet,  and  even  more.  From 
the  straightness  of  its  stem,  and  the  luxuri- 
ant spreading  of  its  branches,  which  are  like- 
wise so  tough  as  to  withstand  the  fury  of  tlie 
winds  that  would  disarm  most  other  trees,  it 
is  peculiarly  adapted  for  lining  avenues,  and 
screening  the  passenger  from  the  scorching 
sun.  This  tree,  however,  is  not  so  much  es- 
teemed, on  account  of  it.",  coming  into  leaf 
late  in  the  spring,  and  beginning  to  decay 
early    in    auttimn ;    more    especially    when 


It, 


I  'ii 


f 


Mi! 
•ill 


40 


TILIA   EUHOP^A, 


|&^£S„  l\  '^^^  'eaves  a.  Naples  a.  .he  end  o,  March  ■  ,„ 

about  the  first  of  May     AtFhJtJ^?  f  ^P^"^'  "^  Sweden,  and  at  New  vArl 
autumn  while  at  Naples  it  remaiS?uh"fnr^  ^^^-^^  ^'  ^"^'^^  i^s  leLes  laHy  hi 

and  m  different  situations,  with  thf  greaiest  care  Vn^    S  P^''"'',^^  ^^^^^^^t  ages 
_i-    J  •  E.  MiCKopHYLLA  LnnHnn       c ''if ,  "^^  ^""  attention."  ^ 

T-Wo-.^  «  /'^'te/«,i^i,^    ""p  anc?"ltTf-1rr°"'^'"  England- 

m  Germany.     The  npfnL  r.f  \u-        ' ■      "  ^leinhluttrirre  Linde  or  ivv,  .  ^.  7' 

roundish,  -umi^it^d  ta  J,;^;™7  -  ^^^^  -lesTteTea^rtrS 

beneath  on  theaxilsoftheveiL  as  wpll^^^^'^^^  glaucous,  and  bearded 
globose,  hardly  ribbed,  yerj^  th  n  and  h  h.  "'  S^u'^  ^^^*^h««'  the  frui  is  rather 
first  sight,  from  all  o  hersf  by  irfrnn   „  ^      T^'^  T^"«ty  is  distinguishable  at 

of  Airty  fee,,  a.^hrce  yard's 'aWvfj  gford''  '""  "'«'"■  "'*  "  '="cS™,°cl 

g    i:  t^^S^^Xlt^^S^l^^  "undTCaei! 
hairy;  cymes  three-flowered    fruirwoorl?^      of  their  veins  woolly  •  branches 

IS  a  tree  of  this  variety,  supposed  to  hnv«  il.       t        .  ^J'^"'  "^ar  London  there 
uearly^eighty  feet  high.     ^^"""'"^  '^  ^^^«  t)een  planted  about  ninety  years^'alfd Is 

distmguishe7bnL'rSess5't;fi^^''^^^""''^^«^  Lime-tree.     This  varietv  i. 
sidered  as  a  sub-variety  of  the  .l^^""?  branches,  and  it  may  be  propS v  c  L 
extend  over  the  low  pLtl  5  tirco^untrv'?"-     ^^  ^^^'^^"'  ^^ere  Seif  LoSs" 
hme-tree  is  m.et  with,  in  some  places  Lrhn^"/  "'""^  ^^^^^^er,  the  common 
twigs  bright  red,  yellow  in  some  and  FnnT'  ^"^  -^  ^"«  ^^g^^her,  with  the 
may  infer  that  there  is  also  r^elwlvLpH    ''  •^"'''  green;  from  which  we 
similar  coincidences  occur  in  En^lan  [nmi^^  f/^'^f  ^'  ""^  sub-variety.     Seveml 
4.  T.  E.  LAcimATA,  Loudon.     StaSXh'  ^"'^ij^ted  varieties.^       """'^^ 
this  variety  are  smaller  than  thosfoHhe  1^^^'"'''  Lime-tree.     The  leaves  of 
ular.y  cut  and  twisted,  scarcely  two  Zf  ^u    TV^'"'''^''  ^"^  deeply  and  irrej 
dom,  if-ever,  exceeds  tiiirtyS.riTeight*''  ''''  ""'"''^  ""'^«-     Thfs^varlty  sX 

differs  froVtrcommolriimeSSn  tKtf  ^""'PT  ^^'^'■^^^^'    This  variety 

jsnot^.o  vigorous  in  its  gr^iTir^stj o  "'"TtheV varJ:;^^^^    and,  appaZtly^ 

^    m  varieties,  except  the  T  e 

•  T.  .  P.™..  AOK.A.     Gotaen..,,,ea  Broa,,ea.ea  European  Ume, 


11 


»^    II 


EUROPEAN  LIME-TBEE.  ^J 

tree.     This  variety  dift'ers  from  the  common  broad-leaved  Hme  in  no  other  resoect 
than  in  the  yellow  colour  of  its  twigs. 

7.  T.  E.  DASYSTYLA.  Hairy-Styled  European  Lime-tree.  This  variety  is  de- 
scribed as  having  petals  without  scales;  leaves  smooth,  somewhat  hairy  at  the 
base  beneath ;  axils  of  veins  bearded ;  style  tomentose, 

8.  T.  E.  ALBA,  Loudon.  White-leaved  European  Lime-tree,  in  England  •  Til- 
leul  blanc,  m  France;  Weisse  Linde,  in  Germany.  Each  of  the  petals  of  this 
variety  has  a  scale  at  the  base,  inside  ;  the  leaves  are  cordate,  somewhat  acumi- 
nated, and  rather  unequal  at  the  base,  serrated,  clothed  with  white  down  be- 
neath, but  smooth  above,  and  four  times  longer  than  the  petioles-  the  fruit  is 
ovate,  with  five  obscure  ribs.  This  tree  is  at  once  distinguishable  from  all  other 
varieties  by  the  white  appearance  of  its  foliage,  even  at  a  considerable  distance, 
and  by  the  strikingly  snowy  hue  of  its  leaves,  when  ruffled  by  the  wind.  Its 
wood  and  shoots  resemble  those  of  the  common  lime;  but  it  does  not  attain  the 
^me  height.  There  is  a  good  specimen  of  this  tree  at  Walton,  upon  the 
1  hames,  sixty  feet  high  ;  and  several  others  at  High  Clere,  in  Berkshire,  some 

01  which,  in  forty  years,  have  attained  a  height  of  upwards  of  sixty  feet. 

J.  I.  E.  ALBA  PETioLAKis,  Loudou.  Long-petioled-leaved  European  Lime-tree 
Ihis  tree  is  described  by  De  CandoUe  from  dried  specimens,  without  flower  or 
Iruit,  and  is  probably  only  a  sub-variety  of  T.  e.  alba. 

There  is  another  variety,  with  varigated  leaves,  but  it  is  such  a  ragged  ill- 
looking  plant,  that  it  is  not  deemed  worthy  of  culture. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Tilia  europaja  appears  to  be  confined  to  the 
central  and  northern  parts  of  Europe.  It  is  found  wild  in  northern  Germany 
Denmark,  Sweden,  Bohemia,  and,  according  to  Pallas,  throughout  the  whole  of 
Kussia,  and  a  great  part  of  Siberia.  According  to  Watson,  it  is  common  all  over 
lintain,  and  in  the  south-western,  north-eastern,  and  north-western  counties  of 
Ireland.  Ihe  1.  c.  platyphylla  is  said  to  inhabit  Sweden,  and  most  parts  of 
J^urope,  as  far  south  as  the  Alpine  regions  of  Switzerland,  and  Spain.  The 
1.  e.  microphylla  appears  to  be  indigenous  chiefly  in  the  north  of  Germany,  in 
Sweden,  and  Russia ;  also  in  the  south-eastern  and  north-eastern  counties  of  Eng- 
land, and  north-western  counties  of  Scotland.  At  Shawley,  eight  miles  north- 
west Irom  Worcester,  England,  there  is  a  wood  of  about  five  hundred  acres  in 
extent,  the  greater  part  of  the  undergrowth  of  which,  is  of  this  variety  So 
extensive  a  tract  in  Britain,  covered  Avith  the  linden,  strongly  tends  to  prove 
that  this  tree  is  truly  indigenous.  It  is  said,  however,  that  the  lime  seldom,  if 
ever,  ripens  its  seeds  in  England,  which  would  operate  unfavourably  to  its  repro- 
duction. The  T.  e.  alba  is  found  in  the  woods  in  Hungary,  where  it  is  rare 
and  also  near  Constantinople,  whence  it  was  introduced  into  England  in  176?' 
and  planted  at  Mile  End.  ' 

The  European  lime-tree  has  long  been  cultivated  for  ornament  and  shade 
both  m  the  United  States  and  in  the  British  American  provinces. 

The  lime-tree  appears  to  have  been  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  Theo- 
phrastus.  Homer,  Horace,  Virgil,  Columella,  and  Pliny  mention  it,  and  celebrate 
^^^  n  j-1"  ^^°^-  ^^^cording  to  Theophrastus,  it  is  of  both  sexes,  which  are 
totally  different  as  to  form ;  probably  referring  to  the  small-leaved  and  large- 
eaved  varieties.  The  leaves,  he  says,  are  sweet,  and  are  used  as  food  for  most 
Jands  of  cattle.  Tins  tree  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  Romans  for  its  shade  • 
and,  according  to  Pliny,  for  the  numerous  uses  to  which  its  wood  might  be  applied! 
In  modern  times,  the  lime-tree  was  one  of  the  first  to  attract  the  attention  of 
dendrological  writers  previously  to  the  time  of  Linnaeus,  who  describes  only  two 
species,  Iiha  europn?a  and  americana.  M.  Vcntenat,  in  1708,  described  three 
iiuropean  species,  and  three  American  ones ;  and  De  Candolle  has  described  ten 
iivelyn,  speaking  of  the  lime-tree,  says,  "  It  is  a  shameful  negligence  that  we  an 

6 


4S 


I  il 


r 


TILIA   EUROPiEA. 


wood.  do,  in  so'me  r^cosJsX'^Llr^ '^^'^^^l''^  ^'^^f-ni.  while  o'ur 
been  a  favorite  tree  for  avenues  inrl  nnhii^  ,,,  ii      •  .^  "^  *'"^'^"  h^s  lone 

of  France,  Holland,  and  Germany  ^one  oV^hl  ' '"  f  "?"v!'^  ^^^  P""^^?^'  ^ownf 
Berlin,  called  />ie  Z  L«XS  It  111  r™'''*  ""^"^^^^^  «f  ^h^^h  is  in 
on  the  continent  of  Europe  „  Britain  tnd  "'1  ^"^'"^'^  ^"  country-seats, 
saysDu  Hamel,  "erovvin-  tired  of  tS  v.'  k"  America.      "The   French,'' 

lime  for  that  purpSe,  i„  ''the  tt."e  of  LouTs' Xiv""'  ^""I  ^^'""f  ^'  ^^^P^^^  the 
proaches  to  the  residences  of  the  French'  a  wdn^  .'^.f  b^'?"l^^"^'>^'  ^'^^  up- 
date, arc  bordered  with  lime  trees  "and  Fpnolil   '^^  ^^^^''^  gentry  of  that 

soon  ^CT^s:Sr:In:^%^lTr':i  aslt'^iVbut  a^TT?'  "3  ^'"^^'  ^"^^^  P^-« 
try,  in  consequence  of  the  ravSs  of  fnsec     ^'  .^/^ort-lived  tree,  in  this  coun- 

of  advanced  age  and  size,  whfcl  renS  rs  t  ^  f/c,m'?oT.'"'  ''"  'l^  ^'^"'^^ 
period  at  which  it  was  brought  from  Sni      T^?  determine  the  precise 

ever,  a  noble  and  venerable  free  of  Thi.  3'  '^'^'^  ''^''^^'  ^'  P^^«<^"t,  how- 
which  is  reputed  to  be  above  two  hnn^S^'  "'  ,^,^'«^"dge,  Massachusetts, 
more  than  ei'ght  feet  in  circSerere  .  thrf  Pfr  "''^'  ^'^  ^  ^"^"^^  measuring 
Pierced  and  grooved  with  m^e  rs  holes^  tt  S""""  ?'  ^'■"""^-  ^^«  '^""k  i! 
large  branches,  and  a  port  on  of  hs  ton  Lv^p  ^.u^'^P"'^^  '''''' '^'^  «^^«^^'  «f  its 
of  the  depredations  of  thesHnsec  1  IZ  U.  I  f  "'  aPParently  in  consequence 
moulder  to  earth.  '  """^  "'  "^  ^"^'^  y<^^>"s  more,  it  will  probably 

wo'rlt  i^SuSt!^^  W^^LS^'S  fam^^^^^^  P-^^^^^  "^  the 

takes  its  name  from  it,  being  Sjl'  ZZr      '  "'  ''fr^  '^^^  '^^"  ^^e  city  itself 
that   is,    Newtown   by   tKreat  Lmd,^^?;^^^ 

antiquity,  is  nearly  one  hundred  feet  in  SSi  i  ^'^u  ^"^^/^rosity  of  unknown 
the  ground.  Its  trunk  rise  fifteen/ee"  befot  'it' w'^^'"'"  ^"^  ^"  '^'^"^'^^^^  "^^^ 
extend  to  nearly  one  hundred  feet  on  eth2\  f !!'  ^"^  'T'^^"  ^^^^  b'''^"«'^«s 
by  one  hundred  and  eighrpXrs  of  wood  nnd  .t  ^'"rl'^'K  ^'^'^  ^^e  supported 
tainment  formed  in  the  head  of  theTreo  whit  '  7^'"''"  '^  ^  P^^^«  ^^  «"ter. 
steps.  In  the  hollows  of  the  brlncheTeart  t'^Y  ^'  "f  *^^^'^  '^^  ^  ^^ght  of 
bushes  planted,  the  fruit  of  which  is  sdd  to  visiters  '  ^  '''^'  '"^  §'^''^''^^^>^ 
whicVa"e°Sonerb;p^^^^^^^^^^  ^^.^^-^e  li--tree,  the  branches  of 

tfiat  the  victorV  ^vas  pShned   ortheNwi        '''"'?'  P'^^^^^^  «"  ^he  day 
Charles  the  Bold,  in  1476    and  if  ..  nZ  '  ""T  ^^^  ^"'^^  ^^  Burgundy 

then  feebleness  of  the  I wiss  republics  ZdTol"'^''''''''''^  1^'''''^'''''  ^^^'^  t'^« 
ners,  it  being  the  custom  in  tlfe  mTddie  .  Jf  l  ""I  simplicity  of  their  man- 
and  Flemish  people  to  recove  tl^  r  S  'tn  n!'"?  "'f  ''"""S^'^^  «^  ^^'^  ^^^^^^ 
every  battle  that  they  gained  over  the'  n^'  ^  ''"^^  hme-tree  on  the  field  of 
tree  measured  about  fo.Sierfeet  fn  cir  '  ^^F  °'''-  t^"  ^^^^'  ^'^^  trunk  of  this 
Morig,  near  Fribourg,   £  is  f  large^^^^^^  the  village  of  Villars-en- 

the  battle  of  Morat,  (which  the  tree  of  ?Z'  '  *''''''''*  *^'''''  ^''"^  '^^^^^^ 

now  is  of  extraordin'arV  dimei  sions     A^^d  'rt^n'TTn'"'^  ^^'"«^» 

seventy  feet  high,  and  thirtv-six  fppt  in  ni^^  r  *"  ^Jandolle,  m  1831,  it  was 
ground,  where  ft  divided  ^to  ariani  np^^^'''"'^  f  ^""'^  ^^^^  ^^^^  the 
mated  as  being  nearly  one  thouS  y^^s'oflge^'^  """'  '™'^^^-     ^^  ^  -ti- 

ove^r^  S;':'  ^r^efof'Tn're'T  ground  ^H  '^"^^-^^-'  ^^^^^^  ^P-^«       " 
branchesofthistree,  many  years  Jo   l.t^S /i    ^^""^  '' .""."'y  J-emarkable,  the 
.n.o  i,  and  .„.  up  'a  ci.KTou?^  SS^^X^^:^-^^^^^ 


5f    I 


EUROPEAN   LIME-TREE. 


43 


These  young  shoots,  in  process  of  time,  partook  the  character  of  trees  them- 
selves, and,  m  turn,  stretched  out  their  branches,  rested  them  on  the  ground,  and 
threw  up  a  second  circle  of  trees,  which,  in  1820,  were  twenty  or  thirty  feet  in 
height.  1  his  tree  is  said  to  stand  in  a  lawn  in  an  ancient  geometrical  garden, 
and  must  be,  at  least,  two  hundred  years  old. 

In  the  cemetery  of  the  hospital  at  Annaberg,  in  Saxony,  a  man  planted  a  linden- 
tree,  and  was  afterwards  buried  under  its  shade,  who  left  a  sum  of  money  to 
have  a  sermon  preached  every  Trinity  Sunday,  under  it.  This  tree  is  said  to  have 
grown  to  an  enormous  size,  and  Avas  planted  in  a  reversed  position,  with  its  head 
downwards. 

Mythological  and  Legendary  Allusions.  In  Prussia,  near  Kcinigsberg,  two 
large  lindens  were  grown  on  a  grassy  bank,  beneath  which,  it  is  said,  were  buried, 
in  one  grave,  a  bride,  Avho  died  on  her  wedding-day,  and  her  husband,  who  did 
not  long  survive  her  loss.  The  tree  was  ever  afterwards  a  favourite  retreat  for 
sorrowful  lovers. 

In  the  churchyard,  at  Seidlitz,  in  Bohemia,  it  is  said  there  are  some  old  lime- 
trees  the  leaves  of  which  are  hooded ;  and  the  peasants  affirm  that  they  have 
ever  been  so  since  some  monks  from  a  neighbouring  convent  were  hanged  on  their 
boughs. 

Ovid  tells  us  in  his  "  Metamorphoses,"  that  Baucis,  when  Jupiter  and  Mer- 
cury, after  they  had  partaken  of  her  hospitality,  offered  to  grant  any  request  she 
might  make,  only  asked  to  die  on  the  same  day  as  her  husband ;  that  the  gods 
granting  her  prayer,  when  she  and  Philemon  had  both  attained  a  good  old  age 
she  was  changed  into  a  lime-tree,  and  her  husband  into  an  oak.  While  the 
transformation  was  taking  place,  they  continued  speaking  affectionately  to  each 
other,  till  the  bark  had  closed  quite  round  them ;  and  that,  even  when  they  had 
become  trees,  they  entwined  their  branches  closely  together. 

Soil  and  Situation.  A  deep,  and  rather  light  soil  is  recommended  by  Du 
Hamel,  for  the  lime-tree,  or  an  argillaceous  soil,  inclining  somewhat  to  sand,  and 
rather  moist ;  but  the  largest  trees  are  generally  found  in  a  good,  loamy  soil,  or 
in  the  alluvial  deposites  of  low-lying  meadows,  along  the  margins  of  lakes,  riv- 
ers, &c.  In  Lithuania,  where  this  tree  abounds,  the  soil  is  rather  a  clayey  than 
a  sandy  loam. 

In  dry  situations,  it  never  attains  a  large  size,  and  it  loses  its  leaves,  perhaps, 
earlier  than  any  other  ree.  Being  an  inhabitant  of  the  plains,  rather  than  of 
the  mountains,  it  does  not  appear  suitable  for  exposed  surfaces ;  but  it  requires  a 
pure  air,  rather  than  otherwise ;  for,  it  is  found  in  abundance  in  many  of  the 
cities  of  continental  Europe,  but  sparingly  so  in  the  British  cities,  where  more 
mineral  coal  is  consumed,  which  appears  to  be  more  injurious  to  the  lime  than  to 
the  elm,  the  plane,  or  some  other  trees. 

Propagation  and  Culture.  This  tree  is  seldom  propagated  otherwise  than  by 
layers,  which  are  made,  in  the  nurseries,  in  autumn,  or  winter,  and  which  be- 
come rooted,  so  as  to  be  separated  from  the  parent  stock,  in  a  year.  Du  Hamel 
says  that  the  lime-tree  may  be  raised  from  seeds,  which  ought  to  be  sown  imme- 
diately after  being  gathered ;  because,  if  they  are  preserved  dry  till  the  following 
spring,  they  will  not  often  come  up  till  the  second  year.  If,  however,  the  seeds 
are  mixed  with  sand,  or  with  soil,  not  too  dry,  and  kept  in  that  state  during  the 
winter,  they  will  generally  spring  up  the  first  year.  Owing  to  the  slowness  of 
the  growth  of  plants  raised  from  seeds,  the  French  and  Belgian  gardeners  cut  off 
the  stock  of  an  old  tree,  close  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  which  soon  sends  up 
a  great  number  of  young  shoots ;  among  these  they  throw  a  quantity  of  soil, 
whicli  they  allow  to  rcMiiain  one,  tv,^o,  or  three  years,  after  wliich,  Ihcy  find  the 
shoots  well  rooted,  and  of  a  sufficient  height  and  strength  to  be  planted  at  once 
where  they  are  finally  to  remain.  The  lime-tree  bears  transplanting  when  of  a 
considerable  size ;  but,  when  it  is  grown  in  the  nurseries  for  this  purpose,  it  ought 


, 


44 


TILIA   EUROP^A. 


always  to  be  taken  up  and  replanted  every  two  or  three  yean.     A  tree  which 
has  stood  some  years  without  being  removed,  sliould  have  the  roots  cut  round 
at  three  or  four  feet  from  the  stem,  a  year  before  removal,  for  the  purpose  of 
stuntnig  the  growth,  both  of  the  head  and  roots,  and  of  forming  smaller  roots 
and  fibres. 

Insects.     The  foliage  of  the  Tilia  europtEa  affords  a  pabulum  to  the  larvm  of 
many  Icpidopteroiis  insects,  some  of  which  feed  exclusively  upon  it,  while  others 
prey  upon  that  of  various  trees.     Among  those  which  prove  the  most  injurious 
to  It  ni  the  United  States,  are  several  species  of  the  fJeometrida),  such  as  span- 
worms,  loopers,  measurers,  etc.,  some  of  which  also  feed  indiscriminately  upon 
the  elm,  maple,  horse-chesnut,  sycamore,  (Platanus,)  poplar,  apple,  cherry,  and 
plum.     VVithm  the  last  five  or  six  years,  soon  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves 
of  these  trees,  they  have  been  attacked  by  the  larvae  of  these  insects,  and  in  some 
mstances  liavc  been  entirely  divested  of  their  foliage.     They  usually  emerge  from 
the  egg,  at  New  York  and  vicinity,  about  the  middle  of  May,  and  durino-  the 
month  of  June  suspend  tliemselves  bv  their  silken  lines  from  the  trees  along  the 
streets  and  avenues,  greatly  to  the  annoyance  of  the  citizens.     After  gorging 
themselves  with  the  tender  foliage  for  three  or  four  weeks,  they  quit  the  tree 
enter  the  ground,  or  some  other  place  of  concealment,  and  undergo  their  trans- 
formations.    The  perfect  insects  of  most  of  the  species  appear  about  the  20th  of 
July,  and  others  at  various  periods  in  autumn,  and  in  the  following  spring      They 
commonly  consist  of  small,  whitish,  or  variegated  millers,  and,  in  some  species, 
the  females  have  no  wings.     Soon  after  their  appearance,  the  females  make  pro- 
vision for  their  future  progeny,  by  laying  their  eggs  upon  the  leaves,  branches, 
or  trunks  of  trees,  and  then  die.     Various  expedients  have  been  resorted  to  for 
the  destruction  of  ihese  insects,  and  but  a  few  of  these  have  proved  effectual 
except  those  of  crushing  them  to  death,  when  on  the  trees,  or  by  destroying  the 
chrysalides,  or  the  eggs 

Another  insect,  in  this  country,  which  is  more  pernicious  and  fatal  to  the 
European  linden-tree  than  the  preceding,  is  a  long-horned  beetle,  (Saperda  ves- 
ttta,  Say,)  described  and  figured  by  Dr.  T.  W.  Harris,  in  Hovey's  "Magazine of 
Horticulture,"  vol.  x.,  p.  330.  It  was  discovered  about  twenty  years  ago  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Say,  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  has  been 
known  for  several  years  in  Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  and  New  York.  The 
insect,  in  the  winged  state,  is  a  little  more  than 
half  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  is  covered  with  a 
greenish  down,  having  two  dark  spots  on  each 
wing  cover,  as  indicated  in  the  adjoining  figure. 
It  makes  its  appearance  in  the  montii  of  May,  and 
commences  eating  the  young  bark  and  tender 
twigs,  and  often  the  petioles  of  the  leaves.  The 
female  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  branches  and 
trunks  of  the  trees,  where  they  remain  during  the 
autumn  and  winter.  According  to  Dr.  Harris,  a 
strip  of  the  bark  of  the  large  "inden  in  Cauibridge, 
mentioned  in  a  preceding  p'  ,  two  feet  wide  at  tlie 
bottom,  and  extending  to  the  top  of  the  trunk,  has 
been  destroyed,  and  the  exposed  surface  of  the  _, 

wood  is  pierced  and  grooved  with  countless  numbers  of  holes,  wherein  the  larvae 
of  these  insects  have  been  bred,  and  whence  swarms  of  beetles  have  issued  in 
times  past.  The  lindens  in  Washington  square,  in  Philadelphia,  v/ere  also 
attacked  by  tliese  borer.s  a  few  years  since,  and  in  1812,  it  became  necessary 
to  remove  them  entirely.  The  superintendent  of  the  square  informed  us,  that 
soon  after  the  European  species  was  cut  down,  they  attacjced  the  American  lin- 
dens, which  probably  would  have  been  destroyed,  had  not  tiie  insects  been  arrested 


EUROPEAN   LIME-TREE. 


45 


by  him.  The  two  beautiful  rows  of  European  lindens,  in  front  of  the  state 
house,  in  Philadelphia,  have  likewise  been  perforated  by  them,  and  in  a  year  or 
two  more,  they  will  probably  fall  from  their  prey.  The  same  insect  also  is  said 
to  attack  the  mountain  ash.  Various  experiments  have  beon  tried  to  arrest 
their  course,  but  most  of  them  have  proved  fruitless,  except  by  crushing  the  in- 
sects to  death,  or  by  destroying  their  eggs. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  lime-tree,  as  compared  with  that  of 
the  oak,  the  ash,  and  other  timber  trees,  holds  but  an  inferior  rank,  and  is  only 
used  in  such  works  as  arc  not  to  be  exposed  to  the  alternations  of  moisture  and 
dryness.  It  is  of  a  pale  yellow,  or  white,  close-grained,  soft,  light,  and  smooth  ; 
and,  when  seasoned,  it  is  not  liable  to  be  attacked  by  insects,  it  is  used  by 
pianoforte-makers,  for  sounding-boards,  and  by  cabinet-makers  for  a  variety  of 
purposes,  as  it  does  not  Avarp  under  atmospheric  changes.  It  is  turned  into 
domestic  utensils  of  various  kinds,  carved  into  toys,  and  turned  into  small  boxes 
for  apothecaries.  The  most  elegant  use  to  which  it  is  applied,  is  for  carving,  for 
which  it  is  superior  to  every  other  wood.  Many  of  the  fine  carvings  in  Windsor 
Castle,  Trinity  College  Library,  at  Cambridge,  and  in  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's 
mansion,  at  Chatsworth,  are  of  this  Avood.  It  is  said  to  make  excellent  charcoal 
for  gunpowder,  even  better  than  alder,  and  nearly  as  good  as  hazel,  or  willow. 
Baskets  and  cradles  vv^ere  formerly  made  from  the  twigs  ;  and  shoe-makers  and 
glovers  are  said  to  prefer  planks  of  lime-tree  for  cutting  the  finer  kinds  of  leather 
upon.  The  leaves  of  this  tree  are  collected  in  Sweden,  Norway,  Carniola,  and 
Switzerland,  for  feeding  cattle ;  though  in  Sweden,  Linnaeus  says,  they  commu- 
nicate a  bad  flavour  to  the  milk  of  cows.  One  of  the  most  important  uses  of  the 
lime-tree,  in  the  north  of  Europe,  is  that  of  supplying  material  for  making  ropes 
and  mats ;  the  latter  of  which  enter  extensively  into  European  commerce.  The 
Russian  peasants  weave  the  bark  of  the  young  shoots  for  the  upper  parts  of  their 
shoes,  the  bark  of  the  trunks  or  large  branches  serving  for  the  soles  ;  and  they 
also  make  of  it,  tied  together  with  strips  of  the  inner  bark,  baskets  and  boxes  for 
domestic  purposes.  The  outer  bark  of  old  trees  also  supplies  them,  like  that 
of  the  birch,  with  tiles  for  covering  their  cottages.  Ropes  are  still  made  of  the 
bark  of  this  tree  in  Cornwall,  and  in  some  parts  of  Devonshire.  The  manufac- 
ture of  mats  from  the  inner  bark,  however,  is  now  chiefly  confined  to  Russia, 
and  to  some  parts  of  Sweden.  Trees  from  six  to  twelve  inches  in  diameter  are 
selected  at  the  beginning  of  summer,  when,  from  the  expansion  produced  by  the 
ascending  sap,  the  bark  parts  freely  from  the  wood.  The  bark  is  then  stripped 
from  them  in  lengths  of  six  to  eight  feet,  and  is  afterwards  steeped  in  water  till  it 
separates  freely  in  layers.  It  is  then  taken  out,  and  divided  into  ribands  or 
stra'.ids,  and  hung  up  in  the  shade,  generally  in  the  forest  were  it  grows,  and,  in 
the  course  of  the  summer,  is  manufactured  into  mats,  so  much  in  use  by  garden- 
ers and  upholsterers,  and  for  covering  packages  generally.  The  fishermen  of 
Sweden  make  nets  for  catchin,'.  w^h,  of  the  fibres  of  the  inner  bark,  separated  by 
maceration,  so  as  to  form  a  kino  o.'  flax  or  hemp ;  and  the  shepherds  of  Carniola 
weave  a  coarse  cloth  of  it,  which  serves  for  their  ordinary  clothing.  The  sap  of 
the  lime-tree,  drawn  olf  in  spring,  and  evaporated,  affords  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  sugar.  The  honey  produced  from  the  flowers  is  considered  superior  to 
all  other  kinds  for  its  delicacy,  selling  for  three  or  four  times  the  price  of  common 
honey ;  and  it  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  medicine,  and  for  making  particular 
liqueurs,  more  especially,  Rosoglia.  This  lime-dee  honey  is  only  procured  at 
the  little  town  of  Kowno,  on  the  river  Niemen,  in  Lithuania,  which  is  surrounded 
by  an  extensive  forest  of  lime-trees,  and  where  the  management  of  the  honey-bee 
occupies  the  prineipa!  .atJeuiion  of  the  inhabit.nnts.  The  .Tows  of  Poland  produce 
a  close  imitation  of  this  honey,  by  bleaching  the  common  kind  in  the  open  air, 
during  frosty  weather.     The  fruit  of  the  lime-tree  had  long  been  thought  of  little 


•y 


-1. 

St 

J..  J«^  -  \ 


1! 


46 


TILIA   EUROPjEA. 


le»s  suitable  for  .I^Sl  ToTp^  cu  a  'w^f SVI^^^^^^^  '' 


!;  i  ( 


I 


,1  I 


[ill  I 


Tilia  amcricana, 
THE  AMERICAN  LIME-TREE. 

Synonymcs. 


Tilia  americana, 


Tilia  glabra, 

Tilleiil  do  rAmeiique,  Tilleul  du  Canada, 
Anierikanisclier  Liiidenbaum, 
Tiglio  americano, 
Tilo  americano, 
Lenikby, 

AVhiie-wood,  Bass-wood, 
Lin,  Linden, 

Lime-tree,  Black  Lime-tree,  Smooth-leav- 
ed Lime-tree,  Bass-wood, 


'  L:\NjF.us,  Species  Plantarum. 
VViLr.DENow,  Berlinische  Baumzucht. 
MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToRREY  AND  Grav,  Flora  of  North  America. 
Dk  Candoi.lk,  Prodromus. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
France. 
Ger.many. 
Italy. 
Spain. 

Lenni  Lenape  Indians. 
Canada. 
Kentucky. 

Other  parts  of  the  United  States. 


by  ths 
from  iha 


cmXpri,  Sh"n«,^rtelor'""  ""'""•  '"•""  S«'"y.BntishFore.t  Trees,  p.  I,;  Loudon,  Artore.um  Britanni- 

Speafic  Characters.     Leaves  obliquely  cordate,  or  truncate  at  the  base,  somewhat  coriaceous    -labrou^ 
abruptly  acuminate  :  petals  obtuse  or  truncate,  crenate  at  the  apex.— Torroj  a„d  Gray,  Ftma." 


Dcscri/j(io?i. 

m^^J^  Tilia  amcricana, 
?|'n~r'«  like  the  European 
^.LJ_^  linden,  is  regarded  as 

^ — -     wSC^^M  one  of  the  finest  of 

forest  trees,  and  when  cultivated,  proves  highly 
ornamental.  In  oin-  native  woods,  it  often 
rises  more  than  eighty  feet  in  height,  and  fre- 
quently upwards  of  four  feet  in  diameter ;  and 
there  is  little  doubt  but,  if  cultivated,  and  judi-i 
ciously  treaterl,  it  would  reach  a  size  little 
inferior,  if  not  equal,  to  the  European  species. 
Its  body  is  straight,  uniform,  and  surmounted 
with  an  ample  and  tufted  summit.  In  winter, 
it  is  readily  recognized  by  the  robust  appear- 
ance of  the  trunk  and  branches,  and  by  the 
dark-brown  colour  of  the  bark  on  the  shoots. 
The  leaves  are  from  three  to  fotu-  inches  wide 

mi^';Siv'n^'?'?'''1  ^*  ^'\'  ^^"'"i  ^^^''"I'^'y'  ^'^'i  ^^^"t^ly  P«i"ted  at  the  sum- 
mit,  iinely  and  sharp  y  toothed,  glabrous  above,   of  a  deep-green,  and  paler 

Juno  ';o"lo  frVrl*^''  '^'T  ^^^"i^^'='-«  l«"g-  The  fiowe;s,%hic'h  appeSTn 
MeVlon'  ^d  n  1  "''Ti  "^^'T^^'-'  borne  by  peduncles  from  foAr  to  six 
mches  lorn?  and  are  garnislied  witli  a  long,  narrow  floral  leaf.  The  cymes  are 
compounded,  having  from  twelve  to  eighteen  flowers,  pendulous,  and  subdivided 


48 


TILIA   AMERICANA. 


at  thn  cxtroinitit'S.  Tlie  sepals  arc  triangular-lancfiolatc,  pubescent  outside,  and 
woolly  within.  The  petals  are  longer  than  the  sepals,  and  are  of  a  yellowish- 
white.  The  staminodia  are  obovate-lanceolate,  exactly  like  the  petals,  but 
smaller.  The  style  is  sometimes  longer,  and  at  others  shorter  than  the  petals, 
and  hairy  towards  the  base.  The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  September  and  October, 
is  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  nearly  round,  and  covered  with  a  short,  gray  pubes-, 
cencc,  usually  perfecting  but  one  seed. 

Varieties.  The  other  American  limes  we  regard  as  nothing  more  than  varie- 
ties of  this  species,  and  they  may  be  described  as  follows : — 

1.  T.  A.  LAXiFLORA,  Loudou.  Loose-cymcd-Jlnwcrcd  American  Lime-tree. 
The  petals  of  this  variety  have  each  a  scale  at  the  base,  inside ;  the  leaves  are 
cordate,  gradually  acuminated,  serrated,  membranaceous,  and  smooth;  the 
cymes  are  loose ;  the  petals  emarginate,  and  shorter  than  tlie  styles ;  and  the 
fruit  is  nearly  round.  The  tree  is  usually  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height,  and  pro- 
duces yellowish-white,  sweet-scented  flowers,  from  May  to  July.  This  variety 
greatly  resembles  the  Tilia  americana,  and  is  essentially  the  same,  except  in  size. 

2.  T.  A.  PUBEscENs,  Michaux.  Pubcscejit-leaKcd  Atncrican  Lime-tree.  This 
variety  is  of  much  less  vigorous  growth  than 
the  preceding,  and  seldom  exceeds  forty  feet  in 
lieight.  The  colour  of  the  bark  is  dark,  and 
the  branches  are  slender.  The  leaves  arc 
smaller,  and  differ  widely  in  size,  according  to 
the  exposure  in  which  they  grow.  In  dry  and 
open  places,  they  are  only  two  inches  in  diam- 
eter ;  but  in  cool  and  shady  situations,  they 
are  twice  the  size.  They  are  truncate  at  the  V^Nf. 
base,  somewhat  cordate,  and  obli([ue,  dcnticu-  ^^:'\)- 
latcly  serrated,  and  pubescent  beneath ;  they 
are  most  pubescent  soon  after  their  first  expan- 
sion, but  as  they  increase  in  size,  a  part  of  the 
down  falls  off,  and  the  hairs  which  remain 
form  little  starry  tut'ts.  The  flowers,  which 
resemble  those  of  the  Tilia  americana,  appear 
in  May  and  June,  and  vary  in  size  with  the 
leaves ;  they  are  more  numerous,  and  form 
larger  branches ;  the  petals  have  each  a  scale 
at  the  base,  inside,  as  in  the  other  varieties ;  they  arc  emarginate,  and  shorter 
than  the  style.     The  fruit  is  globose  and  downy. 

3.  T.  A.  PUBESCENS  LEPTOPHYLLA,  Loudo  1.  Tlun-lcavcd  Pubescent  American 
Lime-tree,  in  the  United  States ;  Tilletd  de  la  Louisiane,  in  France.  This  vari- 
ety is  represented  as  having  very  thin  leaves,  with  but  few  scrratures.  It  is 
said  to  closely  resemble  the  T.  a.  pubcscens,  and  is  doubtless  a  sub-variety  of 
that  race,  as  it  is  only  found  associated  with  it. 

4.  T.  A.  ALBA,  Michaux.  White-leaved  Lime-tree,  White  Lime,  Warhew,  in 
the  United  States ;  Tilleid  hlanc  de  I' Ameriqiie,  Tillcid  de  Virgi/iic,  in  France. 
This  tree  u.sually  grows  to  a  height  of  forty  or  fifty  feet,  with  a  diameter  of 
twelve  to  eighteen  inches.  On  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  however,  it  often  rises  to  an 
elevation  of  sixty  or  eighty  feet,  although,  in  France,  according  to  the  "  Nouveau 
Du  Hamel,"  it  attained  the  lieight  of  twenty  feet  in  seventy  years.  The  young 
branches  are  covered  with  a  smooth,  silver-gray  bark,  Avith  a  rough  surface,  and 
.nay  readily  be  distinguished  in  winter  by  their  thickness  and  the  large  size  of 
their  buds.  The  leaves  are  larger  than  those  of  any  other  variety,  cither  Euro- 
pean or  American,  being  often  six  or  seven  inches  long,  and  from  three  to  five 
inches  broad.     Tliey  arc  oblic^uely  heart-shaped,  and  pointed  like  those  of  all 


4 

"hi 


AMERICAN    LIME-TREE. 


49 


and 


the  other  American  varieties,  are  of  a  dark-green  on  the  upper  surface,  and 
whitish  beneath,  with  small  reddish  tufts  of  hairs  at  the  intersections  of  the  prin- 
cipal nerves.  The  flowers,  which  are  also  larger  than  those  of  any  other  lime-tree 
in  America,  appear  in  June,  having  petals  of  a  white  colour,  and  of  an  agreeable 
odour.  The  seeds  are  glol)ose,  downy,  with  five  ribs.  The  wood  is  white  and 
tender,  but  is  not  much  used  in  the  arts. 

5.  T.  A.  Ai.HA  GLABRA.  {T. /icteiop/iijUa,  fiuVdW.)  iSmoo/h-fniUcd  While-leaved 
American  Lime-tree,  Large-leaved  Lime-tree.  Tlie  chief  ditfereijce  between  this 
tree  and  the  preceding  variety,  is,  that  its  branches,  when  young,  are  of  a  pur- 
plish colour,  and  somewhat  glaucous ;  its  flowers  are  more  yellow,  and  its  fruit  is 
always  without  ribs. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Tilia  americana  is  found  in  Canada  and 
the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States.  It  becomes  less  abundant  toward'^  the 
south,  except  on  the  Alleghanies,  where  it  is  found  quite  at  their  termination  in 
Georgia.  It  is  profusely  multiplied  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Krir,  Ontario,  and  in 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont.  It  was  cultivated  in  lliigland  by  Miller, 
in  175y,  but  has  not  been  very  extensively  distributed.  The  Tilia  americana 
laxiflora  is  said  to  abound  from  Maryland  to  Georgia,  near  the  sea  coast.  It  was 
introduced  into  Britain  in  X'd'iO,  and  is  but  sparingly  cultivated  in  that  country. 
The  Tilia  americana  pube.scens  belongs  to  the  southern  parts  of  the  United 
States,  Florida,  Kentucky,  and  Texas.  It  is  said  to  be  the  only  variety  found 
in  the  maritime  parts  of  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida.  Seeds  of  this  tree  were 
carried  from  this  country  to  l-iiigland  by  Mark  Catcsby,  in  1726 ;  but  it  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  much  cultivated.  The  Tilia  americana  alba  is  not  met  with 
east  of  the  river  Delaware,  but  it  is  found  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Delaware, 
Virginia,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Georgia.  It  is  said,  also,  to  grow  on  the  river  San- 
tee,  in  South  Carolina,  and  on  the  Mississippi.  It  is  remarkal)le,  that,  although 
this  variety  was  known  ia  France  in  1755,  it  should  not  have  been  introduced 
into  England  till  1811.  % 

Soil  and  Situation.  Like  the  European  species,  the  American  lime-tree  affects  a 
rich,  loose,  and  deep  soil ;  and  seems  to  prefer,  in  general,  the  borders  of  lakes  and 
rivers,  and  moist  bottom-lands,  which  are  but  little  subject  to  inundation.  They 
are  all  highly  ornamental,  and  well  deserve  a  place  in  collections,  where  the  cli- 
mate is  adapted  to  other  trees,  which  naturally  grow  with  them.  For  instance,  the 
Tilia  americana  will  grow  where  the  sugar  maple,  white  ash,  and  hemlock 
spruce  will  best  thrive ;  the  Tilia  americana  pubescens  with  the  Magnolia  grandi- 
flora;  and  the  Tilia  americana  alba  with  the  tulip-tree,  and  the  sycamore, 
(Platanus.) 

Propagation  and  Culture.  All  the  varieties  of  this  species  may  be  propagated 
from  seeds,  by  cuttings,  and  by  grafting;  but,  from  the  facility  with  Avhich  they 
can  be  multiplied  by  layers,  the  former  mode  should  rarely  be  adopted. 

Lisccts.  The  insects  which  prey  upon  the  Tilia  americana  are  but  few. 
Those  which  prove  the  most  injurious  are  the  Hybcrnia  tiliaria,  or  lime-tree 
moth,  of  Harris,  and  the  Saperda  vestita,  of  Say.  The  Chrysomela  scalaris  of 
Le  Conte,  also  inhabits  this  species,  as  well  as  the  Papilio  turnus,  or  swallow- 
tailed  butterfly,  well  known,  from  NewfounJIand  to  Mexico.  There  is  often  an 
appearance  in  the  foliage  of  this  species,  th  -ause  of  which  is  unknown,  unless  it 
is  the  work  of  some  minute  insects.  The  leaves  become  corroded  or  destroyed 
in  many  trees  of  the  same  forest,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  find  a  perfect  leaf,  except 
such  as  have  just  been  unfolded.  Whatever  the  cause  may  be,  the  ctTect  is  very 
detrimental  to  the  beauty  of  the  tree. 

The  Tilia  americana  alba  is  devoured  by  the  larva;  of  the  Papilio  comma 
aureum,  or  American  comma  buttcrtly.     In  Smith  and  Abbot's  "  Insects  of 
Georgia,''  it  is  staled  that  the  larva  suspended  itself  by  the  tail,  May  29th, 
7 


!>1 
S    !4 


ffO 


TILIA   AMERICANA, 


changed  on  the  30tli,  and  appeared  on  the  wing  Juno  7th.  The  huttcrfly  hvc8 
through  the  winter  in  places  ofsiiehcr,  and  comes  fortli  very  early  in  the  spring. 
This  insect  is  found  as  far  north  as  Virf^'iiia. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  vvooJ  ..'  uie  American  hme-trce,  when  dry,  weighs 
thirty-five  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.  It  is  very  wliite,  when  green,  but  becomes 
of  a  hgiit-brown  hue,  wiien  seasoned.  It  is  soft,  easily  worited,  and  is  often  ^ 
sawed  into  boards,  which  do  not  warp,  hke  those  fornied  of  resin^js  trees.  In  ' 
the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  Britisij  provinces,  where  the 
tuhp-tree  docs  not  al)otuid,  it  is  used  foi  the  panels  of  carriage  bodies,  and  the 
seats  of  chairs.  In  Kentucky  and  the  western  states,  the  wood  of  the  white  lime 
is  often  substituted  for  that  of  the  wliitc  pine.  In  various  parts  of  the  country, 
it  is  turned  into  domestic  utensils  of  various  kinds ;  and  is  also  carved  into 
images  for  the  heads  of  vessels,  and  other  ornamental  work.  The  young  trees 
are  sometimes  cut,  and  employed  as  rails  for  rural  fences ;  but  they  are  not  dura- 
ble when  tluis  exposed.  The  wood  is  almost  useless  as  fuel,  when  green,  being 
too  full  of  sap,  and  of  but  little  value  when  dry.  The  cellular  integument  of 
the  bark  is  separated  from  the  epidermis ;  and,  after  being  macerated  in  water, 
is  formed  into  ropes,  after  the  manner  of  making  them  in  Europe,  of  the  other 
species.  The  bark  was  also  employed  by  the  Lenni  licnape  Indians  for  making 
lines  and  ropes,  as  well  as  for  covering  their  habitations.  The  outer  bark  of  the 
Tilia  americana  is  rough  and  stringy,  and  the  inner  portion  viscid  and  sweet. 
The  twigs  and  buds  are  very  glutuious  when  chewed,  and  afford  considerable 
nutriment.  In  severe  winters,  when  fodder  is  scarce,  it  is  common  for  the  farm- 
ers of  the  British  American  provinces,  as  well  as  those  of  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  Vermont,  to  drive  their  cattle  into  the  woods  in  the  morning,  and  fell 
a  bass-wood,  or  other  tree  on  which  they  eagerly  browse  during  the  day. 


1 


Genus  GORDONIA,  Ellis. 


Ternstromiacem. 

Hi/al.  Nat. 


Monadelphia  Polyandrla. 

Hj/at.  Lin 


f^nonymes. 


Gordonia,  Hypericum, 

Gordon  ia, 
Gordonie, 


Op  Adthors. 

France  and  Italy. 
Germany. 


Deriraliona.  Tills  pcmi.t  was  nnmeJ  In  tinnoiir  of  Aloxnnilnr  Onrilon,  a  celetirateil  mirsery  nan,  al  Mllo  End,  nrar  Ixindnn, 
who  llvcil  In  tlio  lirni!  o(  Phillip  iVlilliT.  Tlio  iiiiniu  llijpfTicum  Is  supposnil  In  Iw  ilcnveil  from  ilioOreok,  huptr  for,  and  rreiki, 
heath,  and  was  applied  by  MnuiGua,  from  a  supposed  resemblance  that  plants  of  this  genus  bear  to  the  heath. 

Generic  Characters.  Calyx  of  5  rounded  coriaceous  sepals.  Petals  ."i,  somewhat  adnate  to  the  tirceolus 
of  the  stamens.  Style  crowned  by  a  peltate  5-h)hed  sliijma.  Capsules  5-celled,  5-valved  ;  cells  2 — 4- 
seeded.    Seeds  ending  in  a  leafy  wing,  fixed  to  the  central  column,  filiform. — Dun,  Millers  Diet. 

[HERE  are  hut  two  hardy  spec ios  of  Gordonia,  botli  sub-evcrgrcRtl. 
AUhougli  they  arc  natives  of  m  low  latitude,  they  are  able  to  with- 
stand a  considerable  northern  climate.  To  the  same  nattiral  fam- 
ily belong  the  genera  Malachodendron,  Stiiartia,  Camellia,  and 
Thca.  The  most  noted  species  among  them  are  the  Camellia 
_  japonica,  imiversally  planted  in  the  Japanese  gardens,  and  are 

conniioii  in  the  conservatories  of  Europe  and  America;  and  the  Thea  viridis 
and  bohea,  or  the  Chinese  Tea-plants.  The  two  last-named  species,  indepen- 
dent of  being  especially  cnltivated  in  China,  France,  and  Brazil,  for  their 
leaves,  which  constitute  the  tea  of  onr  commerce,  are  highly  esteemed  as  hot- 
house plants,  for  their  large,  shining,  laurel-like  leaves,  and  sweet-scented, 
axillary,  white  flowers. 


I 


If 


i  I 


Cordon  in  lasUintli  its, 
THE   WOOLLY-FLOWERED   GORDONIA. 


ITypt-riciiin  lasiaiithus, 


Corduiiia  lasianthits, 


Gonlonia  a  feuilles  glabrcs,  Alcec  dc  la 

rioride, 
Luni,'stielige  Gordonie, 
Loblolly  Bay, 


Synonymti. 


F-iNN/iii's,  Spcrips  Plnntnruin. 
'  LiNN.iii's,  Miiiiiissii  I'liuiiiiiuin. 
Uk  Caniiom.k,  Prodromns. 
MrciiAux,  North  Amcrinxn  Sylva. 
LnL'fKi.N,  Arliort'tiiin  Untiiniiiiniin. 
'ruiiKKY  AND  Gkay,  Flora  ut'  North  America. 


FllANCK. 

Gkrmanv. 
United  States. 


Prri'rnliona.  Tim  s|»(',lflc  niimo,  laninnthua,  In  ilnrlvcd  fnmi  llio  (Jriick,  liiMoa,  wonlly,  nriil  nnl/ioi.  a  flower.  Tho  Frenrti 
nainu  .llr^n  de  lit  Fluriih,  niitiillliM  Kliirlilii  Altlu'ii,  nr  luillyliuck,  uail  lliu  olliur  iiajiiu  Imx  ruforuiico  to  lliu  miKKithiioiiK  iif  lliu 
leuvo8.     Tho  Ucnimii  iiuiiil'  nk'nitieH  I.<ing'|i('iliiii(:liul  (jiirilniiia. 

En^rarinea.  Mlclmux,  Nortli  American  Sylvii,  pi.  W ;  AuilnlHin,  Birds  of  America,  pi.  clxvil. ;  Calosby,  Natural  History  of 
Carulijia,  I.,  pi.  tl. ;  Luuilun,  Arljoruluiii  Urllaiiiiicuiii,  tigiiiv  'M;  itiid  llio  flgiiruK  luluw. 

Specific  Characters.      Pcdirels  nxdlary,  usually  .shorter  than  the  leaves.     Leaves  oblong,  coriaceous, 
smooth,  serrated.     Culyx  silky.    Capsules  conoid,  acuminated. — Vun,  Miller's  Diet. 


Description. 


"■^IIK    Gordonia    lasian- ^> 

thus,     in     it.s    native  \vv  ,  ,. 


« H  H  Fi 

^    LI    (S  conniry,  is  a   uoauti-  'v^yv 

,_ aift^Si/^ra  ful  sub-evcrgrecn  tree,  p^   \| //  w 

a  lieiglit  ol'  lil'ty  or  .sixty  foot,  with  a  J^  "^"^^  /' V/\' 
jigliteon  or  twenty  inches.    The  trunk  ^  \^     \]y\ 


growing  to 
diameter  of  ei 

is  often  straight,  for  the  first  half  of  its  heiglit, 
and  the  small  divergency  of  its  l)ranchcs  gives  it 
a  regularly  fastigiate  form ;  but,  as  they  ascend, 
they  spread  more  loosely,  hke  those  of  other  trees 
of  the  forest.  The  bark  is  very  smooth  while 
the  tree  is  less  than  six  inches  in  diameter;  but, 
on  old  trunks,  it  becomes  thick,  and  deeply  fur- 
rowed. The  leaves  are  from  three  to  six  inches 
in  length,  alternate,  oval-acuminate,  slightly 
toothed,  and  smooth  and  shining  on  the  upper 
surface.  The  flowers  arc  more  than  an  inch 
broad,  white,  and  sweet-scented ;  they  begin  to 
appear  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  continue  to 
put  forth,  in  succession,  during  two  or  three  months. 

agreeable  singularity  of  bearing  flowers  when  it  is  only  three  or  four  feet  high. 
The  fruit  is  an  oval  capsule,  divided  into  five  compartments,  each  of  which 
contains  small,  black,  winged  .seeds. 

Geography  and  History.  This  tree  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  maritime 
parts  of  the  United  States,  from  Virginia  to  lower  Louisiana.  According  to 
Michaux,  tracts  of  fifty  or  one  hundred  acres  are  met  with  in  the  pine-barrens, 
which,  being  lower  than  the  adjacent  ground,  are  kept  constantly  moist  by  the 
waters  collected  in  them  after  great  rains.  These  spots  are  entirely  covered 
with  this  species  and  are  called  bay  awarnps. 


This  tree  posse.sses  the 


WOOLLY-Fr.OWEBED  OORHONIA. 


63 


This  treo  seems  first  to  liavn  been  recordtfl  by  Catosl)y,  and  was  soon  after 
described  by  Mliis.  in  the  "  IMiilosopbical  Transactions."  and  Hgnred  there,  as 
well  as  in  t'!it<'sby's  "Carohiui."  It  was  inlroduced  into  l-'itj^Mand,  in  abont 
17«)8,  by  Menjainin  Hewick ;  bnt  it  has  never  been  very  snccesstiilly  cnhivated, 
apparently  iVoni  ne^lectinif  to  imitate  its  nalnral  habitat.  The  largest  plants  in 
Kngland  are  at  Pnrser's  (.'ross,  at  Wliite  Knight's,  in  some  of  the  London  inir.sc- 
ries,  and  a  lew  others.  No  plants,  as  yet,  have  exceeded  twenty  feet  in  height. 
In  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  other  places,  this  ivce  is  planted 
in  gardens,  and  succeeds  well,  with  some  slight  protection  during  winter. 

Soil  (iiid  SihiiiliDit.  in  tilt!  natural  habitat  of  (his  species,  the  vegetal)le  moidd 
is  often  not  more  than  three  or  four  inches  deep,  and  reposes  upon  a  bed  of  bar- 
ren sand;  yet  its  growth  is  snrprisingly  Inxnriant.  A  swampy  soil,  and  a  low, 
sheltered  situation  appear  to  be  the  most  congenial  to  its  growth.  In  preparing 
an  artilicial  soil,  either  for  this  species  or  the  (tordonia  pnhe.scens,  it  sliould  bo 
composed  of  j)eat,  or  leaf-mould,  and  sand;  and  it  slumld  bo  so  circumstanced, 
as  always  to  be  kept  moist,  without  having  tlie  surface  alternately  moistened  by 
the  watering-])ot,  nnd  dried  by  the  sun.  In  order  to  do  this,  a  considerable  mass 
of  soil  ought  to  be  brought  together,  and  placed  in  an  excavation,  on  a  retentive 
snl)stratum,  in  a  low  situiition.  During  sumirier,  water  ought  to  be  supplied 
from  below,  rntlier  than  from  the  surface,  in  order  that  the;  degree  of  moisture 
may  be  maintained  as  uniformly  as  possible.  This  may  be  cllected  by  laying 
the  bottom  of  the  foundation  or  substratmn  of  broken  stone  or  coarse  gravel,  to 
which  water  can  be  supplied  through  a  shaft,  or  tube,  communicating  with  the 
surface.  J^iich  a  preparation  is  well  worthy  of  the  (!xpense,  in  order  to  insure 
the  growth  of  these  species,  as  well  as  the  Magnolia  glauca,  and  other  plants, 
reiiuiring  a  similar  situation. 

Propiii^nilitin  and  ('iiUiirc.  In  tlic  British  nurseries,  this  species  is  generally 
propagated  by  layers;  but  sometimes  seeds  are  imported  for  the  purpose.  These 
re(juire  to  be  sown  on  peat  soil,  kept  moist  rnd  shaded;  and,  for  this  purpose,  a 
covering  of  moss  (sphagnum)  is  thought  desirable,  as  the  seeds  which  drop 
from  the  plants  in  their  native  habitats,  only  germinate  successfully  in  this  sub- 
stance. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  Cordouia  lasianthvis  is  extremely  light, 
a  cubic  foot  of  which,  when  dry,  does  not  weigh  more  than  twenty  ])ouiids.  In 
trunks  of  these  trees,  which  exceed  fifteen  inches  in  diameter,  four-lifths  of  the 
wood  is  heart.  It  is  of  a  rosy,  or  mahogany  hue,  and  of  a  tine,  silky  texture, 
which  render  it  very  propi-r  for  the  inside  of  furniture,  though  the  cypress  is  gene- 
rally preferred.  When  seasoned,  it  is  exceedingly  liritile,  and  rapidly  decays 
when  exposed  to  the  alternations  of  moisture  and  dryness.  The  bark  may  be 
taken  olf  this  tree  dm'iiig  three  months  of  the  year,  which  shows  that  the  sap  is 
in  vigorous  motion  a  much  longer  period  than  it  is  in  most  other  trees.  The 
value  of  the  bark,  in  tamiing,  compensates,  in  some  measure,  for  the  usclcssness 
of  the  wood,  for  which  purpose  it  has  been  employed  in  times  past,  throughout 
the  maritime  parts  of  the  southern  states  and  Florida.  Although  this  branch  of 
industry  was  never  so  extensively  practised  in  the  southern  as  iti  the  northern 
parts  of  the  United  States,  the  regions  where  this  tree  abounds  do  not  afford  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  bark,  jiroper  for  tanning,  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  inhab- 
itants. Hence,  nearly  all  the  leather,  and  articles  manufacturcHl  therefrom,  con- 
sumed in  the  southern  states,  are  carried  from  the  north.  A  bark,  suitable  for 
the  purpose  of  tanning,  is  more  valuable  in  the  United  States,  than  at  first  sight 
might  bo  sni)posed.  'Although  there  arc  a  great  variety  of  oaks,  and  many  of 
the  species  profusely  nuiltiplied,  yet  there  arc  but  a  very  few  of  them  that  are 
suUiciently  rich  in  tannin  to  be  worth  using. 


w 


JH  ! 


Gordoiiia  pitbescens, 

THE   PUBESCENT-LEAVED   GORDONIA. 

Synonymes. 


Gordonia  Fiibesceris, 


Behaarte  Gordonie, 
Franklinia, 


(  De  Candoi.le,  Prodromus. 
I  MicnAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
■I  PuRSH,  Flora  AmericjE  Septentrionalis. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

Germany. 

Britain,  France,  and  Anolo-America. 


Demalions.    The  word  pubescena  is  derived  from  the  Latin  puhcaco,  to  become  downy ;  and  the  German  name  has  the 
same  signification.    The  name  Franklinia  is  ao  called  in  honour  of  Dr.  Franlclin. 


tann 


Engravings.    Michanx,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  59  ;  Audubon,  Birds  of  America,  nl.  clx.xxv.  ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Brl- 
nni.;um,  figure  94 ;  and  the  figures  below. 


Specific  Character  ,    Flowers  almost  sessile.    Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath,  somewhat 
serrated,  membranaceous.    Petals  and  sepals  rather  silky  on  the  outside. — Don,  Mille/s  Did. 

Description. 

I  HE  Franklinia  is  a  decidu- 
al ^~[P  ^  ous  tree,  much  smaller  than 
3?  y  ^  -he  preceding  species,  and 
WB&IJ^^  rareb,/-  exceeds  thirty  feet 
in  height,  and  six  or  eight  inches  in  diameter.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  is  smooth,  and  presents  a  ridged 
surface,  somewhat  like  that  of  the  Carpinus  ameri- 
cana.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  oblong,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  finely  and  sharply  toothed,  shining  above, 
canescent  beneath,  and  rather  thin.  The  flowers  are 
white,  with  yellow  anthers,  and  are  nearly  three  inches 
in  diameter.  They  are  of  an  agreeable  odour,  and 
appear  in  Carolina  about  the  beginning  of  July,  and 
a  month  later  near  Pliiladelphia.  They  open  in  suc- 
cession during  two  or  three  months,  and  mature 
when  the  tree  is  only  three  or  four  feet  high.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  London,  it  seldom  comes  into  flower 
before  September ;  and  so  continues  until  the  flower- 
buds  are  destroyed  by  frost.     The  fruit  consists  of 

round,  ligneous  capsules,  which,  when  ripe,  open  at  the  summit  in  four  seams, 
to  release  the  small  seeds. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Gordonia  pubescens  is  found  only  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Altamaha,  in  Georgia,  Avhere  it  was  discovered,  in  1770,  by  John 
Bartram,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Franklinia.  It  was  introduced  into  England, 
in  1774,  by  Mr.  William  Malcolm.  There  are  plants  ton  feet  high  in  the  Mile 
End  nursery,  London,  and  of  a  larger  size  at  Purser's  Cross,  and  at  Syon.  It 
is  also  cultivated  in  the  Jardin  Imperial  des  Plantes,  in  France  ;  and  a  few  years 
ago  there  was  a  tree  of  a  considerable  size  in  the  garden  at  Trianon.  The  largest 
tree  of  this  species  which  we  have  on  record,  is  in  the  IJartram  botanic  garden, 
at  Kingsessing,  near  Philadelphia.  It  is  fifty-two  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk 
three  feet  and  tiine  inches  iti  circtiinreieiice.  There  is  also  another  vigorous  tree, 
fifteen  feet  high,  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  D.  Landreth,  of  Philadelphia. 


PUBESCENT-LEAVED   GORDONIA. 


66 


Soil,  Situation,  ^c.  The  native  soil  of  this  species  is  sandy  wastes,  where 
there  is  peat  and  an  abundance  of  moisture  a  great  part  of  the  year.  It  is  con- 
sidered somewhat  hardier  than  the  Gordonia  lasianthus,  and  has  been  more 
generally  cultivated.  The  soil,  situation,  and  culture,  may  be  considered,  ii  all 
respects,  the  same  as  those  described  in  the  preceding  species. 

Uses,  Src  No  particular  application  has  been  made  of  this  tree,  except  for 
ornament.  '         ^ 


)  boa  the 
slum  Bri- 

mewhat 


earns 


3anks 
John 
;land, 
Mile 
1.  It 
years 
irgest 
rden, 
trunk 
i  tree, 


i; 


Genus  CITRUS,  Linn. 


AurantiaceoB. 

Sysl.  Nat, 


Polyilelphia  Icosandria. 

Syst.  Lin, 


H  i  :ii 


■1  '  i 


.ii ' 


Di'rivntinn     Tlin  itioanin"  of  Ihc  word  Citrus  his  escaptjd  tlio  insenuity  of  pliilolniers  and  etymoloirists  ;  it  wag  protaMy 
rriipicd  from  lli(3  Laliii  word  calms,  a  name  appliml  liy  the  Kiiiiiaiia  to  various  Itiiids  of  trues,  wliicii  tliuy  igiioraiitiy  con- 


rorriii 


founded!     It  ia  Hupposed  liy  sonio  to  lie  dorived  from  kilron,  tlie  Cfrocli  name  of  llie  lemon-tree. 

Vhthirlive.  Chariirtrrs,  The  common  character  of  th  ;  citrus  family,  is  that  of  low,  evergreen  trees,  with 
ovule  or  oval-hiiiccolate.  entire,  or  serrated  leaves.  On  trees  in  a  wild  stale,  or  on  ungratted  cultivated 
ones,  there  are  olten  axillary  spines.  The  llowers  occur  in  peduncles,  axillary  or  tcrmmating,  and  sm- 
gle  or  niany-no\vere<l.  The  fruits  are  large  berries,  round,  spheroidal,  or  oblong,  and  generally  ol  a 
yellow  colour.  The  species  appear  to  be  the  most  easily  distinguished  by  the  petiole,  which,  m  the 
orantrc  and  shaddock,  is  winged;  while  in  the  citroti,  lemon,  and  lime,  it  is  naked.  The  lorm  of  the 
fruii,  although  not  constant,  mav  serve,  in  a  measure,  for  a  distinction.  In  the  orange  and  shaddock 
it  is  spherical,  or  rather  llattenJd  at  the  ends,  with  a  red.lish  yellow,  or  golden-coloured  rind  ;  in  the 
lime,  the  form  is  spherical,  or  ol>long,  with  a  pale,  yellowish  rind;  in  the  lemon,  oblong,  rough,  with  a 
poiiiled  protuberance  at  the  end;  and  in  the  citron,  the  form  is  oblong,  with  a  very  thick  greenish,  or 
yellow  rind.  The  llowers  of  the  citron  and  lemon  have  ten  stamens,  but  those  ol  the  orange  more. 
After  all,  it  is  very  dillicult  to  determine  what  is  a  species,  and  what  a  variety  in  this  laniily. 

^tf2;:2l^2XnFi  bcautirul  and  tree-like  forms  of  this  genus,  clothed  as  they  are 
r   OiJ^fJiu  .shilling  and  pcrciniial  verdure,  odoriferous  flowers,  and  adorned 
with  brilliant,  fragrant,  and  delicious  fruits,  must  have  attracted 
the  attention  of  aboriginal  man,  long  before  other  fruits  of  less  bril- 
liancy, though  more  nutritious,  and  grateful  to  his  senses.     The 

^    '•  golden  apples"  of  the  heathens,  and  the  "forbidden  fruit"  of  the 

Jews,  are  suppo.sed  to  liave  reference  to  this  family,  though  we  have  no  authentic 
records  of  any  species  of  citrus  having  been  cultivated  either  by  the  ancient 
(Jreeks  or  Romans.  Tlie  citron  was  introduced  into  Europe  from  Media,  under 
the  name  of  Mi'dica,  and  was  cultivated  in  Italy  by  Palla  ho,  in  the  Ilnd  centu- 
ry ;  but  (he  introduction  of  the  other  species  has  been,  comparatively,  of  recent 
dale.  They  are  all  natives  of  the  torrid  zone,  chiefly  of  India,  and  have  been 
disseminated  throughout  the  warmer  and  more  temperate  regions  of  the  habitable 
globe,  Tiie  limes  are  classified  by  modern  botanists  under  the  name  of  Limonia, 
a  new  genus,  derived  from  tlie  Arabic,  li/monn,  a  ciiron.  It  is. not  very  well 
known  iiowever,  1)ut  it  is  said  to  include  nearly  twenty  species,  one  of  which  is 
a  native  of  I'last  Florida,  the  Limonia  ambigiia,  of  Nuttall.  There  are  also  sev- 
eral iialf-hardy  kinds,  natives  of  the  Himalayas  '  'd  Nepal,  which  are  said  to 
grow  at  considerable  elevations,  and  are  adapted  to  the  climate  of  the  temperate 
])arts  of  l-lurope,  and  of  the  Ihiited  States,  witbout  protection  in  winter.       ^^ 

Tl)(!  most  si)leiidid  work  on  this  genus  which  has  ever  appeared,  is  the  His- 
toire  Nalurelle  des  Uran<iers."  by  Uisso,  of  Nice,  and  Poiteau,  of  Versailles, 
published  in  folio,  at  Paris,  in  1818.  There  arc  described  m  tins  treatise  one 
huii.lrcd  and  sixty-nine  sorts,  one  hundred  and  five  of  them  figured,  and  their 
Fr<!iich  and  Italian  culture  uiven  at  great  length.  They  are  classified  as  sweet 
oraim(!s,  of  which  they  describe  forty-three  varieties  or  races;  bitter  and  sour 
oranges,  thirty-two;  bergamots,  five;  limes,  eight;  pampclucos  or  shaddocks, 
six;  sweet  limes,  twelve;  lemons,  forty-six;  and  citrons,  seventeen  varieties. 

J)r.  Sickler,  who  lived  several  years  in  Italy,  and  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  culture  of  the  orange,  published,  in  1815,  a  work  entitled  "  Der  Yolkommen 
Orangerie  (jiartner,"  in  which  he  describes  above  seventy  kinds  of  citrus.  And 
(ialcssio,  ill  his^Trailu  du  (Jenre  Citrus,"  etc.,  Savonna,  1818,  has  given  a 
synopsis  of  forty  principal  kinds  cultivated  in  Italy. 


Citrus  aiirant'mm, 


THE  GOLDEN-FRUITED  ORANGE-TREE. 

Synonymes, 
Citruf.  aurantiunu  Of  Authors. 


Granger, 

Orangenbaura, 

Oranjeboom, 

JMelarancio, 

Naranjo, 

Laranjeira, 

Pomeranez, 

Cay  Cam, 

Orange-tree, 


France. 

Germany. 

Holland. 

Italy. 

Spain  and  Spanish  America, 

PoRTftJAL  AND  PORTUGUESE  AMERICA. 

Russia. 

Cochin-China. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


DtrivatiotiS.  The  specific  name,  auranti"  .i,  \s  derived  from  the  Latin,  nurum,  gold,  from  the  cnlourof  l'"i  I.  't  of  tliislree; 
ami,  for  ihe  same  reiisuii,  the  Knslisli  name,  orange,,  id  derived  from  the  Froncli  word,  or,  gold.  Tlie  Spanib'  ,  f  .lian,  and  Por- 
lu:.'ue3e  appell.ations  are  derived  from  tlie  Arabic,  naruiij,  or  more  remotely  from  the  Sanscrit,  nagrungan .  ll.j  name  of  lliia 
tree. 

Engratin^s.  Risso  el  Poiteaw,  Hislnire  Nii'nrelle  des  or.an£;erfl  ;  Poiteau  et  Turpin,Traitides  ArbreafruitifcradeDuHamel; 
.\udul)oii,  Birdi  of  America;  Catesby,  Natural  Hialory  of  Carolina;  and  the  figures  below. 

Specific  Characters.  Calyx,  qiiinquefnl.  Petals  white,  oblong,  and  5  in  number.  Anthera;,  20-androus, 
with  their  filaments  grown  together,  so  as  to  form  various  pencils.  Fruit,  a  9  to  1'2-celled  berry,  glo- 
bose, or  flattened  at  the  ends,  with  a  thin  or  rough  golden-yellow,  or  tawny  rind,  and  a  sweet,  or  bitter- 
sour  pulp.  Petioles,  winged,  sometimes  nearly  naked.  Leaves,  oval-oblong,  elliptical,  acute,  or  acute- 
crenulate. 


Description. 


"  Kenn-st  du  das  Land  ?  wo  die  Citrnnen  blUlm, 
Im  dunkeln  laub  die  GoldOransen  ijlulm, 
Eiu  saiifler  Wind  vom  blauen  Himmel  weiu, 
Die  Myrto  still  uiid  hoch  der  Lorbcr  steht." 

CUETIIE, 


'®HE  Citrus  auran- 
tium,  under    fa- 


vourable circum- 
i^^^^li  stances,  usually 
attains  a  height  ol'  twenty-five  or  thirty 
feet,  and  is  graceful  in  all  its  jiarts.  The 
triuik  is  upright,  and  branches  into  a  regu- 
lar or  synnnetrical  head.  The  bark  of  the 
twigs  is  of  a  soft  and  almost  translucent 
green,  while  that  of  the  trunk  and  older 
branches  is  of  a  delicate  ash-gray.  The 
leaves  arc  moderately  large,  beautifully 
shaped,  of  a  fine  healthy  green,  and  shining 
on  the  upper  sides,  wliile  the  under  sides 
have  a  slight  appearance  of  down.  The 
llowcrs  occur  in  little  clusters  on  the  sides 
of  the  brtuiches,  are  pleasing  in  their  form, 
of  a  delicate  white  in  the  sweet  oranges, 
and  in  the  more  acid  varieties  slightly  tinged 
with  pink.  In  some  plants,  they  have  a 
more  powerful  odour,  and  are.  for  the  mo- 
ment, more  rich ;  but,  in  the  orange-grove, 

8 


58 


CITRUS   AURANTIUM. 


:  I. 


V  If! 


M 


I 


I'  ' 


there  is  a  fragrance  in  the  aroma  which  never  satiates  nor  offends ;  and,  as  the 
tree  is  at  one  and  the  same  time  in  all  stages  of  its  bearing— in  flower,  in  frnit 
just  set,  and  in  golden  fruit,  inviting  the  "hand to  pull  and  the  palate  to  taste," 

it  is  hardly  possible  to  conceive  or  imagine  any  object  more  delightful.     There 

is  something,  too,  peculiar  in  the  organization  of  the  fruit  of  this  tree.  Its  rind,  or 
external  covering,  is  of  a  spongy  texture,  containing  but  little  juice  or  sap  of  any  . 
kind  in  its  substance  ;  but  the  external  surface  is  covered,  or  tuberculated  with 
little  glands,  which  secrete  an  acrid,  volatile  oil,  very  inflammable,  and  of  a 
strong,  pungent  taste.  The  interior  of  the  fruit  is  usually  divided  into  from  nine 
to  twelve  carpels  or  cells,  which  contain  the  pulp,  seeds,  and  juice,  and  are  united 
by  a  whitish  pellicle  or  leathery  skin,  radiating  from  the  centre  to  the  rind,  and 
may  easily  be  separated  without  wastmg  the  juice.  The  seeds  are  solitary  or 
several,  and  are  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  carpel,  and  in  some  varieties, 

are  entirely  wanting.  ,  •  ,•   i 

Varieties.  The  varieties  or  races  of  the  orange  have  been  greatly  multiplied  ; 
but  whether  from  the  proneness  to  change  from  some  original  differences  in  the 
species,  or  from  difference  of  soil  and  climate,  it  is  difficult  to  determine.  It  was 
the  opinion  of  Galessio,  who  described  forty  principal  kinds,  as  cultivated  in 
Italy,  that  they  were  all  derived  from  the  common  orange,  although  some  are 
more  acid,  and  others  more  bitter  in  their  flavour.  The  most  important  varieties 
may  be  described  as  follows  : — 

1.  C.  A.  uMBiLicATA.  Nuvcl  Golilcn-fniitcd  Oi-ange-tree ;  Oranger  nombriL 
of  the  French ;  Nabel  Orangenbaum,  of  the  Germans ;  Melarancio  tmibilico,  of 
the  Italians ;  Naranjo  ombligo,  of  the  Spaniard^  ;  Laranjeira  cmbiga,  of  the 
Portuguese  and  Brazilians.  This  variety  is  a  curious  lusus  natural,  differing 
from  the  common  orange  by  having,  near  the  crown,  and  in  some  instances, 
quite  outside  of  the  pulp^  at  the  end  opposite  the  stem,  an  excrescence  resembling 
a  small  orange  when  the  rind  is  removed,  into  which  is  drawn  all  the  superflu- 
ous or  objectionable  portion  of  the  fruit,  leaving  the  legitimate  production  free 
from  impurities,  and  rendering  it  the  most  delicious  and  agreeable  of  its  kind. 
The  fruit  is  usually  round,  or  slightly  oblong,  rather  larger  than  that  of  the  com- 
mon orange,  with  a  rind  of  about  the  same  colour,  surface,  and  thickness.  The 
pulp  is  of  a  yellowish  colour,  of  a  delicious  flavour,  and  better  filled  with  juice 
than  oranges  generally  in  the  torrid  zone.  It  is  cliiefly  cultivated  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bahia,  in  Brazil,  where  it  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  greatest 
prodigies  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The  author  of  the  present  work  claims  the 
honour  of  first  introducing  this  variety  into  the  United  States.  He  brought  sev- 
eral trees  from  Brazil,  in  1835,  and  caused  them  to  be  planted  on  the  estate  of 
the  late  Z.  l^ingsley,  on  Drayton  Island,  Lake  George,  East  Florida,  where 
they  are  believed  still  to  exist. 

2.  0.  A.  SINENSIS.  Chinese  G olden- fmited  Orange-iret,  with  ovate-oblong 
leaves :  round,  smooth,  and  rather  flattened  fruit,  which  is  much  esteemed,  and 
is  called  by  the  Portuguese,  larfaija  da  xina ;  by  the  French,  orange  douce,  and 
porto-gallo,  or  po?na  de  Sino,  by  the  Italians. 

3.  C.  A.  pvRiFORMis.  Pear-shaped  Golden-fruited  Orange-tree.  This  variety- 
may  be  known  by  its  elliptical,  acute  leaves,  and  large,  top-shaped  fniit.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  hardy  kinds,  and  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation. 

4.  C.  A.  SANGUiNEA.  Blood-red-pulpcd  Golden-fruited  0/-a»ge-tree,  distinguished 
by  its  ovate-oblong  pellucid  leaves,  and  mcdiuin-sized,  round,  rough,  and  red- 
dish-yellow fruit,  with  a  pulp  irregularly  mottled  v/itli  crimson.  The  Arancio 
di  sugo  rosso  of  the  Sicilians,  is  a  sub-variety  of  it,  who  call  the  true  blood-red 
variety,  Arancio  di  Malta  sanguigno.  There  is  another  sub-variety  with  small 
fruit,  growing  about  Nice,  called  by  the  Italians,  Arancio  afoglio  stretta. 

5.  C.    A.   coRTiDULCicuLA.      Sweel-s/cinucd    Golden-fruited    Orange;   Pomme 


I 


GOLDEN-FRUITED   ORANGE-TREE. 


59 


d'Adam,  or  forbidden  fruit  of  the  shops  of  Paris.  This  variety  may  be  known  by 
its  broad,  taper-pointed  leaves,  roundisli,  rather  ovate,  heavy  fruit,  and  a  deep- 
yellow,  smooth,  thick,  sweet,  soft  rind.  Its  pulp  is  srb-acid,  and  pleasant,  of  a 
deep-yellow  colour,  and  is  soft  and  melting  in  the  mouth,  like  the  flesh  of  a  cling- 
stone peach. 

6.  C.  A.  NOBiLis.  Far-famed  Golden-fruited,  or  Mandarin  Ora?ige-tree,  with 
flattened,  rough,  deep-orange-coloured  fruit,  and  a  thin  rind,  which  separates 
spontaneously  from  the  pulp.  It  is  cultivated  in  Chi\  a,  where  the  fruit  is 
chiefly  consumed  in  presents  to  the  officers  of  state,  whence  its  name.  Its  sin- 
gularity consists  in  the  rind  so  completely  separating  from  the  pulp,  when  quite 
ripe,  that  the  latter  may  be  shaken  about  within.  In  quality  it  is  inferior  to  no 
other  kind. 

7.  C.  A.  ASPERMA.  Seedless  Golden-fruited,  or  Saint  Michaels  Orange-tree, 
known  by  its  small,  round,  seedless  fruit,  with  a  thin  rind,  and  extremely  sweet 
pulp.  When  in  a  state  of  perfection,  it  is,  perhaps,  the  most  delicious  of  all  the 
varieties,  and  by  far  the  most  productive. 

8.  C.  A.  BiGARADiA.  Bigaradc  or  Bitter  Golden-frtiited  Orange-tree.  The  branches 
of  this  variety  are  spiny ;  leaves  elliptical,  acute,  with  a  winged  stalk ;  flowers  very 
white ;  fruit  medium-sized,  vmevcn,  more  or  less  globose,  with  an  acid  and  bitter 
pulp.  This  tree  is  somewhat  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  varieties,  having 
broader  leaves,  and  larger  and  sweeter  scented  flowers.  It  is  called  bigaradier 
by  the  French,  and  melnngolo  by  the  Italians.  There  arc  several  sub-varieties 
of  it  cultivated,  principally  on  account  of  their  flowers,  among  which,  the  follow- 
ing are  deserving  of  notice: — 1st.  Melnngolo  a  frntto  cornuto  of  the  Italians,  or 
Horned-frtiited  Bigarade,  with  a  large,  pale-yellow,  ribbed  fruit,  the  sides  of 
which  project  into  horns.  It  is  much  esteemed  on  account  of  the  powerful  and 
delicious  perfume  of  its  flowers.  2nd.  The  Female  Bigarade,  with  a  deep- 
yellow,  large,  coarse  fruit,  containing  orange  within  orange,  which  latter  circum- 
stance is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  genus  citrus,  but  exists,  in  the  present 
instance,  in  perhaps  the  most  striking  manner.  An  orange,  in  its  natural  state, 
consists  of  one  whorl  of  carpels,  which  are  consolidated  into  a  round  fruit.  e?.ch 
lobe  beaig  a  carpel.  It  sometimes  happens,  however,  that  two  whorls  of  carpels 
combine  to  form  the  same  fruit,  in  which  case,  the  inner  whorl  is  consolidated 
into  a  central  orange,  and  the  outer  whorl  grows  over  it.  t)r,  it  may  happen, 
that  three  whorls  of  carpels  constitute  the  fruit,  in  which  case,  the  innermost 
whorl  will  combine  into  an  orange  in  the  centre ;  the  second  whorl  will  form  a 
coating  over  it,  and  the  most  exterior  one  will  encl'ise  the  whole.  Finally,  the 
carpels  may  separate  wholly,  or  in  part,  and  then  the  .fruit  consists  of  a  numbtn 
of  lobes  more  or  loss  distinct.  3rd.  Curled-leaved  Bigarade,  called  by  the  French 
gardeners,  Le  Bouquctier,  and  Bigaradier  ric/ie  dvpoiiillti ;  and  by  the  Italians, 
Mclangolo  riccio.  The  leaves  of  tliis  sort  re  very  compact,  blunt,  small,  and 
curled,  and  its  flowers  grow  in  thick  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The 
fruit  is  coar.se,  very  light,  and  uneven,  having  a  large,  conspicuous  scar  at  tlw 
point.  The  tree  itself  is  rather  small,  and  is  one  of  the  most  hardy  of  its  rare, 
being  a  common  object  of  cultivation  throughout  the  south  of  Europe.  4tl;. 
Dnubhi-Jlou-cred.  Bigarade,  with  rather  thieli;  leaves,  double  flowers,  rouii!', 
granulated  fruit,  and  a  thick  rind.  It  is  much  esteemed  on  account  of  the  pro- 
fusion of  fragrant  double  flowers  it  produces,  which  do  not  fall  in  pieces  so 
quickly  as  the  single  ones.  If  the  soil  in  which  it  grows  is  not  kept  in  a  very 
rich  condition,  it  loses  the  property  of  producing  double  flowers.  .'Stli.  The 
Seville  Big",r;de,  or  Bitter  Orange-tree ;  Naranjo  amargo,  Narrnjo  agrio,  or 
Naranjo  de  Scvitia  of  the  Spaniards,  distinguished  by  its  winged  petiok.^,  acrito, 
ci";nuhUe,  elliptical  leaves,  round,  dark  fruit,  with  an  uneven,  rugged,  and 
extremely  bitter  rind,  fllled  with  a  bitter,  or  bitter-sour  pulp.     It  grows  sponta- 


I 


)■• 


^««*as:-^a»tSiJii- 


I 


u  : 


I 


60 


CITRUS   AUKANTIUM. 


neously  in  East  Florida,  and  on  the  Island  of  Cuba  6th.  Myrtk4eaved 
Blgarade,  v^iih  small,  very  compact,  ovate,  sharp-pomted  l^^^^^'  J^Jj^/J^j"' 
round  fruit  If  ^vcll  cultivated,  it  is  generally  both  m  Rower  and  fruit  at  the 
same  time  On  this  account,  and  its  dwarfy  habit,  it  is  a  very  common  object 
n  hoi  cs  an  I  gardens.  It  is  said  to  be  employed  by  the  Ch.nese  ^vrdeners  as 
an  edging  of  flower-beds,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  dwarf  box  m  Europe  and 

^"oZgrnphy  and  History.  The  orange  is  believed  to  have  been  originally  a 
native  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia,  and  has  long  since  been  accliniated  to  the 
shores  of  the  Red  and  Mediterranean  Seas,  to  the  temperate  and  tropical  isles  ot 
the  oceans  and  seas,  and  to  the  warmer  portions  of  Africa  and  America.  It  is 
especially  cultivated  with  a  view  to  proht,  and  abounds  m  Portugal,  Spam 
F  ancc,  Italy,  Greece,  Turkey,  Egypt,  northern  Africa  and  many  of  tlie  islands 
adjacent  to  those  countries ;  also  in  the  Azores,  Brazil,  the  island  of  Cuba,  and 

^  At  tl!rtime  of  the  crusades  for  the  recovery  of  Syria  from  the  doniinion  of  the 
Saracens,  oranges  were  found  abundant  in  that  country.     1  hough  they  were,  in 
Suy,  cultivated  trees,  the  beauty  and  excellence  ol  their  fruit,  by  the  aid  of 
omance  and  credulity  naturally  led  the  iniatnated  adventurers  to  believe  and 
state  that  they  were  indigenous,  and  formed  a  part  of  the  glories  of  the  "Holy 
Land  ■■     The  fables  of  the  profane  writers,  and  the  ambiguity  of  the  descriptions 
of  vegetables  in  holy  writ,  helped  further  to  cfflifirm  this  opinion.      As  the 
0  arges  were  in  the  form  of  apples,  and  the  colour  of  gold,  it  was  easy  to  make 
then  the  "golden  apples  of  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides;'  and  the  only  point 
at  remained  to  be  settled,  was  to  fix  the  locality  of  that  enchanting  and  imag- 
inarv  abode.     The  authority  of  Moses  was  brought  into  requisition  to  coniirm  the 
ox^  tencc  of  the  Syrian  fruit,  even  at  the  time  when  the  children  of  Israel  were 
wandering  in  the  wilderness    and  the  boughs  of  the  "goodly  trees  "  home  in  the 
procession  commanded  in  the  twenty-third  chapter  of  Leviticus,  were  ccmsidered 
10  less  than  those  of  the  orange.     The  mala  mcdtca  of  the    Romans,  w  ich 
s    meitoned  by  Virgil,  and   afterwards  by  Palladio  and  others;    the  kiiron 
of  the  Greeks;  Ind  the  citrns  of  Josephus,  were  all  understood  to  mean  the 
same  fruit      Althounh  there  was  much  written  upon  the  subject,  there  was  no 
attempt  to  examine^he  authorities  with  that  minuteness  which  the  search  of 
?ruX^lemanded      This  opinion  prevailed  until  the  XlXtli  century,  when  the 
histoiT  of  this  fruit  was  carefully  investigated  by  Galessio.     He  maintains  that 
the  orange  instead  of  being  found  in  the  north  of  Africa,  m  Syria,  or  even  m 
Media,  whence  the  Romans  must  have  oi^taiiicd  their  "  mala  medica,    was  not  in 
hat  part  of  India,  watered  by  the  Indus,  at  the  time  ol  Alexander  he  Great  s 
Pxpedition.  as  it  is  not  mentioned  by  Nearclius,  the   commander  of  the  fleet, 
among  the  fruits  and  productions  of  that  country.     It  is  ""^  "ot,ced  cither  by 
Arrian,  Diodorus.  or  bv  Pliny;  and  even  so  late  as  the  year   1300   lietrodi 
Cuescenga,  a  senator  of  Bologna,  who  wrote  on  agriculture  and  vegetable  pro- 
ductions, does  not  make  the  least  mention  of  the  orange. 

The  first  distinct  notice  of  this  fruit  on  record,  is  by  Avicenna,  an  Arabian  phy- 
sician, who  flourished  in  the  Xth  century.  He  not  only  describes  oleum  dc  cit- 
ranmda.  (oil  of  oranges,)  and  olemn  de  cltranrrulommseinuuhus,  (oil  of  orange- 
seeclk,)  but  speaks  oi  citric  acid,  (ac  d  of  c.lrons.)  According  to  Galessio  the 
Arabsvvhen  they  entered  India,  found  the  orange  tribes  there  further  mlaud 
tlian  Alexander  had  penetrated;  and  they  brought  them  to  Europe  by  two 
rdutes,-tl.e  sweet  ones  through  Pcr.sia  to  Syria,  and  thence  to  the  shores  of 
Italy  and  the  south  of  France,  and  tlsc  bitter  ones,  by  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  the 
north  of  Africa,  to  Spain  and  Portugal 

*  rciiny  CyclopKdia,  vol.  vii.,  p.  214. 


gm 


GOLDEN-FRUITED    ORANGE-TUEE. 


61 


It  docs  not  appear  that  the  orange  was  of  Chinese  origin,  as  it  is  not  mentioned 
by  Marco  Polo,  who  is  so  minute  in  describing  all  the  other  wonders  of  the 
"  Celestial  Empire."  It  is  said  to  have  been  found  by  the  Portugese  upon  the 
east  coast  of  Africa;  but  it  is  not  known  whether  it  had  been  indigenous  there, 
or  disseminated  by  the  Arabs.  When  the  Portuguese  reached  India,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  XVIth  century,  they  found  the  orange  there,  and  also  in  China, 
which  was  then  visited  by  them  for  the  first  time  by  sea. 

At  the  Azores,  nothing  can  exceed  the  rich  luxuriance  of  the  orange  groves, 
from  November  to  March,  when  the  emerald  tints  of  the  unripe,  and  the  golden 
hue  of  the  mature  fruit,  mingle  their  beauties  with  the  thick,  dark  foliage  of  the 
trees.  Although  the  oranges  of  the  Azores  are  among  the  best  that  are  to  be 
met  with,  they  are  not  indigenous  productions  of  those  islands  ;  but  were  intro- 
duced there  by  the  Portuguese,  as  the  same  fruit  was  originally  sent,  by  the 
Spaniards,  to  the  West  Indies,  and  the  continent  of  America.  In  the  midst  of  a 
forest,  on  the  banks  of  the  Cedcno,  Baron  Humboldt,  in  1800,  found  Avild  orange- 
trees,  laden  with  large  and  sweet  fruit.  These  were  probably  not  indigenous, 
however,  but  the  remains  of  some  old  Indian  plantations. 

The  orange  plantations  of  the  Azores  are  usually  of  large  extent,  always  encir- 
cled by  walls  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  in  height,  and  within  thick  belts  of  other 
trees,  to  protect  them  from  the  breezes  of  the  sea.  The  trees  are  commonly  pro- 
pagated by  cuttings  or  layers,  arriving,  in  seven  years  after  planting,  to  good 
bearing,  and  in  time,  spread  out  with  the  majestic  luxuriance  of  chesnut  trees. 
Each  tree,  a  few  years  after,  upon  an  average,  annually  produces  from  twelve 
thousand  to  sixteen  thousand  oranges,  and  one  instance  is  recorded  of  a  single 
tree  producing  twenty-six  thousand  fruits  in  a  year ! 

The  amount  of  oranges  and  lemons  usually  exported  from  the  Azores  in  a 
year,  is  upwards  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  boxes,  and  seventy  or 
eighty  vessels  are  sometimes  seen  lying  in  the  roads,  waiting  to  take  their  car- 
goes. Besides  these,  a  large  quantity  of  the  sweet  lemon  is  cultivated,  for 
home  consumption,  which  are  produced  by  grafting  the  sour  lemon  on  the 
orange.  This  fruit  is  tasteless  and  vapid,  though  esteemed  salutary  and  re- 
freshing. 

In  Algarve  in  Portugal,  and  in  Andalusia  in  Spain,  there  are  trees  of  great 
size ;  and  extensive  orchards  of  oranges  have  formed  the  principal  revenue  of 
the  monks  for  several  centuries,  la  Cordova,  the  seat  of  Moorish  grandeur  and 
luxury,  there  are  orange-trees  still  remaining,  which  are  supposed  to  have  been 
planted  as  early  as  the  Xlth  century ;  and  in  the  craggy  mountains  of  that 
province,  which  are  covered  with  gardens  and  vineyards,  and  forests  abounding 
in  fruit,  the  air  is  perfumed  with  the  flowers  of  the  orange,  and  carries  back  the 
imagination  to  the  days  of  the  Moorish  poets  and  historians,  when  the  land  they 
conipiered  was  adorned  with  all  the  refinements  of  their  taste  and  intelligence, 
and  the  luxuries  of  the  cast  were  fully  realized. 

The  orange  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  Portugal  bj''  Camoens.  In 
apostrophizing  on  a  little  grove  that  waved  upon  an  open  casement,  that  poet 
was  heard  to  say,  "  Yes,  I  have  made  a  bower  for  the  honey-bee,  hung  with 
golden  lamps." 

In  France,  the  orange  country  is  chiefly  Provence,  or  that  part  which  lies  to 
the  eastward  of  the  Rhone :  and  plantations  or  groves  of  oranges  are  the  most 
abundant,  and  the  most  beautiful,  on  the  banks  of  the  Var,  and  especially  in  the 
environs  of  Nice,  where  the  varieties  arc  very  numerous,  and  come  to  great  perfec- 
tion. According  to  Risso.  there  was  a  tree  in  that  neighbourhood,  in  1789,  which 
generally  bore  upwards  of  five  thousand  oranges,  and  was  more  than  fifty  feet 
ill  heighl,  with  a  trunk  so  large  that  it  required  two  men  to  embrace  it.     Here, 


I 


1 
i 

i 

n 
1 
i 


II 

;:    1  III 
■I    1  1!.! 

:4    |i-.- 

it 

i: 

I 


62 


CITRUS   AURANTIUM. 


the  Provence  rose,  the  tuberose,  and  countless  other  flowers,  blond  tl'<';^  ^wee  s 
with  that  of  the  orange ,  and  amidst  all  the  richness  of  hose  periumos,  the  pc  st,- 
knt  airs  of  the  tropics,  and  even  the  sirocco  of  southern  Italy  and  teicily,  are  alto- 

^''ln''haw"t'he"oranBe  groves  accompany  the  chain  of  the  Apennines  round  the 
whole  guff  oGenoa%nd  untU,  upon  the  co.ifines  of  the  plain  of  Tuscany   they  • 
siibside  in  elevation  and  bend  more  toward  the  Adriatic;  although,  further  to 
he  south  the  clima'te  and  vegetation  of  Tuscany  cannot  be  cami-ed  Jo  niose 
of  the  litt  e  valleys  of  Provence  and  Liguria,  especially  the  latter.     About  1-  lor- 
ence  there  are  still  orange-trees  in  the  gardens;  but  there  are  none  of  those  aro- 
matic  groves  and  plantations  which  are  found  furtlier  to  the  west.     Mf  i^pen  e 
who  pLed  some  winters  in  Florence,  states  that  the  co  d  is  so  great  there   t  at 
Sing  is  sometimes  practised  occasionally  four  months  of  the  year  and  the 
Sermometer   repeatedly  stands   at  24=  to  2G=  F.,   at  8  A.  M.     l^^as  wa  d  of 
Tuscany,    though    further   south,    the  country   is   even    less    adapted    to    the 
nroduc  ion  of  the  orange;  the  sea-coast  is  barren,  the  interior  is  dreary,  and 
over  thTwhole,  the  "  pestilent  malaria"  creeps,  forbidding  man  to  approacli, 
even   for   die   cultivation  of  the   fields.     In   the   §^^^"1. ''\  ^^'"''l.    ''T2 
nouvit^^tanding  the  thermometer  ranges  from  2°  to  4"  F,  lower,  durmg    he 
wi  iTe      than  at  Nice,   the  orange-tree   flourishes,   and  attains   its  usual  size. 
A    the  convent  of  Santa  Sabinafin  Rome,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species  thiity- 
one  fbet  high,  which  is  reputed  to  be  upwards  of  six  hundred  years  ot  age      Alter 
?he  gu  f  S  Gaeta  is  passed,  and  the  shelter  of  the  more  elevated  mountains  m 
e  l^gdom  of  iXaples  is  obtained,  the  orange  gro^^s  -^^-^J-P;^'^'^^^ 
ance,  and  particularly  abound  along  the  western  shore  of  Calabrui,  and  m  the 
vicinitv  of  Messina  and  Palermo,  in  the  island  of  Sicily. 

The' precise  period  at  which  the  orange  was  introduced  into  Britain,  is  r^ot 
with  ceVtainty  known;  but  it  is  supposed  that  it  was  brought  from  Portugal,  by 
SrWalteT  Raleigh,  towards  the  ind  of  the  XVIth  century.  The  trees  were 
planted  near  a  wll  in  the  open  air,  at  Beddington,  in  Surr>,  with  a  movab  e 
coverto  protect  them  from  tlie  inclemency  of  winter.  They  t^owered  and  bo  e 
•  friht  and,  at  the  beginning  of  the  XVIIIth  century,  they  had  attained  he 
he  gilt  of  e  ghteen  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  nine  inches,  and  the  spread  o  e 
branches  of  the  largest  one,  was  twelve  feet  in  ..,,c  direction,  and  nine  feet  in  the 
other  In  1738,  tl^y  were  surrounded  by  a  permanent  enclosure,  like  a  green- 
Vinn^P  nnd  were  destroved  bv  a  great  frost  in  the  winter  following. 

Tarkmso7  in  Idr-'Sactise  of^>lants,"  published  in  1029,  gives  sorne  curious 
direc tioi  s  f";  the  preservation  of  orange-trees,  from  which,  one  would  be  led  o 
fnfe  Tat  .he  treL  at  Beddington,  with  their  ample  P-^-j!"i;°f,..;^,,7;;.:;,^l'r 
covering  in  winter,  had  ;t  been  in  existence  at  that  time.  1  he  oi-ange-ticc 
savs  he  "hath  abiden,  with  some  extraordinary  branching  and  budding  of  it, 
vTn  as  neUher  citron  nor  lemon-trees  would,  by  any  means  be  preserved  for 
anv  long  time.  Some  keepe  them  in  square  boxes,  and  lift  hem  to  and  tio  by 
iron  hoScs  on  the  sides,  or  cause  them  to  be  rolled  on  trundles  or  sma  1  wheels 
mde  them  to  place  them  in  an  house,  or  close  gulene,  for  the  wuvter  time  ; 
0  hers  P  ant  them  against  a  bricke  wall  in  the  ground,  and  defend  them  by  a 
shed  of  boardes,  covered  with  seare-eloth,  in  the  winter ;  and  by  the  warmth  of 
a  stove,  or  such' other  thing,  give  them  some  comfort  in  the  colder  times  ;  but  no 
tent  or  mean  provision  will  preserve  them."  .  „f  fV,«  vvTTTMi   ren- 

Towards  the  end  of  the  XVIIth  and  in  the  early  part  of  the  XVlIlth  cen- 
turies orange-tree  was  a  very  fashionable  article  of  growth,  in  conserva- 
ories'  in  France'  as  well  as  in  Brftain.     The  plants  ^-^  "-f '^ /-^"J^ti^H 
Genoa  with  stems  generally  from  four  to  six  leel  m  height;  they  were  plan  cd 
mkrge  boxes,  andlere  set  out  during  summer,  to  decorate  the  walks  near  the 


p 


) 


GOLDEN-FRUITED   OBANOE-TREE. 


63 


1 


houses,  in  the  manner  still  practised  at  Versailles,  the  Tuilerics,  and  some  other 
collections  in  Enrope,  and  in  America. 

The  largest  trees  in  liritain  are  said  to  be  those  at  Smorgony,  in  Glamorgan- 
shire; they  arc  planted  in  the  floor  of  an  imnimse  conservatory,  and  prodnce 
frnit  in  abundance.  It  is  said  that  these  plants  were  procured  from  a  wreck  on 
the  coast  in  that  quarter,  in  the  time  of  Henry  VII. 

In  the  south  of  Devonshire,  and  particularly  at  Saltcombe,  one  of  the  warmest 
spots  in  England,  it  is  said  there  arc  gardens  containing  orange-trees,  which 
have  withstood  upwards  of  one  hundred  winters  in  the  open  air.  The  fruit  is 
represented  as  being  as  large  and  fine  as  any  from  Portugal. 

In  East  Florida,  the  orange  grows  .spontaneously  in  the  neighbourhood  of  New 
Smyrna.  Ir  noticing  that  town,  in  1791,  liartram  o])serves,  "I  was  there  about 
ten  years  ago,  when  the  surveyor  run  the  lines  of  the  colony,  where  there  was 
neither  habitation  nor  cleared  field.  It  was  then  a  famous  orange  grove,  the 
upper  or  south  promontory  of  a  ridge  nearly  half  a  mile  wide,  and  stretching 
north  about  forty  miles.  *  *  ■*  *  All  this  was  one  entire  orange  grove, 
with  live  oaks,  magnolias,  palms,  red  bays,  and  others."  He  also  makes  fre- 
quent mention  of  extensive  groves  of  wild  oranges,  in  Florida,  as  far  north  as 
latitude  twenty-eight  degrees.  Dr.  Baldwin,  in  1S17,  in  speaking  of  Fish's 
Island,  says,  "  Here  are  the  remains  of  perhaps  the  most  celebrated  Orange 
Grove  in  the  world.  Some  trees  still  remain  that  are  thirty  feet  in  height,  and 
still  retain  a  portion  of  their  golden  fruit."  In  the  same  year,  in  describing  the 
beauties  of  the  St.  Jobn's  he  says,  "  You  may  eat  oranges  from  morning  till 
night,  at  every  plantation  along  the  shores,  while  the  trild  trees,  bending  with 
their  golden  fruit  over  the  water,  present  an  enchanting  appearance."  These 
trees  are  not  regarded  as  originally  natives  of  the  new  world,  but  were  intro- 
duced by  the  Spaniards,  at  the  time  they  settled  Florida,  or  by  a  colony  of 
Greeks  and  Minorcans,  who  founded  New  Smyrna,  in  17C9,  while  that  country 
was  in  the  possession  of  the  English.  Audubon,  as  late  as  1832,  observes, 
"Whatever  its  original  country  may  be  supposed  to  be,  the  wild  orange  is,  lo 
all  appearances,  indigenous  in  many  parts  of  Florida,  not  only  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  plantations,  but  in  the  wildest  portions  of  that  wild  country,  where 
there  exist  groves  fully  a  mile  in  extent."  This  wild  fruit  is  known  in  Florida 
by  the  name  of  the  bitter-sweet  orange,  which  does  not  difl'er  materially  from 
the  Seville  orange,  and  probably  originated  from  that  variety.  The  occurrence  of 
these  trees,  wherever  they  grow,  is  a  sure  indication  of  good  land. 

For  many  years  past,  no  small  degree  of  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  culture 
of  the  common  edible  orange,  at  St.  Augustine,  and  on  the  river  St.  John's.  The 
number  of  trees  owned  by  different  individuals,  prior  to  1835,  varied  from  ten  to 
fifteen  hundred.  Perhaps  no  person  in  Florida  had  more  than  the  latter  number 
in  full  bearing  condition,  at  the  time  of  the  great  frost,  which  occurred  on  the 
9th  of  February,  of  that  year.  There  were  many  trees  then  to  be  found  in  St. 
Augustine,  which  exceeded  forty  feet  in  height,  with  trunks  from  twenty  to 
twenty-seven  inches  in  diameter,  and  which,  probably,  were  more  than  a  cen- 
tury old.  But  there  are  many  persons  in  that  vicinity,  at  the  present  time,  who 
are  extensively  engaged  in  tlie  business.  The  late  Mr.  Kingsley  left  upwarc 
of  six  thousand  bearing  trees,  in  1843,  all  of  which  are  on  the  St.  John's,  In 
addition  to  these,  there  are  also  on  tlie  same  river,  more  than  one  hundred 
orange  groves,  which,  it  is  estimated,  contain  twenty  thousand  trees.  At  St. 
Augustine,  it  is  said,  there  are,  at  least,  thirty  thousand  standard  trees,  four 
thousand  of  which  arc  owned  by  Mr.  J.  Douglass,  about  the  same  number  by 
Mr.  V.  Sanchez;  and  by  Mr.  J.  Drisdale,  and  the  lady  of  the  late  Dr.  Anderson, 
fifteen  hundred  each.  Notwithstanding  the  injuries  which  the  trees  have  suffered 
by  the  depredations  of  insects,  for  a  few  years,  as  well  as  by  the  discouragement 


^U^ 


04 


CITRUS    AURANTHJM. 


i 


caused  by  frost,  it  may  ho  observfil,  tliat  tlu-ro  are  more  standard  trees  planted 
in  Florida,  at  tfic  present  time,  than  there  ever  were  at  any  fnrtiier  period.  l*re- 
vions  to  1835,  St.  Augnstine  produced  annuallv  from  two  million  to  two  million 
live  hnndred  thousand  orans<'s,  whieli  were  e(i  d  in  bulk  to  about  fifteen  thou- 
sand b.  .(  i;  Tii.'/  were  shipped  to  Charleston,  Hahiniore,  New  Yorlc,  Boston,^ 
&c.  and  usually  brought  from  one  dollar  to  three  dollars  per  hundred,  or* 
aboui  thne  dollars  per  barrel,  producing  in  the  aggregate,  a  little  short  of  fifty 
thousand  dollars  per  anntun.  During  the  orange  season,  the  port  ..f  St.  Augustine 
formerly  presented  (piitc  acommerciiil  aspect,  there  being  frecpientiy  from  fifte.Mi 
to  twenty  vessels  in  it  at  a  time,  loadu.i,'  with  fruit.  A  person  wlu.  was  the  owner 
of  one  hundred  standard  trees,  could  safely  rely  on  a  yearly  income  arising 
therefrom  of  two  thousand  dollars,  sometimes  tli  pc  thousand,  and  even  four 
thousand  dollars!  lu  IH2<J,  Mr.  A.  Alvarez  gathered  from  a  single  tree,  six 
thousand  five  hundred  oranges ;  and  it  is  said  that  there  was  a  tree  on  the  St. 
John's,  which  bore  ten  thousand  fruits  in  one  year !  But  ordinarily  each  tree 
produces  about  two  thousand  fruits. 

The  orange  has  also  been  an  object  of  culture  for  a  long  time  in  Carolina  and 
Georgia;  aiid  in  17«)2,  it  will  be  seen  by  the  T.ondon  "Annual  Register"  for  that 
year,  that  there  were  four  barrels  of  this  fruit  shipped  from  Charleston  to  Eng- 
land. 

Soil  and  Siliinthn.  The  orange  is  found  to  flourish  best  m  a  warm,  lertde 
soil,  composed  of  sand  and  loam,  or  sand  and  May,  not  too  dry,  and  sheltered 
from  chilly  raid  parching  winds.  But  it  is  cultivated  in  varied  soils,  nnd  will 
thrive  in  any  country,  with  a  mean  annual  temperature  of  62°  to  81°  F. 
Hence  the  locality  favourable  to  the"  growth  of  this  species  depemls  fully  as 
much  upon  soil  and  situation  as  upon  latitude:  and  we  are  indnc<  !  to  infer, 
that,  if  uic  temperature  be  sufficiently  high  for  maturing  the  flavour  the  fruit 
is  delicious  in  proportion  to  the  uniform  salubrity  of  the  air;  and  that  those 
high  temperatures  which  often  force  a  very  large  expansion  of  fruit  ;ire 
against  the  fineness  of  its  quality.  For  instance,  wc  will  contrast  the  fruit 
of  St.  Michaers,  in  the  Azores,  of  Bahia,  in  Brazil,  or  of  some  of  the  West 
India  Islands,  with  that  of  Malta.  The  former  is  always  exposed  to  the 
equalizing  breezes  wafted  across  the  Atlantic,  while  that  of  the  latter,  lying 
near  tbe^arid  and  sultry  coast  of  Africa,  is  subject  to  more  changes  of  season, 
and  a  greater  and  higher  range  of  temperature.  There  is  als'  some  diflcrence  in 
the  soil  of  these  places.  The  artificial  earth,  which  forms  the  soil  of  Malta,  w  as 
originally  brought  from  Sicily;  and  by  the  decomposition  of  the  rock,  or  of  the 
saline  particles"  brought  by  the  same  "  pestilent  sirocco"  that  blasts  the  fruit  of 
the  south  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  a  crust  is  formed,  which,  if  not  removed  by  trench- 
ing, at  the  end  of  a  certain  number  of  years,  ceases  to  be  productive,  or  the 
oranges  become  so  bitter,  that  they  are  neither  palatable  nor  healthful.  But  St. 
Michaers,  Bahia,  and  tb'^  other  ])laces  referred  to,  have  no  such  disadvantage; 
the  soils  in  those  places  are  native,  and  deimsite  nothing  calculated  to  injure 
their  fertility  or  impair  the  qualities  of  tb^ir  fruit.  The  same  fact  may  l)e  corrob- 
orated in  comparing  the  climate  of  the  slopes  and  valleys  of  the  Estrella,  near 
the  lower  Tagus,  and  that  of  the  maritime  Alps,  and  the  Apennines,  in  Provence 
and  Liguria,  with  that  of  Andalusia.  At  St.  Augustine,  in  Florida,  the  fruit  is 
generally  of  a  superior  quality,  owing  to  some  peculiar  influence  of  the  soil  and 
climate.  The  mean  annual  temperature  of  that  place  iii  18-12,  was  73°  F., 
and  in  1843,  72°.  The  extreme  heats  from  June  to  September  are  usually  as 
high  as  92" ;  but  they  have  been  known  to  reach  97°.  The  extremes  of  cold 
generally  range  from  38  to  40° ;  but  sometimes  the  nn  rcnry  has  fallen  as  low  as 
30°.  Un  the'  9th  of  February,  1835,  the  time  that  nearly  all  the  orange- 
trees  of  Florida  were  cut  off'  by  frost,  it  is  said  that  the  thermometer  indicated  a 


I  ::! 


OOI.DEN-FRUITED   ORANOE  TREE. 


65 


Sr^u^'"*'  \  '"  *'"'°-  '"  F''l>riiary,  1823,  as  woll  as  in  the  same  month  in 
1H.J«),  the  trees  also  sullbrod  in  their  extreme  hraiiches,  from  the  efFcct  of  irost. 
On  the  mornmg  ol  the  Uth  of  January,  1705,  the  thermometer  stood  at  26°,  at  St. 
Augustuie,  and  th.;  ground  was  frozen  to  th(!  depth  of  an  inch,  on  the  banks  f  the 
bt.  John  s.     1  his  extreme  eold  proved  fatal  to  tlic  orange,  and  many  other  trees. 

Propagation  and  Management.  Tlie  orange  may  be  [)rop;igated  by  seeds 
cuttuigs,  lay  rs,  and  grafting,  or  inoculation.  The  object  (.f  raising  plants  from 
seeds  is  either  to  obtain  new  varieties,  or  stoc.  i  for  grain,  .?.  They  do  not 
readily  bear  Irnit,  and  often  arrive  at  an  age  of  twenty  or  twenty-five  years 
without  lloweriiig.  Mr.  Henderson,  of  Woodhall,  m  England,  well  skilled  in 
the  culture  ot  the  citrus  tribe,  considers  cuttings  as  tlie  quickest  mode  of  obtain- 
mg  plants  m  that  country,  and  gives  the  following  directions  :--•' Take  the 
strongest  young  shoots,  si  id  also  a  quantity  of  the  two-year  old  slmots ;  these 
may  be  cut  into  lengths  oi  from  nine  to  eighteen  inches.  Take  the  leaves  otf 
the  lower  part  of  each  cutting  to  the  extent  of  about  five  inches,  allowing  the 
leaves  above,  that  remain,  untouched ;  then  cut  right  across,  under  an  eye,  and 
make  a  small  incision  in  an  angular  direction  on  the  bottom  of  the  cuttiii". 
When  the  cuttings  are  thus  prepared,  take  a  pot,  and  fill  it  with  sand;  size  tlfe 
cuttings,  so  tliat  the  short  ones  may  be  all  together,  and  those  that  are  taller  in  a 
dilferent  pot.  Then,  with  a  sma'l  dibble,  plant  them  about  five  inches  deep 
in  the  sand,  and  give  them  a  good  watering  over  head,  to  settle  the  sand 
about  them.  Let  them  stand  a  day  or  two  in  a  shady  place,  and  if  a  frame  be 
r(  ,uly  with  bottom-heat,  i-lunge  the  pots  to  the  brim.  Shade  them  well  with  a 
double  mat,  which  may  remain  till  they  have  struck  root;  when  rooted,  take 
the  .sand  and  cuttuiL^^s  out  of  the  pot,  and  plant  them  into  single  pots,  in  the 
proper  compost.  Plunge  the  pots  with  the  young  plants  again  into  a  frame,  and 
shade  them  lor  four  or  five  weeks,  or  till  they  arc  taken  with  the  pots;  when 
they  may  be  gradually  exposed  to  the  light.  From  various  experiments,  I  found 
that  pieces  ol  two-year  old  wood  struck  quite  well ;  and  in  place,  therefore,  of 
putting  m  cuttings  six  oi  eiglit  inches  long,  I  have  taken  olf  cuttings  from  ten 
mches  to  two  feet  long,  and  struck  them  witli  equal  success.  Although  I  at  first 
begun  to  put  in  cuttings  only  in  the  month  of  August,  I  now  put  them  in  at  any 
time  of  the  year,  except  w  hen  the  plants  are  making  young  wood.  By  giviu" 
them  a  gentle  bottom-heat,  and  covering  them  with  a  hand-glass,  they  will  gene- 
rally strike  root  in  seven  weeks  or  two  months."  When  the  wood  of  the  orange- 
tree  IS  fully  ripened,  ar  I  the  sap  is  at  rest,  grafts  a  1  cuttings  may  be  kept  in  the 
dark  for  two  or  three  i  ontlis  together,  i)rovi(led  th  ■  air  be  kept  dry. 

Within  the  tropics,  \v  ler.^  the  circulation  of  the  sap  is  nearly  uniform  through- 
out the  year,  the  oraiiu.  may  readily  be  propagated  by  the  following  method  :— 
Select  a  vigorous  branch  of  any  tree  of  the  variety  wished  to  !  o  propagated,  Avith 
flowers  and  fruit  up<in  it,  if  desirable,  and  bind  round  it,  at  its  junction  Avith 
the  trunk,  or  limb  from  which  it  grows,  a  funnel-shaped  mass  of  fine,  ricli 
mould,  firmly  keit  in  its  place  by  pieces  of  tin,  bark,  cloth,  or  other  substance. 
This  ma'  -^  should  constantly  be  kept  moist,  and  new  mould  or  earth  added,  if 
necessary,  until  shoots  protrude  IVuui  the  branch  and  take  root.  As  soon  as 
these  roots  are  sulli  iciitly  developed,  the  bi  uch  surrou  ided  by  mould  may  be 
sawed  off  close  to  the  trunk  or  limb  from  which  it  proceeds,  and  transplanted, 
without  disturbing  the  mould,  into  a  box  of  light,  rich,  natural  soil,  or  to  some 
other  place  congenial  to  its  growth.  We  have  obtained  vigorous  trees  in  this 
manner  in  Cul)a  and  Brazil,  in  six  or  eight  weeks'  tune,  that  Avould  bear  trans- 
portation. 

If  grafting  or  budding  be  adojtted  in  the  propagation  of  the  orange,  the  proper 
period  for  perfnrmisig  these  operations  is,  when  the  ^ap  is  m  brib    motion,  which 


V 


I! 


66 


CITRUS   AURANTIUM. 


I 


usually  occurs  in  thn  nortlicni  lipuiisphcre  in  the  month  of  Mnrch.     For  small 
grat'ts,  loss  tlian  lialf  of  an  inch  in  dianirtrr,  thn  whip,  or  .s/t/ii;e  method  .sliould 


115 


i 


\ 


bo  adopted,  and  for  laificr  ones,  the  natlilfv  uunlr.  is  prcfcrahlc,  as  prat^liscd  in  ll 
apple  and  pear.  Hut  the  most  sure  and  expeditious  nuihod  is  that  of  .vy^/iw^if 
biiddhi^^  hy  which  the  hark  of  the  stock,  as  early  in  the  season  as  it  will  sepa- 
rate from  tlu^  wood,  is  cut  like  the  letter  T  inv<'rted,  (thus,  j^,)  as  shown  hy  yit) 
in  the  adjoining  figin-e  ;  whereas,  in  sumtn»T  budding, 
it  forms  a  T  iu  its  erect  position.  The  horizontal 
edges  of  this  cut  in  the  stock,  and  of  the  shield  hark, 
containing  the  hud,  should  he  brought  into  the  most  per- 
fect contact,  as  denoted  by  (J) ;)  because  the  union  of 
the  bark  in  spring  takes  place  by  means  of  I  ho  ascent  of 
the  sap,  whereas,  in  summer  budding,  it  is  supposed  to 
be  caused  by  its  descent.  'V\\g  parts  should  then  be 
immediately  bound  with  water-proof  bass,  (f  )  with- 
out apj)lying  either  grafting-clay  or  grafting-wax. 
The  buds  may  be  inserted  either  in  a  healthful  branch. 


^ 


or  in  a  stock  near  the  yiround. 


In  general 


two  buds  are  sudlcient  fm 


(I 

one  stock; 


and  these  should  be  of  the  same  variety ;  as  two  sorts  seldom  grow  with  ('([nal  vig- 
our. The  bass  ligature,  which  confines  the  bud,  may  be  removed,  if  the  season  be 
moist,  in  a  month  after  budding;  but  if  it  be  hot  and  dry,  not  for  six  weeks,  at 
least.  As  soon  as  the  inserted  buds  show  signs  of  vegetation,  the  stock  or 
branch,  containing  them,  should  be  pruned  down,  so  as  to  leave  one  or  two 
buds  or  shoots  above.  If  the  stock  is  allowed  to  have  a  leading  shoot  above  the 
inserted  buds,  and  this  shoot  is  not  shortened,  the  buds  inserted  probably  will 
not  show  many  signs  of  vegetation  for  several  weeks. 

Though  orange-trees  will  grow  exceedingly  well  in  large  pots  and  boxes,  yet 
to  have  them  produce  the  finest  crop  of  fruit,  they  should  be  planted  in  the 
ground  like  peach-trees,  and  trained  like  them,  or  as  stand;ird  cherries  in  a  con- 
servatory. The  latter  mode  has  by  far  the  best  elfect,  especially  when  the  stcnas 
of  the  trees  are  seven  or  eight  feet  high,  and  the  head  forms  a  handsome  cone ; 
but  the  largest  fruit  is  produced  when  tlu'  trees  are  planted  against  the  back- 
wall  trellis  of  a  narrow  house,  and  treated  like  peach-trees. 

At  Genoa  and  Florence,  orange-trees  are  grown  in  a  strong  yellow  clay,  which 
is  highly  manured;  and  this  soil  is  considered  by  the  first  Italian  gardeners  as 
best  suited  to  their  natures.  In  France,  in  preparuig  a  compost  for  them,  they 
cmleavour  to  compensate  for  quantity  by  ([uality;  because  the  pots  or  boxes,  iu 
which  the  plants  are  placed,  ought  always  to  be  as  small  as  possible,  relatively 
to  the  size  of  the  tree.  The  following  is  the  composition  recommended  : — "  To  a 
fresh  loam,  which  contains  a  third  of  clay,  a  third  of  sand,  and  a  third  of  vege- 
table matter,  and  which  has  lain  a  long  time  in  a  heap,  add  an  ecpial  bulk  of 
half-rotten  barnyard  manure.  The  following  year  turn  it  over  twice.  The 
succeeding  year  mix  it  with  nearly  one  half  its  bulk  of  decomposed  horse 
manure.  Turn  it  over  twice  or  three  times,  and  the  winter  before  using,  add 
one-twelfth  part  of  sheep  mniuu'c,  a  twentieth  of  pigeon  dung,  and  a  twentieth 
of  dried  ordure."  Mr.  Henderson,  already  mentiortod,  takes  one  part  of  light- 
brown  mould  from  a  piece  of  ground  that  has  not  been  cropped,  or  manured  for 
many  years  Mie  part  of  peat  earth,  such  as  is  used  for  growin.^  heaths;  two 
parts  of  river,  or  pit  sand,  if  it  be  free  from  saline  substances ;  and  one  part  of 
rotted  hot-bed  dung,  with  one  part  of  rotted  leaves  of  trees,  and  mixes  them  all 
well  together,  so  as  to  form  a  compost  soil  of  uniform  quality. 

The  usual  mode  of  propagating  the  orange  in  Florida,  is  to  plant  the  seeds 
and  wait  patiently  for  aboui  twenty  years,  till  the  trees  become  of  a  sufficient 


OOt.DEN-FRUlTED   ORANOE-XnEE. 


er 


a 


height  to  hoar  frnit,  which  is  onlirmrily  ahont  fiftoon  or  twontv  feet     It  is  woll 
•I"  g,  but  this  has  never  lu'cii  rcvsortod  to  gnierally.     It  is  triu'   several  in<lv 

an!^. r;j:;:;:ti;:;s  ''n  "''^"*'""^  very^nccess^ny  o^  ^^id'si^^ks  l,:;;t!i 

nJ  »  1  <xc(i)ti  .IIS.      Ilu,  propagation  ot  tlie  oranye  by  enttinus,  or  bv  iavers 
ciimale     """""'  '''^^  '"  '''•'^'''=''  ^'^"'"^'''i^  "-'"^'  "'  tbL.riaity'ur  the'sXnd 

tLo^'r.;.  ^'l"^  '''l"^^*'^fhe  fructification  of  tl.e  orange  is  constant,  and  is  at  one  and 
he  same  time,  ni  all  stages  of  its  bearing;  but  in  bi.d.er  latitudes   it  cM)mines 

mZll^  ''"'".'r  "•■"^'^^ ""  *.',"  "'""""'•'  "'"^  ""^  fruit  ntkes  t       y  ^  'r.  to  cCc   o 

mat   r.ty;  so  tbat  perpetually,  at  tbe  e<iuator,  and  for  a  consi.lerable  nor  i^n  of 

If  yenr  ii,  Ingb,,-  bu.tudes,  a  healthy  tree  exbibits  every  stace  of-U  en      1  S^^^^ 

iroui  tlie  llower-biid  to  tbe  ripe  fruit  in  perfection,  at  tbe  s  me  t  n  e    '  T  e  S' 

oK  t  "'";\Tl  "•'"'"1"^'  '"^  "'"  '"'"'■••i''^"  '^"^  A"^<'r*-^'>  "  I-  usua  ;  fake; 
p  ace  from  ()ctr>l,er  to  January,  wbile  they  are  green;  but  tbev  .lo  no  Ik  nn! 
mre  be  ,>re  spring  has  comtneiu:..,!.  An.l  it  is  a  remarkable  fact,  I  t  lc>trees 
from  winch  tbe  Iru.t  ,s  gathered  green,  bear  plentifully  ev.Ty  year  wbo  those 
up.m  which  the  fruit  is  suffered  to  ripen,  alfori  abundant  er.^i^sLdy  on  aitemaSo 

Insccfs     The  principal  insects  that  infest  the  orange-tree,  are  several  snecies 

S  s  X";s"i;nov;  "()^  ''''''■^•"'  T'"^"  ""  "^'^'>^  nniform,'u;d  ry  b 
oescribca  as   lolovs;— On  exammiiig  the  trees  ear  y  in  tbe  spring   the  female 

insects  may  be  found,  in  a  lifeless  state,  fastened  cb.se  to  tbe  bai     lla'  ina  been 

fixed  in  this  position  ever  since  tbe  year  b,>fore.     A  little  later        he  S.    the 

bo  les  become  more  distended,  and  on  carefully  removing  then        in  e  on   'eg^s 

will  be  fo,  nd  beneath  them.     At  this  period/the  intenml  part    of  tleir  bodies 

appear    o  be  dried  up  and  dead,  their  outer  skins  only  rem  ui   ni  wl  ich  serv^^ 

Miminci,    he  larva;  are  batched,  and  escape  at  the  lower  extremities  of  tbe 
h.elds,  which  are  slightly  elevated  or  notched  at  these  parts      In  Zssfa-ef 

s    P  f«  T        i'  •^'•'»\^'>'sl»  colour,  and  much  in  the  shape  of  their  parent 

s^^iekls,  but    hmner,  more  flattened,  and  of  a  paler  colour.  \\t  fiivst    thev  Tre 

111  of  activity,  d.spm-se  themselves  over  the  young  shoots  and  leaves  p  net  le 

pe,,rf>.-T''  ''^rV^''  ^T'^  ^'y  "^^^•"'''  ^"^1  mcrease  in  s'e!^  tiev 
pre  Kue  fo,  change.  In  the  early  period  of  their  growth,  their  heads  are  coni- 
ple  ely  conceded  beneath  the  shells  of  their  bodies ;  their  beaks  or   uckerTappe'r 

hon Tvl  th"'"  *'""■    """^r,'  ''^"^  ^''^"'^-  ^«SS,  which  are  six  in  nlimbe  ,!«  so 

short  tut  t  ey  are  not  visible  from  above.     When  they  have  comple  ed  the 

arva  state,  they  prepare  for  transformation  by  emitting  from  the  mS  sides  ot' 

eT^o 't'^;i;r  barr'l;"!?  downy  threads,  b/ which  they  securely'onrel  W 
selves  to  tlic  lurk.     After  becoming  thus  fixed,  they  remain,  for  a  time   in  a 

Se  nAce''  'nf /""  "'  '^^^'^  ^^-^^f-^^  -ales,  the  trafisformatiolis  c!?' h"  sexe^ 
take  place.  1  he  on  er  coverings  of  the  males  serve  as  cocoons,  from  which  thev 
appear  to  shrink  and  become  detached.     In  the  course  of  time    hc'y  a    h    I  m  f 

I  Ii  r  ee  ""■  I""'''  '''  ^'"^  "^^'^'  ^'''''''  ^^  ^'^^ir  extremities,  a^u\  appear  i 
then  peifect  form  having  two  wings,  which  lie  flatly  upon  their  bodies  but  no 
beaks,  as  they  had  previous  to  their  trausformatioiL     In  a  few  days  aft      to 

ernaes  fasten  themselves  to  the  baric,  they  contrive  to  burst  and  tf, row  of  u 
flakes,  their  outer  coats,  and  partake  similar  forms  as  those  which  thev  before 
assumed,  and  enter  into  the  pupa  or  chrysalis  state.     When  mature    ley  refun 

Xu'aS  theT;'^"'  ""^  T  ""^"'••"'  ^'^"•^  ^^^^^"'^^^ "--  to  cCJ ,: 

arlfi  ;    T        ^1       ",'  •'"'■''  ^'^^"'"^-  ^'^^■^^-     ^'^  »'»'«  condition,  their  bodies  are 
greatly  enlarged,  and  in  some  species,  approach  more  or  less  to  a  spherical 


■jmM&- 


68 


CITRUS   AUKANTIUM. 


W< 


I'  ^ 
I  ^1 


form.  It  IS  in  this  condition  that  they  receive  the  embraces  of  the  males,  after 
which,  they  continue  to  increase  in  size  for  a  time,  eject  their  e^gs,  and  gradu- 
ally shrink  away,  leaving  nothing  but  their  dry,  outer  skins,  and  perish  on  the 
spot.  Alter  the  eggs  mature,  they  imperceptibly  pass  under  the  body  of  their 
mother,  where  they  remain,  until  they  undergo  the  changes  before  described. 

The  species  that  commonly  attacks  the  orange  in  southern  Europe,  the  Azores, 
and  the  West  India  Islands,  is  the  Coccus  hesperidum,  which  also  infests  the 
myrtle.  It  may  be  known  by  the  oblong-oval  form,  and  brownish  colour  of  its 
shield,  which  is  covered,  as  it  were,  with  a  coat  of  varnish.  Another  species,  the 
pest  of  Florida,  for  the  last  five  years,  is  the  Coccus  ****1  It  is  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  in  length,  and  one  tenth  as  wide  as  it  is  long,  of  a  brownish  colour, 
pointed  at  the  extremities,  and  straight,  or  curved,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  surface  to  which  it  adheres.  The  larvae  make  their  first  appearance  at  St. 
Augustine  as  soon  as  a  few  Avarm  days  occ^ :,  in  January  or  February ;  but 
their  general  hatching  period  is  not  considered  to  begin  before  March,  and  is 
never  suspended  from  that  time  until  the  commencement  of  the  cool  weather 
lu  November  or  December.  Myriads  of  these  young  insects,  scarcely  discernible 
to  the  unaided  eye,  may  be  observed  crawling  ever  the  trees,  puncturing  the 
tender  shoots  and  leaves,  and  sucking  their  sap,  by  which  they  gradually  increase 
m  size,  and  in  about  eight  days,  permanently  fix  themselves  to  the  trunk, 
branches,  and  leaves,  to  undergo  their  transformations.  Soon  afte-  the  com- 
mencement of  hot  weather,  in  May,  vast  numbeis  of  the  perfect  male  insects 
may  be  seen,  and,  as  the  season  advances,  they  become  still  more  numerous, 
until  they  are  checked  by  cool  weather,  in  September  or  October.  In  shaking 
violently  a  tree  infested  with  these  insects,  myriads  and  myriads  of  them  may 
be  seen  flying  between  the  observer  and  the  rising  sun.  And  during  the  sum- 
mer, the  young  leaves,  branches,  and  other  un  infested  parts  of  the  trees  become 
rapidly  and  successively  covered  with  the  scales  of  these  insects,  which  are  at 
first  scarcely  perceptible  to  the  naked  eye,  but  soon  increase  to  their  full  size. 
This  circumstance  tends  to  prove  that  there  are  many  broods  or  generations 
in  the  sai  ic  season. 

This  insect  first  made  its  appearance  in  Florida,  in  Robinson's  grove,  at  Man- 
darin, on  the  St.  John's,  in  1838,  on  some  trees  of  the  Mandarin  variety,  which 
had  been  procured  in  New  York.  In  ♦he  course  of  three  or  four  years  they 
spread  to  the  neighbouring  plantations,  to  the  distance  of  ten  miles,  and  './ere 
the  most  rapid  in  their  migrations  in  the  direction  of  the  prevailing  Avinds,  which 
evidently  aided  them  in  their  movements.  In  1840,  Mr.  P.  S.  Smith,  of  St. 
Augustine,  obtained  some  orange-trees  from  Mandarin,  and  had  them  planted 
in  his  front  yard.  From  these  trees  the  insects  went  to  others  of  the  same 
enclosure,  and  rapidly  extended  themselves  to  the  trees  and  plar'ations  to  the 
northerly  and  westerly  parts  of  that  city  and  vicinity,  obviously  t,.aed  in  their 
migration  by  the  south-east  trade-winds,  which  blow  there  almost  daily  during 
summer;  and  what  is  remarkable,  these  insects  Avere  occupied  nearly  three 
years  in  re.ching  trees  in  the  south-east  part  of  the  city,  only  about  half  of  a 
milo  from  their  original  point  of  attack.  They  have  since,  however,  extended 
themselves  to  all  the  trees  in  and  about  the  city ;  but  have  not  yet  travelled  in 
any  direction  beyond  ten  miles.  Being  aided  in  their  dispersion  by  birds  and 
other  natural  causes,  impossible  to  guard  against,  they  must  eventually  attack 
most,  if  not  all  the  trees  in  Florida ;  for  the  Avild  orange  groves  suffer  equally 
Avith  those  Avhich  have  been  cultivated,  and  no  difTcrcnce  can  be  perceived  in 
their  ravages,  between  old  and  young  trees,  or  between  vigorous  and  decayed 
ones.  Various  remedies  have  been  tried  to  arrest  their  progress,  such  as  fumi- 
gating the  trees  Avith  tobacco  smoke,  covering  them  Avith  soap,  lime,  potash, 
sulphur,   shellac,  glue,   and  viscid  or  tenacious  substances,  mixed  AvJth  clay, 


GOLDEN-FRUITED    ORANGE-TREE. 


69 


quicklime,  salt,  etc.,  but  all  have  failed  partially  or  entirely,  and  it  appears  not 
to  be  111  the  power  of  man  to  prevent  the  ravages  of  these  insignificant  and  insid- 
ious destroyers.  Most  of  the  cultivated  orange-trees  in  Florida  have  already 
been  injured  by  them,  their  tops  and  branches  having  been  mostly  destroyed. 
1  heir  roots  and  stems,  it  is  true,  remain  alive,  and  annually  send  forth  a  crop 
ot  young  shoots,  only  to  share  the  fate  of  their  predecessors.  The  visitation  of 
these  insects  m  Florida,  probably  is  not  destined  to  continue  much  longer,  at 
least  with  its  present  violence ;  for,  among  the  means  which  nature  has  pro- 
vided to  check  their  increase,  arc  various  species  of  birds,  that  devour  inconceiv- 
able numbers  of  them,  and  the  coccidaj  are  invariably  accompanied  by  consider- 
able numbers  of  yellow  lady-birds,  (coccinelke,)  which,  it  has  been  conjectured, 
have  been  appointed  to  keep  them  down. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  orange-tree,  when  dry,  weighs  forty- 
four  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot,  is  hard,  compact,  flexible,  slightly  odoriferous,  and 
is  susceptible  of  bemg  polished.  When  recently  cut,  it  is  of  a  yellowish  hue  but 
in  the  course  of  time  it  fades.  From  its  scarcity  and  small  size,  it  is  but  little 
employed  in  the  arts,  the  only  particular  uses  to  which  it  is  applied  being  to  make 
boxes,  dressing-cases,  and  other  articles  of  fancy;  and  in  Florida,  considerable 
quantities  of  straight,  young  shoots,  are  cut,  and  shipped  in  bundles,  to  be  made 
into  walking-canes. 

The  fruit  of  the  orange  may  be  obtained  fresh,  in  anv  region  of  the  globe  and 
at  almost  every  season  of  the  year.  The  aromatic  oil  and  the  rind  preserve  it 
from  the  eftects  both  of  heat  and  of  cold  ;  and  the  acridity  of  the  former  renders  it 
proof  against  the  attacks  of  insects.  It  is  true  that  oranges  decay,  like  other  fruit  • 
but  that  does  not  happen  for  a  long  time,  if  the  rind  remains  uninjured,  and  they 
are  kept  from  humidity,  and  so  ventilated  as  not  to  ferment.  With  regard  to 
the  quality  of  this  fruit  in  varipus  places,  there  appears  to  be  a  diversity  of  opin- 
ion. Some  consider  those  of  Malta  the  best ;  others,  those  of  St.  Michael's  • 
while  others  prefer  tho.se  of  Bahia,  Havana,  or  St.  Augustine.  ' 


The  Maltese  oranges  are  usually  large,  the  rind 
glands  Avhich  secrete  the  volatile  oil,  are  prominent. 


thick  and  spongy,  and  the 
The  pulp  is  red,  and  deli- 


cious, although,  sometimes,  there  is  a  trace  of  bitterness  in  their  taste.  '  They  are 
shipped  in  boxes,  of  an  irregular  siz3,  and  are  generally  packed  in  shavines  or 
saw-dust.  ® 

The  St.  Michael's  oranges  are  of  a  small  size,  the  rind  is  thin  and  smooth,  the 
glar  :  small,  which  secrete  out  little  volatile  oil,  the  pulp  light-coloured,  and  of 
a  delicious,  sugary  taste.  They  are  put  up  in  boxes  of  three  hundred  and  fifty 
to  four  hundred,  with  each  fruit  enveloped  in  paper,  or  iu  the  husks  of  maize. 

The  celebrated  Navel  oranges  of  Bahia.  are  of  difficult  transport  to  Europe 
and  the  United  States,  in  consequence  of  the  length  of  the  voyage,  and  of  the 
humidity  and  warmth  of  the  climate  through  which  they  have  to  pass.  If  they 
are  gathered  green,  however,  and  suspciuled  in  the  air  above  deck,  or  at  the 
stern  of  the  vessel,  in  netting,  they  will  endure  through  the  voya  'e. 

The  Havana  oranges  are  usually  of  a  good  size,  with  a  moderately  rough 
rind,  and  a  pulp  well  filled  with  delicious  juice.  From  the  shortness  of  the 
voyage  to  any  of  the  American  markets,  they  may  be  safely  transported  during 
the  winter  months.  The  fruit  is  ripe  in  Cuba  at  the  end  of  October,  and  is  usu- 
ally shipped  in  barrels  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  four  hundred  fruits  in  each 
put  up  loosely,  without  any  envelopes.  ' 

The  St.  Augustine  oranges  arc  superior,  both  in  size  and  quality,  to  those  of 
Cuba,  or  the  Mediterranean.  They  resemble  those  of  Havana  in  flavour,  but  are 
much  larger,  and  bring  from  twenty  to  thirty  per  cent  more,  in  the  New-York 
and  Boston  markets.  Of  the  .suwllcr  sizes,  it  requires  nhout  three  hundred 
Iruits  to  fill  a  barrel,  but  of  the  largest  ones,  only  one  hundred  are  necessary. 


70 


CITRUS    AURANTIUM. 


h  I 


II 


rJlv  ?r noTSni  1  '"""  ''""fu  ^'^.^^P'^y  sought  after,  on  account  of  their 
early  appearance  large  size,  and  beautiful  colour.     They  are  put  up  in  boxes  of 

Uiovvii  ptiper.  ■'■ 

The  -Sia/m^j  oraw^e^,  and  those  of  the  south  of  Italy,  may  be  regarded  as 
near  y  oi  the  same  quality.     They  are  of  a  medium  size,  vvith  I  fine  cZir  and  ■ 
are  rather  acid  ,n  their  flavour.     Those  shipped  fron    Messina  are  pu   up  n 
boxes  of  two  hundred  to  two  hundred  and  ten  fruits  in  each,  and  thos^e  of  pL" 

n Trh'  '?  '  '''^""■'  ^""T^  ^'•^.sl^.PP^d  in  boxes  of  three  hundred  or  more  fruits 
1  each.  I  he  oranges  of  Reggio  ripen  very  early,  so  much  so,  that  it  is  not  unu- 
sual  to  send  them  away  by  the  2Uth  of  October      They  are  packed  in  boxes  of 

wo  hundred  and  forty  fruits  in  each,  and  like  most  of  the  oranges  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, are  enveloped  in  paper.  ^ 

of  Geno^'Tln  '^'•«>"-^^:  ^«"^«  ^o  great  perfection,  and  may  be  classed  with  those 
rnrlT  i  "^  ^  '^  'i''^'  ^^'■'  ^^'^^  '^^^'^  ^wo  harvcsts  of  the  orange,  the  first 

commencing  from  the  10th  to  the  15th  of  November,  when  the  fruit  begins  to 
urn,  and  continues  till  the  4th  of  December ;  the  second  begins  about  thefoth  of 
oi-  one'"  h'.nl'?"'    Tf '^  '"'''''■'y  ^?  ''''  •'"'^  ""^  February.    They  are  put  up  in  boxes 

wTt  '^  ''"f  ^'"^f"'^  '"  ^^''^'  ^^""^^■^'i  ^"'i  si^ty  bruits  in  each,  accord- 

ing to  their  size  and  qualities.  '  "^"^"^"'^ 

VVith  thcJSeville  oranges  may  be  classed  those  of  Faro,  St.  Ubes,  Oporto 
Andalusia  Malaga,  and  the  bitter  oranges  of  Cuba  and  Floida.     This  fridt  is 
Intte    f^.tur  "' t1  o""'  r  '^  beautiful  colour,  but  unfit  to  eat,  on  account  of  i 

itter  flavour.  Those  shipped  from  Seville  are  put  up  in  large  boxes  of  one 
thousand  fruits  in  each;  while  those  of  Faro  and  St.  Ubes  are  badly  pack<'cl  in 
case.s  of  three  liundred  to  three  hundred  and  fifty  in  each.     Those  of  Spa  n  and 

or  ngal  are  principally  carried  to  England  and  the  Baltic,  and  are  empbyed"n 
cookery  and  m  the  manufacture  of  .cordials  and  other  aromatic  liquor^  The 

Th,;.  f.f  /"^'''^  "'''"^^  ^'"^^'  '"  °^  ^o»^«  importance  to  the  planters. 
7  ey  collect  the  fruit,  extract  the  juice  by  horse-milLs,  and  send  it  ofi"  lo  diflt: 
01,1  markets  where  it  is  used  as  an  ingredient  in  cooling  drinks.  Tiie  fruit  is 
(•uba  it'is  ^r'i"  ^'^r^'  their  horses,  which  seem  to^eat  it  with  relll  L 
. nl)a  It  IS  much  used  f,y  the  inhabitants  in  the  cure  of  fluxes,  intermittent  and 
o  h.r  fevers.  In  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Var,  ai  d  particular  v  at 
f .rasse   the  flowers  of  the  Seville  orange  are  brought  into  use.     A  vola   le  ml  i 

low    o  /T  '^''^'  '"^'^  "^"^^''  '1''  ^-^'"^'^^  «f  -'"^'^  -^"-  from  a  rel^     ilye  . 

■nmlold  t'U"^-  ^'  '^'"'^  ^f^^  ^^  ^'^  ^S'^''^^^''  «^°"^'  ^^'^  '«  chiefly 
unp  oyod  in  pharmacy  and  in  perfumery.  For  the  latter  purpose,  this  variety 
IS  superior  to  the  ordinary  orange.  ^      ,  im:^  vaiiciy 


Genus   ACER,  Linn. 


t 


I 


AceracesB. 

Si/sl.  Nat. 


Acer, 

Erabk, 
Ahorn, 
Acero, 
Acer,  Arce, 
Maple, 


Polygamia  Monoecia. 
S>/8t.  Lin. 


Synonymes. 


Of  Authors. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy  and  Portuoal. 

Spain. 

Britain  and  Anglo- America. 


Derivalion.  The  word  Acer  signifies  in  I.atin,  hard  or  aharp,  and  is  derived  from  tlio  Celtic,  nc,  a  point.  The  name  is  sup- 
posed to  he  appiied  to  this  gcnu.i  liecaijse  the  wood  of  some  species  is  extremely  hard,  and  was  much  soul-IiI  after  by  the 
ancients  for  tlie  purpose  of  making  pikes  and  lances. 

Generic  Characters.  Sexes  hermaphrodite,  or  moncBciously  polygamous.  Flowers  with  a  calyx  and  co- 
rolla. Calyx  divided  into  5  parts,  or  some  number  between  4  and  9.  Petals  the  same  in  number. 
Stamens  8,  or  some  number  between  5  and  12.  Anthers  2-lobed.  Carpels  2,  very  rarely  3,  each  a 
samara  ;  that  is,  a  fruit,  which  is  called,  in  England,  vernacularly,  a  key.  Leaves  lobed  and  toothed, 
or,  rarely,  neither  lobed  nor  toothed.  Flowers  generally  yellow,  with  more  or  less  green  blended  with 
the  yellow;  red  in  Acer  rubrum. — Loudon,  Arboretum. 

HE  species  of  this  genus  are  chiefly  low  and  middle  sized  decid- 
uous trees,  highly  ornamental,  and  valuable  in  some  kinds,  for 
their  timber,  and  in  others,  for  the  sugar  they  produce.  The 
flowers  are  not  individually  conspiruous,  but  interesting  in 
those  species  which  put  forth  at  leafing-time,  frf»m  their  number 
and  rarity,  and  from  the  enlivening  eflect  of  the  numerous  bees, 
and  other  insects,  that  generally  attend  them  at  that  season.  The  tips  of  the 
wings  of  the  samarae  of  several  of  the  European  kinds  are  of  a  light-red,  at 
the  end  of  summer,  and  in  autumn.  It  is  in  this  genus  too,  thai  we  early 
observe  the  sylvan  beau,  weary  of  his  summer  suit,  first  shifting  his  dress  to 
ochrey  shades,  then  trying  a  deeper  tint,  and,  lastly  assuming  an  orauj^*^  or  scarlet 
vest.  The  larger-growing  species  are  often  many  years  before  they  come  into 
flower,  and  even  then,  they  do  not  mature  their  seeds  for  several  seasons,  proba- 
bly from  being  only  of  one  sex.  In  general,  it  may  be  observed,  that  there  is 
great  uncertainty,  in  the  ditfcrent  species  of  acer,  with  regard  to  sex. 

Geography  and  History.  The  genus  i\cer  is  confined  to  Europe,  North 
America,  northern  India,  and  to  southern  Russia,  in  Asia. 

The  ancients  held  the  maple  in  great  esteem  ;  and  tables  inlaid  widi  curious 
portions  of  it,  or  formed  entirely  of  its  finely  variegated  wood,  in  some  instances 
brought  their  weight  in  gold.  To  such  a  height  did  the  fondness  of  the  Romans 
for  curious  woods,  carry  them  at  one  period  of  their  history,  that  their  tables 
were  even  more  expensive  than  the  jewels  of  their  ladies.  Maple  dishes  are 
frequently  mentioned  by  the  Latin  poets,  and  Virgil  celebrates  the  maple,  as  the 
throne  of  the  "good  Evander,"  and  its  branches  as  the  canopy  under  which 
he  received  and  seated  ^Eneas : — 

"  On  sods  of  tnrf  he  sat  the  soldiers  round  ; 
A  maple  throne,  raised  hiixher  from  llie  ground, 
Keceivf.d  the  Trojan  chief;  and,  o'er  the  l)ed 
A  lion's  shaggy  hide,  for  ornament  they  spread." 

Cowper,  and  many  modern  poets,  also  mention  bowls  of  maple  as  being  used 
by  shepherds  and  hermits.  Pliny  gives  an  elaborate  accomit  of  the  properties 
and  uses  of  the  maple.     He  oninncratcs  ten  different  kinds  that  were  known  to 


I 


i  ' 


72 


ACER. 


n  v^in^'^f  A  .  '  ""f  t""^  *''''  'T^  .^^'^"^^  ^P^^'^«  ^^as  considered  next 

or  knnhV  nn  ^^^'•«""^^«°^-  ,"«  '^''^^ted  at  lengtli  upon  the  brnsca  and  ^.o/».ca, 
or  knobs  and  excrescences  of  the  maple,  of  which,  furniture  and  cabinet-work 
of  the  most  costly  kind  were  made. 

General  Remarks  on  Propagation,  CxiUnre,  ^t.     The  maple  tribe,  in  general 
prefer  a  free  deep,  loamy  soil,  rich  rather  than  sterile,  and  neither  Wet  nor  very' 
a.y.     Ihe  situation  that  suits  them  best,  is  one  that  is  sheltered  and  shndv 
rather  than  exposed.     They  are  seldom  found  on  the  north  sides  of  lofty  moun: 
tains,  or  on  mountains  at  all  except  among  other  trees;  but  in  the  plains  they 
are  found  by  themselves.     They  are  chiefly  propagated  by  seeds;    but  some 
kinds   are   increased    by   layers    cuttings   of    the  shoots,    and  roots,    and  by 
budding,  or  grafting.     The  seeds  of  most  of  the  species  I'ipen  in  Sen  ember  or 
October,  and  may  be  gathered  by  hand,  or  by  shaking  the  tree,  when  the  keys 
besm  to  turn  bro^vn.     The  maturity  of  the  seeds  may  be  proved  by  opening  the 


keys,  and  observing  whether  the  cotyledons  are  green,  succulent,  and  fresh-  if 
the  green  colour  is  wanting,  they  are  good  for  nothing.  The  seeds  of  all  the 
species  may  be  sown  in  autumn,  or  in  the  spring;  and  the  latter  time  is  preferable 
where  moles  or  other  vermin  abound,  which  are  liable  to  devour  them  If  sown 
in  spring,  they  come  up  in  five  or  six  weeks,  with  the  exception  of  those  of  the 
Acer  campestre,  which  are  said  never  to  vegetate  till  the  second  or  third  year 
llie  seeds  should  not  be  covered  with  more  than  one-fourth  or  one-half  of  ari 

with  t"es,Te1.tt  rs"^;''^     ^'^^"^  ^°^^"  "^^  ^^  advantageously  shaded 


I 


Ace7'  taiaricum, 
THE  TARTARIAN  MAPLE. 

Synonymes. 


Acer  tataricum, 

Erable  de  Tartarie, 
Tartarischer  Ahorn, 
Zarza-modon,  (Locust,) 
Tartarian  Maple, 


f  LrNN^Kus,  Species  Plantarum. 

I  De  Ca.ndolle,  Prodromus. 

(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

RassiA. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Engravings.    Louaon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  i,  figure  111,  p.  4M,  at  v.  pi.  25;  and  the  flguroa  below. 

Speri fie  Characters.     Leaves   cordate,  undivided,  serrated,  with  obsolete    lobes.     Racemes  comnnnn,? 
crowded,  erect;  wings  of  fruit  parallel,  young  ones  puberulous.-i>o«,  Miller's  Diet  '°'"J?°"''^' 

Desc7'7j)lioji. 

-^  , (r7>'^^^  Tartarian  Maple,   in 

q  "]  H  jiif  favourable  situations,  at- 

^,LJfe  tains  a  height  of  forty 
.  -  ^S^ii^i  or   fifty  feet;    but  near 

the  river  Wol-a,  and  its  tributaries,  it  forms  a 
hemispherical  tree,  about  twenty  feet  in  height 

u  ^  ""  nM^^?'^  ""^  ^"'"''-^  ""^^  ^^«  J"gli  as  the  tree 
itsolt.  1  he  branolico  are  numerous,  and  disposed 
mto  a  compact  head,  densely  covered  with  leaves  ' 
whi:h.  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiarly  veiny 
appearance,  and  lively  green.  The  flowers, 
which  appear  in  May  and  June,  are  of  a  pale 
greenish  yellow,  .sometimes  .slightly  tinged  with 
red,  as  arc  the  fruit  or  keys,  before  their  matu- 
rity. 

Geoi^  ly  and  History.  The  Acer  tatari- 
cum IS  found  in  Tartary,  and  is  common  through- 
out all  the  south  of  European  Russia;  but  it  does 


% 


mixed  up  with  milk  and  butter. 
10 


„■  ^fWBWsrv"-'  ■ 


Acer  spicaium, 
THE  SPIKE-FLOWERED  MAPLE. 

Si/nonymes, 

'  LiNNiEus,  Species  Plantarum, 
,  .  Pe  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

Awr  spicatum.  J  Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

ToRKEY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

MiciiAux,  North  American  Sylva. 

Feance, 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Acer  montanvm, 
Erable  ile  montagne, 
Berg  Ahorii, 
Acero  di  montagna, 
Mountain  Maple,  Low  Blaple, 


^:&'^-s.^f^\i^^^^^^^ 


lanni 

Specific  Characters.    Leaves  cordate,  3- or  sligiuly  5-lobed,  acuminated,  pubescent  beneath,  unenuallv  and 
S^tg^-XlilfSr/rrJL!"""^        '  '''"•    ^'"''  ''"'^'■-    ^'""  ^'^looth,  with  the  wings  rather 

Description. 

^HE  Mountain  Maple 

is  a  low,  deciduous 

tree  or  shrub,  seldom 
-^ — ,  W&lf$^  exceeding  a  height 
of  ten  or  twelve  feet  in  its  native  hab- 
itat, and  it  often  flowers  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  less  than  six  feet.  It  most  fre- 
quently grows  in  the  form  of  a  shrub, 
with  a  single  stem,  and  a  straight  stock. 
The  leaves  are  large,  opposite,  and 
divided  into  three  acute  and  indented 
lobes.  They  are  slightly  hairy  at  their 
unfolding,  and  when  fully  grown,  they 
are  uneven  and  of  a  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface.  The  flowers,  which 
appear  in  May  and  June  are  small,  of  a  greenish  colour,  and  consist  of  semi- 

tESv  of  ""hTnlr  !?  ^'"''  "^''''^^"  ^^"S*'^-     ^^'^  ''"^^'^  ^^hich  are  smaSLr 
itnlL    Vi  other  American  maples,  are  fixed  upon  slender,  pendulous  foot- 

sta  ks.     They  are  reddish  at  maturity,  have  each  a  small  cavity  on  one  side 
early^'^rt  ofTJobS  ^  '  ^'^-^^^-^^^ons  wing.     They  are  usually  ripe  m  the 

Geography  and  History.     The  Acer  spicatum  is  most  abundant  in  Canada 
and  along  the  range  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  as  far  south  as  the  forty-first 
degree  of  latitude.     It  was  introduced  into  England  in  1750,  by  Archibald  Duke 
ot  Argyle,  and  has  since  been  cultivated  in  many  of  the  gardens  on  the  continent. 

According  to  Loudon  the  largest  tree  of  this  species  in  England,  is  at  Croome 
f^.H  M 'fi^'"'"^'  r'"'?^'/"  ^^^•^'  ^^"^  b-^^'^  Pl^"^«d  thirty  years/and  wasToTv 
hronS'    ??^"  ''f^T  "'  diameter  near  the  ground,  with  an  ambitus,  or  extent  of 

Ho  Hp.?Ii',^1  T^ '^^  ^'''-     ^'  "''"/'T'  ^"^^'^•^''  ^*  I^^dinburgh,  in  the  Caledonian 
Horticult  ..al  Society's  garden,  which,  nine  years  after  planting,  was  thirty  feet 
high.  ^  Also,  another  at  Florence  Court,  the  residence  of  the  Earl  of  Enniskillfn 
m  ireiana,  whicii  at  Ihirly-eight  years'  growth  was  fifty  feet  high. 


SPIKE-FLOWERED   MAPLE. 


7B 


nfZi.J^'  "^^J  ^^'^  ^'^""^  "^  ^*«  "=itural  habitat,  prefers  the  declivities 
of  mountains  exposed  to  the  north,  and  in  cool,  moist,  and  shady  places  or  on 
the  abrupt  and  rocky  banks  of  torrents  and  rivers.  When  c^ikivated  ihe  sS 
ve?;  drv'  f^f«' f  «^P' lo-nay,  and  rather  rich  than  otherwise,  and  rlluherwet  no 
Tn  tL  2;.r  "'^^  ^  P'^^g^ted  cither  by  seeds  or  by  the  modes  recommended 
n  the  general  remarks  at  the  commencement  of  this  qenus.  Michaux  states  that 
his  speces,  grafted  upon  the  European  sycamore,  (Acer  pseudo^SanusTS  1  ke 
the  Acer  striatum,  augmented  to  twice  its  natural  dimensions.  ^     ' 

i  he  mountain  maple  is  ordinarily  too  small  to  be  profitably  applied  to  any 
ornamJnr'''  "'        "''''  ""^  consequently  can  be  of  but  little  value  exceptTo^ 


Acer  striatum, 
THE  STRIPED-BARKED  MAPLE. 


Acer  striatum, 

Acer  pennsylvanicum, 

Erable  jaspe, 

Gestrcilter  Ahorn, 

Acero  screziato, 

Striped  Maple, 

Dogwood,  False  Dogwood, 

Moose-wood,  Snake-barked  Maple, 


Si/nonymcs. 


Mmikvx,  North  American  Sylva. 

De  Candolle,  rrodroinus. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

Li.NNvKrs,  Species  Plantarum. 

Du  Hamel,  Traite  des  Arbres  et  Arbuste?. 

ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flom  of  North  America.  • 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

New  York. 

New  England  and  Britisu  Amkrican  Provinces. 


Derivations.    The  specific  name  ilriatum,  ia  derived  from  the  Latin,  slrio,  atrlped,  in  ailuslon  to  tlio  colour  of  tlie  barlt. 
y.^"l7r^:!i\J^^SuZ\Z'^  *■"""=""  '*^''»'  P'-  ^''   ^""''""'  ^"'"''""'  B'i''">"icum,  i..  figure  116  ;  pp.  336,  337,  el 

^S  r^nlf  P  ,  •^''''''i  '"i^i^''""'  ^'^''^':^'  =1™™'"^"-'^''  finely  and  acutely  serrated.     Racemes  pendu- 
Joub,  Mmple.    Petals  oval.    Fruit  smooth,  with  the  wings  rathef  diverging.— J9o«,  3Iillcr's  Diet. 


nf 


Description. 

|HE   Acer   striatum    is 

a  beautiful,  deciduous 

tree,  or  shrub,  grow- 
. ,....„__^  _-..,  .._„«^  ing,  in  its  natural  hab- 
itat, to  a  height  of  ten  or  twenty  feet,  and 
to  nearly  thirty  feet  in  height,  in  a  state  of 
cultivation.  The  trunk  and  branches  are 
covered  with  a  smooth,  green  bark,  longitudi- 
nally marked  with  light  and  dark  stripes,  by 
which  the  tree  is  readily  distinguished  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year.  In  tlie  regions  where  it 
naturally  grows,  it  is  one  of  the  first  produc- 
tions that  announces  the  approach  of  spring. 
Its  buds  and  leaves,  when  beginning  to  un- 
fold, are  of  a  roseate  hue,  and  soon  change  to 
a  yellowish-green.  The  leaves  are  of  a  thick 
texture,  four  or  five  inches  wide,  rounded  at 
the  base,  and  finely  serrated.  The  flowers, 
which  appear  in  May  or  June,  are  of  a  yel- 
lowish-green, and  are  grouped  on  long  peduncles.  The  fruit,  whicli,  like  that 
ot  all  Its  congeners,  consists  of  samarue  or  keys,  is  remarkable  for  a  cavity  on 
one  side  ot  the  capsules.  It  is  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  ripens  in  Sep- 
tember or  October.  ^  '■ 

Geography  and  History.  The  Acer  striatum  is  a  native  of  North  America,  and 
luakps  its  first  appearance  in  about  fifty-one  degrees  of  latitude.  It  is  particularly 
abundant  in  iNuva  Scotia,  Canada,  Mahie,  New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont.  In 
approaching  the  river  Hudson,  it  b(;comes  more  rare :  and  beyond  tb.is  bou.i= 
dary,  it  is  confined  to  the  mountainous  tracts  of  the  AUeghanies,  in  wiiich  it  is 


STRIPKD-BARKED  MAPLE. 


77 


c. 
37,  el 

ridu- 


fbund  in  cold,  shaded  exposures,  alone;  the  whole  range,  to  their  termination  in 
Georgia.  In  many  of  the  forests  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  this  species 
constitutes  a  great  part  of  the  undergrowth,  seldom  exceeding  ten  feet  in  height  • 
but  where  it  is  not  shaded  by  other  trees,  it  attains  a  height  of  twenty  feet  and 
upwards.  ' 

This  tree  was  introduced  into  England  in  about  1760,  and  was  cultivated,  not 
lar  trom  that  time,  by  Miller.  It  was  probably  soon  after  introduced  on  the  con- 
tmcnt,  where  it  is  still  growing  in  many  of  the  gardens. 

The  largest  tree  of  this  species  in  Europe,  and  probably  on  the  globe,  is  at 
techonbrunn,  m  Germany.     In  1835  it  was  between  thirty  and  forty  feet  high 
with  a  trunk  eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  ' 

^^rT^^  largest  specimen  in  England,  in  1835,  mentioned  by  Loudon,  was  at 
Wlute  Knights,  near  Reading.  At  twenty-five  years  after  planting  it  was 
twenty-one  feet  high.  Another  tree  is  noticed  by  him  at  Oriel  Temple,  in  Ire- 
land, which,  at  thirty-five  years  planted,  was  twenty-seven  feet  high.      ' 

Properties,  Uses,  t^c.  The  wood  of  the  Acer  striatum  is  white,  and  fine- 
grained and  IS  sometimes  used  by  cabinet-makers  as  a  substitute  for  holly  or 
other  woods,  for  forming  the  lines  with  which  they  inlay  mahogany.  Accordiu'' 
to  Michaux,  in  Nova  Scotia  c;'de  are  fed  with  the  leaves  of  this  tree,  both  in  the 
green  and  dried  state ;  and  in  spring,  when  the  buds  begin  to  swell,  horses  and 
cattle  are  turned  into  the  woods  to  browse  on  the  young  shoots,  which  they  devour 
with  avidity.  The  same  thing  is  practised,  at  present,  in  regions  where  this  tree 
abounds,  both  in  Canada,  and  in  the  United  States. 

From  the  great  beauty  of  the  bark  and  foliage  of  this  tree,  it  deserves  a  place 
in  every  collection.  It  is  propagated  by  seeds,  or  by  grafting  on  the  Acer  pseudo- 
platanus.  '■ 


lat 
on 

'P- 

nd 
•ly 
In 


IS 


Acer  mncrnpfij/llum, 
THE  LARGE-LEAVED  MAPLE. 

Si/noni/mes, 


Acer  macrophylhim, 

Erablc  k  grandos  fcuiUes, 
Grossl)lattrif,'er  Ahoin, 
Large-leaved  3Iaple, 


De  Candoi,i,e,  Prodromus. 
HiioKER,  Flora  Borcali  Americana. 
Don,  Miller's  Ulctiouary. 
LouDoK,  Arborotmii  Bntannicum. 
,NuTTAi,i,,  North  American  Sylva. 

FHANCF . 

German.- 

Britain  and  ANaLO-AMERicA. 


tlof«"fTh'''boiaI'o"  r"""  """'"  ''  ''""°"  '''""  ^'"'  "••"'''•  ™"=™''  8™"'  ""'IP'*"'''^.  a  le^f.    Tho  other  name,  are  tmn.b- 

&>OT>  Characters.     Leaves  digitately  S-lobed,  with  rounded  recesses.     Lobes  somewhat  S-lobed,  repandl v 
lmiry'-£rS/?S^  '"''"'''  '^°'"I'"""''  •^^'^^'-    S'^'^'"^'"^  '"^^  ^""^  '"^'^^  '^'^^"''-■"ts.    Ovanes  very 


Description. 

HE  LargL'-loaved  Ma- 
ple is  one  of  tho  most 
graceful  of  trees  in  tlie 
_        ^,  _  „„_  country  it  inhabits,  va- 

ryuig  from  forty  to  ninety  feet  in  height,  and 

from  two  to  five  feet  or  more  in  diameter.     The 

trunk  is  covered  with  a  rough,  brown  bark,  ,ind 

the   branches   arc    wide   and   spreading.      The 

leaves  vary  much  in  size,  and  also  in  the  manner 

in  which  they  are  lobed.     Some  are  cut  nearly 

to  the  base,  so  as  almost  to  merit  the  appellation 

of  palmate,  while  others  are  not  more  deeply  cut 

than  those  of  tli(!  Acer  plataiuiides.  The  largest- 
sized  leaves  are  nearly  a  foot  broad.  The  flow- 
ers are  of  a  greenish-yellow,  and  very  fragrant, 

appearing  in  April  and  May.    The  fmit  is  hispid, 

with    elongated,    slightly    diverging,    glabrous 

wings. 

Geography  and  History.  Tho  Acer  macrophylhim  is  a  native  of  the  north- 
west coast  ol  i\orth  America.  It  is  found  exclusively  in  woody,  rnoimtainous 
regions  along  the  sea-coast,  between  forty  and  fifty  degrees  of  latitude,  and  on 
the  great  rapids  of  the  river  Columbia. 

"This  noble  tree,"  observes  Dr.  Hooker,  "was  unquestionably  discovered  by 
Mr.  Menzies,  the  Urst  naturalist  who  visited  the  coast  Avherc  it  grows  "  Mr 
Uavid  Douglass,  who  subsequently  found  it,  prophetically  adds,  "It  Avill  at 
some  future  time,  constitute  one  of  our  most  ornamental  forest  trees  in  England  " 
\iZ^^  jntroduced  into  Britain  in  1812,  where,  however,  it  had  not  flow^'ered  in 
,'  ,  i/'^  Jtii-gest  specimen  of  this  tree  is  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horti- 
cultural bociety,  where  it  attained  a  height  of  twenty-five  feet  in  twenty-three 


by 
Hr. 

at 

i." 

in 

rti- 
ren 


LAPOE-T.EAVED  MAPLE. 


79 


Propertiea  and  Uses.     The  wo..a  of  the  Acer  macropl.yllum  is  whitish  beau- 
tifully ve.nod,  and  resembles  the  curkd  maple.     It  ii  Lu\  to  exl  b  t  a  -rS 
scarcely  inferior  Ml  beauty  (    the  Hnest  satin-wood.     Hence,  from  itsTreat'Se 

conffeneiS  exrSnf  L  ^'"  ^'"^  con  ans,  j  ha}.,  s  much  sap  as  any  of  its 
nrg  sugar  '  saccharmuui;  but  If    ,  not  used  by  the  natives  for 

ol  amatmirf  nli^rnl  ''^f''^  ''''"""^  ^"^  '""  'T''^™'>^  recommended  to  the  attention 
oi  amateurs  and  planters,  as  it  is  perfectly  hardy  and  well  su  :.  ^  for  ecneral 
<  iilt.vation  both  in  Europe  and  in  America.     It  is  propagated  b^  layers  itlu 


ransla- 

m  Bri- 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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Acer  plalanoides, 
THE  PLATANUS-LIKE  MAPLE. 


Synonymes. 


Acer  plalanoides, 


Erablfi  de  Norvege, 

Spitz-Ahorn,  Spitzblattriger  Ahorn, 

Acpro  riccio,  Sicomoro  i'also,  Platuno  di 

Norvegiu, 
Norway  Alaple, 


'  LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarura.  * 
De  Candoi.le,  Prodromus. 
MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
Seluy,  British  Forest  Trees, 
France. 
Germany. 


Italy. 

Britain  and  AKGLO-AMERici. 


Derivaliona.    The  rfpecific  name  is  derived  from  tlie  Latin,  plalami.<i,  a  plane-tree,  and  tlie  Greek,  eidos,  form,  from  tlio 
resemblance  which  the  leaves  of  this  tree  bear  to  those  of  the  Platanus  orlentalis. 

Engravings.    Michaiix,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  'M  ;  Selby,  British  Forest  Trees,  pp.  23  et  20;  Loudon,  Arboretnm  Hrl- 
lannicum,  i.,  figurea  119,  pp.  442  el  413,  et  v.  pi.  29;  and  the  figures  below. 

Sjiecific  Characters.  Leaves  cordate,  smooth,  5-lobed.  Lobes  acuminated,  with  a  few  coarse,  acute  teeth. 
Corymbs  stallied,  erectish,  and,  as  well  as  the  fruit,  smooth  ;  fruit  with  divaricated  wings. — Don,  Mil- 
ler's Diet. 


Description. 

I  HE   Acer    platanoides 

is  a  handsome  tree,  of 

tlie    first    rank.      Its 
_^  _  general  appearance,  at 

a  distan-^e,  is  liive  the  Acer  pseiido-platanus,  hut 
on  a  nearer  approach,  the  leaves  are  found  of  a 
smoother  and  finer  texture.  The  trunk  is  some- 
what shorter  than  that  of  the  sycamore,  and  the 
tree  seldom  exceeds  sixty  or  seventy  feet  in 
height.  The  roots  extend  considerably,  both 
laterally  and  downwards.  The  bark  is  green  on 
the  young  shoots,  but  it  afterwards  becomes  of  a 
reddish-broAvn.  dotted  with  white  spots ;  that  of 
the  trunk  is  brown,  and  somewhat  cracked. 
The  buds  are  large  and  red  in  autumn,  becoming 
of  a  still  darker  hue  in  the  course  of  tlie  winter ; 
those  on  the  points  of  the  shoots  are  always  the 
largest.  The  leaves  arc  thin,  green  on  both 
sides,  and  shining.     In  an  early  or  half-expanded 

state,  they  are  of  a  delicate  yellowish-green,  and  in  autumn,  before  they  fall, 
become  of  a  clear  red,  or  of  a  rich,  warm  yellow.  They  lull,  in  England,  about 
the  end  of  October.  When  the  petiole  is  broken,  an  acrid,  mil'"'^'  sap  issues  from 
it,  which  coagulates  on  being  exposed  to  the  air.  The  leaves  are  about  five 
inches  long,  and  nearly  of  the  same  width.  The  petioles  are  longer  than  the 
leaves.  The  flowers  appear  just  before  the  leaves,  near  the  end  of  April,  and 
form  a  short  raceme,  somewhat  corymbose.  They  are  yellowish  green,  sweet- 
scented,  and  eagerly  sought  after  by  bees,  to  which  they  afford  an  early,  and  at 
the  same  time,  a  valuable  pasture.     The  fruit  or  keys  have  their  wings  yellow. 


PLATANUS-LIKE   MAPLE. 


81 


m  thn 
n  Hrl- 

eeth. 
Mil- 


Fall, 

)OUt 

rom 
five 
the 
and 
cet- 
cl  at 
ow. 


ml'f7fhJ'fr'J"  ^"^'''"'^  "'  September  and  October,  and  generally  prove  abortive 
until  the  tree  arrives  at  an  age  ofnearly  forty  years  'luoruve 

be  Sg'ish^i  aslSl^s  :!""'"  ^'  ^'^  ""^""^^^  "^^^^^  ^^^  ^--"'  -^  -^7 

vnl;  .^"  ^'  ''°''''''"-  J^oi";!""-  ^«*e^'^  Platanns-Uke  Maple.  The  leaves  of  this 
variety  are  very  shghtly  heart-shaped,  irregularly  toothed,  five-lobed  wi^h  the 
lobes  more  or  ess  abruptly  pointed.  The  bark  of  the  yo.mrwoS  is  s trined 
somewhat  in  the  manner  of  that  of  the  Acer  striatum:  by  whirdrcumstance 
he  plant,  m  the  young  state,  may  readily  be  known.  '  It^is  a  la  ge  ree  native 
of  the  kmgdom  of  Naples,  and  found  on  mountains.  ^  '         ^ 

rtv 'mn^^rrf '•"'''•  I '"Vt'"-,  ^'''"'^y-l'^^^^d  Platanus-Uke  Maple.     This  vari- 
cty  may  be  distuigu.shed  by  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves  on  their  under  sides 

MavlV    ThirvnTrr"",'  ^"'"'^''"-     ^^^'t^'y    Vanegatcd-leaved  Platanus-Uke 
Maple.      1  his  variety  has  been  represented  as  having  its  foliage  beautifullv  -huI 

syTamo"    '  ""''''  '"'  ''  "  ^'""^'^^^  ''  ^^  "^^^"^^  "^  beaut/to^^ vadl'galed 

o  1  ^'I-  ^*^''''^^"^''  ^^  Candolle.     Cut-leaved  Platanus-Uke  Maple.     This  is 
a  very  distinct  variety,  with  the  leaves  deeply  and  variously  cut  ^  There    s  a 

hatk'sSmapli^  ""'  ^°""'""  '^'''^  by ^nirserymen,  tL  eaglewtw?or 
Geography  and  History.  The  Acer  platanoidcs  is  a  native  of  Europe  from 
Zvf^.^r:l^r''y  to  Switzerland,  and  from  France  to  the  easter^n  boZ- 
mJ  f  .^""^opea"  .l^"ssia  Pallas  says  that  it  does  not  occur  beyond  the  Ural 
Mountains,  or  in  Siberia,  but  that  it  is  common  through  all  tlie  woods  of  Russk 
In  the  north,  it  forms  a  stunted  bush,  but  in  the  Ukmine  it  is  aloffy  t'^o 
bnvif  Sr'^'  '"  recorded  as  having  been  first  cultivated  in  Britain  in  the  Edin- 
ht?nr  wll^  S"1';V,.bT  ^^\-  ^r^'  «°"t''«rland.  It  is  also  stated  by  the 
n  17^S  ^^.^Iker,  of  Edinburgh,  that  it  was  first  introduced  at  Mount  Stewart 
on  the  cont^iem.  '  '^      '  ''"'^  generally  been  propagated  in  Britain,  and 

The  largest  tree  on  record,  is  at  Schwobber,  near  Hanover,  in  Germany.     It 

hadatt-nedtheheightofeighty  feet  in  1835.  'mciny.     u 

At  Charleville  Forest,  in  King's  county,  Ireland,  there  was,  in  1835,  a  tree  of 

tH  T^t^nT'^^T  P'^^^r^'  ''^''f'  '^^^^^  ^^"^^'^^^^  ^'^^  '^«ig»^^  of  seventy-e  gh 
round  "  '  two-thirds  feet  in  diameter,  one  foot  from  the 

AtTaymouth,  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  there  was,  in  1835,  a  Norway  maple 

b:SicC,^l/Xl;tf ''-' '''''''''  '''^''-'''  ^^"  ^"^^^^-'-  i^^^^^^ 

This  species  was  introduced  into  the  United  States  by  the  late  Mr.  Prince  of 

mldtoUedtnl  ''  P'*°'  ""  ^^^^'  ''"^  ^'  "'"^"^  ^^""^  ^"  ^'^'^•"^^^^^  "'"•'^^^-i^^ 
Soil  and  Situation.  To  attain  a  considerable  size,  this  tree  should  be  planted 
Z  "^^  '  X'^P' ['^'i  f«i\'  Mot^surcharged  with  moisture ;  and  the  situation  olight  to 
be  low  rather  than  high.  It  thrives  remarkably  well  along  the  sea-shore  on  the 
Baltic,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Norway. 

Accidents,  ^c.  The  leaves  of  the  Acer  platanoides,  in  common  with  those  of 
tlie  Acer  pseudo-p.atanus,  and  perhaps  those  of  several  other  species  of  the  same 
genus,  are  subject  to  what  is  commonly  called  the  /loney-dew,  which,  from  its 
clamminess  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  smoke  of  mineral  coal  is  apt  to  attract 
and  retain  the  particles  of  soot  that  are  continually  floating  in  the  air.  In  con- 
sequence of  insects  resorting  to  the  leaves  in  quest  of  the  honey-dew,  thev  are 
frequently  blackened  with  their  excrement.  This  honey-dew,  or  manna,  as  it  is 
called  in  some  parts  of  France,  is  thought  by  some,  to  be  produced  by  the  extra- 


82 


ACER   PLATANOIDES. 


4 

1- 


I* 


value  in  Kngla^d,  and  adapted  for\' greater  va„'«7of  A  t^^.fZ 

*  Selby,  British  Forest  Trees,  p.  2'1. 


I, 


m  , 


■^ 


r 


Acer  sacchamyum,   -' 
THE  SUGAR  MAPLE. 

Synonymcs, 


SJuP.1  K(A>>'-<- 


1 


Acer  saccharinum, 


'  LiNNJ5us,  Species  Plantarum. 
De  Candolle,  Prodroiiius. 
MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Hooker,  Flora  Boreali  Americana. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToKREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
France. 
Germany. 
Italy. 
Ojibway  Indians. 

Britain  and  Anglo-A.merica. 


Erable  a  sucre, 

Zucker  Ahorn, 

Acero  zucuheroso,  Acero  del  Canada, 

Ininawtig, 

Rock  Maple,  Hard  Maple,  Bird's-eye  Ma- 
ple, Sugar  Maple,  Sugar-tree,  Black 
Sugar-tree,  Sap-tree, 

Derimtions.    The  specific  name  ia  deriveil  from  the  Latin,  sacckarum,  sugar,  having  reference  to  the  sugar  contained  in  tlio 

Engravings.    Miclmux,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  42;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  I.,  figure  122  nn  4IG  pt4.17  pi 
v.,  pi.  31 ;  and  the  figures  below.  •  1 1 . -i.v^  ov-«i.,  ci 

Sperific  Characters.  Leaves  cordate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  palmately  ,5-lobed ;  lobes  acuminated 
serr.-Uely  toothed.  Corymbs  drooping,  on  slioi ;  ;  duncles.  Pedicels  pilose.  Fruit  smooth,  with  the 
wings  diverging. — Don,  Miller's  Diet. 


Description. 

I  HE  Acer  saccliarinum 

is  one  of  the  most  noble 

and  majestic  of  Ameri- 
__  _  _-  „_.,  „„-„...^  can  trees.  In  favoura- 
ble situations  it  sometimes  grows  to  a  height 
of  seventy  or  eighty  feet,  and  from  two  to  four 
feet  in  diameter ;  but  usually  it  does  not  ex- 
ceed an  elevation  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  and  a 
diameter  of  twelve  or  eighteen  inches.  The 
trunk  is  generally  straight,  though  often  stud- 
ded with  projections  and  excrescences.  In  all 
healthful  and  vigorous  trees,  the  outward  bark 
is  light-coloured,  by  which  they  may  readily 
be  distinguished.  When  growing  in  open  sit- 
uations, with  room  to  spread  on  every  side, 
where  all  its  branches  are  exposed  to  the  free 
action  of  light,  this  tree  is  an  object  of  great 
beauty.  It  somewhat  resembles  the  English 
oak,  in  its  outline,  in  the  form  of  its  trunk,  and 
disposition  of  its  branches,  and  in  the  dense  and  massy  character  of  its  foliage. 
Tlie  leaves  are  from  three  to  five  inches  broad;  but  they  vary  in  length,  accord- 
mg  to  the  age  and  vigour  of  the  tree.  They  are  opposite,  attached  by  long 
petioles,  palmated  or  unequally  divided  into  five  lobes,  entire  at  the  edges  of  a 
bright-green  above  whitish,  and  very  pubescent  at  first,  but  later,  minutely  so, 
or  nearly  glabrous  beneath;  and  except  in  the  colour  of  the  under  surface   they 


84 


ACER    SACCHARINUM. 


M 


■il  :! 

ff  '"4     'I 


:.M 


flU 


t'k 


^3: 


in  me2P»,raiicous  Avings  about  an  inch  h  SUth  Tt  ,,  n  '''•'  ^"^  ermuiating 
vania  and  New  York  bv  the  first  of  OrfnbprS  ,'l,"'".''"X  ^-'P^'^s  in  Pcnnsyl- 
a  month  or  six  weeks  car  ier  VvtornnM  A  ,  "^''  ^'''  ^'"'^  ^^"^i»«  its  full  size 
one  of  them,  Stxll^^^^^  P-^-t;  but 

once  ni  two  or  three  years.  'iiwayt,  empty,     ihe  iruit  matures  only 

F^/;vV/y/.  I'he  Acer  saccharinum  has  been 
confounded  by  some  botanists  with  another  tree 
so  nearly  allied  to  it,  that  it  can  only  be  re- 
garded as  a  variety.  From  the  dark  hue  of 
Its  leaves,  ,t  was  very  appropriately  designated 
by  Mr    Loudon,  under  the  name  of  A^  s.  ni- 

grum   {Acer  nigrum,  Michaux,)  or  Black  Su- 
gar Maple.     According  to  Michaux,  the  leaves 

ot   this   variety   are   pale-green   beneath,    the 

veins  of  the  lower  surface  and  petioles  minutclv 

VI  ous-pubescent,  and  the  wings  of  the  fruit  a 

little  more  diverging  than  those  of  the  species, 

as  indicated  in  the  adjoining  figure.      "The 

leaves,  '  he  says,  "are  five  or  six  inches  long, 

and  exhibit,  in  every  respect,  nearly  the  sanie 

conformation  as  those  of  the  true  sugar  maple." 

.    rhey  differ  from  it,"  continues  he,  "chieflv 

in  being  of  a  darker  green,  and  of  a  thicker 

texture;  and  m  being  somewhat  more  blmilly 

^^^rXlrZ^^^Z^U^  -—  sugar  maple, 

ticut;  but  is  readily  S^nsn  from  ^^L^^y"\'^  ^'™""^'  «"^  ^«''"««- 
darker  colom  of  the  lea  is''"  Whin  ?>  \^  ^  T''^'^'  "'^'^  '^  ^'^"'^"^«'  ""'^^  the 
a  regular  and  agreeable  fbnn  I,  A n  l  ''  f  v^'  ''}?'''''  ''  ""^''''^^^Y  ^««"'"<^s 
fifty  feet  in  hd|  rw ith  a  LiJl^  '"""^  '^"'^  *^"^''="'^'  ^'  '^'"^y  «^«««ds 

growth  of   his  tree    '   t  is  aho  foun  V  ^,V        ''^'""  '''f  ^"'^  ^^  "^^ure  for  the 

This  species  was  introduced  into  Encland   in  1714   wn.u-  i     • 

that  time,  it  has  been  cnltivnfpH  L  th  '        .^'-^^   by  Colhnson,  and  since 

Count  Wingerskyirsa  d  to  InvP  nio?/  ^"""P^'  ^f^*'"'  throughout  Europe. 
Moravia,  an'd  t7l  a.'e  dmwu  17  he^^  J^^^  T"'  T'^''  1 '''''  °"  ^^'^  ^«^^^te^n 
years,  in  order  to  make  u^a  He  succLded  !„  nT  ''  '^''  "^"^  '^  twenty-five 
but  in  consequence  of  deprh^^„/  L  3'^^^^  ^  "^^^'V  good  article; 

sickly,  and  somi  afterwards  ded"  ''  ''^ ''''''  '^^  ^^^^^  y^^''  they  became 


but 


5> 


SUGAR    MAPLE. 


85 


fl 


The  largest  recorded  tree  of  this  species,  in  Europe,  is  at  Worlitz,  in  Saxony. 
At  the  expiration  of  sixty  years  after  being  planted,  it  was  fifty  feet  high. 

The  largest  sugar  maple  in  the  neighbourhood  of  l-ondon,  is  at  Purser's  Cross, 
which,  in  1835,  had  attained  the  height  of  forty-five  feet. 

Several  large  trees  of  this  species  are  found  on  (>oat  Island,  at  the  falls  of  Ni- 
agara ;  but  they  are  far  inferior  in  size  to  myriads  of  others,  in  Canada,  New 
England,  and  other  parts  of  America. 

i^oil,  Situation,  4'c.  The  natural  habitat  of  the  Acer  saccharinum  is  the  steep 
and  shady  banks  of  rivers,  which  rise  in  mountainous  regions,  and  in  all  elevated 
situations,  where  the  soil  is  cold  and  humid,  free,  deep,  and  fertile,  and  not  sur- 
charged with  moisture.  When  cultivated,  the  same  soil  is  recommended  as  in 
the  Acer  platanciides;  but  as  it  is  less  hardy,  the  situation  should  be  more  shel- 
tered. In  Europe,  it  is  always  propagated  by  seeds,  where  its  rate  of  growth 
varies  from  one  to  four  feet  per  annum.  In  tlie  United  States  it  is  either  propa- 
gated from  seeds,  in  nurseries,  or  i.-i  transplanted  from  the  woods  or  fields,  to  the 
site  where  it  is  intended  to  remain.  The  age  of  this  tree  in  America  does  not 
usually  exceed  two  hundred  years. 

Insects.  Few  insects  or  their  larvae  seem  to  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  the  sugar 
maple,  with  the  exception  of  the  Apatcla  amer'icana,  described  by  Dr.  Harris,  in 
his  "  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts  injurious  to  Vegetation,"  and  also 
figured  and  described  in  Smith  and  Abbot's  "  Insects  of  Georgia,"  under  the 
name  of  Phuhina  accris.  The  caterpillar  of  this  insect  eats  the  leaves  of  the 
various  kinds  of  maple,  as  well  as  those  of  the  elm  and  chcsnut.  They  commence 
spinning  in  October  or  November,  and  come  out  from  their  webs  or  cocoons 
from  April  to  July.  The  moths  fiy  only  in  the  night.  But  this  fine  tree  suffers 
much  froii;  the  attaclcs  of  the  borers  or  larva)  of  the  Clijtus  spcciosiis,  denoted  by 
the  accompanying  figure.     This  insect  is  accurately  "" 

described  and  figured  in  Say's  "American  Entomol- 
ogy;" and  an  account  of  its  habits  is  given  by  Rev. 
I  J.  W.  Leonard,  of  Dublin,  New  Hampshire,  in  Har- 
ris' "  Report."  He  discovered  the  insect  in  the  beetle 
state,  under  the  loosened  bark  of  one  of  the  trees,  and 
traced  the  recent  track  of  the  larva,  three  inches  hito 
the  solid  wood.  Dr.  Harris  says,  "  It  is  the  largest 
known  species  of  Clytus,  being  from  nine  to  eleven- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  three  to  four-tenths 
in  breadth.  It  lays  its  eggs  on  the  trunk  of  the  maple 
in  .luly  and  August.      The  grubs  burrow  into  the 

bark  as  soon  as  they  are  hatched,  and  are  thus  protected  during  the  Avinter.  In 
spring,  they  penetrate  deeper,  and  form,  in  the  course  of  the  summer,  long  and 
winding  galleries  in  the  wood,  up  and  down  the  trunk.  In  order  to  check 
their  devastations,  they  should  be  sought  for  in  the  spring,  Avhen  they  will  rea- 
dily be  detected  by  the  saw-dust  that  they  cast  out  of  their  burrows ;  and,  by  a 
judicious  use  of  a  knife  and  stiff  wire,  they  may  be  cut  out,  or  destroyed  before 
they  have  gone  deeply  into  tlia  wood." 

Properties  avd  Uses.  Tlie  wood  of  the  Acer  saccharinum,  when  newly  cut, 
is  Avhite,  but  after  being  wrought  and  exposed  for  some  time  to  the  light,  it  takes 
a  rosy  tinge.  Its  grain  is  fine  and  close,  and  when  jwlished,  its  lustre  is  silky. 
It  is  very  strong  and  heavy,  but  wants  the  property  of  durability,  for  which  the 
English  and  American  white  oaks  are  so  highly  esteemed.  The  northern  wood, 
when  dry,  weighs  forty-six  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot,  but  that  grown  south,  weighs 
much  less.  When  cut,  and  properly  dried,  it  makes  excellent  fuel,  which  is 
equally  esteemed  by  some,  for  that  purpose,  with  the  oak  and  hickory.  When 
exposed  to  the  alternations  of  moisture  and  dryness,  it  soon  decays,  and  for  this 


86 


ACER    SACCHARINUM. 


be  classified  and  described  as  follows  -     '  ^"''  ^''™'  ""'  ^^"^^'^^  ^'^^^ 

de,ai.  .he  processor  ns  Jnu^aoU^XT^J-^lP^^^l^l^l^^l 


SUGAR   MAPLE. 


87 


or 


practical  utility.  In  a  country  like  the  United  States,  intersected  by  conals, 
railroads,  and  other  ciiainicl.s  of  intercommunication,  where  labour  is  expensive, 
and  fuel  is  becoming  more  and  more  valuable,  i\w  manufacture  of  this  article 
cannot  fail  to  be  an  unprofifal)ln  occupation.  IJcsides,  the  annual  drawing  of 
the  saj)  renders  the  trees  sickly,  and  causes  a  premature  decay. 

Ordinarily,  the  sap  begins  to  flow  abo>it  the  last  of  February  or  early  in 
March,  and  continues  for  five  or  six  Aveeks;  after  which,  it  becomes  less  abun- 
dant, less  rich  in  saccharine  matter,  and,  at  length,  is  incapable  of  crystalliza- 
tion. It  is  sometimes  the  case,  however,  in  the  northernmost  regions  where  this 
tree  abounds,  that  there  is  an  ascent  of  sap  in  autumn,  as  well  as  in  spring. 
This  oidy  occurs  late  in  the  season,  when  there  are  slight  frosts  at  night,  suc- 
ceeded by  warm,  pleasant  days.  The  sugar  produced  from  this  sap,  when 
l)roperly  made,  is  etpud  to  that  niaiud'actured  from  the  cane,  or  the  beet-root, 
the  properties  of  the  three  being  essentially  the  same.  That  of  the  maple,  as  it 
is  usually  made,  has  a  peculiar  taste,  which  is  much  relished  by  those  who 
are  unaccustomed  to  its  use.  The  amount  of  sugar  produced  from  each 
tree,  in  a  year,  varies  from  ditierent  causes.  A  cold  and  dry  winter  renders  the 
trees  more  productive  than  a  changeable  and  humid  season.  It  is  observed, 
that,  when  a  frosty  night  is  followed  by  a  dry  and  siuniy  day,  the  sap  Hows 
abundantly;  and  two  or  three  gallons  are  sometimes  yielded  by  a  single  tree,  in 
twenty-four  hours;  but,  in  cold,  frosty  Aveather,  or  rainy  weather,  or  Avhen  the 
nights  arc  mild,  the  sap  almost  ceases  to  flow.  The  yearly  product  of  sugar 
froni  each  tree  varies  from  two  to  four  pounds.  Trees  which  grow  in  low  and 
moist  places  atlbrd  a  greater  ([uantity  of  sap  than  those  which  occupy  rising 
grounds;  but  it  is  less  rich  in  the  saccharine  principle.  That  of  insulated  trees, 
left  standing  in  the  middle  of  fields,  or  by  the  sides  of  fences,  is  best.  It  is  also 
remarked,  that,  in  districts  which  have  been  cleared  of  other  trees,  and  of  the 
less  vigorous  sugar  maples,  the  product  of  the  remainder  is  proportionably 
greater.  In  the  United  States  and  the  British  provinces  of  North  America, 
there  is  annually  made,  from  seven  million  to  twelve  million  pounds  of  sugar 
from  this  tree.  Holes  arc  made  through  the  bark  into  the  wood  of  the  trunk,  in 
March,  April,  and  May,  into  which  tubes  are  introduced  to  lead  the  juice  into 
vessels  phiced  below.  It  is  observed  that  the  higher  the  holes  are  from  the 
ground,  the  more  saccharine  the  juice,  and  the  more  injury  the  tree  receives  from 
its  abstraction.  Towards  the  end  of  the  season,  when  the  sap  becomes  uncrys- 
tallizable,  it  is  either  made  into  molasses  or  syrup,  or  is  exposed  for  two  or  three 
days  to  the  si;n,  when  it  is  converted  into  vinegar,  by  the  acetous  fermentation. 
It  is  also  sometimes  made  into  a  kind  of  beer. 

Wild,  and  domestic  aninuils  are  inordinately  fond  of  maple  juice,  and  break 
throuc,h  their  enclosures  to  sate  themselves;  and  when  taken  by  them  in  large 
quantities,  it  has  an  exhilarating  ell'ect  upon  their  spirits. 

From  the  great  height,  extended  branches,  regular  and  often  pyramidal  form, 
and  the  rich  verdure  and  cleanliness  of  the  foliage  in  spring  and  summer,  the 
sugar  ma])le  is  accounted  as  one  of  our  finest  shatle-trees,  and  is  highly  recom- 
mended to  be  planted  along  streets  and  avenues,  in  pastures,  ancrornamcntal 
grounds.  And  it  is  no  less  l)eautiful  in  our  forest  or  woodland  scenery  in 
auluniii,  vdien  it  puts  on  its  bright-orange,  and  deep-crimson  robes.  At  first,  the 
extremities  of  the  boughs  alone  change  their  colour,  leaving  the  internal  and  more 
sheltered  p;irts  still  in  their  verdure,  which  '-gives  to  the^tree  the  etl'ect  of  great 
depth  of  sliade,  and  displays  advantngeously  the  light,  lively  colourhig  of  the 
sprays."  liater  in  the  season,  on  the  contrary,  when  the  tints  become  more  and 
more  gorgeous,  and  the  full  beams  of  the  sun-shine  fall  upon  the  large  masses 
ot  foliage,  the  warm  and  glowing  colours  of  the  whole  summit  possess  a  great 
deal  of  grandeur,  and  add  much  to  the  beauty  and  effect  in  the  landscape. 


,#(■ 


Acer  jiScudo-philauHS, 

THE   EUROPEAN    SYCAMORE-TREE. 

Synonymcs.  • 


Acer  pseuJo-j)latamis, 


Emble  blanc  de  mnntn^nn,  Faiiss«  pla- 
iiuie,  G  11111(1  enihle,  Emhlf  .sycoiiioro, 

Ehrciil.aiim,  Weisscr  Ahoni,  Gcinoiiier 
A  horn, 

ActTo  iico,  Accro  sicomoro,  Platano  fulso, 
riatanosalviuico, 

Great  Maple,  Jlock  riane-tree, 

Plaiic-tret', 

European  Sycamore, 


rLi.VN^rs,  Species  riantariim. 
I  MiciiAi'x,  North  American  Sylva. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loino.v,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

Seluv,  British  Forest  Trees. 

France. 
Germany. 

Italy. 

I 

E.Nur.Axn. 
Scotland. 
United  States. 


ar/^ne^l™*ig,;!;i:;;r r  UiZ:;.;!;""'"-^'"'""^  ^  '''''"'  f^""'  "■<=  J^"'--  ■>->  "S-n-'^  ^^l-  Pl-mcuoe.    The  other  nam 
TrS:";^^';:e^5  ^l''^r;"^,K  i?^uSi:f  "■  "■•  "  =  ^"•"'""'  ^^'T"""  «"'-""=""'■  -■  "■■  ^^  ^Cby,  Sriti,..  Forct 

with  the  wings  rather  diverging.— 2)o«,  3Iilkr's  Vict.  '"'^i'",  '^'Xiiy.    i  luit  smooth, 

Description. 

****  +  "  Xor  iinnnticed  pn^s 

Till!  Hycamoro,  capricious  in  [iitirc  ; 

Now  trccn,  ii.uv  liiwny  ;  and  cro  iiiitninii  vct 

iias  cliaiijjcil  tlio  wouila,  in  acarlel  liojioura  briu-lit.' 


t'oWPER. 


gaCnftH', 


rsVi_-    (f^^'^   ^^'^'^^    Maple    or 

r  ^    if^B  Sycamore,    vying    in 

1))  .LJ    (^  point   of   magnitiulo, 

— , _=- —     ieS^t^ia  with  the  oak,  the  ash,   -L 

and   other   trees  of    the  first  rank,   presents  a  ' 

grand,  unbroken  mass  of  fohagc.     It  forms  a 

IwaiUihil  contrast  in  appropriate  situations,  and 

when  judiciously  grouped  witli  trees  of  a  lighter 
and  more  airy  character,  it  alTords  an  "  impene- 
trable shade."  In  favourable  situations,  it  at- 
tan;s  a  height  of  seventy  to  one  hundred  feet 
and  from  three  to  six  feet  in  diameter  ;  but  ordi- 
narily, It  grows  only  to  one  half  of  these  dimen- 
sions. It  is  a  tree  of  quick  groAvth,  with  a 
smooth,  ash-gray  l)ark,  and  round,  spreading 
branches.  The  bark  of  old  trees,  in  peeling  off 
frequently  leaves  patches  on  their  trunks  of  vari- 
ous hues,  in  a  similar  manner  as  that  of  the 

llatanus      The  leaves  on  long  foot-stalks  arc  four  or  Ave  inches   broad,   pal- 
mate, with  five  acute  variously  serrated  lobes;  the  middle  one  largest,  pale^  or 
glaucous  beneath.     The  flowers,  which  appetir  in  May  and  June  ai'e  green 
about  the  size  of  a  currant-blossom,  and  di.  posed  into  a JiUary,  pe  dulous,Tom: 


li.  !  1 


EUKOPEAN  SYCAMOUE-TUEE. 


89 


—  ^ 


pound  cliiatrrs.    Tho  fruit,  or  cupsulfs  are  smooth,  witli  two,  and  sometimes 
throe,  large  diverging  wings. 

Vnriclics.  Tlie  principal  cultivated  varieties  of  this  species  may  be  described 
as  follows : — 

1.  A.  p.  Fi,AVA  VAiUEOATA,  Loudou.  Yillow  Vurkgdtcd-lmvcd  Sijramorc,  or 
Cosforp/(i/ie  P/dtie-t/ee.  The  leaves  of  this  variety  are  variegated  with  yellow. 
The  original  tr(!e  stands  in  the  grounds  of  Sir  T.  Dick  Lauder,  in  the  parish 
of  (y'ostorphine,  near  Edinburgh. 

2.  A.  p.  ALHO  VAiUEGATA,  Loudou.  W/ii/c  Varir{r<ited-Ie(tved  Si/rntnorc-frec. 
The  leaves  of  this  variety  are  l)l(»telied  with  white.  It  is  more  common  in 
Europe  than  the  preceding.  It  has  nuich  to  reconunend  it  in  spring  or  beginning 
of  sunmier,  from  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  ;  but  later  in  the  season,  thtiysoon  become 
ragged,  and  in  autinun,  in  dying  oil",  they  accpiire  a  dirty  colour,  and  a  diseased 
appearance. 

3.  A.  p.  PFKPUREA,  Tioudon.  Pui-jde-leavcd  Syaimnre-lrve.  The  leaves  are  of 
a  fine  purple  beneath,  when  matured,  and  have  a  beautiful  appearance  when 
slightly  rutUed  by  the  wind. 

4.  A.  P.  SUBOBTUSA,  Loudon.  Iltdf-nhltisc-h-nved  Sijcamnn-trce.  The  lobes 
of  the  leaves  of  this  variety  are  blunt;  and  the  fruit  aiul  wings  are  large. 

5.  A.  p.  LAciNiATA,  Loudon.  Cut-leaved  i^ycamore-lree.  The  lobes  of  the 
leaves  in  this  variety  are  jagged. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Acer  pseudo-i)latanus  is  fotmd  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  particularly  in  Switzerland,  (jiermaiiy,  Austria,  and  Italy,  in  wooded 


mountainous  situations.     In  iiiigland,  it  is  found  in  hedges 


and 


about 


louses, 


but  not  truly  wild.  The  first  record  of  this  tree  as  being  cultivated  in  Britain, 
is  in  Turners  "  Herbal,"  in  15.')I ;  it  is  mentioned  by  uk^..  other  British  authors 
since,  as  of  doubtfid  indigeuousness.  (jlerard,  in  l.")97,  says  "it  is  a  stranger  in 
England,  only  foimd  growing  in  the  walks  and  places  of  pleasure  of  noblemen, 
where  it  is  planted  lor  the  sake  of  its  shadow."'  Ray  speaks  of  it  as  being  very 
connuon  in  courtyards,  churchyards,  avenues,  ^c.  Martyn  observes,  n\  his 
edition  of  •' Millers  I)i(!tionary,"  that,  "if  it  were  truly  indigenous,  the  country 
would  have  been  full  of  it ;  since  the  tree  comes  up  with  such  wonderful  facility 
from  the  seed."  Sir  T.  Dick  Lauder  say.s,  "  It  is  a  favourite  Scotch  tree,  having 
been  much  phuitcd  about  old,  aristocratic  residences  in  Scotland;  and,  if  the 
doubt  of  its  being  a  native  of  |}ritain  be  true,  which,  however,  we  cannot  believe, 
then  it  is  probable  that  the  long  intimacy  which  subsisted  between  France  and 
Scotland,  may  be  the  cause  of  its  being  so  i)revaleut  in  the  latter  country."' 
Evelyn  accuses  it  of  "contaminating  the  walks,  where  it  may  be  planted,  with 
its  leaves,  which,  like  those  of  the  ash,  M\  early,  and  putrefy,  Avith  the  first 
moisture  of  the  .season."  He  further  remarks,  that  it  '•  should  be  banished  from 
all  ciu-ious  gardens  and  avenues,"  though  he  acknowledges  that  "for  more  dis- 
tant plantations  it  is  desirable,  particularly  where  better  timber  will  not  pros- 
per so  well,  as  in  places  near  the  sea;  it  being  in  no  way  injiu'cd  by  the  spray, 
which  is  .so  prejudicial  to  most  trees."  In  Switzerland,  this  species  is  found  from 
two  thousand  to  three  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  reaching  up  the 
moimtains  to  the  point  where  the  Vaccinium  viti-s-idoea  commences:  provided, 
however,  that  the  soil  bo  dry  and  of  a  good  cpuility.  In  such  situations  it  suf- 
fers much  less  from  frost  and  suovv  than  any  other  tree. 

The  Acer  pseudo-platauus ,  in  the  language  of  llowers,  signifies  curiosity, 
because  it  was  supposed  to  be  the  tree  on  which  Zaccheus  clind)ed  to  see  our 
Saviour  ride  in  triumph  to  .Terusalem,  when  the  people  strewed  leaves  and 
branches  of  palm  and  other  trees  in  his  way,  exclaiming, 


VZ 


"Hosaiineilo  llie  Son  of  D;iviil," 

Math.  xxi.  9. 


vm 


(10 


ACI;k    rSEUDO-PLATANUS. 


position   tlij.r  this  s its  wtK  tin.  V,  .  "-'^''"7"'"*'' ""•<'»'nnaiis.     'I'ln;  sup. 

Hmn.liy.nls,  n.i.r.yanls,  uvoruuvs!  aniu.;...r  hol'^^^''  •-""'"^'''^'  ''^  «''''"^  "  '" 

ai>^  t  ;;l;ln;,  'k;;X^:i::7v^^^^^^  ^-  r'  '"^  ^""'  -'  "^'^■ 

by  tl,..  name  of  -  thvU^Z'i^Wi^r  *'"'",'"'  T''"'^-  "  ='l>I""ais  that  il  wnit 
tree  of  thi  sper  o  ",,,i  .;';;:'';'":■  '"  "'•"  ""'<^"'<'l''.rl-  II.  Anotlior 
lia<l  luvi.  pla  it.Ml  mon   t  '  H  7    '         "'  '''  ^"-V^^"'^' ''''  'I'^^yniniith,  which 

poS™i,:",:f  i':"'iiavK"n™;i'"i,'i';ir  "is,;"",-'"'"  °f '"-' -■.  --ly  i.. 

will,  a  irmik  »«■,•  m«V:  i;.  !    /I.    ,    -■     "'"  ''"■"'''    '"  ?»»-,.my-l„-„  |i,.,  1„„|,, 

old.     The  (Htp     ,  M  .   .r  1  y         '  '',">'  "'■''  l""l«ilily  "Wlrly  llliw^  cc ri™ 

of  the  ial^lo!  L  l."ri  ™'"  °'  """'  °f  "'°  '^""""'y^.  i"  llu:  .ulj„i„i„j5  c'm.n 

ycJ:;,';t;;;;;s,t:^,t'riSt::,';iJ-';;;:i41r'^  '^ "  ^^-»-'  -'-"  »'-^ 
arc  m^"',T;''ESi'';i"°i  wiH;";;:*',™,';"''"';'';?'™  "^  '''"■'^^"-"'  »i'-i-.  -i-" 

;^:«:'K;  ^^;^S«  f -»^^^^^^^ 

^:^'i  &t:.i,;9  ''T'^"  ""^^^  i'^  "■-"'■'  --.^"ir;*;.;;:;^ 

and  li(|uid-  and  this  r-uLl    ,'  V         '  ^■' ''  '"'^  ''  '"»^«-»ree,  imde,  is  soft 

ballads       '  ^'""''^  '^'^^  ^•'™^^'  to  1"^  i-^J^ct^^l  l^y  the  writers  of  the  old 

The  European  sycamore  appears  to  have  been  iutrodiicea  into  the  United 


■♦  J 

I 


EUROrRAN    HYCAMORE-TUKE. 


91 


IL.Iy  Writ, 
liKljiiiists; 
The  sup- 
red   Jiiaiiy 
[)laiit  it  in 

lui  in  iirit- 
-cigiif  I'cct 
lilt  i(  went 
Anotlior 
itli,  wliicli 
dit  of  ono 
lorty  I'eet. 
tt,  in  his 
h  a  trunk 

Rcl  "  donl- 
i"t  of  thiit 
■  this  rca- 

stan(hng 
cat  of  the 
edys.  It 
id  has  a 

last  tiino 
he  gipsy, 
s  of  Cas- 

contly  in 
i'<'t  hiyh, 
id.  The 
centuries 
ing  court 

)Ut  sixty 

^,  which 
k  to  tile 
nents  of 

sceiu-ed 
3  :it  Fri- 
I'ill  now 
me  caii- 
y  swore 
'iity-six 
ind  was 
he  local 
us.  In 
or  from 

tree  is 
iignihes 
,  is  soft 
the  old 

United 


States  hy   Ciovernor   Christopher  iiorv,  prior  to  |S|().     Tlie  trees  are  said  to  bo 
growniK  on  the  e.state  wliieh  he  formerly  oeeupied  in  Wallham,  Mas.suchnsetts 
and  have  attained  a  eotisiderahle  size.  ' 

In  ih.!  narlrani  hotimie  garden,  at  Kingse.ssing,  near  Philadelphia,  there  is  a 
tree  one  toot  ni  diameter  and  thirty  feet  in  height.  On  the  eslal.-  of  Mr.  Henry 
(.o(hnan,  in  Koxhury,  Massaehnsetts,  there  is  also  another  tree  of  this  species 
nearly  ol  llie  .same  dimensions. 

Soil  and  SitimUnn.  The  Hiiropean  sycamore  wil!  grow  in  any  soil  not  satn- 
rated  with  m..isture;  hut  it  se.-ms  to  prefer  one  that  is  dry  and  free,  rather  than 
stitt  or  nioist.  It  will  grow  in  exposed  situations,  and  especially  on  the  .sea- 
coast,  and  maintain  its  erect  position  again.st  the  sea-hreezc^  better  than  mo.st 
other  tree.s.  It  is  in  »ise  for  this  purpose  in  Scotlati.I,  and  also  fur  j.lantiiig  round 
tarm-houses  and  cottages  on  hieak  hills.  In  such  situations,  it  is  said  an 
instance  can  hardly  he  found  of  the  h.'ad  of  the  tree  leaning  more  to  one'side 
tlian  to  the  other.  Mveii  wh.Mi  the  wind  blows  strongly  in  one  direction  for  nine 
montlis  in  the  year,  this  tree  maintains  its  perixMidicular  position  and  symmetrical 

Propngation  ami  Culture.  This  species  is  generally  i)ropagated  by  seeds  ■ 
and  the  variegated-leaved  and  other  varieties  hy  layers,  or  hy  budding  and 
grafting.  It  will  also  propagate  freely  by  cntlings  of  the  roots.  Th>  M^eds  may 
»Mther  be  sown  immcliately  after  they  are  gathered,  or  they  may  be  kept  in  sand 
until  the  tollowmg  spring.  If  they  are  kept  dry  and  unmixed  with  earth  or 
sand  till  spring,  they  .seldom  come  up  the  same  year,  and  .sometimes  lo.se  their 
germinating  properties  altogether.  This  tree  reaches  its  usual  height  in  sixty 
years;  the  wood,  however,  continues  to  improve  till  it  is  eighty  or  one  hundred 
years  old,  and  it  fre(iuently  remains  nndcjayed  for  another  c<>ntury. 

Accklciits  and  Dismses.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  often  covered  with  a 
sweet,  clammy  matter,  or  honey-dew,  eagerly  sought  after,  and  imbibed  by  vari- 
oils  insects.  Hy  some,  this  substance  is  supposed  to  be  exuded  by  the  leaves 
themselves,  and  it  is  thought  by  others,  that  it  is  yeiuTally  produced  by  insects 
or  v(.i(l<>(l  by  the  .■l/>///V/r.v  which  infest  the  tree.  It  is  al.so  subject,  when  planted 
in  too  humid  a  soil,  to  dropsy,  or  an  oozing  out  of  the  sap  from  the  trunk  in 
coiLseqiiencc  of  a  redundancy  or  an  irregular  assimilation  of  the  juices.  In  such 
cases,  the  roots  soon  grow  spoiin;y  and  rotten,  and  the  tree  becomes  a  prey  to 
parasites,  and  hually  dies.  The  leaves,  also,  towards  the  end  of  summer 
become  s])otted  and  unsightly,  by  the  growth  and  spreading  of  two  kinds  of 
lungiis,  \yloma  acerinum,  and  J-lrineum  ac(n-iiuim.  Few  lepidopteroiis  larva} 
eed  upon  the  leaves,  but  among  those  which  occasionally  do  so,  are  those  of  the 
\  ypaM-a  buccphala,  or  buff-tip  moth.  Tic  llowers  arc  sweetly,  but  not  power- 
tully  scented,  and  are  the  resort  of  various  livinenopt(>roiis  insects,  particularly 
the  iJomlms  hortorum,  and  terreslris.  The  young  shoots  of  this  tree  are  eateii 
Dy  hanvs,  lior.se.s.  cattle,  goats,  and  other  ruminating  animals. 

Properties aud  t'ses.  When  young,  the  wood  of  the  Acer  psendo-i)lataiius  is 
wlute;  but  whoii  advanced  in  age,  it  becomes  a  little  yellow,  and  often  brown, 
esp.rially  towards  the  heart.  It  is  comi)act  and  firm,  without  being  very  hard- 
ol  a  Jme  gram,  sometimes  veined,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  and  easily  worked' 
cither  on  the  bench,  or  in  the  turning-lathe.  It  does  not  warp,  and  is  not  sub- 
ject to  the  attack  ol  worms.  When  dry,  it  weighs  forty-eight  ])ounds  to  a  cubic 
toot,  and  m  .seasoning,  loses  about  one-twelfth  ])art  of  its'bulk.  and  one-fourth  i)art 
o  Its  weight.  AcccmlmgtoM.  Ilartig,  an  eminent  (ierman  dendrologist,  the  wood 
of  this  tree  is  the  most  valuable  of  all  woods  for  fuel,  both  for  the  quantity  of 
fieat  winch  it  iini)arts,  and  the  time  that  it  continues  burning.  It  surpasses  the 
biiropean  beech,  in  these  respects,  in  the  proportion  of  1757  to  15 10.  Converted 
into  charcoal,  it  is  superior  to  the  beech  in  the  proportion  of  1017  to  ItiOO.     He 


lit 


li   '  f 


ilS 


92 


ACER    PSEUDO-PLATANUS. 


i   n 


stumps  where  tl,e7l  J  tos  loTg  lit  ,re"S^,\rr'''/"''   "'^  f"»'^  " 

.mnccs,  of  wliich'lhlie  is  C™  "™'  '"''  "  """'""  "f  ""'"  "=""'■>'- 

IhJ"  irr'ra;*^;;"  tomanf  'Irish's?  "  "™"='^  ""=  ""*  '-^"'M 

ll.is  tree' is  made  into  w"  H'Sl'l-'ds  of  Scotland,  >t  is  said  that  the  sap  o? 
described  by  Sir  T  D  Laudor         Thf  "''•     ^*'  Picturesque  be.uties  are  thus 


1 


Mi; 


in  height, 


It  after  by 
rs  of  musi- 
ther  small 
stools  or 
)dically  as 
r  ialajang, 
ler  house- 
structure, 
ried,  form 
awn  from 
St,  it  is  as 
ome  time, 
ir,  and  of 
t  flowing, 
ounce  of 
so  much, 
3Wth,  the 
r  circum- 

ss  varied 
-makers, 
for  gun- 
inery,  in 
r  making 
lie  sap  ol" 

1  age  of 
ily  felled 

roups  of 
to  touch 
are  thus 
ire  rich, 
rds  well 
autum- 
le  deptli 


Ace?'  circinatum^ 
THE   CIRCINA.L-LEAVED   MAPLE. 

Synonymes. 


Acer  circiiiatum, 


Erable  circinal, 
Kreiselnder  Ahorn, 
Acero  accliiocciolato, 
Round-leaved  Maple, 


De  Candoi.le,  Prodromus. 

Hooker,  Flora  Boreali  Americana. 

I.ouDON,  Arboretum  Britannicura. 
j  ToRREY  AND  Grav,  Flora  of  North  America. 
[  NuTTALL,  North  American  Sylva. 

Frante. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain. 


Derivations. 
I  111!  rolling  of  the 

Engravings. 


The  specific  na.ne,  circinatum,  ig  derived  from  the  Latin,  circinc,  to  roll,  having  reference  to  the  manner  of 
leaves.     The  turopcan  names  are  translation.-)  of  the  botanical  one. 

Nuttall,  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  — ;  Hooker,  Flora  Boreali  Americana,  pi.  39  j  Loudon,  Arlxirelum  Brilan- 
uicuni,  i.j.'.ij'urea  112,  ot  127,  in  p.  irjl;  (.nil  the  figures  below. 

Specijic  Character.'!.    Leaves  orbicular,  rather  cordate  at  the  base,  7-lobed,  smooth  on  both  surfaces  :  lobe.s 
acutely  toothed ;  nerves  and  veins  hairy  at  their  ongias,.— Don,  Miller's  Diet. 

Description. 

!HE  Acer  circinatum,  in 
its  native  country,  at- 
tains a  height  of  twenty  K 
•j_2|ii;-w    mK^'^^i^^m  to    forty     feet.      The  i\ 

branches  are  slentier,  pendulous,  and  crooked ;  ^^  N  V 

often   taking  root  in  the  manner  of  those  of  \ 

many  species  of  ficus,  and  sometimes  of  the  "v^ 

linden-tree.     The  bark  is  smooth,  green  when  "^ 

young,  and  whitish  when  fully  grown.     The 

leaves,  which  are  about  the  size  of  those  of  the 

Acer  rubrum,  are  membraneous,  heart-shaped, 

with  seven  to  nine  lobes,  and  the  same  number 

of  nerves.      They  are  smooth   above,   except 

hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves,  when  young,  but 

glabrous  when  older,  and  dovv^ny  beneath,  with 

the  axils  of  the  nerves  woolly.     The  lobes  are 

ovate,  acute,  and  sharply  serrated ;  the  sinuses 

are  acute,   the  foot-stalks   rather   short,   from 

which   radiate  the  nerves  to  the  tip  of  each 

lobe.     The  flowers,  which  appear  in  April  and  May,  are  of  a  middling  size,  and 

occur  on  nodding  coryin])s,  with  long  peduncles.     The  fruit  has  thin,  straight 

wings,  wliich  are  so  divaricate  as  to  form  right  angles  with  the  peduncle.     This 

species  is  very  marked,  and  may  readily  be  distinguished  by  the  regular  form  of 

its  leaves,  and  their  pale,  reddish-green  colour. 

Geography  and  History.     This  tree  is  common  along  the  west  coast  of  North 

America,  between  the   forty-third  and  forty- ninth  degrees  of  latitude,  and  is 

particularly  abundant  on  the  great  rapids  of  the  river  Columbia.     Like  the  Acer 

macroph.yllum,  it  is  exdnsivoly  confined    to  the  wnndy,  mojuitainous  country 

that  skirts  the  shores,  and  there  forms,  among  the  pine  forests,  almost  impene- 
trable thickets. 


mi 


94 


ACER    CIRCINATUM. 


'  '  'ill 

i'      Li 


I 


te  Douglass, 
on  Horticul- 
High  Clere, 
owered,  and 
lisseminated 

,  Avhite,  and 
the  slender 
ops  of  their 
nd  the  con- 
i  culture  of 
>f  the  Acer 


Acer  eriocarpum, 
THE  COTTON-FRUITED  MAPLE. 

Synonymes. 


Acer  eriocarpum, 

Acer  dasycarpum, 

Erable  a  fruits  cotonneux,  Erable  blanc, 

Rauher  Ahorn, 

Acero    cotoaoso,   Acero    bianco,  Acero 

spugnoso,  Acero  di  Virginia, 
Sir  Charles  Wagner's  Maple, 
Silver  Maple,  Silver-leaved  Maple, 
White  Maple,  Soft  Maple, 


MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva. 

Don,  Bliller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

WiLLDENow,  Linnsei  Species  Plantarum. 

ToRREv  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain. 

New  York. 

Other  parts  of  Anglo-America. 


Derivations.    The  specific  name,  eriocarpum,  is  derived  from  the  Greek,  erion,  cntton,  and  carpos.  fruit,  in  allusion  to  llie 
Uown  which  growa  on  the  fruit.    The  name  dasycarpum,  is  also  from  the  Greek,  and  signifies  woolly-fruiled.         ''""^'°"  '°  ^"^ 

pl.^"'^7ndX'li'MMSvv'^°"''  ^'"''"'^''"  ^^''"'"  P'-  ^°>  LouJon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  i,,  figure  129;   p.  456,  et  v., 

Specific  Characters.  Leaves  truncate  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath,  palmately  5-lobed,  with 
blunt  recesses,  and  unequally  and  deeply-toothed  lobes.  Flowers  conglomerate,  on  short  pedicels, 
apetalous,  pentandrous.     Ovaries  downy.— Do7(,  Miller's  Diet.  ^  ' 


Description. 

I  HE  Acer  eriocarpum,  in 

favourable     situations, 

attains  a  height  of  thir- 

ty  to  fifty  feet,  with  a 

trunk  from  two  to  four  feet  in  diameter;  but 
on  the  banks  of  some  of  the  western  rivers, 
trees  may  be  found  of  a  diameter  of  eight 
or  nine  feet.  The  trunk  is  low,  and  divides 
itself  into  a  great  number  of  branches,  so 
divergent,  that  Michaux  says,  "  they  form  a 
head  more  spacious,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  , 
the  trunk,  than  that  of  any  other  tree  with  " 
which  I  am  acquainted."  The  flowers,  which 
appear  in  March,  April  or  May,  are  of  a  pale- 
pink,  or  pale-yellowish  purple,  small  and  ses- 
sile, with  a  downy  ovarium.  The  fruit  is 
larger  than  that  of  any  other  species  growing 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  consists  of 
two  capsules,  joined  at  the  base,  each  of  which 
encloses  a  globular  seed,  and  is  terminated  by  a  membraneous  falciform  wine, 
from  two  to  three  mches  long.  In  Pennsylvania,  it  is  ripe  early  in  May,  and  a 
month  earlier  m  Carol  ma  and  Georgia.  At  this  period  of  growth,  the  leaves, 
which  have  attained  halt  their  size,  are  very  downy  beneath ;  a  month  later,  wheti 
111  ly  grown,  they  are  perfectly  smooth,  and  are  as  broad  as  they  are  long, 
ihey  are  opposite,  and  supported  by  long  petioles,  and  are  divided  by  deep 
smusfis  into  U^^^r  lobes.     They  are  toothed  on  the  edges,  arc  of  a  bright-green  on 


the  upper  surface,  and  c^  a,  beautiful  white  beneath.     The  foliage,  however,  is 


I  [ii 


■It 


m 


i  I: 


!i     1 


J     ! 


96 


ACER    ERIOCARPUM. 


perfect  fruit,  arc  glabrous.  ^        '  '''*'  """"'y  ^^^^^y;  but  the  old  leaves,  and 

geography  and  History.     The  ban]-,  nf  .i       • 

atitudc  forty.fivc  degrees;  may  be  consfdoL?"  "^  ^"'■''''  ^"  Lower  Canada,  in 

tributariesof  theI\^„^bscot,  inVes?2Sn  ''  ^^^"«rt''ern,  and  those  of  he 
enocarpum.     But,  hke  many  other  trees  iM«'^  ""'  ^  -  ^'"^^'^^  1^"^*^  of  tlie  Acer 

hese  u,,udos,  and  never  ^l^^Z'^^'^llT^i^l^^^  f^<^^^-^  ^^'"^-^  °" 
s>ouin.  It  13  found  on  the  banks  nf  nil  fi,„  •  ^*^'"'^'J ."  attains  a  {qw  decrees  farthpr 
the  ocean ;  though  U  .  \^^:t:.^^Zi'Zi:^.  '°"  ^^T  ^^^  A^lelhanfes  o 

than  r  h ''  ""^  ^^^"^^'^-     I»  »«  par  of  the  U^^  ed  S"'  ^'^^  ^°"»''^"^  Parts  of 
man  in  the  country  west  of  the  mnn.,.-        ^"/^^^^  'states  is  it  more  muhinlied 

uxurj,„t  than  on  tL  banksVf^le^"  b^^J  "^^^^^^l  '^  '''  vegetaTion S 
nto  It.      I  here,  sometimes  alone  and  at  mhl.  f  ^^^'''^  ^^^^^m^  which  flow 

IS  also  found  along  all  these  wate  s  it  In  ^^  "" '  ''''''^'  ''''  '^^""'^'  '^''^^^^ 
benS  '?  ''^'^  embellishment  of  the  scene''^  <  t'LT?.,''''^'  ^  **^  nK.gnificen 
beneath,  forms  a  striking  contrast  with  ?i  o  ,  •  ^  brilliant  white  of  the  leaves 
reflection  of  the  two  surLeslrtUtate  ^t'5\':f;sT  \'^^^'  ^"^  ^^e  altirn!.: 
Inl  moving  mirror,  and  aids  in  form.W  n  ^  .  "'  ''''  ^^^"'^  «f  this  wonder- 
Michaux,  ''duringmylongexc iirsim  J  f  ^"ehanting  picture;  which  "  savs 
SI  ence,  I  contemplated  with  m  wear  ed'^^^^^^^  'I  ^h^T,  ^'^g'""^  of  solitude  aiS 
continues  he,  "and  even  some  n^  es  aboToT  ^^§1'"""?  at  Pittsburg,'' 

Monongahela  rivers,  white  maples   viurs^nr^  ^"f ''^"  ^^  "^«  Alleghany  a^  d 

>v J«!  inTvln'tyYve  ™,?!it:  'nl  "f  ""'isl'''""*-'"''  of  London  i,  „,  k,,, 

ot  the  same  height.  '    ^^  ^^  another  tree  mentioned  by  Loudon 

fort;  Srh^litSi^rS  hSifcl^^^^^r-^P-'  -^-h,  at  the  age  of 
fs. growing  in  the  garden  of  Chri!  nnf  i  ^  ^''^-     ^"^*  ^^»«the;  is  recorded 
Height  of  forty  feet.^  And  a.oSer  of ^t  n  '"''  ''"'"^'  ^'^"'^"d,  in  Sweden    o    the 
Poknd  which  had  attained   he  iTei^it  of  thir!:  '''P'?  ^'■"^^"^'  ^*  ^^^i^dzwiedz,  in 
//..sy/..     The  Acer  eriocarpum  is  chiefly?  ^"•^^''^  '^'  ^^^^"ty  years.         ' 

sandy  loam  on  tli  bant^V     rn;;t':;;,f  ^T^^P"-  ^«  ^-'"^  '^  a 

gravelly  bed;  and  it  is  seldom   ifevef  Zni  ^^        ^''''''  bmpid  waters,  with  a 
enclosed  in  forests,  where  tlu  so    is  bhcV    n  /"  ^"^"""^Xl  ""^  "^'^e^'  wet 'grounds 
requires  a  deep,  free  soil,  and  more  ^^'oistV"t'l''^'     ^^^^^^"/"'tivated,  this  t  ee 
Though  It  will  not  grow  in  swimn<;  ..Tf         ^''''"'  "^^^^  "^  the  other  species 
alluvial  banks  of  rivers  wheTi  2  occtin^'n'"'  '''  ^''^''''  dimensions  Snthe 

newly  cut,  and  of  a  fine  texuirc  h.?/  i/  '7  ^^o^^^rpum  is  very  white  when 
other  maple  in  the  United  Sutes'  a^  d  i  om  f'"'  '^"d  bgh.er  than  that  of  ay 
n  .s  httle  used.     When  dry,  it\veSrrtv^.i;r;"o^^^^^^^^^^^^     and  durability! 

'^  -JqIu.  pouncs  to  a  cubic  loot,  and 


COTTON-FRUITED   MAPLE. 


97 


rding  to  Dr. 
1  leaves,  and 

r  Canada,  in 
those  of  the 
t  of  the  Acer 
s  winters  of 
frees  farther 
Hcghanies  to 
lern  parts  of 
3  multiplied 
tation  more 
which  flow 
low,  which 
magnificent 
the  leaves 
le  alternate 
is  wonder- 
lich,"  says 
)litude  and 
^ittsbnrg," 
?hany  and 
3en  feet  in 

3  Wagner, 
,  for  orna- 

s  at  Kew, 
n  of  fifty 
''  Loudon, 


in  seasoning,  loses  nearly  half  of  its  weight.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  cabinet- 
making,  instead  of  the  holly  or  other  light-coloured  wood,  for  inlaying  furniture 
of  mahogany,  cherry  tree,  and  black  walnut ;  though  it  is  less  suitable  for  this 
purpose,  as  it  soon  changes  colour  by  exposure  to  light.  Wooden  bowls  are  also 
made  of  it,  when  that  of  ash,  or  tulip-tree  cannot  be  obtained.  The  charcoal  of 
this  wood  is  preferred  by  hatters  and  dyers  to  every  other,  as  it  affords  a  heat 
more  uniform,  and  of  longer  duration.  The  sap  is  in  motion  earlier  in  this  spe- 
cies than  in  the  sugar  maple,  beginning  to  ascend,  in  the  middle  states,  about 
the  15  th  of  January ;  so  that,  when  it  is  employed  for  making  sugar,  the  opera- 
tions are  sooner  completed.  Like  the  sap  of  the  red-flowered  maple,  it  yields  not 
more  than  one-half  the  product  of  sugar,  from  a  given  measure,  as  that  of  the 
Acer  saccharinum.  Its  inner  bark  produces  a  black  precipitate  with  copperas, 
(sulphate  of  iron,)  and  is  sometimes  employed  in  domestic  dyeing. 

The  Acer  eriocarpum  is  highly  prized  as  an  ornamental  tree,  both  in  Europe 
and  America,  on  account  of  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  the  graceful,  divergent 
direction  of  its  branches,  the  beauty  of  its  leaves,  and  the  profusion  of  its  early 
flowers.  It  is  admirably  adapted  for  overspreading  artificial  ponds,  or  other 
waters,  with  a  mirror-like  surface,  where  the  lover  of  nature  can  calmly  admire 
the  brilliant  white  of  the  leaves  beneath,  which  he  may  contrast,  with  pleasure, 
with  the  bright-green  above. 

13 


he  age  of 
recorded, 
n,  of  the 
wiedz,  in 

i, 

ae  of  tlie 

Geome- 

>us  other 

und  in  a 
with  a 
grounds 
this  tree 
species. 
3  on  the 
s  seeds, 
and  if 
re  eight 


e  when 
of  any 
ability, 
ot,  and 


If 


Hi  i 


Acer  rubrum, 
THE   RED-J'LOWERED  MAPLE. 

Synoni/mes. 

''LiNN^us,  Specie,!  PJantarum. 
i)E  Candoli.e,  Prodromus. 
MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum 

France.  *''°  ^""'  ^'*'"'  °*"  ^""'^  America. 
Germany. 

BniTAIN. 

Western  States. 

Other  parts  or  the  United  States. 


Acer  rubrum, 

Erable  rouge, 
Ptother  A  horn, 

Scarlet-llowered  Maple, 
]>Iaple, 

Red  Maple,  Soft  Maple,  Swamp  Maple, 


iCan   S\'lvii    nl   .11  .    A...I..1 Ti.    .      -   . 


Briu.„icu„:f,..  fi,..e  .iS-,^^lS,^r^-^  i^;'^;.fl.^V,;:^^fc'^''^^  -^  ^-^'->  P^.  "v.  et  .xvu. ;  LouUon,  Arboreta 


Description. 


%V  t^'f^  rubrum,  wliether 

kOFP  1-1  ^'"^^*^''  "'■  "^  foliage, 
.^)^JJ^(@  I'ke  Its  congeners,    is  a 
beautiful  tree.    Although 


ir^TTTT"*^"  s(Rss«.A^ia  oeautitul  tree.  A!thouo-h 
It  neither  attanis  tlio  size  nor  the  hei-ht  of  thp 
sugar  maple,  it  much  resembles  ha^^t^ee  L  ts 
genera  appearance;  but  it  may  be  ea  ly  d  ti  ! 
guished  from  it  by  its  trunk,  which  when  vouni 

hcirr  p^it-'y  ™-^-d  with  broad:;x^siof; 

he  ironn.  ^ ?  «it"ations,  it  often  ramifies  at 
tne  pound,  and  assumes  the  form  of  sevcml 
small  trees,  growmg  in  a  clump.  The  ba'k  in 
such  situations,  is  usually  of  a  darker  colour  ai  3 
smoother,  when  young,  than  it  is^tiees  Jro  v 

e'Sr"  th e'^^^'''''^^-  .  ^^'^^"  ''''  tree  is  o  d,1ow: 

liSamb^^^^^^^^^      "l*'^'^  ''T^'^  liJ^«  that  of  tile 
iiquidambai,    and   white   oak,    becomes    brow., 

sixty  feef.  hf<  '^'f"'  ^''f,  "«*  ^^^'^^'i  ^^V  or 
sixty  teet;  but  in  favoiirab  e  situations   is  in  tl,„ 

and  Pennsylvania,  it  often  attai  is  a  he  t'ht  of  sev"  f'^'/'^^^r^^'  ''^  ^^«^^  J^^^y 
three  or  four  feet  in  diameter.     Tie  Lb  somso?  7"^^  ^^'^h  a  trunk 

nounce  the  return  of  spring.  It  flowers  nSir  St  M  ''''  '"'^l'''  ^''''  '^''''  ^"- 
20th  to  the  last  of  February,  and  five  or  six  won  :  ^7^'  "'  ?'"''^^'^'  ^'""^  the 
iNcNv  York.  The  flowers,  4ich  ai^o^a  benut?  .1  '''  T^""  ^'h^^delphia  and 
more  than  a  fortnight  before  tie  leaves  Tho  "  "  ^"'^ h  "'  ^^'^P-''^^^'  ""^Id 
s.  uated  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches  ThoUu'  '"'^'"'  ^fS^egate,  and  are 
ible  peduncles,  and  is  of  the  same  hue  of  tl^^fln  ''  «'f  P«"ded  by  long,  flex- 
and  m  tho  mtensity  of  .s  colourmg,  accJ^liili^t^X^;!-?^^^ 


i 


RED-FLOWERED   MAPLE. 


09 


nerica. 


'lour  of  the  flow- 

I  one. 

JUdon,  Arboretum 

fled,  palmately 
smooth. — Don, 


'1 


-  '-^^  ^^ 


w  Jersey 
a  trunk 
that  an- 
from  the 
'Ilia  and 
!,  unfold 
and  are 
ig,  flex- 
s  in  size 
iness  of 


the  soil.  The  keys  and  seeds  are  at  least  one-half  smaller  than  those  of  the 
Acer  eriocarptim,  and  ripon  two  or  three  weeks  earlier.  The  leaves  are  also 
smaller  than  those  of  that  species,  and  in  some  respects  resemble  them.  They 
are  glaucous  and  whitish  underneath ;  palmated  or  divided  into  three  moderately 
acuminate  lobes,  irregularly  toothed ;  but  they  are  longer  than  they  are  broad, 
usually  rounded  at  tlie  base,  with  two  small  lobes,  or  large  teeth  below  the  lat- 
eral lobes.  The  extremities  of  this  tree,  which  are  formed  by  numerous  twigs 
united  at  the  base,  and  when  garnished  Avith  flowers  and  fruit  of  a  deep-red, 
before  vegetation  has  generally  begun  to  revive,  presents  a  very  singular  and 
grand  appearance. 

Varieties.  The  Acer  rubrum  has  long  been  confounded  by  British  authors 
■with  the  Acer  eriocarpum ;  but  whether  they  are  only  varieties  or  races  of  the 
same  species,  or  not,  there  is  a  marked  difierence  between  them,  both  in  the 
habit  of  their  growth  and  the  colour  of  their  flowers.  The  principal  distinction, 
however,  consists  in  the  fruit  of  the  Acer  eriocarpum  being  woolly,  and  that  of 
the  Acer  rubrum  being  smooth. 

There  are  two  varieties,  however,  among  cultivators,  known  by  the  name  of 
A.  r.  coccineum,  and  A.  r.  intermedium,  which  differ  so  slightly  from  the  Acer 
rubrum,  as  hardly  to  be  worthy  of  notice.  The  leaves  of  the  former  variety  are 
somewhat  redder  in  spring,  when  they  expand,  than  those  of  the  species. 

Geography  atid  History.  The  natural  habitat  of  the  red-flowered  maple, 
towards  the  north,  according  to  Michaux,  begins  about  Malebaye,  in  Canada,  in 
forty-eight  degrees  of  latitude,  where  it  is  sparingly  found ;  but  in  proceeding 
southward,  it  soon  becomes  more  common,  and  abounds  in  Florida  and  Lower 
Louisiana.  It  also  grows  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Douglass,  at  the  sources  of  the  Oregon. 

This  tree  was  first  cultivated  in  England  by  Mr.  John  Tradescant,  jun.,  in 
1646,  at  South  Lambeth,  near  Vauxhall ;  and  since  that  time,  it  has  been  propa- 
gated in  the  principal  European  nurseries,  but  less  extensively  than  the  Acer 
eriocarpum. 

There  are  several  recorded  trees  of  this  species,  both  in  Britain  and  in  Ireland, 
which,  in  1835,  had  arrived  at  nearly  their  maximum  height.  In  Surrey,  on  an 
eminence,  in  the  arboretum  at  Milford,  a  tree  is  mentioned,  as  being  forty  feet 
high,  whichj  in  autumn,  when  its  leaves  assume  a  dark-red  colour,  looks  like  a 
column  of  scarlet,  and  is  seen  from  a  great  distance  all  round  the  country.  At 
Woodstock,  in  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  there  is  a  tree,  which,  at  sixty  years  planted, 
was  fifty  feet  in  height. 

In  France,  in  the  botanic  garden  at  Toulon,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species, 
which,  in  forty-five  years  after  planting,  attained  the  height  of  twenty-nine  feet! 

In  Saxony,  at  Wcirlitz,  an  Acer  rubrum  attained  the  height  of  fifty-five  feet 
in  sixty-five  years  after  planting. 

In  Bavaria,  at  Municli,  a  tree  of  this  species  is  mentioned  which  attained  the 
height  of  forty  feet  in  twenty-four  years. 

Soil,  Situation,  Propagation,  tfv.  "Of  all  the  trees  which  flourish  in  grounds 
which  are  occasionally  overflowed,"  says  Michaux,  "  this  species  is  mos^t  multi- 
plied in  the  middle  and  southern  states.  It  occupies,  in  great  part,  the  borders  of 
creeks,  and  abounds  in  all  the  swamps,  which  are  often  inundated,  and  always 
miry."  In  these  situations  it  is  accompanied  by  the  Nyssa  biflora  villosa,  (black 
gum.)  Tiiquidambar  styraciflua,  Carya  squamosa,  (shell-bark  hickory,)  (iuercus 
prinus  discolor,  (swamp  white  oak,)  Fraxinus  a.  sambucifolia,  (black  ash,)  and 
the  Fraxinus  a.  quadrangulata  (blue  ash.)  To  these  are  added,  in  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  the  Magnolia  glauca,  Quercus  aquatica,  (water  oak,)  Gordonia  lasian- 
thus,  (loblolly  bay,)  Nyssa  biflora,  (sour  gum,)  uiid  the  Lauru,s  carolinensis 
(red  bay.)     "  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,"  continues  Michaux,  "  that,  west  of  the 


;       f1' 


if     ■  ■■' 


,1  ' 


I 


Ih! 


100 


ACER    RUBRUM. 


Jersey.     In  tl  esc  s  ates  ovis    l?^     dimensions,  as  ,n  Pennsylvania  and  Now 

halimifolfa,  i?  Sly  dis^^jSs  '      '''  ('^^"^'^^'^''J^  '"V^''^')  ^"^^  the  Baccharis 

rich;  and  for  Uie  tree    oat^^^^  ''"^^•^^«'^'  ^V^'"  ^'"^"^^  t'"^^'  ^^ 

In  Britain   if  k  ni,i„fl  a  large  size,  the  sitnation  should  be  sheltered 

ahv^;    by  seeds  wlTieLreKfoii  '^ '^^"^ ''    '^"^  "'  ''^'^  ^""'''-»^'  ^^^--t 

and  lises  in  d  yin/ncariv  one  h.ff  nf  U    ^'"'?\ ''  \'  ''?^''  ^""  °^^  ''^^l"^""^  "^^"«'- 
grow  in  wet  pC  tlfe  s^woS  b^^^^  '"  ''"'  ''''^  ^^  "^  °^''«^-«  ^^'"^li 

latter  of  which  co,';  s  s  of^u   h-rlnl         ,  ^'■^'  Proportion  to  the  heart- wood,  the 
andoccupiest  ecS,^;"."^'^^^^  i"  'ts  transverse  secdon, 

wood.     This  wood  i  fs  bu    Htt  ;  Irn?'"!!''''  Vt'''  P""?^^  projectiiig  into  the  sap^ 

ments,  and  speXy  Secay     v  ^a  cxnoSd  f  i'^'u  '"  "M"^^  ^T'"  '"^^^*«'  ^"^  f^'- 
ness    Yet  it  is  sol  1  nn,i  /  '  exposed  to  the  alternations  of  moisture  and  dry- 

sometimes  happens  tlmti^vPrvn?H        ''''T''  ''^''^''  f^'''^''  of  domestic  use.    I 
however,  arc  rare      The  sornonHn.  r'*"-  .^'-ces  offering  this  disposition, 

in  different  directio.X  cLidt  lil       Hofr'^  'h"''''^^  r'^^'^"'^  "^  ^^^^^"'^  ^^ 

ionable  in  the  United  sSesfbpb^^t  f-^  ™''^"«'''''^  ^^^^ 

flowered  mnnln   nn  J  w  *    V       best  furniture  in  use  was  made  of  the  re>i- 

exSlho'etf 'th^finSSteTw^^^^^^^  f  ^*'  f  f '^  "^  ^^^^ness  of  lustre, 

which  the  curled-maplfi  Tnliod  Tt\i  "/  T  "i^  '^'-?  '"^^^  "°"«^^"t  uses  to 
ivhich,  to  eleganceS  lilh?nes  ii'nito.  f  '*"''"  f  '^^'^  ^"^  fowling-pieces, 
tortuous  direction  of  the  lb  es'  Tit  Tiff'''  '^"^  ^'''.^^Sth,  the  result  of  the 
dusky-red      Bv  boi  in^  i   Si  ''''  "^'  '''^"^■'  ''^  ^he  inner  bark  is  of  a 

additLrofsulp'ha^'fe^  r4?ons'?SiefaT"1  ''^^7'^^^^'  -^h  the 
1  1.  (^(.opporas,)  acquires  aii  mtense  dark-blue,  or  black, 


% 


RED-FLOWERED   MAPLE. 


aple  is  seen 
such  situa- 
a  and  New 
nps,  cxclu- 
utlis  of  our 
linishing  in 
to  a  shrub, 
Baccharis 

he  maples, 
le  time,  be 
!  sheltered, 
at,  almost 
lose  of  the 
iTic  season, 
h;  and  in 
the  United 

ose  which 

ighs  forty- 
US  matter, 
lers  which 
■wood,  the 
se  section, 
to  the  sap- 
s,  and  fer- 
and  dry- 
ther  kinds 
ser  grain ; 
lossy  and 
Idle-trees, 
c  nse.    It 
ad  of  fol- 
the  name 
trees,  nor 
ispicuous 
^position, 
dcrs  this 
lechanic, 
red  more 
)d  plane, 
oil.     On 
itircly  to 
ewing  it 
,11  y  fash- 
the  re>L- 
f  lustre, 
t  uses  to 
^-pieces, 
It  of  the 
c  is  of  a 
i^ith  the 
r  black, 


101 


and  is  sometimes  employed  as  ink,  by  American  youth  in  village  schools.  For 
this  purpose,  however,  it  is  very  inappropriate,  as  it  never  dries  properly,  and 
in  damp  weather,  the  writing  becomes  glutinous  and  blots.  A  fluid  prepared  in 
a  similar  manner,  by  adding  sulphate  of  alumina,  (common  alum,)  instead  of 
copperas,  is  also  used  for  dyeing  black.  The  French  Canadians  make  sugar 
from  the  sap  of  this  maple,  which  they  call  pbtine ;  but,  as  in  the  preceding 
species,  the  product  of  a  given  measure,  is  not  more  than  one-half  as  great  as 
that  of  the  sugar  maple. 

In  Britain,  and  throughout  Europe,  the  sole  use  of  the  Acer  rubrum  is  as  an 
ornamental  tree;  and,  whether  it  is  viewed  in  the  beauty  of  its  flowers  and 
opening  leaves  in  early  spring ;  or  admired  for  its  red  fruit  in  the  beginning  of 
summer,  and  its  crimsoned  foliage  in  autumn,  it  deserves  to  be  ranked  as  one  of 
the  most  ornamental  of  hardy  trees. 


Acer  monspessiilamim, 
THE   MONTPELLIER   MAPLE. 

Synonyme.s. 

I  Linn;eus,  Species  Plantarum. 

J  De  Candollk,  Prodiomus. 

(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
Erable  de  Montpellier,  France. 

Franzosischer  Ahorn,  GERMANy. 

Acero    iniriore,    Accro    piccolo,    Albero  )  x 

lattajolo,  ^  '  jl-f*"'- 

Montpellier  Maple,  Britain  and  Anglo- America. 

Engravings.    Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  i.,  figure  131,  p.  458 ;  et  v.,  pi.  41 ;  ami  the  figure  below. 

Specific  Characters.    Leaves  cordate,  3-lobed ;  lobes  almost  entire,  and  equal.     Corymbs  few-flowered, 
pendulous.    Fruit  smooth,  with  the  wings  hardly  diverging. — Loudon,  Arboretum. 


Acer  monspessulanum, 


Description. 

!HE  Acer  monspessulanum  is  a  low  tree  or  shrub, 
thirty  or  forty  feet  in  height;  native  of  France, 
Spain,  and  Italy ;  grows  chiefly  on  rocky,  exposed 
situations;  and  introduced  into  Britain  in  1739. 
The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  reddish-brown  bark.  The  leaves  are  chiefly  three- 
lobed,  with  an  entire  margin,  of  a  dark-green  colour,  and  bear  a  general  resem- 
blance to  those  of  the  Acer  campestre,  which  are  about  the  same  size,  but  of  a 
paler  greeii,  and  five-lobed ;  in  mild  seasons,  they  remain  on  the  trees  a  great 
part  of  the  winter,  more  especially  in  France.  The  flowers  are  produced  just 
before  the  leaves,  in  May ;  they  are  pendulous,  and  grow  in  corymbs,  one  from 
almost  every  bud,  and  consist  of  from  six  to  ten  flowers ;  they  are  of  a  pale-yel- 
low colour,  and  form  a  great  source  of  attraction  to  bees.  The  wood  is  hard 
and  heavy,  and  is  used  in  France  by  turners  and  cabinet-makers.  It  is 
much  planted  in  that  country  for  hedges,  on  account  of  the  persistency  of  the 
leaves.  In  England,  this  tree  may  be  considered  as  purely  one  of  ornament. 
It  is  propagated  either  by  seeds  or  layers,  and  well  deserves  a  place  in  every 
collection,  both  in  Europe  and  in  America,  wherever  it  will  grow.  In  France,  in 
the  Jaidin  des  Pkuiles,  at  Paris,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  whicli  had  attained 
the  height  of  fifty-five  feet  in  o;        indred  and  thirty  years  after  planting. 


'f    'I 


IHi't 


I 


Acer  campestre, 
THE  FIELD  MAPLE. 

Synonymcs. 


Acer  eampestre, 


Erable  champetre, 

Kleiner  Ahorri,  Fi'ld  Aliorn, 

Galli.zzi,  (when  small,)  Loppo,  Pi„pno, 

Uiioppo,  Stucchio,  Festucchio,  Fisluc- 

chio,  Albero  da  vite, 
Field  Maple, 


LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 
Dk  Ca.ndci.i.e,  Prodroinus. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loi'DoN,  Arboreiuin  Britannicum. 
[  NcLBY,  British  Forest  Trees. 

r  RANGE. 
GliBiMANY. 

IXALy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


.hf^fi|r'&.^"'y'  B'"i»hFc.reatTree,,  p.  27;  U>u,o..  Ar>x,retun.  Briiannicuin,  ,.,  figure  m,  p.  .„s,'e..  v.  p,.  43;  ,„, 
^S&^^::%l^r'^''-''  ^■•°''''"^'^  '°'^--  ^  «--es  erect.    Wi„,s  of  fnait  much  divari- 

DescnjHion. 

IHE  Field  Maple, 

when  cultivated 

under    favonra- 
„„—-«-         ms^^^^tv^^Tgm  ble  circumstan- 
ces,   forms    a    tree  of    the    second    or 
third  order,  Avith  a  handsome  outHne 
and  picturesque   appearance.      In    its  / 
natural  habitat,  it  seldom  exceeds  the  \  ~ 
height  of  twenty  feet,  ulthough  in  a  ^ 
mnr!  M     ^"/tivation,    it  often   attains 
more  than  double  that  elevation 

Varieties.      In    the  Acer  eampestre, 
we   recognize  six    forms  or  varieties 
which  may  be  described  as  follows  — 

the  >-m%rsSl7r;^:^Jed  ^  f  ^^^  ^^P^-     This  variety  is 

characterized  as  rather  n  sm^.l      1  u'^''  '"',''"  ^>'P«  "^  ^^is  species,  and  is 

and  full  of  fissures;  that  of  the  branXt  ^P^'^f,'^'"?  !f ''^•^^'''^^  ;  the  bark'corkv 
half  inches  broad,  downy  while  vol,  ''"''°''';,  ^H  '^^^^^^  '-^^out  one  and'a 
lobed,  irregularly  notch.y  Z^A  .  ^  r^'  ^^  ^.'^  *''^''  footstalks,  obtusely  five- 
clusters,  winch  J^Sate'^L'tmr^to's^'L';;"^"  /^^^  «—  g- -  ^ 
what  corymbose,  and  of  a  green  colour  q'^li^  T  ^""''^^  ^''^''^  ''^'''^^  ««"^e. 
lobes.  The  capsules  downy  spread  n^hnr  .^u'*'"''  f'*"  ^"^'^  ^'^f^^^^"  the 
dish  wings.  ^'  ^P'^^'^'^'^g  horizontally,  with  smooth,  oblong,  red- 

va?ieU''  i*^"  ^^^r''^  ^ARiEG.^Tis,    Loudon.      Variarafed-leavcd    Fhhl    MnnJ-       T^i  • 
variCtj   Jo  Considered  as  the  hnnd^jnmocf  ^r    n     ."^"'^'^    r/r/^f  Maplv.      This 

me  nanasomest  of  all  the  varicgated-leaved  Maples. 


II 


•4. 


FIELD   MAPLE. 


108 


I  to  thia  tree  at 
;.  V.  pi.  43i  and 
much  divari- 


ariety  is 
!,  and  is 
c  corky, 
e  and  a 
\y  five- 
-row in 
,  some- 
fen  the 
ig,  red- 

This 
daples. 


The  leaves  are  blotched  and  striped  with  white,  or  whitish-yellow,  and  preserve 
their  vegetation  with  a  healthy  appearance. 

3.  A.  c.  coLLiNUM,  lioudon.  Hill-inhnbiting  Field  Maple.  This  variety  is  a 
native  of  France.  The  fruit  is  smooth ;  the  lobes  of  the  leaves  obtuse,  and  the 
flowers  small. 

4.  A.  c.  AUsTRiAcuM,  Loudon.  Austrian  Field  Maple.  This  variety,  as  its 
name  imports,  is  a  native  of  Austria ;  also  of  Podolia,  and  Tauria.  It  is  larger 
in  all  its  parts  than  the  Acer  campestre  hebecarpum,  and  is  of  much  freer 
growth.  Tlic  trunk  rises  erect  and  straight,  and  sends  out  its  branches  regu- 
larly on  every  side,  so  as  to  form  a  cone,  almo.st  like  a  lir-tree.  The  lobes  of 
the  leaves  are  somewhat  acuminated,  and  the  fruit  is  smooth. 

5.  A.  c.  L^.vioATiJM,  Loudon.     Smootk-leavcd  Field  Maple. 

6.  A.  c.  NANUM,  Loudon.     Dwarf  Field  Maple. 

Geofrraphy  and  History.  The  Acer  campestre  is  found  throughout  the 
middle  states  of  Murope,  and  in  the  north  ot  Asia.  According  to  Pallas,  it 
abounds  in  New  Russia,  and  about  Caucasus.  It  is  common  in  hedges  and 
thickets  in  the  middle  counties  and  south  of  England ;  but  in  the  northern  coun- 
ties, and  in  Scotland,  it  is  rare.  It  is  not  indigenous  to  Ireland,  and  perhaps  not 
to  Scotland. 

The  largest  tree  of  this  species  in  Britain,  and  possibly  on  the  globe,  is  at 
Blairlogie,  in  Stirlingshire,  which,  in  ISSo,  was  three  hundred  and  two  years 
old,  fifty-five  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  four  feet  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  or 
spread  of  branches  of  li>rty-five  feet.  Another  tree  at  Braystock,  in  Essex,  had 
arrived  at  the  height  of  fifty  feet  in  eighty  years. 

In  France,  in  the  botanic  garden  at  Toulon,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species, 
which  attained  the  height  of  forty-five  feet  at  forty-eight  years  after  planting. 

In  Saxony,  at  Wtirlitz,  there  is  an  Acer  campestre,  which  attained  the  height 
of  forty  feet,  in  sixty-five  years  after  planting. 

This  species  was  introduced  into  the  United  States  in  1822,  by  the  late  Mr. 
Prince,  of  Flushing,  New  York,  and  may  be  found  in  the  American  nurseries 
and  collections. 

Soil,  Situation,  ^'c.  A  dry  soil  suits  the  Acer  campestre  best,  and  an  open 
situation;  but,  to  attain  a  timber-like  size,  it  requ-res  a  deep,  free  soil,  and  a 
situation  sheltered  by  other  trees.  In  nurseries,  plants  of  this  species  are  raised 
from  seeds,  most  of  which  often  remain  eighteen  months  in  the  ground  before 
they  come  np,  though  a  few  vegetate  the  first  spring.  The  varieties  are  propa- 
gated by  layers. 

Inserts,  i^v.  There  are  hut  a  few  insects  or  their  larva;  which  appear  to  feed 
upon  the  leaves  of  this  species,  with  the  exception  of  a  small,  dark-green  aphis; 
and  the  tree  is  not  nnich  liable  to  accidents  and  diseases.  Loudon  observes  that 
the  mislctoe  is  sometimes  found  growing  upon  it. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  Acer  campestre,  when  allowed  to  become 
a  tree,  and  of  a  proper  age,  is  very  compact,  possesses  a  fine  grain,  sometimes 
beautifully  veined,  and  is  susceptible  of  a  high  polish.  When  dry,  it  weighs 
fifty-two  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.  It  makes  excellent  fuel,  and  produces  charcoal 
of  the  best  quality,  which  is  sometimes  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  gun- 
powder. It  was  celebrated  among  the  ancient  Romans  for  tables;  and  Pliny, 
who  has  treated  at  length  upon  the  hnisca  and  violln.sca,  the  names  under  which 
the  knobs  and  excrescences  of  this  tree  were  known,  informs  us  that  cabinetr 
Avork  of  the  most  costly  description  was  fabricated  from  them.  In  France,  and 
other  European  countries,  it  is  still  extensively  used  by  turners,  carvers,  and 
cabinet-makers,  and  the  wood  of  the  roots,  which  is  often  knotted  and  curiously 
marbled,  is  wrought  into  snutt-boxes,  pipes,  and  various  other  articles  of  fancy. 


J04 


ACER   CAMPE8TRE. 


I 

i 
l!  ' 
I*-  - 

If 


Mrihink.  that  to  some  vacant  herniit«Re 

My  (ee   w<,u|,l  rather  turn,-io  somo  dry  nm.lt 

Hur  ed  down  a  rnountaui-tave,  from  stage  to  mse 
Ye  temp,.nnK,  Tor  my  .si^hi,  its  bns.l„»g''rago    ^  ' 
In  the  soli  haven  ol  a  translucent  pool         ^ 
Thence  creeping  un.ler  forest  arches  v.<U.  * 
iMt  haunt  ol  shapes  whose  glorious  e.iumkgo 
Woul.1  elevate  my  dreams.     A  beechen'bowl. 
A  maple  dish,  my  furniture  should  be  ; 

My  inght-watch  ;  nor  should  e'er  the  crested  fowl 
F  om  thorp  or  vl  h,s  matins  sound  for  me, 
1  ired  ol  the  world  and  all  its  industry. 

foS  a  tabS:'  "'"'■  <■"""*  *'=  ■-•»■•'»  -II  wi,h  ,1,0  article  so  reauMtc 

*****  Many  a  visitant 

Had  sat  within  his  hospitable  cave  • 

From  his  maple  bowl,  the  unpolluted  sprin" 

Drunk  tearluss,  and  with  himVart,K,k  t^e  bTead 

TJ  at  his  pale  lips  most  reverently  had  blessed 

With  words  becoming  such  a  holy  man,  ' 

His  dwelling  a  recess  in  some  rude  rock, 
i3ooks,  beads,  and  maple  dish  his  meagre  stock. 

V  !  *  t  *  J'  seemed  a  hermit's  cell, 

Vet  void  ol  hour-glass,  skull,  and  maple  dish. 

lor  forming  hedges,  and  for  fil  i,°g  "p'£„3  "S VenTs  ^',' ''  "'f  ""'"'  '"^'^ 
employed  m  toniurv  works  inrl  in  ,.11..  !  .  '"^"^es.  It  is  advantaseoiislv 
shears  better  tlmnTnost  other  tree  ^  The  [f.^'  ^"""^T'  ^'"^^  ^^""'l  ^«  bear  the 
green,  and  dried,  for  winte  provender  Tor  c^^^^^^^^^  and  young  shoots  are  gathered 
proportion  to  the  quantity  t Jl^en,  Smi  ha  of  he  sycS7'''^'  ""'''  '''^'''  '" 


/J,  ^ 


thoy  speak 


0  requisite 


Genus  NEGUNDO,  Mcench. 


oachmcn, 
luch  used 
tageously 
bear  the 
gathered 
sugar,  in 


AceraceoE. 
Sytt.  Xat. 


Ntgundo,  Acer, 


DicBcia  Fentandria. 
Si/$t.  Lin. 


Synonymes. 


Erable, 

Ahorn,  Eschenahorn, 

Negundo, 


Of  Authors. 

France. 

Germany. 

Britain,  Italy,  and  Anulo-America. 


Generic  Characters.  Sexes  dioEcious.  Flowers  without  a  corolla.  Calyx  with  4 — 5  unequal  teeth. 
Male  flowers  upon  thread-shaped  pedicels,  and  disposed  in  fascicles ;  anthers  1 — 5  linear,  sessile. 
Female  liowers  disposed  in  racemes.    Leaves  irapari-piniiately  divided. — De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

|TIIS  genus  was  constituted  by  Moench  from  the  Acer  nequndo  of 
liinna3us,  and  comprises  throe  species,  one  native  of  Cochin- 
<  'hina,  one  of  CaHfornia,  and  the  other  of  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  The  Dobinea  vulgaris,  a  hardy  shrub,  native  of  Nepal, 
with  elliptical,  oblong,  acutely-serrated  leaves,  belongs  to  the 
same  natural  family.  No  other  genus,  has  hitherto  been  discov- 
ered, or  recorded  as  belonging  to  the  order  Aceraca;,  either  of  a  hardy  or  tender 
nature. 


14 


I'  I 


I       ( 

I      1 


Ncgmido  frax'mifolium, 
THE  ASH-LEAVED  NEGUNDO. 


Synonyi. 


'lies. 


Acer  negundo, 
Negundo  fraxinifolium, 

Negundo  arernides, 

Enable  a  feuilles  de  fr^ne, 

±.schenblaltriger  Ahorn, 

Acero  a  foghe  di  frassino,  Nigundo, 

i.rable  a  giguieres,  ' 


MicHADx,  North  American  Sylva 
NuTTAM,  Genera  of  North  American  Plants 
J  De  Canpolle,  Prodromus  "°''' 

(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

IZTcl """  ^"'''  ^'''^  °^^°''^  A'^erica. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

French  Illinois. 


A«e.ved  M.p,e,  B,«k  .,h,  Box  EMer,  S"r,S™A».„.A„.,„. 

tho  Liiliii,  acer,  a  inaule  ajiil  ihn  o,-.'  l-   ,'• ;  ^'  "^'""Pin?  or  frisky  inanle     Thp  ■IS.Jik  ^'^^'^^  of  this  tree.     The  Illi- 

Sngrav.ngs.    Michaux,  North  American  Sylva,  p,.  46  •  Ldon  aZ      ">«  L^""./™-'"«,  the  ash,  ami /„/,'„^„  TleX 

Speajlc  Cnaracters.    Leaves  of  from  3  to  5  leltT  """■  '^  ''  '' '  ^"^ '^^ «-- ''-- 

odd  one  onener  S-lobed  than  simple.-Z>'  SS/'^X:;;,^  ''""  "-^"^'^  ^"'^  ^P^-^'X  toothed,  the 

I  HE  Negundo  fraxinifoli- 

'  nm,  in  favourable  situa- 
tions, attains  a  height  of 
drni^J^^Td^ftee^'^n,  ^-^  7  fifty  feet,  with  a 
the  trunk  is  brown  ^hl  "^  '"^'''''-  ^^^  ^^^^  of 
a  disagreJ:b^:L  :^  Zd  ZTof:^'''''  '^^^ 
branches   is   of   a   smAnth  ,   \n        ^^^    ^^""g 

interrupted  on^vhvoT^  ™«'»-^''^«  appearance, 
pea-green   hke^ho^  '^/«^^  buds,  and  is  of  a  beautifu 

nale,'bron':  1™ 'S^'lt  f""J"™  °«^^^- 
a  small  distanc"?!:^' te  grouncr^'n^W ''"  '' 
loose,  and  wide-spreadinJ  heS      THp   l        ™'  ^ 

the  soil  in  whic    i^^o  '  ^    '^^^  "^^^^^"''•^  ^>f 

toothecT    C^S  aX^'t?"""^^'  ^"d    ^barply  \S^)  _, 

flowers  are  protLd"^^/,    ;,  TS  Vt  '"T^  °^  ^^  ^^P  -^^  ^he 
They  occur  in  slender  pend,,Ioisrtpmor      ^'  ^I'.^  ^^PPear  with  the  loaves 
which  renders  them  difficu^ to  L  seer^m        ^""1""?  '^^  ^  S^een  co?o\'r 
flowering  .season.      The  r-icorZJ  r  f  f  K      ,        ^^^^y  he  closely  watched  in  Vho 
gradually  .„  .„e  lengul' ^f'^L"! se°v  /'Se  '  a'adr^r'  "'"  ""-/f  l^^^et" 
appear  oonspicnoiis  among  Uie  foliasc  '  ""'  *"">"  advances,  they 

-  -..m  of  .!.„  Loudo.  Ho«,c„U„ral  Society,  ealld  j^^SX^.™'™;^ '" 


ASH-LEAVED   NEGUNDO. 


107 


'lants. 


tnca. 


ong  the  French 
tree.  The  Illi- 
IS  derived  from 
alngy  this  spe- 
'oliu/n,  a  leaf. 

>  figures  below, 
toothed,  the 


or  Curled-leaved  Ash-leaved  Negnndo.  It  is  cl  u.i  male  sex ;  the  inflorescence 
consists  of  pendulous  panicles  of  flowers,  that  are  green,  with  some  redness  from 
the  colour  of  the  anthers ;  and  each  is  placed  upon  a  slender  peduncle  of  about 
an  inch  in  length. 

^  Geography  and  History.  The  Negundo  fraxinifolium  is  a  native  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  Canada.  According  to  Dr.  Hooker,  it  is  abundant  about 
Red  River,  in  latitude  fifty-four  degrees,  in  the  latter  country,  which  may  be 
considered  as  its  most  northern  limit.  It  is  seldom  found  growing  wild  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  union,  or  in  the  maritime  districts  of  the  southern  states. 
It  commences  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware,  in  tht;  neighbourhood  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  becomes  more  abundant  towards  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  at  the 
west  of  which,  it  is  still  more  multipUed. 

This  species  was  first  introduced  into  England  in  1688,  by  Bishop  Compton, 
at  Fulham  ;  and  since  that  time  it  has  been  cultivated  throughout  Europe.  The 
original  tree,  planted  at  Fulham,  is  believed  still  to  be  in  existence.  In  1793,  it 
measured  six  feet  and  four  inches  in  circumference  three  feet  from  the  ground, 
and  was  computed  to  be  forty-five  feet  in  height.  In  1809,  it  measured  seven 
feet  one  and  a  half  inches  in  girt ;  and  in  1835,  the  dimensions  had  scarcely 
varied.  The  largest  tree  of  this  species  recorded  in  England,  is  at  Kenwood, 
which  had  attained  the  height  of  forty-five  feet  in  thirty-five  years  after  planting. 

The  negundo  was  introduced  into  France  by  Admiral  Gallisoniere,  in  the  time 
of  Du  Hamel.  According  to  Baudrillart,  the  administration  of  forests  at  Paris, 
received  a  quantity  of  seeds  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Lyons,  from  which  a 
number  of  young  plants  were  raised,  and  distributed  through  the  national 
forests.  Hence  it  appears  that  they  had  both  the  male  and  female  trees  in 
France,  at  that  period. 

Michaux  informs  us  that  a  row  of  these  trees  was  planted  in  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  in  the  Rue  do  Buflbn,  which  gave  an  excellent  idea  of  their  appearance 
in  their  native  forests.  The  largest  of  these  trees  which  remained  in  1835,  esti- 
mated at  upwards  of  sixty  years  of  age,  was  fifty-one  feet  in  height,  with  a  head 
fifty-four  feet  in  diameter. 

At  Briick,  on  the  Leytha,  in  Austria,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  which 
attained  the  height  of  eighty  feet  in  foity-eight  years  after  planting,  with  an 
ambitus,  or  spread  of  branches  of  forty-eight  feet. 

In  the  Bartram  botanic  garden,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  there  is  a 
tree  of  this  species,  fifty  feet  in  heigh' ,  with  a  trunk  four  feet  in  circumference. 
And  there  is  another  fine  specimen  growing  in  Washington  square,  in  Phila- 
delphia, which  has  been  planted  about  thirty  years. 

Soil,  Situation,  6)'c.  In  the  bottoms  which  skirt  the  rivers  in  its  native  coun- 
try, where  the  soil  is  deep,  fertile,  constantly  moist,  and  often  inundated,  the 
Negundo  fraxinifolium  is  most  abundant,  and  attains  its  largest  size.  Even 
here,  however,  it  seldom  exceeds  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  twenty  inches 
in  diameter;  and  "  trees  of  these  dnnensions,"  Michaux  observes,  "are  found 
only  in  Tennessee,  and  in  the  back  parts  of  Georgia,  whicli  lie  far  to  the  south." 
At  the  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  instead  of  being  confined  to  the  river  sides,  as  in 
Virginia  and  the  CaroUnas,  it  grows  in  the  woods,  with  the  locust,  (Robinia,) 
wild  cherry,  (Cerasus  virginiana,)  and  the  cofFee-tree  (Gymnocladus.)  But  in 
such  situations,  it  docs  not  attain  so  ample  dimensions  as  in  Tennessee  and 
Georgia.  When  cultivated,  the  soil  and  situation  of  this  tree  may  be  the  same 
as  those  of  the  Acer  eriocarpum.  When  raised  from  seeds,  they  should  always 
be  sown,  if  possible,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  gathering,  on  account  of  the 
dilFiculty  of  keeping  them  until  spring.  The  plaiUs  grow  with  amazing  rapidity 
when  the  soil  is  deep,  and  somewhat  moist ;  but  as  it  is  not  a  long-lived  tree,  it 
shoi^ld  not  be  placed  in  situations  where  the  permanent  effect  of  wood  is  of 


108 


NEOUNDO   FRAXINIFOLIUM. 


importance.     It  arriw^  n*  . 

Properties  and  Uses     Th.  ^     .  "^  iavoura- 

•^f  fuel;  but  in  li^,?.  ^' '   ^^  ^«^^«m  employed  for  nm7  S  ^'^"'^^  ^"^  rose-col- 

It  works  well  l^elaS'  "  i'  "^^^  ^"  cabinelma?  nT^na  m''  T'^'^  ^^an  that 

extracted  from  the  sannf?.'^  '^""^*^"«-     ^^  ha^bStSS^.^^f  ^  ^^^  inlaying. 

that,  from  its  rapM  g?owth  af  fA  ^"^  '^'  ''  denied  by  Mfehaux'^^H'  ^'^  ^^^" 

valuable  underwood  to  Hp.?,^'  ^^'"^  ^"^  down  to  the  ground  ^-V    '^^^"ggests 

other  purposes.     Bm  hi.  L    k'^^''^  "^^««  ^^  ^ur  yeaXr  fi,"  T'^^^  ^'^^  ^ 

constantl/ humid  t  P  .M  ^'  5^^"  ^"^'^  in  France-  and  „nip      'u^^^'*^''^^'  and 

solely  to  be  coSered  nJ    '  ''  ^''""^  ^o  decay  in  a  few  v^a"    1  '^^  '"^^  '^^  ^^^Pt 

States  it  merfts  the  aSor^^^^^  ^^^«  ^"d  ^heTe^'as  wel/^s  fnT^fr'  '^' 
immediate  effect  i.  fht  -!k-  .  cultivators  and  amatPnrV  ^  ^"  ^^^  United 
ance,  by  the  fine  J^L  f^^'^  ^""^  "  i«  rapid  in  its  So  wh'  ^  ^^^"ations  where 
the  shgLest  brTezfaTdlt" wSp^^^'  'V^^^^^  S  tt^l'l!''  ^P^T 
from  us  faculty  of  k^^^^^.^S^^^^^^^^^    It  alS'  ^  SiSj 


4         .    ! 


'J 


"I  i 


I  and  has  been 
under  favoura- 

im  has  a  fine, 
'but  is  rather 
arge,  except  in 
h  and  rose-col- 
■pose  than  that 
y  for  inlaying, 
'ugar  has  been 
He  suggests 
nught  form  a 
charcoal,  and 
'6  soil  be  kept 
England,  it  is 
in  the  United 
lations  where 
in  its  appear- 
ich  move  by 
■its  attention 


Genus  yESCULUS,  Linn. 


iEsculaceoe. 
Syal.  ifat. 

Heptandria  Monogynia 
Syat.  Lin 

Synonymes. 

JEsculus,  Hippocastanum,  Pavia, 

Of  Authohs. 

Marronier  tl'Indie, 
Rosskastanie. 
Ippocastano, 
Horse-chesnut,  Buckeye, 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 

Derivations.  The  wnrd  JEsculus,  derived  from  the  Latin,  tsca,  nourishment,  was  applied  by  Pliny  to  a  species  of  oak  which 
had  an  edible  acorn.  The  name  Ifippocaslanuvi,  derived  from  the  Greeic,  hippos,  a  horse,  and  castanon,  a  chesnul,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  given  to  this  tree,  because,  in  Turlcey,  the  nuts  were  uaed  for  curing  horses  of  pulmonary  diseases.  The 
name,  Pavia,  is  so  called,  in  honour  of  Peter  Paw,  a  Dutch  botanist. 

Distinctive  Character.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Ovary  roundish,  trigonal.  Seeds  large  and  globose : 
albumen  wanting.  Embryo  curved,  inverted,  with  fleshy,  thick,  gibbous  cotyledons,  not  produced 
above  ground  in  germination.    Plumule  large,  2-ieaved. — Loudon,  Arboretum. 

Y  most  modern  botanists,  the  order  iEsculacene,  is  supposed  to 
embrace  two  separate  genera,  jEsculus  and  Pavia,  distinguished 
from  each  other  chiefly  by  the  former  having  echinated  capsules, 
and  the  latter  by  having  them  smooth  ;  and  also  of  the  compar- 
ative roughness  of  their  leaves.  To  us  it  appears  doubtful, 
_  whether  these  circumstances  are  a  sufficient  generic  distinction, 

since  they  vary  much  in  ditrerent  individuals,  and  since,  in  some  of  the  kinds, 
which  have  apparently  been  produced  between  iEsculus  and  Pavia,  the  fruit  is 
as  smooth,  or  nearly  as  much  so  as  in  the  Paviaj  proper.  We  shall,  therefore, 
embrace  them  all  under  four  species,  and  regard  them  mostly  as  varieties. 

All  the  species,  except  one,  which  is  a  shrub,  are  deciduous  trees,  with  deeply 
cut  leaves,  and  showy  flowers.  They  are  mostly  natives  of  North  America, 
and  some  of  the  varieties  arc  recognized,  in  Brazil,  northern  India,  and  Japan. 
Their  fruit  is  usually  large  and  bitter,  sternutatory,  abounding  in  potash  and 
starch,  and  containing  a  febrifuge  called  asad'mc.  Their  bark  is  tonic  and 
astringent. 


§ 


III  I  l-l 


t 


I?" 


;..  >  f 


I 


-Ssctdtis  h:ppocnstanum, 
THE   COMMON  HORSE-CHESNUT. 

Synonymes. 


^sculus  hippocastanum, 


J  """'^"ENow,  BerUnische  Baumzucht 

Loudon  Arboretum  Britannicum 
(SE.B^^^Bnt.h  Forest  Treer™- 

Gee.many. 


Marronier  d'Indie, 

pemeine  Rosskastanie,  ^ 

gculo.Ca.a„adecabal.o,  1 ,  J: 

Konskoi  Kastan,  Portugal. 

ilor&e-che&nut,  Bussia. 

fHE    Horse-chesnm    is    a 

'-    ,''fj^  «f  the   largest   size, 

„^  ,„_^  ^^"h  an  erect  trunk,  and 

times  attaitiing  a  fSf  nf-^7'''''!"'^'^'  ^^""^^  ««me- 

■      feet.     The  leaves  ar?hr/p  T^  ^  ""^  '^""^red 

s/ngnlarly   interest^, '  ^'Thl  ^.^^P-green,  and 

developed.     When  ennlncn  7      """ '^"''    ^^hen   first 

covered  with  a  nnh!l  "^  "'   ^^e  bud.  they  are 

become  expande^d   wS'!;;'^^  ^^'^^  ^^^^  ^^^  they 
according  to  f he  rlr^rJ  '^'^''"''^  sooner  or  later 

The  budV::e"cts;irf""^  ^^"^'^^  ---' 

which  protects  thpi,  ;i  .^  g"mn-.- substance 

The  grow  h   bo  1  of   ,7?^  ''''T'  ^'^^  the  we?.' 

very  S.pid,  soSl  the  voL^."'/^  J'"  '?^^^^   ''^ 

being  perfected  in  three  JpT^.''^"^' ^"'^ ''^^'^^'^ 

their  first  unfold  ig      The  fll     ^'""^  '^''  ^™«  ^^     #/  H-m^     mm 

t-me  after  the  leases  .K    .?rT- ^PP''^^  ^^  ^  ^^     *^ 

be^de^^ribed  as  follows.--  ^^ '''''''''''  ^^«  ^-^^oS^^^ecl  under  tins  spec.es,  and  may 
of  th.s  variety  are  blotcS  ,Wth  ^Zr^^'''^-^^"''^  J^orse-r/Z,      The  U 

-"•^'"^^  Vn-wna,  Ohio,  and 


,i 


mi 


COMMON  HORSE-CHESNTJT. 


Ill 


';  and  the  figures 
m. 


./Y-^- 


;  and  in 
lay,  and 

Lnd  may 

lis  vari, 

>  leaves 
have  a 

This 
io,  and 


Kentucky.  It  is  a  low  tree,  with  a  rough,  blackish  bark,  the  cellular  integu- 
ment of  which,  emits  a  disagreeable,  fcDtid  odour.  The  ordinary  stature  is  ten 
or  twelve  feet,  but  it  sometimes  attains  a  height  of  thirty  or  thirty-five  feet, 
with  a  diameter  of  twelve  or  fifteen  inches.  The  leaflets  are  glabrous,  une- 
qual in  size,  oval-acuminate,  irregularly  toothed,  and  of  a  fine  green  colour. 
The  flowers  are  white,  about  half  the  size  of  the  ^sculus  hippocastanum,  and 
appear  in  May  or  June.  The  fruit  is  also  about  half  the  size,  of  the  same  colour, 
and  is  contained  in  fleshy,  prickly  capsules,  and  matures  early  in  autumn. 

4.  JR.  H.  RUBicuNDA,  Loudou.  Scarlet-flmcered  Horsc-chesmit ;  Marronier  rubi- 
cttnd  of  the  French ;  and  Scharlachrother  Rosskastanienbaum  of  the  Germans. 
The  colour  of  the  flowers  of  this  variety  is  scarlet.  The  leaves  are  of  a  deeper 
green  than  those  of  any  other  kind.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  iEsculus  hippo- 
castanum by  the  leaves  being  fuller  and  more  uneven  on  the  surface,  and  of  a 
deeper  green ;  and  from  the  ^sculus  rubra,  by  its  larger  and  rougher  leaves. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  this  tree  is  a  native  of  America,  or  originated  in  British 
nurseries.  It  was  first  cultivated  in  England  in  1820;  and  a  tree  at  Endsleigh 
Cottage,  in  Devonshire,  attained  the  height  of  thirty  feet  in  eighteen  years  aft^er 
planting. 

5.  M.  H.  GLABRA,  Loudou.  Sntootk-leaved  Horse-chestmt  This  variety  is  a 
low  tree,  native  of  North  America,  and  introduced  into  Britain  in  1822.  Its 
leaflets  are  of  a  pale-green,  very  smooth,  and  fall  in  autumn  sooner  than  those 
of  most  other  varieties.  The  flowers  are  of  a  greenish-yellow,  and  appear  in 
June.  The  whole  plant  is  comparatively  glabrous,  and  even  the  fruit  partakes 
of  that  quality. 

6.  JE.  H.  PALLIDA,  Loudon.     Pale-flowered  Horse-chesnut ;  Gelblicher  Rosskas- 
tanienbaum of  the  Germans.     This  variety  is  a  native  of  the  forests  of  Kentuckv 
and  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1812.     It  closely  resembles  the  preceding  vari- 
ety, but  is  somewhat  more  robust  in  its  growth.     Its  flowers  are  paler,  being  of  a 
whitish,  or  greenish-yellow,  and  its  leaves  are  not  quite  so  smooth. 

7.  M.  H.  ASPLENiiFOLiA.  Femlike-kaved  Horse-chesnut.  This  is  a  French 
variety,  having  leaves  resembling  those  of  ferns. 

8.  JE.  H.  FOLiis  ARGENTEFs,  Loudou.  Silver-leaved  Horse-chesnut,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  blotched,  or  striped  with  white,  instead  of  yellow. 

Geography  and  History.  The  native  country  of  the  common  horse-chesnut, 
Mr.  Royle  observes,  "is  yet  unknown,  though  stated,  in  some  works,  to  be  the 
north  of  India."  He  says  that  he  never  met  with  it,  though  often  visiiing  the 
mountains  of  that  country,  where,  if  anywhere,  it  was  likely  to  be  found,  and 
where  the  Indian  horse-chesnut  was  found  in  abundance. 

According  to  M.  Bon  de  Saint-Hilaire,  the  horse-chesnut  passed  from  the 
mountains  of  Thibet  to  England  in  1550,  and  thence  to  Vienna,  by  Clusius,  and 
afterwards  to  Paris  by  Bachelier.  It  is  also  stated  by  Clusius,  in  his  "  Rariorum 
Plantarum  Historia,"  tl.  t  there  was  a  plant  of  this  species  at  Vienna,  in  1588, 
which  had  been  brought  there  twelve  years  before,  but  which  had  not  then 
flowered.  It  has  also  been  said  that  this  tree  was  first  raised  in  France,  from 
seeds  procured  from  the  Levant,  in  the  year  1615,  by  one  Bachelier.  Parkinson, 
in  1629,  says,  "Our  Christian  world  had  first  a  knowledge  of  it  from  Constanti- 
nople." The  same  autlior  placed  it  in  his  orchard,  as  a  fruit-tree,  between  the 
walnut  and  the  mulberries.  We  afterwards  find  it  mentioned  in  Johnson's  edi- 
tion of  Gerard's  "  Herbal,"  in  1633,  as  thru  growing  in  Mr.  Tradescant's  garden, 
at  South  Lambeth.  From  this  period  till  the  time  of  Miller,  it  appears  to  have 
attracted  great  attention,  and  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  an  ornamental  tree, 
as  he  represents  it  in  1731,  as  being  very  common  in  England,  and  extensively 
employed  in  the  ibrmatiou  of  aveiuios  and  public  walks. 

The  largest  horse-chesnut,  supposed  to  exist  in   Britain,   is   at  Nocton,   in 


II! 


I 


112 


JESCVLVS  HIPPOCASTANUM. 


t': 


%h"ST,  J;J:  iZlZ'^s^L^^^^^^^^  tree,  fifty.nine  feet 

fee    ,n  circumference.     The  branches  fresuDnoKi?^  "''"^  ^'^"^^'^'^  ^"^  five 
distance,  the  tree  appears  like  an' m»  ^KS?nn  t  ^P^P'i  '^  ^''^^  ^^  a  httle 
m  Warwickshire,  there  is  another  trTo"  this  snpl«""ru  ^'  ^'"""^^e  Abbey, 
of  seventy  feet  in  one  hundred  vears  nfto"ili  ^^■^"'^'  ^^''^^  attained  the  heigh 
three  inches  in  diameter,  wrL^mbitifs  of  sn'^rSf '0^1?  ^^?  "  ^^""'^  ««^«"  ^^^ 
and  three  feet.     Sir  T.  Dick  LauZ     peaJir,.  ,  ^^^^^^^^         «f  one  hundred 
says,    '  The  horse-chesnuts  on  U le  lawrwhi?.?    ^^."'"^f  ^hesnuts  in  Scotland, 
Dawick,  the  seat  of  Sir  John  MuraySmyth^  f""''^^  '^'  S^^den  of 

m  Tweeddale,  are  certainly  the  oldest  and  Ss^in'*?  7  "?''"'  ^^«"^  ^'^^bles, 
should  say  there  are  none  equal  to  them  in  Sit  ^'%\^"d;  or,  perhaps,  we 
from  each  other;  but  they  support  a  ma^s  of  ?  '\u  ^'^'^^  '^^^^  twelve  feet 
head  which  takes  a  beautLl  C  anTcovers  an'f' ?'r  "PP''^^  ^°  ^'  ^ut  one 
of  which,  is  ninety-six  feet.     The  larger  of  Z  f wi  ""^  S"""""^'  ^'^^  diameter 

the  root,  sixteen  and  a  half  feet  The  srnaHer  rl' '  "J  ^'?'  ^^^^diately  above 
circumference  at  the  base,  and  ten  feetTt  fr.p  ?  V-^'IT''  ^"^  ^  half  feet  iu 
trees  was  estimated  by  him  to  be  from  ot  hmlfc^  ^'^V  ■  7^'  ^^«  ^^  ^hese 
dred  and  ninety  years.     Mr.  Loudon  b.?  Li   1  '^  ^'}^  ^'8^^^  ^o   one  hun- 

existed  in  the  garden  of  the  Temnle  ''''ml  P'^'P'^gf  «d  m  that  country,  formerly 
mto  that  kinglom,  vvas  pLnteS^t^he  JardlHes  P?  °f  ^'^-^  «Pecies^ntroduceJ 
1/67.  A  section  of  its  trunk  is  stilUreserved  n  ^he  M  '''  VS,^^'  ^"'^  ^'^^  in 
There  is  a  tree  of  this  kind  existing  n  thrga  d^',' 'f^^'r-i"^.^^^"''^  ^^''^^'Y- 
tmguished,  even  in  summer,  from  all  others^n  th^  f  ^"/^^^^S'  ^^hich  is  dis- 
of  flowers  with  which  it  is  covered  and  al  «  brthr  ^'r^'"'  ^Y  '^'  ^'^^^'^''^^ 
forth  It  IS  said  to  unfold  its  leave  ahvavs  n  f/r/n  v?'''^^''  ^^  ^^eir  putting 
which  IS  exemplified  by  the  follovvi.L  hS  f^'^^^'ght  earlier  than  any  others 
into  Paris  on  tL  20th  of  Marc ^Tsil^S^^^^^  Zf'^'f  °".  ^^P^leon's  entry 
his  tree  furnished  to  him  and  lis  f  fends  fihr^^^ 

being  the  only  tree  in  the  leaf  in  the  ga^dt/o/  Z  T^In"       ''  P'^'"""^  decoration 

In  Germany,  the  horsp-rhnsnnt  oft      l  1  uderies.  ' 

found  Its  wa/lo  Bal"  Vhl""  \^^^^^  Vienna,  soon 

tury,  and  where  some  of  the  trees  are  snirt  J^  1   ^^"^  *.  ^'^^  ^nd  of  the  XVIth  cen- 

The  introduction  of  the  common  hnrTv      ''^  '^'"  "'  existence, 
dates  back  to  about  the  mfdXTt  ^^7?  IKm  ^'^'^^  P-^^bly 

the  first  brought  to  this  country,  is  stiH  stind  ino- 1    .^"     ^^'"^  t'''^'  supposed  to  be 
Wells,  of  Yonkers,  (formerly  Plii  l.^sbu  'if  A^ew  Yorlf '^  ^^"^"«'  W- 

cumference  at  a  yard  above  the  gromid  slxli  fi ve  fl?  '  i""'^. ''  ^^"^  ^^^^^  in  cir- 
tu',  or  spread  of  branches  of  fifty  fee  It  is  h:Vfl/'^-^  I"  ^'""'^^''^  ^^"h  an  ambi- 
a  profusion  of  fruit,  from  which  the  NevvVn-t  "''""§  condition,  and  bears 
annually  supplied.  It  is  sn  d  n  »?.  ^t^^  ^oik  nurseries  and  seed-stores  ire 
founderif  li^hpsburgV^^fol^^^^^^^^^  by  Frederick  PhiL^Te  t'l" 

In  the  vicinity  of  this  tree  there  are  mmerou    o^^^^^ 

tilde,  which  were  raised  from  its  nuts  and  fmm  7         "'''''■'>'  ^''^  ^^^"^^  magni- 
I^Jts  c,f  Yonkers,  they  have  not  inc:^^  ^Z^^^^^^^!^  ^^^^ 

hs';rSefsh%'etTi;t^  when  allowed  to  attain 

or  chandelier,"  its  long  racem'^  of  fl^f^  tCedL 

3  like  heht:  a  "giant's  nosr-ir-.v-.'--     ™'^^  tapering  up  from  its  dmopin^  fdi. 
.         gmnt    no.cgay  ,     u     gigantic  liyacinth ;"  a "  Brobdignagkn 


tre 


COMMON   HORSE-CHESNUT. 


113 


ifty-nine  feet 
Ired  and  five 
lat  at  a  little 
>mbe  Abbey, 
id  the  height 
ik  seven  feet 
one  hundred 
in  Scotland, 
3  garden  of 
om  Peebles, 
perhaps,  we 

twelve  feet 
)  be  but  one 
lie  diameter 
ately  above 
half  feet  in 
ge  of  these 

one  hun- 
his  species, 
e  height  of 

the  parent 
[,  formerly 
introduced 
nd  died  in 
vl  History, 
lich  is  dis- 

profusion 
ir  putting 
ny  others, 
on's  entry 
I  of  Elba, 
ecoration, 

fina,  soon 
Vlth  cen- 

probably 
'&ed  to  be 
muel  W. 
et  in  cir- 
an  ambi- 
nd  bears 
ores  are 
ipse,  the 
oprietor. 
'  magni- 
lest  resi- 
ir  recol- 

o  attain 
se"lus- 
ing  foli- 
jnagian 


lupine;"  and,  from  the  manner  in  which  it  scatters  its  flowers  on  the  grass,  and 
the  comparative  t:sclessness  of  its  fruit  and  timber,  it  is  regarded  by  poets  as  a 
symbol  of  ostentation. 

In  Paris,  the  magnificent  trees  in  the  garden  at  the  Luxembourg  have  been 
celebrated  by  Castel. 

"  \A  do  marroninra  Ina  hatites  nvoniio.i 
S'arrondiascnl  en  voflte,  et  nou8  cachenl  leg  nucs." 

(S'ojV,  Situation,  (S/'c.  The  horse-chesuut  requires  a  deep,  free,  loamy  soil,  and 
will  neither  attain  an  ample  size,  nor  flower  freely,  except  in  a  situation  rather 
sheltered  than  exposed.  It  is  always  propagated  by  the  nut,  sown  in  autumn  or 
spring,  and  covered  with  from  two  to  three  inches  of  soil.  The  cotyledons  do 
not  rise  to  the  surface,  as  in  the  oak,  the  beech,  and  some  other  trees.  "Some 
nurserymen,"  says  Loudon,  "cause  the  nuts  to  germinate  before  sowing  them, 
in  order  to  have  an  opportunity  of  pinching  off  the  extremity  of  the  radicle ;  by 
which  means  the  plants  are  prevented  from  forming  a  taproot;  or,  at  least,  if  a 
taproot  is  fornnd,  it  is  of  a  much  weaker  description  than  it  vould  otherwise  be, 
and  the  number  of  lateral  fibres  is  increased ;  all  of  which  is  favourable  for 
transplanting.  When  the  tree  is  intended  to  attain  the  largest  size,  m  the 
shortest  time,  the  nut  ought  to  be  sown  where  the  tree  is  finally  to  remain; 
because  the  use  of  the  taproot  is  mainly  to  descend  deep  into  the  soil,  to  secure 
a  supply  of  water,  which,  in  dry  soils  and  seasons,  can  never  be  obtained  in 
sufficient  quantities  by  the  lateral  roots,  which  extend  themselves  near  the  sur- 
face in  search  of  nourishment  and  air."  This  is  admitted,  by  Selby,  to  be  the 
case  for  a  certain  number  of  years,  but  he  doubts  whether  a  transplanted  tree 
will  not  ultimately  attain  as  large  a  size  as  one  reared  in  the  maimer  recom- 
mended above.  He  cites  an  instance  of  a  tree  at  Twizcll,  eighteen  years  planted, 
which  measured,  at  two  feet  from  the  ground,  four  feet,  two  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, with  a  height  of  thirty-eight  feet. 

Insects.  The  foliage  of  the  iEsculus  hippocastanum  is  rarely  eaten  by  the 
larva)  of  insects,  except  by  those  of  several  species  of  the  Geometrioe,  some  of 
which  indiscriminately  attack  every  tree  within  their  reach,  and  persist  in  their 
devastations,  unless  the  qualities  of  the  leaves  are  disagreeable  to  them  in  the 
extreme.  Among  the  trees,  in  which  the  leaves  are  unpleasant  to  them,  are  the 
Ailantus  glandulosa,  Catalpa  syringifolia,  and  Broussonetia  papyrifera  (Paper 
mulberry.) 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  horse-chesnut  is  white  and  very  soft, 
and  according  to  Loudon,  when  dry,  weighs  from  thirty-five  to  thirty-seven 
pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.  It  is  luifit  for  use  where  mvich  strength  and  durability 
in  the  open  air  are  required ;  nevertheless,  there  are  many  purposes  for  which  it 
is  applicable,  when  sawn  into  boards;  such  as  for  flooring,  lining  to  carts, 
packing-cases,  &c.  In  France,  sabots,  or  wooden  shoes  are  ii  ide  from  it;  and 
it  is  said  to  be  used  by  carvers,  turners,  &c.  Boutcher  says,  liiat  it  is  suitable 
for  water-pipes  that  are  to  be  kept  constantly  under  ground ;  and  it  is  also  recom- 
mended for  this  purpose  by  Du  Hamel.  The  charcoal  made  of  this  species  may 
be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder ;  and  the  ashes  of  every  part  of  the 
plant,  more  especially  of  the  fruit,  afford  potash  in  considerable  quantity.  The 
bark,  which  is  very  bitter,  is  employed  for  tanning,  and  also  for  dyeing  yellow ; 
and  it  has  been  used  medicinally  as  a  substitute  for  Jesuit's  bark.  In  Turkey, 
the  nuts  are  ground,  and  mixed  with  horse-food,  especially  when  the  animals  are 
broken  winded ;  and  in  tiieir  crude  state,  they  are  eaten  by  goats,  sheep,  deer, 
and  hogs.  They  are  used  in  Ireland  to  whiten  linen,  and  for  diis  purpose  are 
rasped  inlo  water,  in  which  they  are  allowed  to  macerate  for  some  time.  The 
saponaceous  juice,  which  they  contain,  is  very  useful,  not  only  in  bleaching,  but  in 
15 


Ma 


114 


i  I    I 


il   h 


^SCULUS   HIPPOCASTANUM. 


rutjtitToTfhrirslt^^^^^^  ^P-Ied  and  ground,  and  the 

woollens  may  be  washed  w^^ZXsL^Zul'''''''''  ^"'^  '''^'''  ^'««"«  "^ 
eradicates  spots  of  all  kinds.  Tl^^  clo ^^^'0^^  S"""^  f ''^P'  ^'''  '^  effectually 
in  clean  water.     The  nuts  when  ^rnnn!l'  .^?'^7«'''  «''«»'d  afterwards  be  rinsed 

tion  of  one-third  with  re'fl'o^'oVTeS^'a"^  T''  '"  *^^  P^P^" 

bmder's  paste;  and  when  steenorl  /n  hAf       f  .       ^^  *^'^  strength  of  book- 

portion  of  braA,  it  mikes  a  nutrttio^is  fon^?''  ^"'^  "^'^"^  ^^^^'  ^"  ^O"-!  Pro- 
has  proposed  to  change  the  tS ZtSned  h^  fhf/"^  P""'''>^-  ^-  ^«rg^"d 
wards  employ  it  in  dislillation  '^°"'*^'^«^  "^  the  flour,  mto  sugar,  and  after- 

met^^T  Tt'pforrk^s%i%tcT;r^^^^^^^  '^  -"f -^^  -  -  -- 

nues,  or  on  the  margins  of  n laSnn,  ri  "\^'''^^'"'  ^^^^er  singly,  in  ave- 
''himpishinitsform;-  butinsavn^^^^^^^^^^  Gilpm  objects  to  this  tree,  as  being 
with  reference  to  picturesque  beaufvo.vhiT'^^ 

becomes  very  old;  VherS  fn  no^if  nJ  fl  fl"  ^'^'  """^  ^^^^  pretensions  till  it 
other  trees.  '<  To'  the  paWte"  the  llifi  ^T'^'  ^*  ^"^  unequalled  by  few 
of  its  drapery,  especiaL^Sn  iothST  hf^^^^^  f  "s  stature"  and  the  richness 
and  embroidered  with  it^  nrofusion  of  \n  T^  ""^ '^'  ^'""""^  palrnated  leaves, 
exceeding  regulariinf  I  form  ten^^^  ^^'^"■''   "^^^^cely  atone  for  the 

the  hand%f  Lturel  h  an  eS  Sola  '^'  An  f  ?"^'^\'^-^^  '^«^^'  ''^'''  ^^^  to 
Its  massive  and  luxuriant  summit  Pon tin;.  "n  "'  i'"'^^'^^''"  ^°  these  beauties, 
airy  character,  and  thus  proS  '^T1  °(  '''''  "^  ^  «^«re 

landscape  scenery.  i^i^oauces  tiiat  breadth  of  light  and  shade  so  essential  to 


Ui^ 


I 


ti 


ound,  and  the 
ither  linens  or 
1  it  effectually 
ards  be  rinsed 
n  the  propor- 
ingth  of  boole- 
an equal  pro- 
M.  Vergaud 
ar,  and  after- 

i  as  an  orna- 
ngly,  in  ave- 
ree,  as  being 
3  tree  merely 
ensions  till  it 
illed  by  few 

the  richness 
lated  leaves, 
tone  for  the 
when  left  to 
Gse  beauties, 
3s  of  a  more 

essential  to 


JBscubis  pavia, 
THE  SMALL  BUCKEYE. 

St/nonymes. 


JEsculus  pavia, 


Pavia  rubra, 

Marronier  pavie,  Pavie  a  fleurs  rouges, 
Kothe  Hosskastanie, 
Pavia,  Marrone  di  Paw, 
Rcd-tlowered  Pavia,  Small  Buckeye, 


LiNNJEDS,  Species  Plamarum. 

Elliott,  Flora  of  South  Carolina. 

Torre V  and  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

De  CANDOi^LE,  Prodromus. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Bngratinga.    Audubon,  Birds  of  America,  pi.  Ixxxviii. ;  I.oudan,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  v.,  pi.  51 ;  and  iho  figures  below. 

Specific  Characters.  Fruit  smooth.  Corolla  4  petals,  that  are  longer  than  the  stamens.  Leaflets  5,  ellip- 
tic-oblong, tapered  at  both  ends,  and  smooth,  as  is  the  petiole ;  axils  of  the  nerves  hairy  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  leaf. — De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

Description. 

[IE  Small  Buckeye  is 

a  slender-growing  tree 

or  shrub,  varying  in 

height    from   two    to 

twenty  feet,  in  ifs  natural  habitat,  and  some- 
times thirty  feet  when  in  a  state  of  cultivation. 
The  leaves  are  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate-ob- 
long,  or  oval,  slightly  acuminate,  unequally 
serrulate,  minutely  pubescent,  or  nearly  gla- 
brous, except  along  the  veins  beneath.  The 
racemes  are  lax,  and  generally  with  ternate 
flowers ;  the  corollas  arc  tetrapctalous,  with 
their  connivent  claws  of  the  length  of  the 
calyx ;  the  stamens  arc  seven,  and  shorter 
than  the  corolla.  The  flowers  appear  in  Geor- 
gia and  Carolina  in  March,  and  a  month  or  six 
weeks  later  near  Philadelphia  and  New  York  ; 
and  according  to  Mr.  Audubon,  they  are  scent- 
less, and  much  sought  after  by  humming-birds. 
The  fruit  resembles  that  of  the  common  horse-chesnut,  but  is  much  smaller. 

Varieties.  The  following  are  recognized  under  this  form,  which  may  be 
described  as  follows : — 

1.  M.  p.  ARGUTA,  P.  r.  arguta  of  Loudon.  Sharp-toothed  Small  Buckeye. 
This  variety  was  introduced  into  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  t-^oci- 
ety  from  the  nursery  of  M.  Castros,  of  Bordeaux,  under  the  name  of  JEscnhis 
pavia  parvijlora.  It  is  said  to  be  a  handsome  small  tree,  with  dark,  brownish- 
red  flowers,  differing  but  little  from  the  iEsculus  pavia.  The  tree  in  the  Soci- 
ety's garden,  attained  the  height  of  fifteen  feet  in  ten  years. 

2.  M.   p.    suBLACiNiATA,    P.  T.   sublaci?iiata,  of  Loudon. 
Small  Bmkryc.      The  leaflets  of  this  variety  are  acutely  serrated ;    in  other 
respects  it  differs  but  little  from  the  species. 


SUghtly-cutlcared 


116 


iESCULUS   PAVIA. 


ong  time  expanding,  and  nn'mSs      ough'  ^^^1'^''^''''^'  c^ntinuing^  ^ 
imit      This  plant  varies  in  heiditVrZ  SI    7  ^'^'^  ^'"^  ^P*'^''''»g'y  succeeded  bv 

llam™rs£i.C  nnS^Tn'R''^^^!*  of  eight  "'  '™  '-•.  '-^"toZ'j^Zto 

the  ^sculus  pavia  discolor,  but  its  Vowers  "re  2rp  ^^^^^^  resemblance  to  those  o7 

rufons  down  on  the  veins  oi^thoir  nnnor  S  ^^"^  '"^^^^^  ^^  «,is  variety  have 
Phcate  The  flowers  are  pale  veliynnJ^''' ■''''■',  '"^""^'^  beneath,  and  mthir 
^sembhng  the  preceding  vSetrnd' like  1^^^  ^"^^'^  r^'  ^his  is  a  tree 
the -^culus  pavia,  and  M  pavia  discolor         '       ^PP^^^"^^^  ^  hybrid  between 

be^nter^rr^-e^-^  variety  appears  to 

petals   less   spreading    nnH  ,.f  ?       ,  ^'''"'"on  horse-chesnut  hut  witi,  ♦ 

branches  are  VaSfng'and  loo'se' t  d1,  '''T.^  "^'^'^  ^viZ^yel  OM.:^    The' 
appearance,  and  quite  differem  from  ,lt^  '^'"^''^  *^'"  ^^'  ^'^  open,  graceftil 
branches  which  characterize  most  oThe  In    ^^"^P^'^'^t"^^^  of  form  and  rigfditv  "f 
Geograp/iy  and  History      The  sn^^S  h^f  ''""'  ?^  ^^is  genus.  ^     '^  °^ 

on  mountains,  from  Virgitfia  to  GeoTJ^l   T     '''^'  ^'  ^"""^  "^  fortile  valleys  and 

hv^L^  '\,"^H"«  of  BraziTaS  o?iapan"'T''"'*-^'^^"^^^^;  ^"^  L  s"  d 
iiv  [hn,v,„„  r^an-child   in  1711    „„.,     .    *'^P^"-     It  was  mtroduced  into  Britnin 


m 


" '  ;  I 


ii! 


pendiHous,  low  tree.  '^  ^oddiges,  at  Haekney,  and  produced  a  beauS' 

N.{heJK',i';L,';"a-i';  'we„'"yl"ref;e":"a'Sr"  ,'"7^  ""'  ^I»«-  «'™»l' 
Jn  Hanover,  at  Schwohhor  fh«  ^  ^  ^  ^"*^r  planting. 

At  Philadelphia,  in  .he'gaSe^oTMr^rf  ''1'"='T>"=,''-'  fety  feet  in  heigh, 
^■omeimies  employed  to  stupifv  fish      Wi   '  «i  Powdered  seeds  of  this  tree  are 


1, 


hi 


^ 


SMALL   BUCKEYE. 


117 


eye.     This  is 
three  feet  in 

mcrcd  f^niall 

with  pubes- 

smooth,  and 

scuhis  flava, 

y  are  large, 

continuing  a 

ucceedcd  by 

raised  from 

in  free  soil, 

'  case  in  the 


taken  with  the  hand.    The  root,  he  says,  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in 
washing  woollen  clothes. 

It  has  been  recommended  to  engraft  this  species  into  the  points  of  the  shoots 
of  the  common  horse-chesnut,  of  twenty  or  thirty  years'  growth,  care  being 
taken  afterwards,  once  or  twice  every  year,  to  rub  off  all  the  buds  from  the  stock 
as  soon  as  they  appear,  so  that  the  entire  force  of  the  plant  may  be  directed  to 
the  nourishment  of  the  scions. 


variety  are 
the  flowers 
to  those  of 

wd. 

ariety  have 
and  rather 

s  is  a  tree 

id  between 

appears  to 
d  iEsculus 
ing.  The 
It  with  the 
)w.  The 
I,  graceful 
rigidity  of 

illeys  and 
nd  is  said 

0  Britain 
1II7  culti- 

height  of 
feet.  At 
rrived  at 
the  com- 
)eautiful, 

attained 

1  height, 
'his  spe- 
iree  and 

t  of  the 
On  the 
ree  are 
mpreg- 
^dily  be 


n 


i, 


w 


ki 


I 


jEscuIus  Jlava, 
THE  LARGE  BUCKEYE. 

Synont/mes, 


\  ;*''""''  Hortus  Itewrnsis. 

'  M.cHAUx*  N  ?,?*  A-  '■''"'■''  "•■  ^""''  America. 
lUicHAUx,  N(irth  American  Sylva. 

De  Candolm:,  Prodroinus. 

Don,  Millfr's  Dictionary. 

LoimoN,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

CRANCE. 
CfERMANy. 

Italy. 
Britain. 

United  States. 


-^Kului /lava, 
Pavia  lutea, 

Favia  /lava, 

Pavie  a  flenrs  jaunes, 

GellH;  Ros,ska.stanie, 

P'lyia  gialla,  Marrone  d'India  gialla, 

Yellow  Pavia,  ' 

^  Bucke'^yef '^''    ^'^    ^""'^'y''   S^««' 

B,.gra.ing.    MIchaux,  North  American  S,.va.  pi.  9, ;  Lou.lon,  Arboretum  Britannicum  v    o,  fl-        ,  k   « 
Sveri/ic  Characters      Pi.tinl»«  „.,k  .^      •  ""  """"""^"'"' "•<  P'- «"i  "ml  iho  figures  iwlow. 

^a^ove  upotX  nefStrSS;  JSl'r^'^^  "'^  "^^    ^^^^'^  ^"'^  Pu'^-nt  beneath,  and 

Description, 

i»  if'^'f/s'"^  ^"'^^Se  Buckeye,  in  fa- 

•^    I  r  B  ^''^'""^^^'c situations,  soine- 

»?s"vJi  "r"*^*^  attains  an  elevation 
n.ri . i" "  ';'■"■">  ,'Cg^w^a  of  seventy  or  eiehtv  feet 
with  a  trunk  throe  or  four  fl^et  in  diamtter  •  bn t 

a"s tan"?","  ''""''^  ''  °^'«"  dwindles  I^no 

oe  of    th.  ^i'T'  ^^^'""«h  paler   than 

pohued  -If  fL        "'"'   P^'^'^'  ^""^  lanceolate, 
pomted  at  the  summit,    serrate,   slightlv  fur 
rowed,   and  pubescent.     The   flowe?s  TvhSi 
appear  m  April  and  May,  are  of  a  hght',  ™    '■ 
able    yellow    and    are    disposed    in    npSt 

se'son"  %,Tr^''^  ^^^  ''^«°^«  of\h7s?me 
season.     I  he  fruit  is  contained  in  a  fleshv 

whi  h'ToLf  "bV"^  '"'^'r  "^  ^'™'-; 

wnicn   IS   olten   gibbous,  and  tin   snrfnno   ^.e 

which,  unlike  thai  of  the  common  horse  ches- 

eeds^or'nT'^-f   ^"^'^  '^^P^"^'^  contains  two 

^^^y^  convex  on  the  other, 

and,  like  them,  unfit  to  eat.      ''°'''"'^'*  "^^^  those  of  the  common  horse-chesnut, 

var^tyl^fferfjromTe^^Teies  hX^^^^^^^  fr^.-  J^-okeye.     This 

m  Its  smooth,  irregularly-toothed  leave.TnJ  ^^    ""'"^  >'^",'''^  *^"«  ^^  its  flowers, 
It  grows  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincrnnati   Shio  ''  ^'"'"  ^^''^'''''  ^^  ^he  calvx! 

^^^r:i^^^lJ^^^  flava  is  near 

mntl.  degree  of  latitude,  in  VirSnJ?trttfr  tefmiLtS^^^^       '""^  ?^  ^'"^^y- 
considered  as  a  straneer  pn«f  nf  tv,',..^  i^rmiuation  in  Ueorgia.     It  mav  be 

.hi«.  o,  Cony  „„.  .4::  x^Ut"..~z;er.£;;  sr  "^  ^ ''- 


LAROB   BUCKEYE. 


119 


This  species  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1704,  and  has  since  been  cuhi- 
vatcd  in  many  gardens  on  the  continent.  The  largest  trcM;  in  Mngland  is  at 
Syon,  which,  in  Iti'.iri,  was  forty  fe<!t  in  lieight. 

At  I'aris,  in  the  Jardin  dcs  iMantcs,  there  i.s  a  tree,  which  attained  the  hciglit 
of  I'orty-l'oui'  feet  in  fifty-five  ycuirs  after  planting. 

In  Hanover,  at  Schwobher,  there  is  also  a  tree  forty  feet  in  height. 

In  the  Hartram  botanic  garden,  at  Kingsessing,  near  I'hihidclphia,  there  is  a 
large  buckeye,  ninety  feet  hi  height,  with  a  trunk  six  feet  and  a  half  in  circum- 
ference. 

Soil,  Sidiatian,  d^'c.  In  its  native  country,  the  yFJsculus  flava  prefers  the  decliv- 
ities of  mountains,  where  the  soil  is  loose,  deep,  and  fertile.  It  is  comirwinly 
propagated  by  budding,  because  the  colour  of  the  flowers  is  found  to  vary  much  in 
plants  raised  from  seeds.  It  may  also  be  grafted,  like  the  ilJsculus  pavia,  on 
the  conunon  horse-chesinit.  This  species  is  not  quite  so  free  a  flowerer  as  the 
last-named  species,  and  it  is  one  of  the  first  trees  of  the  genus  to  drop  its  leaves. 

The  wood  of  this  tree,  from  its  softness,  and  want  of  stiength  and  durability, 
can  subserve  to  but  few  useful  purposes. 

Although  the  ih^sculus  flava  is  much  inferior  to  the  common  horse-chesnutj 
both  in  point  of  grandeur  and  floral  beauty,  and  besides,  has  the  disadvantage  ot 
losing  its  leaves  late  in  summer  or  very  early  in  autumn,  it  well  deserves  a 
place  in  every  collection. 


\lfl 
!!( 

I  ! 


v.: 


I 


JEsmlus  macrostachya, 
Pavia  macrostachya, 

■Pavia  edulis, 

Pavier  a  longs  (-pis,  Pavier  nain 
Langahnge  Ros.kastanie,  ' 

Pavia  bianca,  ' 

Edible  Buckeye,  Long-raceined  Pavia, 


^smlus  macrostachya, 
THE  EDIBLE  BUCKEYE. 

Synonymes, 


MicnAux,  Flora  Boreali-Americana 

Con,  Miller's  Dictionary 

Po.T?"'  '^'"^'"■^'"'n  Briiannicum. 

"^  Ha^er  ^^^™'  ^-'«  ^^-  ^^^-s  fruitiers  de  Du 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo- America. 


-*">'i'"-.Ci.TlEKICA. 

figure  13r;  and  the  figures  below'"^'"'  ^""'^  ''=«  ^rbres  fruitiers  de  Du  Hamel,  ,,1  88-  Loudon    A  , 

.  '  "■  '^'  ^""■'o"'  Arboretum  Britarmicum,  i., 

iipcctfic  Characters.     Stamens  mi„.i,  i 

Desc7-iptio7i. 

iHE   Edible    Buckeye,   in    its 

^  natural  habitat,  is  a  W  ever- ' 
green  shrub,  seldom  exceeding 

^gen^ent,  it  partakes  th?  chJac  er^nT"  T'" 
shrub   or   small    tree    "?^.  J^'Y  °^  ^   '^'"g^ 

spreading,  and  rootiL  nT  th  '  •''°''  ^'f  «'«"der, 

disposition,  cSS^Kfel  Sj'5,t,LP""ri  ""-'■-  f™™  **  gracef,,, 

em  parts  of  South  CaroiiL  a,  d  GSSa''^,":?,"' '""''y"  '^  "  "^i™ "f  ««  w«- 
lets  or  streams.    I,  was  introducodTto  £?„  *^  ^'"Yi'i^  ""  *"  l^anks  of  rivu. 
and  has  S1.1C0  beon  cultivated  in  most  of  th.  1     l'  '"  "^*''  "^y  «'■  •'"ta  tW 
,  The  largest  recorded  nhni  If  .1  "?  Si'tlens  on  t he  continent       ""^^r, 

globe  is  i|  Berkshire  at'whtefchTr„':  i'V"^"?"""!.  ""d  Saps  on  the 
ho.gl«  of  fifteen  feet  in  U^enl^I^tjs  ^Z  ^'fS'  ^S'="  VV""°»*- 

-  i.i„.!niig.     ocvurui  other  plants 


EDIBLE  BUCKEYE. 


121 


America. 


in  England,  are  mentioned  by  Mr.  Loudon,  varying  from  six  to  twelve  feet  in 
height. 

Propagation,  ^c.  This  species  may  be  propagated  either  by  layers  or  from 
seeds.  When  plants  are  to  be  raised  from  the  nuts,  they  should  be  sown  imme- 
diately after  gathering ;  for,  if  kept  exposed  to  the  air,  they  shrink,  and  soon 
lose  their  power  of  vitality.  The  fruit  is  small,  and  seldom  ripens  in  Britain ; 
but  in  its  native  country,  it  may  be  eaten,  boiled  or  roasted,  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  chesnuts  in  the  south  of  France  and  Spain. 
16 


s  fruitiers  de  Du 


a  spike  or  raceme, 
10  smuU  size  of  ilm 
n. 

n  Britannicum,  i., 
It  stoloniferous. 


T  graceful 
vers,  give 
:es  of  this 
and  May, 
States,  a 
In  large 
e  months 
ery,  at  a 

he  west- 

of  rivu- 

Fraser, 


!     •" 


3  on  the 
tained  a 
[■  plants, 


■ 


I 


irs 


Meliaceir. 


Genus  MELIA,  Linn. 


Decandria  Monogynia. 

*i/s^  Liu. 


T)enration.    Tho  wnni  /if,;-     •     ,  ^y^t' Liu. 


Il ' 


'■'"•'"■"'«!/,  flora.  '       — -  .->»v<.a.     i,eai- 

pE  species  of  the  eenns  Moli-,  n     r 

;    «•-,  India  and  jf.jC     T  e  Inlf  hT;rf  T^'^^  "^^i^««  of  Per- 
^    trees,  without  visible  buds   n,  r?  ^^  ^""^«  ^^^'    '-^H  deciduon. 

for.growiug  in  tJie  sonti  em  s  IsHfT"  '"  ^^  P«<^»Har]y  eS 

tl^ze^Si  IroZXr'''-  '^'^''  «P«^i<^'  most  Vo  ,/rnf  "7''^^^"  P'-^^^^ 
grow  to  the  he  4t  of  Lin  ;'"''''"''^'  '^  "^^^^^e  oT4??L  L"f/"'^"''''  ^^^'^'-^^ 
growing  to  the  he  Ul    rT-^  ^""f'  *'>«  ^eha  japonica   L"  ^''"^'  """^  ^^^  ^^-^'d  to 

described  by  some  tdtir^  ^''''  '^^"^  ^'^«  ^eTa  hue  avrln  of'V^  *'?i^^"'  '-^"^ 
and  knowii  in  th'    w '''  the  name  of  Me/ia  sem.ncrt^r,^7T  ^  ^"'P^'"    ^  tree 

sometimeJ  o  a     elht  of  /      ''  ^'^  "^^  ^^^nr/Tlndia^^^^^^^^ 


1 

I 

.1 

'If 
1 


■'nia. 

i'in. 


for  the  manna  ash, 


(amen-tube  10- 
'•"ed  on  a  short 
'ff  off  from  the 
'It'd.  Embryo 
leaves.     Leaf- 


i^es  of  Per- 
(Icciduous 
'h  eligible 
lica,  or  for 
lern  parts 
I'e,  besides 
is  said  to 
^pan,  and 
'•    A  tree 
en  Mclia, 
to  grow 
as  only  a 


Melia  azedarach, 

THE  PRIDE  OF  CHINA. 

Synonymes. 


Melia  azedarach, 


Azedarach, 

Zederach,  Paternosterbatim, 

Azadarac,  Azarac,   Azabrack,   Zacchoo, 

Sicomoro  liilso,  Albero  ilu'  i'alernostri 

di  San  Domcnico, 
Arbol  de  Paraiso,  Cinan)oino, 
Amargoseira, 
Zcenzalacht, 
Dek, 
Indian  Lilac,  Persian  Lilac,  Bead-tree, 

Neem-lree,  Hill  Margosa, 
Pride    of  China,  Pride  ol' India, 


■  LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 
De  CANDOM.n,  Prodroinus. 
■  MicnAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
I  Loudon,  Arboretum  TJritannicum. 
[  ToKREv  AND  GiiAY,  Flura  of  North  America. 

FnANCE. 

Germany. 

I  Italy. 

Si'AiN  and  Spanish  America. 

Portugal. 

Arabia. 

Northern  Provinces  of  India. 

!  Britain. 


United  States. 


Derirnlions.  The  sperinc  name  is  derivnil  frcim  the  Persian,  azadi-Jurukhl,  whirh  fiic;nifies  iha  troc  of  pre-eminence  Tlic 
German  name  signihcs  Palerrinsiertree,  in  allusion  lo  the  nuls  of  this  tree  Iwing  used  for  roaarioa.  The  Spanish  name  Arbol  d/^ 
i'amiso,  signihea  tree  of  I'aradiHe.  '  '     ■""•••« 

Engravings.  Michaux  North  American  Sylva,  pi.  102;  Audubon,  Rirds  of  America,  pi.  Ixiii. ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britan- 
nicum,  1.  figure  1J8 1  and  the  figures  below.  '  un.  ijiimn 

Specific  Characters.     Leaves  deciduous ;   leaflets  about  5-together,  glabrous,  obliquely  ovate-lanceolate 
acuminate  ;  petals  (lilac)  nearly  glabrous.— Turrcy  and  Gray,  Flora.  ' 


Description. 

I  HE  Molia  azedarach,  in 

favourable    situations, 

often  attains  a  height 

_- .„=_>_  ^..,-x„~^„«„  of  thirty  or  forty  feet, 

with  a  trunk  fifteen  or  twenty  inches  in  diam- 
eter ;  but  when  standing  alone,  it  usually 
rests  at  a  smaller  elevation,  and  diffuses  itself 
into  a  spreading  summit,  with  a  stem  six  or 
eight  feet  in  circumference.  Its  leaves  are  of 
a  dark-green,  large,  doubly-pinnate,  and  com- 
posed of  smooth,  acuminate,  or  obliquely-acu- 
minate, denticulated  leaflets.  The  leaves 
change  colour,  and  fall,  with  the  slightest 
cold,  almost  without  frost,  which  usually 
takes  place  in  the  southern  states  in  Novem- 
ber or  December.  When  in  bloom,  it  has 
some  resemblance  to  tlie  lilac.  The  flowers, 
which  appear  in  March,  April  or  May,  form 
beautiful  axillary  clusters  at  the  extremity  of 

the  shoots,  and  exhale  a  delicious  odour.  The  fruit  is  round,  or  oblong,  of  a 
yel  owish  colour  when  ri])c,  and  about  the  size  of  a  common  cherry.  The  nut 
or  kernel  of  the  fruit  ks  of  a  brownisli  colour,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  swcclisll 
pulp,  which  IS  sought  after  with  avidity  by  some  species  of  birds,  particularly 


124 


MELIA   AZEDAKACH. 


f'^fotn'intl^r^:!'^^^^^^  to  Florida  and  the  southern 

foimd  stupiftod  by  its  narcotic  power         '^"'"'^  ^^^'^^'  ^^^^  they  are  somSes 
Geography  and  History,     fhe  MpH.    .,  ^        u    • 

habit;  for  it  is  found  there  iLv^TLf^'^^'X'''.^^'^^^^^^^^ 

MelleSolTBlirj;^^^^^^^^  ^  in  Europe,  is  in  the  garden  of  Count 

twenty-six  years  after  plant S"'  ^J^tl'     ^^  ^'^^^^^^  ^^e  heighft  of  forty  feet  fn 
species  IS  planted  as  an  Smampntnl  ?      ^o'  ""'^^  ^^'^'^^  freely  every  year     THp    ' 
and  Italy  r but  there  are  feTp£  ^^""gal,  tL  souKf  FraS 

TnnT  ^'  ^t  Brianza.     TherJare  tree   of   t  n  th^'^'Tr  ^'^*^^^  ''  ^«'^i"«  ««  '"rge 
Toulon,  and  the  various  cities  of  Italy  "  ^^'  P"^^^"  ^^Iks  at  Montpellier,  ?t 

the  azeSh'^at^yVXntd"!  1?  ^t^P^^^^^^  -^  the  Mediterranean 
nuts  contained  in  the  fmit,^  vl It  a  e  made'tnf  "^«"^«t«i;i««'  for  the  sake  of  th^ 

This  species  has  been  found  srowZLRr^'f""'  ^^^^  ^^e  monks. 
1656,  where  it  was  introduced  unZ^L  British  green-houses  since  the  year 
tried  in  that  country  in  the  onen  "h  K  ,?^  """^'^  ^^  -'"dian  lilac.  It  has  been 
has  stood  through  several  wTters'ntt  ^'  ^  '^^"'^^^'^  '^"'^  ^g^i^^t  a  wall  and 
Bungay,  in  Suffolk,  a  pLT  wSh  I  ^\^P"^'^  ^>^'  ^^  ^i^I,  in  East  LotWan  Kx. 
was,  m  1834,  nine  and  rhalT  fS  ^"^  ^een  nine  years  planted  agains  a  waH 
and  an  ambitus  of  thir^ix le^'  ^^^'^'  ^^^^^  ^  ^^""^  nfne  inchef  in  dlmrer,' 

is  pLid^nt^ru^S:  aldt  "^^^  f,  -"  -  on  Plantations,  this  tree 

^K^l^is^f  Sr  t€5S^  s^:^cir^4;£^-^ - 

-ej  -e  nearly  attained  ^i- "Slle^f ^£^^~  ^S^ 

shoJiTrstri?a^:;[S  J^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^;  P-Pa^-d  from  seeds,  which 

It  prospers  either  in  a  Avarm  loamv  nr     T    ^^  T^^  "^her  kinds  of  stone  fruit 

t%'^f'  PH"^"^g  ^-«rn -^tSr^hai^ted'VT/^  'f^^'f' '''''''  i«  P^""'  a  7 
mi  lorida  and  the  southern  states  It  imlS  .1''  ^'""^  ''^^'^'  ^''''  abandoned 
the  seed,  it  attains  a  height  of  twl™  ^TJ  '"^'^  ^"^^  rapidity  there,  that  frorn 
surprising  vegetation  is  tlely  oK^ed  hf  San^f  L"^  'T  ''  ^^  y^-f'  S 
Which  the  concentric  circles  arp  mnl  ^    *  P    ",^^  '^^^  ^han  ten  years  of  a^e  in 

Ihls  country,  is  the '  Sow-,i"iC'/' ^j!''"'''!'''' fe^'ing  upon  this  tree  in 
The  contnton  food,  ho.everfof  the  ™1„t\!lS  flT.Vf;'!:=  ^1 S'^^^ 


f 


PRIDE   OF   CHINA. 


125 


the  Meha  azedarach,  a  specimen  of  Epidendram  magnolioe,  where  it  had  been 
planted  the  spring  before.  What  was  remarkable,  it  had  continued  to  flower  all 
the  wmter  on  the  azedarach,  while  in  the  woods  no  flowers  were  to  be  found  ! 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  azedarach  is  of  a  reddish  colour,  and 
is  organized  in  the  distribution  of  its  fibres  similar  to  those  of  the  ash.  It  is  suffi- 
ciently strong  and  durable  to  be  employed  in  civil  architecture,  and  is  adapted 
to  various  uses  in  the  mechanic  arts.  It  has  already  been  employed  for  pulleys, 
which  in  Europe  are  usually  made  of  elm,  and  in  America  of  ash.  It  is  said 
to  make  good  fuel.  The  fleshy  part  of  the  fruit,  like  that  of  the  olive,  yields  a 
fixed  oil,  which  is  bitter,  and  is  considered  as  anthelmintic,  and  a  narcotic  stim- 
ulant. The  leaves  are  universally  used  in  India  for  poultices,  and  both  the 
flowers  and  seeds  are  stimulant.  The  berries,  though  said  by  the  Arabian  phy- 
sician, Avicenna,  to  be  poisonous,  and  the  pulp  of  which  was  mixed  with  grease, 
for  the  purpose  of  killing  rats  and  dogs,  are  often  eaten  by  children  in  the  south, 
without  injurious  effects.  According  to  Mr.  Royle,  however,  the  fruit  is  consid- 
ered as  poisonous  when  used  in  large  doses.  The  bark  of  the  root,  when  green, 
has  a  bitter,  nauseous  taste,  yielding  its  virtues  to  boiling  water,  and  may  be 
employed  as  a  cathartic  or  emetic,  and  is  considered  as  an  efficient  vermifuge, 
and  also  may  be  used  with  advantage  in  intermittents.  In  Persia,  an  ointment 
is  made,  for  the  cure  of  some  cutaneous  eruptions,  by  mulling  the  leaves  with 
lard.  It  is  also  said  that  a  kind  of  toddy  is  obtained  by  fermenting  the  sap  of 
young  and  vigorous  trees.  The  nuts  are  often  bored,  as  before  stated,  by  monks, 
and  strung  into  beads.  Hence  the  names  of  Bead-tree,  and  Patcrnostri  di  San 
Domenico, 


'If     I''    * 


Genus    SWIETENlA,   Linn. 


CedrelaceEB. 
Sysc.  Nut. 


Decendria  Monogynia. 

Si/sl.  LiH. 


cliaiigotl  into  Kham  ■  /fwf^^J.lf^lJ         .'"'"^  L"""".  '"s  been 
changed  uito  Chilcmssm  Uibidari,         '         "^        ''""  '"'"'•■'  '™<><1.  bas   been 


I 


iralist  and  physi- 

ed  into  a  sub- 
tached  by  the 
le  base  by  an 
cing  from  the 
sparable  from 
>ents.  Seeds 
iherflat;  the 
y  the  filiform 
Cotyledons 
:aflets  small, 
■iy  and  Gray, 

Y  modern 
'he  Swie- 
Synetenia 
lias  been 
iia  satin- 
and  the 
las   been 


Sioietenia  mahosroni, 
THE   MAHOGANY-TREE. 

Synoiiymes. 


Swietenia  maJwgoni, 

Acajou,  Mahagon, 

Mahagonyholz,  Mahagonybaum, 

AlbtTo  di  acajou, 

Caoba, 

Pao  magno, 

Mahogany-tree, 


LiNN^ns,  Species  Plantarum. 
I  WooDviixE,  Medical  Botany. 
ToRREv  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
France. 
Germany. 
Italy. 

Stain  and  Spanish  America. 
Tortugal  and  Brazil. 
Britain  and  Anolo- America. 


Derivation.    Tho  specific,  name,  mahognni,  U  ilerived  from  l-io  Arrowauk  Indian  name  of  lliis  tree,  which  is  variously 
wrilton,  aainahogumj,  ma/iagon,  mahagony,  and  vtu/wny.  ,  '  """'"  "  """""n'/ 

befovf^""'"^''    ^'^^''^^^'  ''"'"'"l  History  of  Carolina,  pi.  81 ;  Woodvillo  and  Hooker,  Medical  Botany,  pi.  220 1  and  tlio  figures 

Speei/c  Characters.    Leaves  pinnate  in  4  pairs.    Leaflets  ovate  lanceolate,  equal  at  the  base.    Panicles 
axillary. 


Description, 

I  HE  Swietenia  mahog- 

oni  is  one  of  the  most 

beautiful  among  inter- 

^..,  »^.-=.„...  tropical  trees.  Its  trunk 

IS  ol'lea  rorty  feet  in  height,  and  six  feet  in  diam- 
eter ;    and  it  divides  into  so  many  massy  arms, 
and  throws  the  shade  of  its  glossy  foliage  over  so 
great  an  extent  of  surface,  that  few  more  magnifi- 
cent objects  are  to  be  met  with  in  tho  vegetable 
world.     Its  summit  is  wide  and  spreading,  sub- 
evergreen,  and   adorned  with   abruptly-pinnate, 
shining  leaves.     The  flowers,  which  are  produced 
m  handsome  spikes  not  unlike  those  of  the  lilac, 
are  whitish,  sometimes  reddish  or  saffron  colour, 
and  are  succeeded  by  fruit  or  capsules  of  an  oval 
form,  about  the  size  of  a  turkey's  egg.     The  fruit 
ripens  in  early  summer,  bursts  into  five  parts, 
and  discloses  its  winged  seeds,  which  are  soon  after  dir^ersed  by  the  winds  • 
some,  failmg  nito  the  crevices  of  rocks,  strike  root,  then  creeping  out  on  the  sur- 
lace,  seek  other  chmks  or  crevices,  re-enter,  and  swell  to  such  a  size  and  strength 
that  at  length,  the  rocks  are  forced  asunder,  to  admit  the  deeper  penetration  of 
the  roots,  and  ni  this  manner,  in  process  of  time,  increase  to  large  trees. 

Geography  and  History.  The  mahogany  is  a  native  of  the  warmest  parts  of 
America,  and  grows  plentifully  in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  Hayti  or  St.  Domingo 
Ihere  tu'c  also  many  trees  found  on  other  West  India  Islands,  on  the  Bahamas, 
and  m  South  Florida.  It  was  formerly  very  abundant  in  Jamaica,  but  the  best 
trees  are  mostly  cut  down  in  all  accessible  situations ;  and  the  same  thing  holds 
good  in  the  other  islands.  The  principal  imnortations  into  Europe  and  th" 
United  States  are  made  irom  Brazil,  Campeacliy,  and  Honduras.  That  which 
IS  brought  Irom  the  islands  is  usually  called  Spanish  mahogany,  but  it  is  not 


;  '3 

!     5 


1 

III 


m 


I 


128 


SWIETENIA  MAHOQONI. 


growl,  from  tl.em.    An  1  a'cSi  "U  Mr  n' J  ""'  "^  !''"''™'  ""^^  ''"d  b™" 
live  Resources  of  Indii"  p,S  od  ta  IS  M^i'  ?  '^'■''">'  °"  "'"  '''■'"'""- 

Bengal,  ihat  many  IhonsaSs  of  nremM     '         "f  "'"'""  "''  '""uriantly  in 
of  tenilure  have  .riroa.Jy  been  made  "oHho  ITd'"^  """"'  '""^  "™  »»'"'  p'-» 

splintering;  nor  is  if  so  kb  o'tn  t  ^  f  ^I'^'f}"^''  ^"^1  admitting  the  balls  without 
and  hencS'is  preferable  for  the  ro  Srfl  ^'y  TT  ''''''''  ""^  '^'^'  "^  "le  oak, 
tropical  seas.  It  wTrused  in  lenai  i  "  ^1  "  °r  l."Pf, ''J^endod  to  sail  in  inter' 
Triiiidad,  in  1597  but  m^s  o  brn  f  t  ^'^  ""^  *■"  S^''^'^'^'"  I^'-^^eigh's  ships,  at 
ing  to  Mr.  BmvolvoT uTfZ\lTf\'''\''  ?"  ^"  ^'^'^^'^  **"  1^24.  Accord- 
ma^ke  a  box  for  ho  ding  ca  do  '  '"Drithnn""'  "PP^'^^  "^  ^"^'^^"^'  ^^^«  ^^^ 
beginning  of  the  last  century  1  ad  a  brmh,  J  n  Wn'  ??  f ""'"'  Physician  in  the 
over  some  planks  of  this  wood  as  baThst  a!  tT  Y'l"  '^l^'^"'"'  '^^^"  ^''^''Sht 
house  in  K  ng  street  Covent  r.arrin n  i  i  .  *''^  '^"^"'''  '^'"^^  ^'^^n  buildin|  a 
to  him;  but  the  crrpenterfinS^^^^^ 

laid  aside  as  useless^   Soon  after  M  1  PU  ^^'"■'   ^^'  '''"''  ^°°'«'  ^hey  were 

tor  called  on  Wollas ton  hi^cal^hiU  m.'lS  t'  '''''T'^  ^  candle-box,  the  doc 
make  one  of  some  wood\  at  hv  n  ^^^^^^^^^  ^W,'^"''"'  '""^^  '"^^^^^^^^^  '""^  to 

it  was  too  hard ;  the  doctor  said  hn  l^  ?'  ^"l^^^^ton  also  complained  that 
at  last  was  made  a„d  sTl  i^hh^^  thi  candle-box 

a  bureau  made  of  the  same  ^LrXch  wU  *''«,. ^"^^/^V^^i^ted  on  having 
colour,  polish,  etc.,  were  srnlTS/th  h  'Accordingly  done ;  and  the  fini 
see  it.  Amon-  them  wasTbf  Sl^^i  ^'  r*n  '  !"^'^f '^  ^^^  ''^^  ^"^'''^^  to  come  and 
wood  of  Dr  G  bbol  Tuf  em  over]  ''S^'^"^'^""^'  '1''  ^'^ged  some  of  the 
From  this  introduction  icamp^;'7„'^  ^V  ollaston  to  make  a  similar  bureau." 

The  largest  log  of  maholnnv^^^^^  f  "'''i '  "''  throughout  the  civilized  world. 
England,  ^ts  length  TirS„^^^^^^^^  and  shipped  to 

sixty-four  inches  ;  cubic  conteX  fo„  i  nn.i  i  ' /'^  ^^'^T^  '''''^^^>  '^^^ih, 
eight  tons.  The  next  lirccstlofw^^^^^^  l'""^'"'^  ""^  ^'^'^ty  feet;  and  weight 
by  auction,  at  the  docks^n  U?e7pool  It' wn''''^'  7"'  ^?  ^^7^"^  ^'"^^  «°ld 
wards  sold  for  £525  It  is  bo  ievnd Tn  I  ^^'^Vl'"!"'''''''^'^  ^'''  ^^'^^  '^^^  fi^er- 
It  is  likewise  stated   lua   the  ctrofhbor?n'T^^  '"  '*'/'""'  "^""^^'^'  ^^^^OO. 

was  £750.     The  well     oiTnLu^^^^^^^^^ 

weight.      According  t<rMr    M'Cnl  r^h    o  f     '  '^'''  ''''  *°?'''  ^'"'"t^^"  ^""dred 
the  distinguished  pfanttbre  fin   f^^^^^^^^^^^  ''^'^'  ^^''^^^-   "roadwood, 

of  £30()0forthroeCsoShrZ  n  Ml     '  "\1^°"'^«"'  8^^^  the  enormous  sW 
each   about  fifteen  le    lot  ^h^L^'^^^^  Tliey  were 

together,  about  fo,:r  hunj^  F'and Tft'y  c   bi   St'   'l^hT'   ''"^   '^'^"^'*"^'*'   '^" 
of  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness      Tho  w  1  7  ''^^'?  ''"^  "^to  veneers 

of  receivmg  the  highest  mSwbiVl,  V  f       i    ''''''  P^c'i'-'-ii-'y  beautiful,  capable 
varied  manner,  li  fe  t  e^  .See  of  a'  crvst".l    '"'  ^f'^^'K'^''  ''^^'^^  '"  ^'^«  "^««t 

the     wet  season,-  and  the  other  early  m  August.     At  theSnamed  pS  t^ 


n  found  ill 

Dr.  Rox- 

80G,  states 
tors  of  the 
s  had  been 
le  Produc- 
Liriantly  in 
nail  pieces 

I,  has  long 
n  the  con- 
ther  kinds 
Is  without 
»f  the  oak, 
1  in  inter- 
•  ships,  at 
Accord- 
id,  was  to 
ian  in  the 

0  brought 
Hiilding  a 
be  useful 
hey  were 
,  the  doc- 
Gd  him  to 
ined  that 
mdle-box 
n  having 

the  fine 
;ome  and 
ne  of  the 
bureau." 
i  world, 
lipped  to 
!;  depth, 

weight, 
ince  sold 
nd  after- 
,  £1000. 
veneers, 
hundred 
ad  wood, 
ous  smn 
ey  were 
lied,  all 
veneers 
capable 
he  most 

1  of  the 

3s  place 

end  of 

riod  the 


MAHOGANY-TREE.  IgQ 

coloiu  of  the  foliage  of  the  mahogany  is  of  a  reddish-yellow,  and  is  an  unerring 
guide  to  the  woodman  in  distinguishing  it  from  that  of  other  trees.  At  these 
pt!rio(ls  the  labouHTs  are  actively  employed  in  felling  the  trees,  conveying  them 
on  wheels  to  the  rivers,  or  precipitating  them  into  tlie  streams  which  are  to  for- 
ward them  to  their  jjjaces  of  shipment.  The  trees  are  usually  cut  about  twelve 
leet  above  the  ground,  and  a  stage  is  erected  for  the  axeman  to  stand  upon  to 
perform  this  work.  The  trunk  of  the  tree,  from  its  size,  is  deemed  the  most  val- 
liable;  but  for  ornamental  purposes,  the  branches  or  limbs  arc  generally  pre- 
^rred,  being  of  a  much  closer  grain,  and  the  veins  are  more  rich  and  variegated. 
Hence,  to  avoid  injury  by  the  fall  of  the  whole  tree  at  once,  they  are  removed 
separately.  The  wood  felled  brtucen  February  and  September  is  very  liable  to 
crack  m  seasoning ;  but  to  avoid  this  it  should  be  immersed  as  soon  as  possible 
into  deep  water,  and  remain  until  it  is  ready  to  be  shipped. 

Tlie  /jille.'i  or  logs  of  mahogany  which  are  shipped  from  C^ampeachy  and  Hon- 
duras ar<>  usually  from  ten  to  lifteen  feet  in  length,  and  three,  four,  or  five  feet 
deep ;  those  trom  St.  Domingo  are  from  seven  to  ten  feet  long,  and  fifteen  to 
twenty-five  inches  deep;  and  those  from  Cuba  are  from  twelve  to  eighteen  feet 
long,  and  the  same  number  of  inches  deep. 

To  test  the  soundness  of  mahogany,  closely  examine  the  ends  of  the  logs  by  cut- 
ting into  them  with  an  axe,  or  some  other  instrument,  and  if  there  be  any  signs 
of  decay,  it  will  at  once  be  detected.  The  following  mode  has  also  been  resorted 
to  with  success.  Let  one  individual  place  his  ear  close  to  the  end  of  the  log  to 
be  examined,  and  another  person  slightly  touch  the  opposite  end  with  the 
point  of  a  pin  or  needle.  If  the  wood  be  sound,  the  touch  of  the  needle  will  be 
distinctly  heard  by  the  person  with  his  car  at  the  lo<r.  while  the  individual  at  the 
opposite  end,  who  performs  with  the  needle,  may  not  hear  it.  If  the  wood  be  in 
a  t-late  of  decay,  the  touch  of  the  needle  will  not  be  heard. 

Prnpcrtics,  Uses,  i^c.     The  wood  of  the  mahos>;any-trce  varies  in  its  M'ciffht 
texture,  and  grain,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  situation  in  which  it 
grows.     On  rocky  and  mountainous  places  it  is  of  a  smaller  size,  heavy  of  a 
c  ose  gram,  uiid  beautifully  shaded;  while  the  product  of  low  and  rich  lands  is 
observed  to  be  more  light  and  porous,  of  a  paler  colour  and  open  grain  ;  and  that 
ol   mixed  .soils  holds  a  medium  between   the  two.     The  mahogany  which  is 
accessible  111  Honduras  grows  upon  moist  land,  and  is,  cenerally  speakiii'^   de- 
cidedly inferior  to  that  of  Cuba  and  St.  Domingo,  being  soft,  coarse,  spongy 
and  weighuig,  when  dry,  only  thirty-five  to  forty  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot,  while 
the  other  is  hard,  close-grained,  of  a  darker  colour,  sometimes  strongly  fio-nred 
and  weighs,  when  dry,  from  fifty-four  to  sixty-six  pounds  to  a  culiic  ibot.  '  Hon- 
duras mahogany  has,  however,  the  advantage  of  holdino-  glue  admirably  well 
and  for  this  reason  is  frequently  used  as  a  ground  on  winch  to  lay  veneers  of 
finer  woods.     The   trees  which  are  grown  on  the  Bahama  Islands  are  ',ot  so 
large  as  those  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  but  are  more  curiously  veined  or 
mottled,  and  are  known  in  England  by  the  name  of  Madcira-n-ond.  ' 

I  he  colour  of  mahogany  is  a  reddish-brown,  of  different  shades,  and  various 
ccgrees  of  brightness;  sometimes  yellowish-brown,  often  much  veined  and  mot- 
tied  with  darker  shades  of  the  same  colour.  The  texture  is  not  uniform,  and  the 
concentric  layers  are  not  always  distinct.  It  has  not  much  taste  nor  smelt 
shrinks  but  a  very  little,  and  warps  and  twists  less,  perhaps,  than  any  other  kind 
ot  timber.  It  is  durable,  when  kept  dry,  but  does  not  last  Ion?  when  exposed 
to  the  alternations  of  moisture  and  dryness.  There  are  several  varieties  of 
mahogany,  much  admired,  and  sought  after,  for  the  beauty  of  their  figures,  and 
the  gradations  of  their  colours,  which  may  be  described  as  follows 


1.  1 


1,A1.\     J 


Mahogany.     Acajou  nni  of  the  French,  the  wood  of  wiiich  is  of  one 


il 

' 

'4* 

J 

colour,  and  equal  throughout, 
17 


I  m 

11  h' 


jliii 


130 


SWIETENIA   MAHOOONI. 


,J:  ^i^T""  !^*"°°^,r"  "^y"!'  ^'''"^^  f^''^"'^*'-  Tho  wood  of  il.is  varioty  is 
veined  long.tud.n  .ily  with  the  grain,  displaying  alternately  dark  and  L  t 
streaks,  continuous,  interrupted,  or  rc-appearuig  ^   uau.  auu  ugnt 

3.  Watered  MAiiooANy      Acajou  moin,  French.     This  variety  is  knoNvn  bv 

4.  Velvet-coud  oil  Caterpillak  Mahogany.     Acajou  chenillL  French      This 
variety  is  d.stiuguislicd  by  its  whitish  lines,  accorniuxnted  t.y  a   igured  shade  ot" 
fn.g.nensof  roseate  sprigs,  here  and  there  disposed  diagonaUy,  bngitu    nail v 
interrupted,  or  crossing  one  another.  ^         y^      ib"""i'i^iiiy, 

5.  Hikd's-eve  Mahooany.     Acajou  motichetv,    French.     This   variety   is  be- 

ers,  wreathes,  festoons,  or  figures  of  shrubs-.  ' 

tn  ^n/'""  r?r*^  °/.  mahogany  is  generally  hard  and  takes  a  fine  polish,  it  is  found 

nose       i,         '  *''".'!  *''']'*''  T^?'^'''  *^-^«  ^"'-  cabinet-making,  for  which  pur- 
pose it  is    inivcrsal  y  admired.     It  is  very  strong,  and  answers  well  for  beams 
JOISTS,  planks,  boards,  and  shingles,  for  which  it '  was  formerly  much  iisc^^  S 
hSy'lifthistTea''''''""  '"  «hip-building  we  have  already  mentioned  in  the 


I,         • 

•r     ! 


Genus  VITIS,  Linn. 


feath- 


Vitaceno, 

Hi/al.  Mai. 


Vitis,  Cissus,  Ampeloj^iSis, 

Vigne, 

Weinstock,  Hebe, 
Vite, 

Vid, 
Viiluirn, 
Wino^'rad, 
JE'vvh, 
G  rape- vine, 


Pcntiindria  IMonosyiiia. 

tlyiit.  Lin. 


Synonymcs, 


Of  Ai-'Tiioas. 

France. 

Gkbjianv. 
Italy. 
Spain, 
pohtioal. 

UutiSIA. 

Arabia. 

Britain  and  ANoi.o-AMEnicA. 


Dtrivaliona.    The  Latin  word  Vilia,  from  which  nro  derived  nearly  all  the  Kuro|  can  namen,  conii-s  from  llin  Celtic  gtrijtl,  a 

U'm  cir  ahriiti;  Ihu  letter  if  lieiiii;  H\i|i|ireM.sed  in  tlie  priiniiJirliilidn,  iircnnling  td  tin  iinaije  of  ti\i'  Celtic,  iiatiiMW.  Ciamin,  llie 
<ireclc  name  of  tlio  Ivy,  wii.h  applied  to  tlih  count)  liy  I.inna'iin,  fmrn  the  »nppiised  resemliialice  of  some  (if  the  Mpceies  to  that 
plant.  Aiiiiielu/iaia  is  derived  Iroin  the  Oreok  umpdus,  a  vine,  anil  "/wig,  appearunee,  and  wa.-i  ap|ilied  hy  Michanx  to  uovoral 
HpeeiB3  of  Anverican  prapo-vinea,  from  the  rosemblanco  of  their  habits,  leaves,  ami  llnwerH  to  tlioae  of  tlio  Virginian  creeper 
(.\mpulop.4la  (pilnipiefoliu.) 

Generic  Characters.  Flowers  hermaphrodite,  direcious  or  trio'cious.  Caly.K  commonly  .'j-toothed.  Fetals 
5,  coherinf,'  at  Ihc  top,  separaiiiif,'  at  tiie  base,  and  decidutnis.  Stamens  5.  Climbiiifj  shrubs,  deeidu- 
oiis,  with  leaves  simple,  lobed,  or  sjrrated,  .sometimes  connpoiind,  and  small  greenish-yellow  Uowers 
in  thyrsoid  racemes. — De  Camlvlle,  Prodromtis. 

^S^I^^^XHE  genus  Vitis  is  found  indigenous  in  the  equinoctial  regions  of 
^>-^j^^^^r    '^"^''  contineiit.s,  and  extends  into  the  teni])crate  zones  as  far  soutli- 
ward  as  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  New  Holland;  and  north- 
ward, to  Japan  and  North  America,  as  well  as  from  the  plains  of 
India  to  the  defiles  of  Caucasus.     The  Vitis  vinifcra,  or  winc-bear- 

ing  vine  of  Europe,  lias  long  been  celebrated  in  the  old  world, 

r.nd  may  be  traced  back  to  remote  antiquity.  Its  cultivation  was  probably 
among  the  earliest  ellbrts  of  human  industry;  for  we  read  that  one  ot  the  first 
acts  of  Noah,  after  being  saved  from  the  deluge,  was  to  plant  a  vineyard. 

"  Anil  Noah  began  to  hu  an  husbandman,  and  ho  planted  a  vineyard  |" 

Genesis,  ix.  20. 

thus  plainly  indicating  that  the  planting  of  a  vineyard,  even  at  that  early  day, 
was  deemed  one  of  tiie  primary  and  most  important  acts  of  him  who  tilled  the 
earth.  The  grape,  among  fruits,  is  what  wheat  is  among  the  cereal  grains,  or 
the  potato  among  farinaceous  roots;  and  like  them,  in  every  country  where  it 
will  grow,  is  cultivated  with  pre-eminent  care. 

Th'>  Vitis  vinifcra  is  generally  considered  to  have  originated  in  Persia;  and 
Dr.  Sickier,  in  his  "  Geschichtc  der  Obst-Cultur,"  has  given  an  interesting 
account  of  its  migration  to  I'Jgypt,  (Jreece,  and  Sicily.  From  the  latter  country, 
Avhich  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  oldest  seats  of  civilization  in  Europe,  it  is  said 
to  have  found  its  way  into  Italy,  Spain,  and  France.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  introduced  into  Britain  by  the  Romans,  but  during  Avhat  reign  is  uncertain. 
There  were  vineyards,  however,  in  England,  according  to  the  venerable  Bede, 
towards  the  close  of  the  Illd  century.  This  species  has  existed  for  ages,  in  a 
wild  state,  in  the  woods  and  hedges  of  Provence,  Langucdoc,  and  diuienne,  in 
France,  where  it  diflers  from  the  cultivated  vine,  in  having  smaller  and  more 
cottony  leaves,  and  very  small  fruit,  rather  aufitere  than  sweet.  These  wild 
vines,  which  were  called  by  the  ancients  labnisca,  are  still  known  in  the  south 


132 


VITIS. 


m 


m 


It 


of  I  ranco  l)y  t)i(3  namos  of  Inmhrvsra,  ntid  hnnh 
grap.'  IS  siiprossfiilly  mltivatcd  in  Fraiu 
dosrccs;    hilt   in  Hi'it.'iiri   ft  .seldom  arri 
Rrown  in  the  oimmi  :iii 
'     at  l\ 


hrrnfinicro.     TIio  wino-bonrini; 


'0  iiN  far  noitli  as  hiiitudn  idrty-nine 
vcs  at  niaturiiy  unli'ss  protected,  wlion 


V 

VI 
Op( 


rpi  ,  ,         .im.iii^   imuKN  proieeied,  wher 

mtceessAtlly  c,.lt,va,ed  in   JIn.doo;;an  \d o  ^'\^*  ,  ^  .  ^  o?];.r7J;.n/'  T  '^'^° 
«yr.a,    Lower  J-l^ypt,  Al.yssi.ua,   Uarlmry,  tl7o  A.o/^   ]^^u  eir  s   r     f'"'''''-  ",' 
'andwich  Islands.     In  .S.ntli  America    i    is  rnit  r  .t.',  ..     '  ^  '"f  "'^  "'" 

•arious  parts  of  Hrazil,  Unaya,,nil     S,    J/tl    '       '         v  i     """"'  ^^T'  "'"* 
ia.  in  latitnd."  forty  d,..rrees  son  n  Nn       A  \  ^ ''!''"••"■'*".  and  Vaidi- 

opn.  air.  in  Jan.a.ei^  Unha   Mex    o,  the  ^^^si^I^:^ !i7^'';i  '^^  IJ"'^'  ;^'  »'- 
>"  latitude  forty  degrees  and  forty-two  m„tcs'tui    as  ^'^^''      '^ 
nord.-west  roast,  in^  latitude  thirty-ei-dtt     e    e,V  o  tl       I     eon '"""'"'  1'"  "° 
mates  of  the  above-named  nlaees  it  wifl  ho  .  .7.     i    .^i  co"  pamig  the  cli- 

maturity   n  the  latitude  of  I':dinhMr.rh  ^^  :.^'\^"^  '"'  ','""  ^^ '"  ""'  arrive  at 

ton^H-ra^nre  is  son^wlKU  Id:;,^^^^"^^!^,^^^^^^^^ 

situated  more  than  fifteen  del'  eesStlu  r In Hh^^^'^^^^  the  latter  place  is 

matnration  of  the  ^rane  lik-e  in  iMPm.^ii  '^.,  -^'''  ?'  V"^  o'^^*"  rt'tard  the 

sand  foot;  „„  ,1,„  A,»„„i,.c,  anj  siJ  ;/ to        ,  i'^dfe    " '1,  K^ 

layns,  at  an  elevation  of  ton  thonsaiid  lect  '  "'"  """'''■ 

vaSio'Ti^ritll'XtVd  atlo.'iJMirt'f.'-'n""-  r"' ■••','.'  "'"'  -l"'^' to  its 
original  dillhTneos,  ll„  ,„,,|,    ho  ol  "ct/rf  loil  hC  *'?','■'  ,'"  ."''''"S"  f™™ 

fully  ircalod,  w,ll  show  hlosso.ns  in  its  lonrlh  or  (i"l  Varaml  f  J  3l'l    '°" 


I 


I'inp-bparinu: 
r  lorty-nino 
noted,  whon 
it  ciiii  ripen, 
s;  iiiid  even 
It  is  also 
iiplirates.  in 
iiiarics,  and 
Ayrcs.  and 
iind  Valdi- 
I'riiif,  in  the 
New  York, 
isfo,  on  the 
■iiig  the  cli- 
Itnrp  of  the 
on  the  par- 
L)t  arrive  at 
ean  annnal 
tor  phice  is 
1st  entirely 
)m  the  fact 
r  hititudcs, 
es  situated 
retard  the 
mniers  are 
imo  paral- 
'  tfiousand 
two  thon- 
the  Hima- 

latos  to  its 
r.  Sickler, 
al  botanic 

Ired  have 
mge  from 
on,  many 
be  propa- 
>nr  native 
K'tter  and 
:ipe,  care- 
ould  pro- 
might  be 


Vitis  labru.ira, 

THE  AMERICAN  WILD   VINE. 

Si/nonymcs, 


Vitia  labrusca, 


■  LiNN.i;i's,  Sperips  riiintnnim. 
MiriiAi'x,  Florii  llorcali-Amcricana. 
I)i;  Candollh;,  rrdiliDimis. 
LoLDDN,  Ailidriuini  ISiitanniciim. 
ToRiiEv  AND  GiiAY,  i'liira  of  North  America, 


UNCI!, 


Vitrne  cotonneuse,    Vigne    saiivagc    de  j  p 

l'Aineri(iiie,  j 

FilziKcr  Woinstock,  Uaiimarlige  Ucbo,        GERMANy. 
Vili"  laml)riiM'a,  Uva  laliiiisca,  Italy. 

Willi  Viti",  Urapc-viae,  Fox  Grape,  Biutaiv  and  Anolo-America. 

Shominawtig,  Ojiuwav  Indians. 

Dfrirnti'mi,  Tlio  Nperific  name  lahrutcn,  nccorflln?  to  I/iudoii,  1h  ilerivnl  frciin  tlir  nulirnw.  lumen,  r  crape,  anil  wa.i  applied 
to  \\\\a  H|M'('ir^  l)y  I.iiiiufiM,  t'niiii  a  suitpo^jfil  n'snmlilanrt*  whirli  it  Iictrr  to  tho  vvilil  vim!  nf  KnrtiiM-:  luMicf  liit'  Ilaliaii  iiiinit-it. 
Tho  Freiii'h  ami  Oi^rinaii  iippulliiliiiin  liavi!  ri;feri'nrn  to  thi'  down  on  Iho  inulrr  xido  of  tlin  li'avcw.  It  in  r:iili'il  Fm  iixiiit,  (or 
rulliiT  Nurllipni  t'lix  (j'miie,  in  i'oiilriiill.stiHi',lioii  to  tlin  Kox  (jnipo  i>f  llit!  hoiiiIu'I'ii  .slalcn,  or  llm  Vilin  nil|iiiia  of  LiniiiriiH,) 
itt'caiiHii  Iho  wholo  plant  liud  uoiiiutiiiicii  u  iliriagrcuulilo,  foxy  Biiiull.  Tliu  liuliaii  iiaiiio  i^  iluriviil  from  i/iumiii,  a  gra|H!,  ami 
uwti^,  a  trco. 

Knitriivinfiii.  Pliimlor,  PoHcrlptlon  dos  Planter  iIb  PAmfriipiB,  t.  259,  figtiro  1 ;  HolTy,  Orchar(]l.<l'8  Companion,  il.,  pi,  — 
Loudoii,  ArlHinauiii  nritajiulcnni,  I.,  fii^nro  1 11  ;  and  tho  Abjure  lielow. 

Sptcijk  Characters.      Sexes  dicccious  or  polygamous.     Leaves   heart-shaped,  rather  3-lobrd,  acutely 
toothed,  downy  beneath,  with  llie  peduncles  tomentose  and  rather  rusty, — De  Caitdulle,  Prodrunwa. 


Description, 

"  The  vino  too,  hot  curllnif  tendrils  shoots, 

Hari^'.H  out  lior  rlu.slors  flowing  to  the  south, 
Anil  scarcely  wlahua  lor  a  wanner  sky." 

!  1 1  Fi  Vitis  labrusca  is  a  tendriled  climber, 
^hPl^  growing  to  about  the  same  height  as 
^  LI  (K  the  winc-be;iringvinc  of  Murope.  The 
w?i^iS593  .'^tcrn  is  very  long,  .somotinit^s  running 
to  the  toj)  of  tho  liiglu^st  trees,  and  the  branches 
arc  clotlied  with  a  brownish  ])ubescence.  The 
leaves  are  much  larger  'ban  those  of  the  I'-nro- 
pean  species,  being  nsiially  from  four  to  six  inches 
in  diameter,  distinctly  three-lobed  in  some  varie- 
ties, short,  mncronate,  and  densely  covered  on 
their  under  sides  with  a  whitish,  or  rusty  down, 
particularly  of  the  latter  coloiu'  on  the  veins. 
Tho  flowers,  which  appear  in  June,  are  of  a  yel- 
lowish-green, and  are  borne  on  somewhat  com- 
ponnd  racemes,  with  short,  nmbelliferous  branches.  The  berries,  which  nsually 
arrive  at  matin-ity  in  October,  are  half  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  globose  or 
oblong,  and  are  generally  of  a  dark  purple,  when  ripe,  and  of  a  pleasant  tlavour, 
particidarly  when  cnltivated;  but  in  some  varieties,  they  are  of  an  amber-col- 
01U-,  or  greenish-white,  of  a  strong,  musky  taste  in  a  wild  state,  and  are  filled 
with  a  tough  pulp.  A  peculiarity  exists  with  regard  to  several  varieties  of  this 
species,  of  ])rodncing  a  second  crop  of  fruit  on  the  shoots  of  the  same  year;  but 
it  seldom  arrives  at  maturity  except  in  a  warm  .season,  with  late  autimnuil  iVosts. 
Varieties.  {Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  classify  the  varieties  of  this 
species,  but  not  with  much  success.     In  most  cases,  the  form  and  colour  of  the 


m 


if 


I 


134 


VITIS   LABRUSCA. 


little  pro.cclion  d,  riS  wi,  l?*^    CWmi^^w  "''"'""  "'  ',''"'  "  ""l"i'es  but 

McbSi  ,0  General  Jo°seph"s\vift,*;7Svf,   .^'eTvorff  fih7V  ,7  "" 
account,  avi  c  i  we  trust  will  Tip  .m  1o„c  o„      *  VV   ■  •     '^'  ^'^^  ^^^  followins 

a  source,  than  in  tlT  nTe  est  ck.  S  f,f  ^P^^^k,  in  comnig  from  so  respectabll 
that   General  Smith    of  Silvia N^^^^^  It  appears 

along  the  southerly  sidVof  Cranbe  rv  ^^^^^^^^^  '''''^''^ 

Brooklyn,  New  York      Tn  Vii  Q  ti.^'  '^^^'^'^^^^  vVillow  and  Columbia  streets,  in 

otliei-  slateraents,  it  wonij  seem  that    'rvarielvirnm  ft    1  '>';",'«'»"':''•     i''">m 
ill  this  country  prior  to  1800  '^  '  "  ''>'''"''' ''"'  '™^  l"""™ 

some,  as  a  table  fruit   tlnn  tb-it  nf  tl.o  Tin     f^'""'-     ^^  ^^  '"ore  esteemed  by 
taining  a  p.ilp  oHe  ^  tnsi  tercv      It  w  .     ''  ^Te'^  ""  '^''''''''  '^'''''  '^'^-^^  ^«'i- 

;!.^^;;.;^="iSiSSr?E?i-""?'^^^^^ 

01.  tire  easlern  slio  e  of  JHrT,  f'h^^i,    uF'f  ^T  '"  '"""  '"  '■"•"  '"='=»  ''"""d 
the  lale  William  liar  ram  a  rfAmLuW  '„r  ptff^^^        '"[""«'  "' ■''  '» 

.trc  of  a  blu.h-pmple,  and  a  ..hght  musky  ilavour,  but  when  partially  exposed; 


^mL 


AMERICAN   WILD   VINE. 


135 


ling  of  the 
iderations, 
ight  under 

tingiiished 
:y  flavour. 
3r  of  fruit, 
quires  but 
/■,   we  are 
following 
espectable 
It  appears 
ired   from 
le,  which, 
tween  the 
■     In  the 
m  Smith- 
ed, to  the 
s  situated 
streets,  in 
•al  Swift, 
lis  neigh- 
ng,  Long 
;hout  the 
le  garden 
?inal  Isa- 
3vered  to 
ve  since 
•     f'rom 
s  known 

:  Grape^ 
Mazzei 
led  clns- 
d  sweet, 
rity,  tlie 
3med  by 
md  cou- 
isuitable 
its  fruit 
fully  be 
Lmcrica. 
!ei;  but 
g  before 
11  found 
of  it  to 
3  of  the 
;nonien 

occurs 
.  The 
to  their 
!ie  .sun, 
cposed, 


they  are  of  a  lilac  hue;  and  those  which  grow  entirely  in  the  shade,  are  of  a 
translucent  white,  sweet,  and  devoid  of  musk  m  their  taste.  The  fruit  is  earlier 
in  ripening  than  that  of  the  preceding  variety,  and  when  allowed  to  remain  on 
the  vine  until  perfectly  mature,  the  pulp  nearly  disappears.  It  is  esteemed  as  a 
table  grape,  and  has  also  been  manufactured  into  an  excellent  wine.  The  origi- 
nal vine  is  said  to  have  been  procured  from  the  banks  of  the  CataAvba,  and 
planted  in  the  garden  of  the  late  Mr.  Schell,  at  Clarksburg,  in  Maryland,  and 
has  been  known  to  bear  nearly  eight  bushels  of  fruit  in  a  single  season. 

4.  V.  L.  ELsiNBURGE.Nsis,  Priucc.  Elsanljorousfh  Grape-vine.  This  variety  is 
noted  for  its  sweet,  juicy  fruit,  which  is  free  fiom  pulp,  and  musky  taste.  The 
clusters  are  of  a  medium  size,  with  loose  berries  of  a  blue  colour,  which  are  said 
to  make  an  agreeable  wine.  Its  foliage  is  of  a  pale-green,  and  resembles  that  of 
the  wine-bearing  grape  of  Europe,  more,  perhaps,  than  that  of  any  other  American 
variety.  It  somewhat  resembles  the  Isabella,  in  its  bark  and  wood,  but  its  fruit 
IS  thought  to  at^similate  more  nearly  to  that  of  the  Meunier,  of  France.  The 
original  vine  was  found  and  brought  under  cultivation  by  Dr.  Hulings,  in  Elsan- 
borough,  in  New  Jersey,  where,  undoubtedly,  it  was  indigenous. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Vitis  labrusca  is  found  in  sheltered  situations 
in  woods  and  thickets,  and  sometimes  near  the  margins  of  waters,  from  Canada 
to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  It  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1656.  by 
John  Tradcscant,  jun. ;  but  it  can  only  be  considered,  in  tliat  country,  as  an 
ornamental  shrub.  A  plant,  however,  of  the  red-fruited  variety,  placed  against 
a  wall  with  a  western  aspect,  in  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society, 
is  said  to  ripen  fruit  every  year,  of  an  agreeable  flavour.  There  are  several  vari- 
eties of  this  species  cultivated  in  North  America,  the  most  celebrated  and  exten- 
sive of  which,  is  the  Vitis  labrusca  Isabella.  As  this  variety  is  preferred,  in  the 
middle  and  northern  parts  of  the  United  States  to  all  others,  principally  on 
account  of  the  quality  and  abundance  of  its  fruit,  its  hardihood,  and  the  facil- 
ity with  which  it  is  propagated,  we  shall  chiefly  confine  our  remarks  to  its 
culture,  rather  tlxan  to  those  of  a  less  hardy  nature.  We  would  not  by  any 
means  discourage  the  propagation  and  amelioration  of  the  other  varieties,  whcre- 
evcr  the  soil  and  climate  are  favourable  to  their  growth  and  maturity ;  but  on 
the  contrary,  we  would  recommend  a  successive  reproduction  from  seeds,  by 
grafting,  or  inoculation,  and  if  possible,  by  hybridation  ;  and  doubtless  many 
valuable  varieties  would  be  the  result. 

The  manufacture  of  wine  from  the  American  wild  grape  has  long  been  a  sub- 
ject of  contemplation,  and  many  unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  by  the  early 
settlers  of  the  colonies;  but  the  want  of  success  was  not  so  much  owing  to  the 
qualities  of  the  fruit,  as  in  the  requisite  skill  and  care  in  making  the  wine.  It 
appears,  however,  by  Holmes'  "Annals,"  that,  in  the  year  1709,  the  French 
planters  on  the  Illinois  River,  made  upwards  of  one  liundrcd  hogsheads  of  strong 
V  inc  from  the  wild  grapes  of  that  country.  Frequent  mention  is  also  made  in 
Dodsley's  "London  Annual  Register,"  of  wine  being  manufactured,  in  small 
quantities,  from  the  American  grape,  and  in  some  instances,  of  a  rich  and 
agreeable  flavour.  More  recently,  the  Swiss  and  (ierman  settlers  of  the  west, 
especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  have  turned  their  attention  to  this  branch 
ot  indusiry,  and  their  labours  have  been  crowned  with  considerable  success. 
Mr.  Nicolas  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  a  communication,  jtublished  in 
tlie  "American  Agriculturist,"  in  December,  1812,  says,  "1  have  thirteen 
vineyards,  and  inorc  underway.  The  greatest  yield  is  at  the  vineyard  man- 
aged by  Mr.  Mottier,  who  is  well  known  as  an  intelligent,  enterprising  vine- 
dresser. He  made  within  a  fraction  of  fifteen  hundred  gallons.  A  part  of  the 
vineyard  that  did  not  sufler  by  rut,  yielded  six  hundred  gallons  to  the  acre. 


The  next  vineyard  in  its  yield,  is  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  My 


ers,  an  intelligent 


136 


VITIS   LABRUSCA. 


k>         ij 


Sn'n?''"^  °^  "^T^^  experience  in  the  cultivation  of  the  vine.     There  were  «iom« 
vnieyards  in  the  country  that  produced  a  more  abuiidnnt  rrnn   nn  T. 

IS  dostmod  to  make  a  dry  wine,  equal  to  hock;  and  one  o7m7GeS;^rn  te,^^^^^^^^^ 
Mr.  I.ock,  has  made  a  spark  ns  wine  from  it  eauil  tn  thp  h^.t  <^k  ^^"'^'"^' 
But  we  must  not  expect\o  sucJeed  at  fim"  The'^less  of  ferlntaZ^fnd 
manufacture  of  wme  requires  both  experience  and  skiH  and  we  s'nTl  not  for 
years  equal  the  wmc-coopers  of  Europe  in  its  manufacture  Thl  1,.  k  T 
wmes  require  but  little  experience  and  skill   burthi.?rnnt\r  ^  ^"^^ 

many  of  the  finest  wn.es."'  The  cuulV:  o"^  o  the  vine  Tas'X"becX\n 
object  in  supplying  our  markets  and  tables  with  fruit.  Dr.  R  T  UndeTll  o? 
New  York,  mlorms  us  that  he  has  nearly  twenty  acres  of  vines  \i  rVmnn  pi' .?; 
on    the       udson^  chiefly  of   the  Isabelfa  and  Sawba  ^^  eties     C 

t^TT^^/  ''''T'  f  P.^'"^*^^'*^  ^■*^^"™-  ^^^"y  «ther  vineyard  of  aTeate  or 
^ss  extent  are  already  in  progress  in  several  states  of  the  union    and  one  or 

Soil  and  Situation.  The  Isabella  grapevine  flourishes  best  in  a  soil  tbnf  i« 
fnio'l  T^  -^"^  ^^'^^^dingly  rich,  rather  loose  tliau  compact,  modemtet  os 
instead  of  being  wet  or  very  dry,  and  is  free  from  an  excess  oAalTs  pern^S 
fo  th';t'l?"r\'P^'"r '  "";^  "^  Soneral,  land  recently  cleared  of  wood  s  preS  e 
to  that  which  has  been  for  some  time  under  tillage.  Tlie  situation  slionlfl  Hp 
chosen  on  moderately  rising  ground  rather  than^n  that  thTlsXxt  or 

tZrlA'l^r^  T  ""'"^'T  ''T'"^  '"  "^'^^"^-l  towards  die  south  tast 
the  K  fpl-  hn  f  n^  ;i'  ''r  ^"'^  ^"^  ^"^""^*^  '^^^^t  «f  tl^«  «""'  particularly  duS 
the  lattei  half  ot  the  day,  but  not  so  much  so  as  to  impede  a  free  circuktin    n? 

Zc.  ^I'd^  In.?  T^  ^f/"^'"^:  '''^  ^^""  "^«'^^'  -''I  warm  h.sSoTb  iiig 
cold.  A  doctune  advanced  by  various  authors  is,  that  the  region  of  the  m-Uze 
and  peach  culture  is  also  that  of  the  wine -bearing  grape  of  Europe      Bv  mr  tv 

InXZn  JL'?''*'''  "^'  ^^^""'  other  varieties^vllicha7eo!uall/ol'm2 
^those  mv     of    In?''"'"''  -^^r'^^' "^^^ybe  successfully  cultivated  from  Mexico 
to  tliose  paits  o    America  where  the  maize,  or  Indian  corn  is  t<i  be  considcror  In 
s  re  crop;  that  is,  they  will  succeed  along  the  shores  of  the  At  antic  iiaiivmr 
alld  southward  ot  the  forty-third  degree  of  latitude,  and     u  c     farthe  "[^ 
milt' h'  '  ""T  "^  ^'"  l^oc'^y  Mountains.     The  Isabella  will  al  o    S^n  p  os  i^r 
Hide    circums  ances  considerably  at  variance  with  any  of  those  above  '^tX 
but  Its  Iru.t  will  not  be  of  so  fine  a  quality,  nor  so  rich  in  its  flavour  ' 

JJT"^  T  "'"^  ^^lanagemcnt.  The  Vitis  labrusca  Isabella,  like  all  its  con- 
j^eners,  may  be  propagated  from  seeds,  by  cuttings  or  layers,  and  bv  ^  aftinc.  or 
m.cn latio.i ;  but  ihe  mode  almost  universally  adopted  is  bv  cutt  i -^s  A Z  the 
branches  and  roots.  A  simi.le,  detailed  account  of  Ihe  gr.)wt i  o  la  vine  1  ■  n  s 
separation  from  the  parent  stem  to  the  period  of  perfecting  its  frui     p  '  h-^      w^^^^ 

Sim^l^rie;:^:- ^  ^'  '^^  '^°^^^^'  ^^'^  '^^  '^''^''^'  the  fbiiou^^gf  ^'ij;^,;^;! 

It  was  the  opinion  of  L.  .Innius  Moderatus  Columella,  a  distinguished  writer 
on  husbandry,  who  flourished  more  than  eighteen  iumd  ed  years"  go  an  ™ho 
owned  an  extensive  vineyard  in  that  part  "of  Old  Spain,  nowc;kd  A    a^on 

andslalluUv  tilK>d.  more  especiallv  when  nn.nlnuprl  fn^  vinevards         " 


employee 


'  For 


ii'- 


AMEKICAN   WILD   VINE. 


137 


fting  or 


vine,"  said  he,  "  is  a  delicate,  tender,  and  Aveak  thing,  and  can  by  no  means 
bear  with  hard  usage ;  and,  for  the  most  part,  it  is  consumed  by  too  much 
labour,  and  bearing  too  great  a  quantity  of  fruit ;  and,  if  you  do  not  restrain  it 
Avithin  due  bounds,  it  perishes  by  its  own  fruitfuhiess.  But  when  it  has,  in 
some  measure,  strengthened  and  hardened  itself,  and  attained,  as  it  were,  to  the 
vigour  of  youth,  it  may  prosper  under  neglect.  But  a  young  vineyard,  while  it 
is  growing  up,  unless  it  receives  due  cafe  and  attention,  will  be  reduced  to  the 
poorest  and  most  starving  condition,  and  will  pine  and  waste  away,  in  such  a 
manner,  that  it  can  never  afterwards,  by  any  experience  whatsoever,  be  recovered 
and  restored.  Therefore,  the  foundations,  as  it  were,  must  be  laid  with  the 
greatest  care,  and  from  the  first  day  of  planting,  it  must  be  managed  like  infants, 
with  unceasing  attention,  which,  unless  we  do,  all  our  expenses  will  be  laid  out 
to  no  purpose ;  nor  can  the  proper  season  of  anything  be  recalled,  when  once 
we  let  it  pass."  First,  then,  let  us  select  a  proper  site  of  ground,  and  proceed  at 
once,  and  trench  it  to  the  full  depth  required.  If  it  be  situated  on  a  plain,  or  in 
a  valley,  it  should  be  dug  two  feet  in  depth,  and  on  rising  ground  three ;  but  on 
a  bill-side,  somewhat  steeper,  it  should  be  turned  up  at  least  four  feet,  in 
order  that  the  roots  may  penetrate  beyond  the  reach  of  drought.  If  the  cut- 
tings are  intended  to  be  planted  in  drills  or  rows,  let  there  be  formed  trenches 
three  feet  in  length,  two  feet  in  depth,  and  the  width  of  a  spade,  leaving  inter- 
vals or  baulks,  a  yard  in  length,  between  the  trenches,  till  the  row  is  finished. 
Then,  with  good  virgin  soil,  if  it  be  at  hand,  if  not,  let  it  be  procured  from  the 
woods,  let  us  fill  the  trenches  therewith,  mixing  it  at  the  same  time  with  a  due 
proportion  of  leaf-mould  or  well-rotted  manure,  or  what  is  still  better,  the  leaves 
and  husks  of  vines,  or  grape-seeds,*=  in  order  to  quicken  and  strengthen  the 
growth  of  the  plants.  If  a  vineyard  be  the  object  which  we  have  in  view,  let 
the  rows  or  drills  be  trenched  from  five  to  ten  feet  asunder,  according  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  and  the  latitude  of  the  place.  If  the  situation  be  on  a  plain, 
in  a  high  degree  of  latitude,  the  rows  should  be  eight  or  ten  feet  apart;  but  if  it 
be  on  the  side  of  a  very  steep  hill,  or  in  a  low  degree  of  latitude,  five  feet  will 
be  sullicient;  and  on  moderately  inclined  surfaces,  or  in  higher  latitudes,  six  or 
eight  feet  apart  will  be  all  that  is  required.     With  regard  to  the  direction  of  the 

*  This  method  of  manuring  vines  was  known  and  practised  by  the  Carthaginians  long  before  they 
were  conquered  by  the  Romans.  One  Blago,  reputed  anion;'  the  classical  ancients  for  the  princely 
employment  of  delivering  precepts  concerning  the  tilling  of  th<-  earth,  who  nourished  more  than  two  hun- 
dred years  15.  C,  r.nd  wrote  twenty-eight  books  on  hnsbandry,  •  roved  that  the  husks  of  grapes  and  grape- 
seeds,  mixed  with  dung,  and  put  into  the  trenches  with  tiie  vine-plants,  quickened  their  growth,  strengtli- 
ened  the  steins,  and  drew  forth  new  roots.  Tins  idea  accords  precisely  with  the  most  enlightened  princi- 
ples of  modern  chemistry  and  vegetable  economy.  It  shows  that  a  vineyard  may  be  made  to  mainlaia 
perfect  iruitfulness  without  the  application  of  any  manure,  except  the  leaves  and  branches  that  are  pruned 
from  the  vines.  Indeed,  an  instrincc  is  recorded,  where  a  man,  in  Germany,  had  a  vineyard  which  he 
manured  by  no  other  means,  and  kejit  it  in  a  thriving  condition  for  Ihirtv  years.  His  mode  of  applying 
tiie  vine-leavjs  and  branches,  was  to  hoe  them  into  the  soil  aller  having  cut  them  into  small  pieces. 
During  this  long  period,  no  carbon  was  conveyed  to  the  soil  nor  to  the  vines  themselves,  except  that 
contained  in  their  pruned  branches,  the  rains,  dews,  and  in  the  atmosphere,  so  that  the  vines  were  placed 
in  exactly  the  same  condition  as  trees  in  a  forest,  wiiich  receive  no  manure  except  from  their  decayed 
branches  and  leaves.  Under  ordinary  circumsiances,  a  manure  containing  potash  must  be  used,  other- 
wise the  fertility  of  the  soil  will  decrease.  From  this  it  follows,  that  in  nature  every  vegetable  produces 
its  own  pabiituin  or  sujiport,  and  that  the  earth  only  serves  to  bear  the  jilant,  and  not  to  aid  or  nourish  it 
in  vegetation.  The  food  of  plants  is  tlius  supposed  to  be  derived  from  air  and  water,  heat  and  light,  or 
electricity  in  dilferent  i)roportions,  adapted  to  the  various  productions  of  tlie  vegetable  world.  This  doc- 
trine may  further  be  corroborated  by  an  insiance  which  occurred  in  France  in  ISIU.  Jle.ssrs.  Poillard 
and  JJernani,  who  date  their  letter  at  Brest,  assert  that  they  succeeded  in  raising  perfect  wheat  upon  a 
pane  of  glass  covered  with  straw.  They  state  that  there  was  not  the  smallest  particle  of  earth  upon  the 
glass,  and  that  the  plants  were  lell  entirely  to  themselves,  without  being  watered  or  attended  to  in  aijy 
way  whatever,  from  the  time  of  sowing  to  the  lime  of  reaping.  And  we  can  aver  that  we  have  seen 
fielils  ol  Eugar-cane,  in  the  island  of  Cuba,  which  have  produced  ubundani  crops  ircnu  the  same  roots,  for 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century,  without  any  manure,  except  the  tops  and  leaves  of  the  cane  that  have  been 
leit  on  the  ground,  and  worked  into  the  soil  by  the  hoe. 
18 


'I 


^w^ 


138 


VITIS   LABRUSCA, 


reiM 


about  houses  in  the  country  single  vinplmnr^    .      ""T^'     ^"^  ^"  ^'*i««'  ^nd 
of  buildings,  along  the  sides  k  fencer  or  on  ^Lf  '"T^"^  "W^"'  ^^^^es  and  ends 

The  most  favourable  season  forSth.  the  IsSh'  '"^^  ^'^""^^^'^  ''^ '''''- 
States,  is  when  the  red-flowered  Se  fs  in  ^f  ^'^"^gJ-^Pe-vine  in  the  United 
Georgia  from  the  20th  to  t  LTast  ofTehrnr.       T^  ^^''^     "^"^-^'l^  ^'^^"rs  in 
Philadelphia  and  New  York      In  seLeti^l  So^ 

should  be  of  one  variety,  an     akenfrtfthfrinlf"^  ^""^  a  vineyard,  they 

us  not  content  ourselve    wi  h  s  nl  cl  s  ors^-^^"       ^^^^         '^'^  ""''''■     ^'^' 
Iiflc.     The  greatest  proportion  of  f™ftlrnf'   r^  ^^'V  T^"?^'  '^'"^  ^^^^  "^^^t  pro- 
l^hoots  nextio  the  old^vU   whh  t      exSL  oTtho  ^  ''"'^  "^'  ^^'^  ^^^^  ^^^^^'^ 
being  unfruitful  and  seldom  beari  I  at  J^F     Snl       f  ^^est  eye,  the  top  buds 
taining  a  considerable  portion  of  t^old  wood  ZV      >'*°  P''""!  ^"""^8«  ^«"- 
nor  economical  to  mutilate  a  favourite  vine  ?!' ,      '/'  '^- ''.  "^'  ^'''^^'^^'^  Pr"dent 
cuttings  of  the  last  year's  growZw  th  the  wnn.1    "'n  '  ''  ''  ^T'  ^°  «^I«<^t  fruitful 
of  a  moderate  size,  short-TohiTed   and  ronfr      T"  "^•'"''^-     '^'^'^^  ^h^^'d  be 
in  each.     They  should  be^c^t  o^  tmnsvesdv  fJLTe  ''^  ''  '^^^'^^  ^^^^  ""^  ^"^^ 
close  to  the  old  wood,  and  not  less  than  two  ,^ih       rt7'"^  '''"''  ^  ^^arp  knife, 
lor  the  protection  of 'the  ternS  tiSs      T^^^^^^^^^ 

remain  above  the  ground  sho  Id  be  "m  ^  that  are  to 

side  should  be  opposite  die  si^de  cont-iininl  tho  ^""^  direction,  and  the  sloping 
should  be  planted  in  calm  leather  mn  Lf  •  i  "l'^'^^^^  bud.  If  possible,  hey 
vine,  and  be  obtained  fom  a  soil  Tu.^^^^^^^  f-"^"  the  parent 

which  they  are  intended  to  grmrifrv\hrtt-.™'^  ^"  ^'^^^^  i" 

unavoidably  occur,  it  will  be  beu'er  to  tr-msnln  f  '  "'  ''^"'^  '''^'''''  should 
irom  a  dryer  to  moister  soil  Ts  also  fron  1  nln  T  ""  P°°'^'*  "^  '^  ^^^her,  and 
should  it  be  necessary  to  convev  the  cuulJr  ^'  'V  '^''^"""^'  ^"™'^tc.  But 
should  be  immersed  in  a  composi tor  of  fi  f  T  ""  "^f""''''^  '^''''  '^^^^^  ^'^ds 
other  oil,  of  about  the  coiSence  of  L  Z  ''"'"''  '""f  "^'^'^  ^^^^h  linseed  or 
parent  stock,  at  the  sam^t  me  ,kinf  t  ro'nro.'"';"  ^'  ^''"^  ""''  ^"^  ««'  ^'"O"^  the 
till  the  moment  they  are  to  be  used.  ^        precaution  not  to  cut  oif  the  top  ends 

MANAGEMENT   DURING   THE   FIRST   YEAR. 

will  be  even  wi!h  the  surface   a  d  direct    1  tl        !"''. '°  ^'^^^  ^''^'^'^  '«™i"^d  bud 
must  be  firmly  pressed  m  md  each  nhnt   n  J\^^  '"V^''"     '^'^•^"  the  earth 

leave  more  than  one  bud  a  ovele Vro^  V^  1''^°^'^^^^  subsequently  settle  and 
to  bury  them  up.  §'°""'''  '"°''«  ^^rth  or  mould  must  be  added 

th^^Zngrf^t  r  miiTT'm  °w';^  ''''  'I  "'"  ^«  '— ^^  ^«  P-tect 

which  sho^.ld  be  remold  Tola ^'evJu  n^^'and  .1^'";','^  ''  ''''''  "^•'^'^''•^^'«' 

ered  until  the  next  mornin-    at  4om      ?f?i     allow  them  to  roniain  micov- 

'-V.     Strict  attention  must  i^ow  be  ob    rv  d   nT.  "  H'l  ^^'^'-^Pl---"-  of  the 

.gs  continually  moist  and  slionM  nnt  f?  v  '^^  ^''^  ^'^^  '"'o^'^d  the  cut- 

-ist  be  done  by%prinl  in    ran        river  J^^  "'^T'"^  ^^  ''^^^"^'^d  means,  it 

.oap-suds,  or  otfie/  stim/.fei  ^'  ]    d^:,  eda  ^  3' ^7/  'V''^'  ''  ^''"  '"'"^''•' 

-d.  and  tL  plan.  wilfV^lZ  Z  ^iSr^^^^l^^-^^ld 


-miL 


AMERICAN  WI^D   VINE. 


139 


season,  except  an  occasional  hoeing,  to  destroy  the  weeds,  and  to  loosen  the  soil 
in  order  to  admit  the  air  and  moisture  about  the  roots.  Should  the  season  prove 
dry,  however,  and  tlie  earth  around  the  plants  become  parched,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  irrigate  them  frequently  with  rain  or  river  water,  or  with  prepared 
liquids  as  suggested  above.  Early  in  autumn,  rub  olF  all  the  buds  from  each 
plant,  except  two,  which  are  to  be  reserved  for  training  the  ensuing  year. 

The  method  of  managing  the  vine  from  the  tirst  to  the  sixth  year,  as  practised 
by  Mr.  B.  E.  Valentine,  of  Philadelphia,  and  published  in  Hoffy's  "  Orchardist's 
Companion,"  for  1841,  is  the  same  as  that  recommended  by  Clement  Hoare,  a 
highly  esteemed  writer  on  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  and  whose  mode,  with  a 
slight  variation  for  climate  or  seasons,  is  believed  to  be  best  adapted  for  this  spe- 
cies of  culture  of  any  practised  in  the  United  States.  "  On  the  first  of  Decem- 
ber, or  as  long  as  the  weather  remains  open,"  says  he,  "  the  soil  round  the  roots 
should  not  be  covered  over ;  but,  as  soon  as  frost  comes,  a  good  covering  of  lit- 
ter, or  well-rotted  manure  must  be  laid  over  the  ground,  as  far  as  the  roots 
extend ;  and  if  the  weather  be  very  severe,  it  will  be  better  also  to  cover  over 
the  stem  to  the  depth  of  five  or  six  inches  above  the  top  of  it.  The  young  plant 
being  thus  Avell  protected  from  the  severity  of  the  winter,  may  remain  in  this 
state  till  the  first  of  March. 


SECOND   YEAR. 

March  1st.  Remove  the  covering,  and  fork  up  the  surface  of  the  ground,  to  the 
depth  of  two  or  three  inches,  that  the  sun  and  air  may  freely  penetrate  it.  April 
1st.  Keep  the  soil  round  the  roots  free  from  weeds,  and  the  surface  of  it  loose, 
either  by  raking  or  forking  it  up  as  often  as  necessary.  May  1st.  Now  remem- 
ber that  only  a  single  shoot  is  permanently  to  be  trained  throughout  the  sum- 
mer;  the  object  of  leaving  two  buds  the  previous  autumn,  being  to  provide 
against  the  loss  of  a  shoot  in  case  of  any  accident.  As  soon,  therefore,  as  the 
strongest  has  grown  sufficiently  to  be  out  of  danger  of  being  accidentally  rubbed 
ofi',  the  other  is  to  bo  cut  out,  as  hereafter  directed.  If  any  other  shoots  have 
pushed  besides  the  two  principal  ones,  rub  them  all  oft'.  As  soon  as  the  shoots  have 
grown  about  a  foot  in  length,  nail  them  to  the  wall  or  fence,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Do  this  very  carefully,  for  they  are  as  yet  extremely  tender.  When  they  have 
grown  about  six  inches  from  the  last  nailing,  they  must  again  be  nailed,  and 
continually  kept  so,  never  sullering  the  tops  of  the  shoots  to  be  blown  about  by 
the  wind.  As  the  tendrils  and  lateral  shoots  successively  appear  throughout  the 
summer,  piiicl^  oft"  the  former  when  they  have  grown  about  three  inches  in 
length,  and  the  latter  to  an  inch  beyond  the  first  eye.  June  1st.  Throughout 
this  month,  and  the  two  following  ones,  whenever  the  ground  appears  parched 
through  by  the  heat  of  the  weather,  give  the  roots,  once  a  day,  about  half  a  gal- 
lon ol  soap-suds,  or  dung-water.  Keep  the  ground  free  from  weeds,  and  the  sur- 
face loose  and  open,  by  raking  or  forking  it  up  once  a  v  ^;>  V  throughout  the  sum- 
mer. July  1st.  The  young  shoots  being  firmly  united  lu  the  preceding  year's 
wood,  and  therefore  past  all  danger  of  being  broken  oJf  by  any  accident',  unnail 
the  weakest  .shoot  of  the  two,  and  cut  it  out  close  to  the  stem,  making  the  sur- 
face of  the  wound  quite  smooth  and  even.  The  remaining  shoot  must  be  kept 
nailed  to  the  wall  as  before  directed.  November  1st.  Cut  the  vine  to  the  two 
lowermost  buds,  and  in  the  winter,  if  the  weather  be  frosty,  cover  the  ground 
over  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  preceding  winter. 


THIRD    YEAR. 


Marcli  1st.     The  winter  covering  may  now  be  removed,  (provided  there  should 


140 


VITIS   LABRUSCA. 


I 


treatment  throughout  the  season  be  precyeTv  tirsame T.^i^   n.^  *''"  subsequent 
mer.     If  any  fruit  be  shown,  pinch'it  off  L' 'LrL'  t^ap^  a'rr'"^;""" 

mnroTh""  Z'''  •  ^\  ''  ^'''''T'^  '^'^  '"'"^  «f  ^he  vine  will  no w  be  I 

more  than  two  inches  m  girth,  and  therefore  two  leading  shoot    are 
to  be  permanently  retamed  the  next  year.     For  this  purpose    cut 

FOURTH   YEAR. 
FIFTH    YEAR. 

figure.     March  1st.     Clean  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  and  fork  it  up  as 
in   the   preceding    year.      May   1st. 
rraui  the  siioots  that  push  from  the 
buds  3  and  7,  in  the  manner  repre- 
sented by  the  dotted  lines  1,  2.  3,  4 
and  if  more  fruit  shows  than  is  eqaiv-   i 
alent  to  the  weight  before  mentioned  "=7 
the  excess  must  bo  cut  off  when  the 
berries  are  set.    July  1.5th.     Continue 

the  same  course  of  management  as  in  —  ^^     .,«.-.__.-  -^ 

the  preceding  year,  and  when  the  roots  require  waterin-  thev  ire  now  «nfR 
ciently  strong  to  have  applied  to  them  for  that  purpose  a  yVSiS.orinS 
manure   hat  can  be  most  conveniently  obtained.     HepteniLr  Tst  ^  Ch  o  ? 
tops  01  the  shoots,  and  the  sap  will  ihen  accumulate  in  the  b  ids  "He"  e  wo 
^v. 11  leave  our  autlior  .and  pursue  a  somewlua  different  treatment      "ilv  m 
October,  or  soon  after  the  fruit  is  gathered,  let  the  shoots  numbSl  and  4^  be 


4 


WiJ' 


be 


AMERICAN   WILD   VINE. 


141 


cut  back  to  as  many  buds  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  produce  the  quantity 
of  fruit  wliich  the  vine  can  matiu-e  the  next  year,  and  kU  tliose  marked  2  and  3, 
be  cut  back  to  the  tliree  lowermost  buds.  Tlie  hiteral  slioots,  as  also  tlic  stumps 
of  the  tendrils,  should  be  cut  out  as  directed  in  the  preceding  year.  Let  the 
loose  and  decayed  bark  ])e  rubbed  or  scraped  off,  and  the  shoots  fastened  to  the 
wall  or  trellis,  to  protect  them  during  the  winter. 

SIXTH   YEAR. 

Commence  early  in  March,  and  treat  the  ground  in  every  respect,  during  the 
season,  as  in  the  preceding  year,  taking  care  to  incorporate  all  the  leaves  or  clip- 
pings of  the  vines  with  the  earth  about  the  roots,  hlarly  in  May,  or  as  soon  as 
the  shoots  numbered  2  and  3,  have  grown  a  suincient  length,  fasten  them  care- 
fully to  the  wall  or  trellis,  and  let  them  grow  until  the  first  of  July.  Then  cut 
out  the  weakest  of  the  three  young  shoots,  and  treat  the  two  remaining  ones  (as 

indicated  in  the  adjoining  ,^|^-,-„.,^^^^-„^. .  . ._     ^  _    n 

figure)  precisely  as   those       i,^',  'j  ,,    ^>-----i-^|--^^  ---=|^-----~  - ^p^-  -  j^=^-^^.^-.^^p; 

numbered  1  and  4  were  the 
year  preceding,  due  care 
being  observed  to  deprive 
all  the  shoots  of  any  super- 
fluous fruit  or  leaves  which, 
may  put  forth.  In  October, 
soon  after  the  fruit  is  gath- 
ered from  the  shoots  num- 
bered 1  and  4,  cut  thorn 
down  to  the  three  lower- 
most buds,  thus  reserving 
one  to  spare  in  case  of  ac- 
cident, in  order  to  produce 
-^ouble  shoots  the  following 
year.  No  further  treat- 
ment will  be  required  than 
rubbing  or  scraping  off  all 
loose  and  decayed  bark 
from  the  vines,  until  the 
next  spring. 

SEVENTH   YEAR   AND   SUBSEQUENT   TREATMENT. 

Commence  early  in  the  month  of  M  rch,  and  treat  the  ground  throughout  the 
season  as  directed  for  the  preceding  year.  Early  in  May,  or  as  soon  as  the 
shoots  numbered  1  and  4  have  attained  a  sufficient  length,  carefully  fasten  them 
to  the  wall  or  trellis,  and  let  them  grow  until  the  first  of  July.  Then  cut  out 
the  weakest  of  the  three  young  shoots,  and  treat  the  two  remaining  ones  (indi- 
cated by  1  and  4  in  the  annexed  ligure)  in  every  respect  as  those  numbered  2 
and  3  were  the  year  before.  By  the  end  of  the  seventh  year,  if  the  plant  belongs 
to  a  vineyard,  in  which  the  vines  are  grown  at  the  distance  of  six  feet  apart,  it 
will  have  acquired  a  sullicient  number  of  leading  shoots  to  bear  fruit  in  abun- 
dance; but  if  it  be  an  isolated  vine,  the  horizontal  branches  may  be  allowed  to 
extend  themselves,  and  a  pair  of  new  shoots  added  each  year,  as  long  as  the 
fertility  of  the  soil  and  the  nature  of  the  situation  may  require  it.  During 
every  subsequent  year,  the  treatment  of  the  ground  during  spring  and  summer 
should  be  the  same  as  in  the  two  seasons  preceding.     Early  in  September,  the 


I 


142 


VITIS   LABUUSCA. 


ill 


r 


October,  or  soon  after  har- 
vesting the  grapes,  cut  back 
the  shoots  of  the  same  year 
and  leave  but  four  eyes  to 
each;    as,    by    leaving    too 
many,  the  vine  becfdiies  ex- 
hausted, and  yields  but  little 
fruit,  and  is  soon  destroyed 
by  premature  decay.     The 
shoots  should  be  cut  off  in 
an  oblique  direction,  opposite 
to,  and   about  an  inch  and 
a  half  above,  the  fourth  eye 
from  the  old  Avood,  in  such 
a  manner  as  will  shed  tlie 
r  in  and  allow  the  buds  to 
suffer   no   injury   from    the 
wet.     In.   the  course  of  the 
month    of   May,    the  vines 
sho'Md    be    examined,    and  : 
all  the  shoots  from  the  oil 


the  sap  may  assim  late  in  the  Cls  C  are  to  ho  SI      ^  'r  '^T''  "'  °''^"'"  ^^""^ 

mixed  with  well-rotted  mauu  eleS  mould   In, d^^         i     re-covered  with  earth, 
clippings  and  leaves  of  Xie      'if  t^T  e  m^^  T"^'  "^  ^''^P^^^'  «>■  '^^ 

March  the  earth  should  be  restored  TndmixLl^,?!    "''''" '^'■''"%'"^^^ 
stances,  as  named  above.     This  mode  w-rs  Sd  '  .         '  "/"' 'T'  "\  ""i"'  ^"'^- 

stock;  a„a  .,,0  spurring-,,,  melhod;  i,,USr;,?„'S  i^^tXced",!^™  ^1°| 


AMERICAN   WILD   VINE. 


143 


wood  grown  annually  from  the  seeds  of  the  main  shoot,  or  shoots  of  old  wood. 
The  two  last  methods  he  regards  as  the  best. 

It  is  customary  with  many  to  cultivate  flowers,  or  vegetables  of  various  kinds 
between  or  near  their  vines,  without  reflecting  that  they  are  doing  them  great 
injury  by  abstracting  their  proper  nourishment  from  the  soil ;  a  practice  not  only 
strictly  guarded  against  by  the  most  intelligent  vine-dressers  of  the  present  day, 
but  condenmcd  by  all  ancient  writers  on  the  subject;  and  Moses,  in  exhorting 
the  people  of  Israel,  very  forcibly  elucidated  his  discourse  by  commanding  them 
not  to  defile  their  vineyards  with  the  fruit  of  divers  seeds : 

"Thuii  sliiilt  not  HOW  thy  vineyard  with  divfirs  sccilu ;  lost  thn  fniil  of  thy  seeil 
which  thou  liiial  aown,  ami  ihu  fruit  of  Itiy  vineyurJ,  bo  diifllud." 

Deutehonomy,  xxil.  9. 

thus  plainly  shov.ing  that  the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  this  important  law  was 
well  understood  oven  at  that  early  day. 

Insects,  Casualties,  i^'c.  The  Vitis  labrusca,  like  most  of  its  congeners,  is  sub- 
ject to  the  attack  of  various  tribes  of  insects  or  their  larva),  and  requires  the  vigi- 
lant attention  of  the  cultivator  during  all  the  warmer  months  of  the  year. 
Among  the  Coleoptera  we  recognize  the  Pelidnota  punctata,  Anomala  varians, 
Mclolontha  subspinosa,  and  the  Haltica  chalybea.  The  former  is  a  large  beetle, 
sometimes  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  months  of  July  and  August,  and  is 
described  by  Dr.  Harris,  as  being  of  an  oval  shape,  about  an  inch  long,  having 
dull,  brownish-yellow  wing-covers,  with  three  distinct  black  dots  on  each ;  the 
thorax  darker,  and  slightly  bronzed,  with  a  black  dot  on  each  side;  and  the  legs 
and  body  beneath  of  a  deep  bronze-green.  These  beetles  fly  by  day,  and  devour 
the  leaves  of  the  vine,  which  constitute  their  only  food.  They  may  be  destroyed 
in  considerable  numbers,  by  snatching  them  from  the  vines  and  crushing  them 
under  the  foot.  Their  larva3  live  in  decayed  Avood,  and  like  those  of  beetles  in 
general,  consist  of  grubs.  The  Anomala  varians,  which  is  said  to  resemble,  in 
its  habits,  the  viue-cliafer  of  hlurope,  is  found  in  June  and  July,  feeding  upon 
the  leaves  of  the  vine,  as  well  as  upon  those  of  several  species  of  rhus.  Both 
the  males  and  the  females  are  of  a  broad  oval  shape,  and  of  varied  colours,  mea- 
suring from  four  to  five  lines  in  length,  the  former  being  the  least  in  size.  The 
head  and  thorax  of  the  male  arc  greenish-black,  margined  with  dull-ochre  or 
tile-red,  and  thickly  pimctured;  the  wing-covers  are  clay-yellow,  irregularly 
furrowed,  and  punctured  in  the  furrows  ;  the  legs  are  pale-red,  brown,  or  black ; 
and  sometimes  the  whole  insect  is  entirely  black.  The  thorax  of  the  female  is 
clay-yellow,  or  tile-red,  son.etimes  with  two  oblique  blackish  spots  on  the  top, 
and  at  others  nearly  black  ;  the  wing-covers  resemble  those  of  the  male  ;  the  legs 
are  clay-yellow,  or  light-red.  The  Alelolontha  subspinosa,  or  common  rose-bug, 
is  also  a  diurnal  insect,  and  appeared  for  some  time  to  be  confined  to  its  favour- 
ite food,  the  blossoms  of  the  rose;  but  within  thirty  years,  according  to  Dr. 
Harris,  this  species  has  prodigiously  increased  in  number,  has  attacked  at  ran- 
dom various  kinds  of  plants,  in  swarms,  and  has  become  notorious  for  its  exten- 
sive and  deplorable  ravages.  The  grape-vine  in  particular,  has  annually  suf- 
fered by  its  depredations,  as  Avell  as  most  of  our  fruit-trees,  garden  and  field 
vegetables,  and  even  the  trees  of  the  forest.  "  The  unexpected  arri"  il  of  these 
insects  in  swarms,"  says  Harris,  "at  their  first  coming,  and  their  suaden  disap- 
pearance, at  the  close  of  their  career,  are  remarkable  facts  in  their  history.  They 
come  forth  from  the  cround  during  the  second  week  in  June,  or  about  the  time 
of  the  blossoming  of  the  damask  rose,  and  remain  from  thirty  to  forty  days.  At 
the  end  of  this  period,  the  males  become  exhausted,  fall  to  the  ground,  and  per- 
ish, while  the  females  enter  the  earth,  lay  their  eggs,  return  to  the  surface,  and, 
after  lingering  a  few  days,  die  also.     The  eggs  laid  by  each  female  are  about 


|N 


<  'i 


f  I 


144 


VFTIS   I,A BRUSCA. 


I 


tL    nn^        '  ■  '  "  '""'"''^  «i"\vnwarcl.s  in  lul.ls  In.in  the  hen  To  flu.  . . M 

1  10  pupa  iMs  soincnvliat  the  form  of  the  perfect  beetle     h      iWT         ! 

part  separate  y,     Dnrin-'  tlie  uu.uib  nf  r,    „    i       •  "'  ^''^-  ^^'"'^PS  «"'»«!» 

iH-ctle  withdraws  fr  o  t  i  s  h  ^n  ndh  '  .  '''"^  ''""  '^'^  "■''"•'  »''«  ""^''«f«<l 
di,s  its  way  to  the  r  v  'o  1  ^  1  ,ul  ''"^ns' nf '  "f""  "'^  v"'""^"  '^*^"'  ^"''^ 
ojf?  to  the  full  develonmeut  r f  ii  e  n  .H  rt  hm  o  various  changes,  from  the 

lusect  tribes  in  check.     When  they  have  iss  e,1    'mm  .  .  /    '"^'  '"^  ''™P  *'>° 

taunnff  a   ittio  wn.-.,.      r,,, ,    ..,,","»  '^"  '"  ""'i^,  t"e  plants  into  tin  vesse  s  con- 


water,     l^hey  si 


•5  i.m.-iu  irom  me  plants  into  tin  vessels  con- 

inhabits  the  vine  mid  nrevs  unon  its  h,  ?.    .  i  i  •'"  f™'^"»es  called,  also 

union.  An  intereTt^hii  acco  nf  L  h  ^T""''  "'  ^''^"^''*  "'^»T  part  .f  the 
volume  of  S  n  an'^''  Ime  'an  uni^al  rVs '^  ravages  is  given  in  the  xxvi.h 
Thomas,  ofCayu,nt  countr  n  New  v"?-  ^'^,,^''";"^,V'^"f^.  ^^^^^'  '  V  Mr.  David 
were  observed  by  him    r^ The  snriZ  oVl K'M  ''"'  ■'"''''  ^'*  ^'>'^  '^P^^^'^'^' 

ing  the  buds  by  At  u-  o  ,*  tlPo     I?  '  *^^'rP'»g  ""  the  vines,  and  destroy- 


to  Dr. 

purple, 


•^teiii  ,i...i». 


I 


AMERICAN    WILD   VINE. 


140 


tlin  sdrfnco 
of  lui  inch 
»img  larva3 

[iiartors  of 
•'111  Octo- 
in  ii  torpid 
!  forms  I'oi 
!.s,  so  asj  to 
Within 
r,  by  cast- 

0  the  tail, 
^'ollowish- 
nrc  ioltlod 
raps  each 
!  iiicliKlcd 

1  cell,  and 
from  tlio 

tlio  space 
octs,  it  is 
itato:  the 
»I  only  of 
keep  tlic 
1  retreats, 
ns,  in  tlie 
seize  and 

0  deprive 
lly  fonnd 
ing  them 
isels  con- 

1  of  their 
■  water."' 
led,  also 
irtof  the 
e  xxvith 
r.  David 

species, 
destroy- 
nrrowed 
ler  than 
id  1.S31, 
worms, 
;re  fully 
0  weeks 
ose  that 
;cordiiig 
a  dark- 
le most 
er  sides 
body  is 
rse  fur- 
th.     In 
o  wards 


the  end  of  April,  and  coptinue  to  appear  till  the  l.itter  part  of  May.  A  .second 
brood  also  make  tli(>ir  appearance  towards  the  end  of . I  illy.* 

Among  the  Hemi()lera,  which  prey  upon  tho  vine,  is  the  Tcttigonia  vitis,  or 
vine-hopper,  of  Harris,  which  was  for  a  long  time  supposed  to  be  the  vinc-frct- 
ter  of  I'lnrope.  In  a.  perfect  stale,  this  insect  mca.sures  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in 
length,  is  of  a  pale-yellow,  with  two  small  red  lines  on  its  head;  the  hinder  part 
of  the  thorax,  the  scnfel,  the  base  of  the  wing-covers,  and  a  band  across  their 
middle,  are  scarlet;  the  lips  of  the  wing-covers  are  blackish,  between  which 
and  the  above-named  band  there  are  several  small,  red  lines.  The  liead  is  cres- 
cent-slui|)ed  above,  and  the  eyelets  are  situated  just  b(;low  the  ridge  of  the  front. f 
These  insects,  according  to  Dr.  Harris,  inhabit  both  the  foreign  aiid  native  grape- 
vines, under  the  surfac(>  of  the  leaves,  among  which  they  may  be  found  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  summer,  where,  also,  tiiey  pass  through  all  their  transform- 
ations. They  make  their  first  appearance  in  June,  when  they  are  wingless,  and 
of  cour.se  in  their  larva  state.  They  remain  perttctly  quiet  lor  most  of  the  time, 
with  their  beaks  thrust  into  the  succulent  parts  of  the  leaves,  from  wliich  they 
derive  their  noi  rishment.  If  disturbed,  however,  they  leap  with  great  agility 
from  one  leaf  Id  another,  from  which  circmnstancc  they  are  called  vinc-lioppers. 
As  they  increase  in  size,  they  freciiiently  cast  their  skins,  which  may  often  be 
found,  during  summer,  adhering  to  the  leaves,  and  upon  the  ground  beneath  the 
vines.  They  generally  reach  their  perfect  state  in  the  month  of  August,  when 
they  become  still  more  active  by  the  aid  of  their  legs  and  wings,  and  arc  enabled 
to  leap  and  lly  from  tree  to  tree.  They  do  great  injury  to  ilie  vines  by  depriv- 
ing their  leaves  of  sap,  which  not  only  causes  them  to  turn  yellow  and  fall,  even 
at  mid -summer,  but  by  this  exhaustion,  their  most  important  fuiietions  are  inter- 
rupted, the  fruit  becomes  stunted  and  diseased,  and  if  the  evil  be  sulfered  to  con- 
tinue, the  plant  itself,  in  a  (c\v  years,  is  rendered  barren,  and  con.sequently  >f  no 
value.  In  autumn,  these  insects  quit  the  vines,  shelter  themselves  beneath  the 
Jallen  leaves  or  decayed  tufts  of  grass,  where  they  remain  till  the  .ullowins 
spring,  when  they  emerge  from  their  winter  retreats,  and  in  due  time  depo^it'e 
their  eggs  upon  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  and  then  die.  The  Vitis  labrusca  is  also 
attacked  by  a  species  of  bark-louse,  of  a  globular  form,  nearly  half  the  size  of  a 
pea,  and  of  about  the  colour  of  the  bark  itself  It  sometimes  occurs  in  great 
numbers.  Avhich  imbed  themselves  m  the  furrows  of  the  bark,  abstract  large 
(luautities  of  its  sap,  and  thereby  impoverish  the  vine.  The  most  ellicacious 
means  employed  tor  the  destruction  of  the  vine-hopper  or  bark-lice,  arc  fumiga- 
tions of  red-pepper  seeds,  tobacco,  or  other  hot,  acrid  plants,  which  require  iVe- 
quent  repetition,  and  nauch  precaution  to  kill  the  insects  and  to  prevent  injury  to 
the  vines. 

Among  the  Lepidoptcra,  which  feed  upon  the  vine,  there  are  several  species 
of  Sphinx,  the  Procris  americana,  and  the  bludryas  grata.  As  it  would  occupy 
too  much  space  to  enter  at  length  into  the  characters  and  habits  of  all  the.se 
insects,  we  must  refer  the  reader  to  Dr.  Harris'  "Report,"  from  which  much 
valuable  and  practical  information  may  be  trained  on  this  subject,  that  cannot 
be  found  in  any  other  work.  From  the  sphinges  he  has  selected  a  group  to 
which  he  has  applied  the  name  of  Phllampelus,  signifying  literally,  "  llove  the 
vine,"  from  the  circumstance  that  their  larvic  live  upon  tlie  grape-vine.  When 
young,  they  have  a  long  and  slender  tail,  recurved  over  tholback  like  that  of  a 
dog,  which,  after  one  or  two  changes  of  the  skin,  disappears.  Some  of  these 
caterpillars  are  of  a  pale-green,  and  others  arc  brown,  having  the  sides  of  their 
bodies  ornamented  by  six  cream-coloured  spots,  of  a  broad,  oval  shape.  They 
have  the  power  of  withdrawing  the  head  and  the  first  three  segments  of  the  body 


n  i 


*  See  Harris'  Report,  p.  101. 

19 


f  Encyclopocdia  Americana,  viii.,  p.  in. 


I 


J 


146 


VITIS   LABBU8CA. 


ill 


ill 


I 


Within  the  fourth  sepment,  which  givos  them  a  short  and  hh.nt  appearance  wlien 

tiut  lablo  thickness,  ihey  devour  great  quantities  ofleave.,  which  is  often  evinced 
by  the  long,  lealless  branches  ot  the  grape-vine,  as  well  as  thoM!  of  the  Virgin- 
mn  crcetHM-    (Au.peIo,.s.s  quinquefoha.)     They  arrive  at  full   growth  in  the 

ZV„r"u    ;.'*''"    '  "/"f  '•'"  ''•■"'u'''  ^^'""'^  they  undergo  their  transfnr.nations,  and 
appear  in  the  perfect  or  moth  state,  in  June  and  July,  of  the  following  year. 
Ihevme  suffers  still  more  severely  from  another  speftii,;  of  sphinx  caton.niar 
smaller  in  size  than  the  preceding,  and,  like  them,  solitary  in  thei;  hab  ts  ^    Acl 
cording  to  Dr.  Harris  they  are  not  content  with  eating  the  leaves  alone  in  their 
progress  from  leaf  to  leaf  down  the  stem,  but  stop  at  every  cluster  of  fnu      nd 
either   from  stupidity  or  disappointment,  nip  oli^  the  stalks  of  the  ha  f  gr  wri 
grapes,  and  a  low  them  t.)  fall,  untasted,  to  the  ground.     These  caterpil  arsTr 
of  o  L'L"     T'^«<i' g«"«'-^l'y  «    ^  Palo-green,  but  sometimes  brown,  with  a  row 
of  orange-coloured  spots  on  the  top  of  the  hack,  and  six  or  seven  oblique  lines 
of  a  brown  or  dark-green,  on  each  side.     Tlu-  head  and  fore  part  of  the  bod v  are 
omewha    retractile,  but  less  so  than  those  of  the  preceding  species ;  and  on  Z 
under  extremity  of  the  body  there  is  a  short  horn  Xr  spine.^  When  fully  grovn^ 
hey  conceal  themse  ves,  early  in  autumn,  under  the  (alien  leaves,  which  tlev 
draw  together  by  a  lew  threads,  form  themselves  a  cocoon,  or  cover  Them  elves 
with  grams  ot  earth  and  rubbish,  by  a  similar  process,  where  they  tTanSbrm 

ThoHril  W  i?  '''  '"^'"^^"^  '^^*''  "'  ''^•^  '"""♦'•  "f  •'"'y  "^"  <•'«  succeeding  year! 
iato  riphv.  r        T  «^'''"'r"«  are  gregarious  in  their  habits,  and  congre- 

Form  !i  ^  ^  ""V^  '^'"*'  '^*^'  ^"^  •'"•y  '^'^P^se  ^vhen  they  are  about  to 
lorm  their  cocoons.  They  are  represented  as  being  slightly  hairv  of  a  erceiish 
colour  with  black  bands  ;  their  coccx)ns  of  an  oblong-oval^ very ^tough  a  id  fas 
tened  by  one  side  to  the  leaves  or  stems  of  the  plants^n  wh[cl7they  fc^d  ^^^^^ 
tIIp?  nrn  nf'/f '''v  'If^VV^^^^rice,  in  Massachusetts,  towards  the  end  of  July. 
Jie  ex'reuic  on^otl  '•"'k^'v '^  ^  «^«ron-coloured  collar,  and  a  notched  tuft  on 
about  In  nch  tL  1  ^'"^f!;  ^;^'^^^y»^g«  are  very  narrow,  and  expand 
aoout  an  inch.     I  he  larvae  of  the  Eudndas  ^rata,  when  fully  crown    are  nn 

dTen  or".n  '  ^''^  or  more  in  length,  of  a  blue^colour,  transveSlfbrdeS  vith 

Tlu^Cl?„d7T  ''"  r'^'^r'  °^  '^'^  ""^'  ^^'^''  ^ho  bands  dotted  with  black 
1  u-  head  and  leet  are  also  of  an  orange,  the  top  of  the  eleventh  ring  somewhat 
bulging,  and  the  fore  part  of  the  body  hunchid  up  when  the  insect  is  at  rest 
They  occur  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  months  of  July  and  Angus    and 
none  w.  I  be  found  on  the  vines  after  September.     They  devour  all  Wts  of  the 
mid  rib  and  stf  fkP'"1v"f '  '^  '''''  'I  ^'^^^  "^  ''''  ^'^S^"'^"  creepe^even  tl   he 

whh  each  o^hpf     W."^  T^  ^'  ^?"u^  ""  '^'\  ^T"  P^«"*'  ^^ey  do  not  associate 
with  each  other     When  they  quit  the  vines,  they  bury  themselves  in  the  ground 

lut  coco^ons      lir  "'!r  T'^i'^'  -"d  change  to  dark-brown  chrysalidef  wS 
smaU  in  S.  3  ''  >"otbs,  which  sometimes  appear  towards  the  last  of  June,  are 
and  outvie  .11  f,^P^"^'"g  ^*^«^",^"  ^"«h  and  a  half  to  an  inch  and  three-fou  ths, 
tZT  1     S  ^o"8«"«''s  in  delicacy  of  colouring  and  beauty  of  design.* 

-raoTv^^e  ^L^'f  "y^*"'^;  •''"  '•«<^«g"'f  but  one  species  which  attacks  the 
grape-vine  the  Selandna  vUis,  or  saw-fly,  of  Harris.  The  perfect  insect  is 
described  by  him  as  being  of  a  jet-black  colour,  except  the  upside  of  the 
Uiorax,  which  IS  red,  and  the  fore  legs  and  the  under  side  of^^he  other  legs 
which  are  whitish  or  pale-yellow.  The  wings  are  semi-transparent  of  a  smokv 
colour,  with  dark-brown  veins.  The  body  of  the  female  measures  one  fmmh  of 
an  inch  m  length,  and  that  of  the  male  somewhat  less.     These  flies  r^seflorn 

*  See  Harris'  Report,  p.  310. 


Hi'.  ..         li 


AMERICAN    WILD   TINE.  |47 

the  ground  in  tlio  spring,  not  all  at  one  time,  but  at  irregular  intervals,  and  lay 
their  eugs  on  tlu;  lower  side  of  tlic  lerniinal  leaves  of  the  viise.  In  tlie  month  oi' 
July  the  false  caterpillars,  hutched  from  these  eggs,  may  be  seen  on  the  leaves, 
in  little  swarms,  ot  various  ages,  some  very  small,  and  others  fully  grown. 
1  hey  leed  in  comjniny,  side,  by  side,  beneath  the  leaves,  each  swarm  or  fraternity 
consisting  of  a  dozen  r)r  more  individuals,  and  they  preserve  their  ranks  with  a 
surprising  degree  of  regularity.  Heginniiig  at  the  edge,  they  oat  the  whole  of 
the  leal  to  the  stalk,  and  then  go  to  another,  which,  in  like  manner,  they  devour, 
and  thus  proceed  from  leal  to  leaf,  down  the  branch,  till  they  have  grown  to 
their  full  size.  At  this  period,  they  are  about  five-cighlhs  of  an  inch  in  length, 
somewhat  slender  anil  tapering,  and  thickest  before  th(!  middle,  having  twenty- 
two  legs.  The  head  and  the  tip  of  the  tail  are  black;  the  body,  above,  is  light- 
green,  paler  before  and  behind,  witli  two  transverse  rows  of  minute  black  points 
across  each  ring;  and  the  lower  side  of  the  body  is  yellowish.  After  their  last 
moulting  tliey  become  almost  entirely  yellow,  and  then  leave  the  vine,  burrow 
into  th(!  ground,  and  form  them.selves  small  oval  colls  of  earth,  which  they  lino 
with  a  slight  silken  film.  In  about  two  weeks  after  entering  the  ground,  having 
in  the  mean  time  passed  through  the  chrysalis  state,  they  come  out  of  their 
earthen  cells,  tuko  wing,  mir,  and  lay  their  eggs  for  uiiother  brood.  The 
young  of  the  second  brood  arc  not  transformed  to  flies  before  the  following 
spring,  but  remain  at  rest,  in  the  mean  time,  in  their  cocoons.*  A  solution  of 
one  pound  of  whale-oil  soap  in  six  or  seven  gallons  of  soft  water  has  been 
recommended  to  be  thrown  upon  the  vines  in  order  to  destroy  these  flies ;  but 
should  this  prove  ineffectual,  fumigation  with  tobacco,  red-pepper  seeds,  or  other 
hot,  acrid  substances  may  be  tried. 

The  Vitis  labrusca  is  .sometimes  attacked  by  several  species  of  the  Geometridae, 
such  as  span-worms,  loopers,  measurers,  etc. ;  but  not  often  to  very  great  injury. 
When  the  wounds,  made  by  pruning  the  branches,  the  roots,  or  the  ends  of  the 
cuttings,  arc  not  protected  by  a  coat  of  fine  earth,  white-lead  mixed  with  oil,  or 
some  other  substance,  the  soft  pith  and  decayed  wood  are  also  liable  to  be 
attacked  by  ants,  centipeds,  and  other  wood-eating  insects,  (Xylophagidic,) 
which  sometimes  perforate  an  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  stem,  thus  secretly 
destroying  its  vigour,  and  eventually  its  life,  without  any  visible  external  cause. 

This  species  of  vine  is  not  subject  to  any  other  accidents  of  importance,  except 
in  some  of  its  varieties,  which  are  sometimes  killed  or  greatly  injured  by  the 
rigours  of  winter,  or  by  vernal  northerly  winds.  To  guard  against  these  evils,  it 
is  only  necessary  to  bend  down  the  vines  from  the  trellis  even  with  the  ground, 
late  in  antnmn,  and  cover  them  over  with  earth  to  the  depth  of  eight  or  ten  inches, 
and  let  them  remain  until  early  in  the  following  spring,  when  the  covering  must 
be  removed,  and  the  shoots  readjusted  to  the  trellis  as  in  the  year  before ;  and 
to  protect  them  in  situations  exposed  to  the  northern  blast,  they  may  be  sheltered 
by  walls,  buildings,  or  by  hedges  of  other  trees. 

Propertias  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  Vitis  labrusca,  from  its  diminutive 
size,  oi)en  texture,  and  comparative  scarcity,  is  very  limited  in  its  use  in  the 
arts.  When  reduced  to  charcoal,  it  may  be  employed  by  painters  for  drawing 
outlines,  or  may  be  used  as  a  tooth-powder.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the 
prunings  of  this  species  may  be  cut  into  small  pieces,  bruised,  put  into  a  vat, 
and  boiling  water  poured  upon  them,  which,  on  being  fermented  like  malt, 
would  make  a  fine  beverage,  cither  strong  or  weak;  and  on  being  distilled, 
would  produce  a  spirit  analogous  to  brandy.  The  green  twigs,  or  fresh  cuttings^ 
liave  been  recommended,  as  a  substitute  for  rape,  in  flavouring  vinegar.  The 
fruit,  when  ripe  and  fresh,  is  considered  as  wholesome,  nutritious,  refrigerant, 


f     i! 


'■i    s 


t-  ■ 


*  Harris'  Repon,  p.  378. 


f 


148 


VITIS   LABRUSCA. 


w 


K.;  '    if 


1    ^ 


Uhfp  Lf  i  n  ^'  ''  ^'"''1'^  f'?^  ^^'^^^^^^^  'T^^  husks  and  seeds  are  indi^es- 
S  't,lnil  ''^1*''  '"J""'"^'  ^''^'"."Sh  the  latter  may  be  substituted  for  cole, 
and  treated  in  the  same  manner  for  a  beverage.     If  taken  without  the  husks 

A  hl^'T  ''  '■'^^'^''^  '"f.  ^'^"  ^^  '^^  "^°«'  «^f«  ^"d  nutritious  of  ^ir  si  mmerS  ' 
Although  It  IS  apt  to  disagree  with  dispeptics  and  children,  meic  nXconsd: 
cred  It  proves  mva  uable  m  febrile  and  inflammatory  diseases,  in  which  it  Xvs 
the  thirst,  and  diminishes  the  heat.  It  is  said,  also,  to  have  been  found  service! 
able  in  dysentery  phthisical  complaints,  as  wdl  as 'in  aff-ections  of  te  lungs 
Our  fruiterers  have  a  considerable  trade  in  importing  preserved  grapes  nrinci- 

^1  L^ou^thfrP''-  P"''^''^  "'  '"^"-^"^^'  "^  ^^^g«  ^^'then  jars,  cffiy  Sed. 
A  though    he  American. grapes  are  preserved  in  a  similar  manner  to  a  consnier- 

1^.1  Tl'  7lu'^-  %^'^  '""'h  ""  '^^  luxury  of  our  winter  desserts,  and  afford 
great  rehef  to  the  infirm  and  sick,  there  is  not  enough  of  this  rare  and  exce  ent 

fhJfif .''7°^P"'f  T"^  ^'""P^^  '""^^  '^•''^  '^"«^^^^  to  the  Romans,  and  was  amon- 
\^IT  ?^^T  '''  '^^"  '^'■"-  Columella  recommends  them  to  be  put  into Tnmll 
S.1       •.'■''i   "TT  °"^^""^  ^'"'^'^  ^^  «^«1^.-  '^"d  that  the  fruit  shouM  be 

n  fhe  iai-  'a^S  jJ''  '""'  '"^  "^'^^i'^'"^  '''''^  ^"  ^^e  shade,  to  be  suspeled 
n  the  jais,  and  the  spaces  around  them  to  be  filled  with  clean  oat  chaff     The 

ure-  Id'Thp"'"''  ^'  "1^  ^'^'^  ''  ^"™*'  ^^»d  "«t  «"^h  as  will  imbibe  mo.s! 
^r  '  ThP  A,1T""'^'  ''"'  '''"  '°Pu'  ^"'*  ^"  "l^^'^^'  ^'^d  Pit^lied,  to  exclude  the 
them  Tn  tnf  r  "r^'^P"'  "'''^  .^'  presc,v,ed  for  several  monUis,  by  packing 
them  in  tin  cases,  of  any  convenient  size,  in  clean  chaff,  bran,  saw-dust  pow- 

d  r  whenThr,  '^'^''^^  ""^'^'  '''  'i  "'"^'^  "^"^^  ^'^  -^"  baked  and  perfLtTy 
diy  when  to  be  used.     As  soon  as  the  cases  are  fiLed,  they  must  be  sealed  or 

60  J^ .,  until  they  are  required  for  use.  This  may  be  done  by  burvine  them  in 
dry  earth  to  a  depth  of  four  or  five  feet;  or  a  room  or  cellar^mayTe  spSl  v 
prepared  for  their  reception,  by  being  surrounded  with  a  layer  ofYharcoal-dust^ 
or  any  other  materials  known  to  be  bad  conductors  of  heat.  The  preservat  on  of 
grapes  may  also  be  prolonged  by  allowing  them  to  remain  upon\he  vilies  but 
Zvn^.^!^  h  "'  exposed,  they  soon  lose  their  flavour,  are  liable  to  drop,  or  to  be 
devoured  by  vermin  or  birds.  i ,  "i  lu  ui. 

i-rJ!'"'  ?'^'''''^'"'\''*"u!''''  'P^''^^''  independent  of  the  profits  arising  from  its 
fruit  and  wme,  is  highly  ornamental  as  a  climbing  slmiK     No  person  wh^os! 

wmdl  ZTSlVfT  f  "J?-^"^"'.^^"""^'  sheltered  from  tli'e  cold  "o^'tli  rly 
winds,  and  half  of  the  day  from  the  intense  heat  of  the  sun,  can  apply  it  to  a    • 
mo  e  va  uablc  purpose  than  planting  it  with  a  vine.     But  let'it  be  r?Lmbered 
ue  its  n.  mI""!      '"^  ''^'t-^'"  '^'  "l^'i"'''  ^"  ^'^^^'  '^'  ^i"«  "^"«t  be  left  to  pui^ 
'racefu   foTO      ^^''"''  '"  ""'  '^  ""  P''^"''^  "'"'^  ^^an  is  required  to  give  it  a 


'■V'> 


Genus  XANTHOXYLUM,   Linn. 


Xanthoxylaceae. 
Si/at.  Nat. 


Xanthoxijlum,  Zanthoxyhm, 

Clavalier, 
Zahnwehholz, 
Santossilo, 
Toothache-tree, 


Dioecia  Tri-Pentandria. 

Si/st.  Lin. 


Synonymes. 


Of  Authors. 


;ance. 


Gekmanv. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


^nfnri ?!""■"''""•     ^"P''^^  ^  °'  "\'"'^'  P^"^'°"''  ^"1^  *  '"'""'e  glandular  beard  at  the  ape^     Petals  none 

IgANTHOXYLUM  is  a  genus  belonging  to  the  same  natural  familv 
f^  as  the  Ptelea  and  Ailantus.  There  are  at  least  two  species  indi- 
genous to  North  America,  the  Xanthoxylum  fraxineum  and  tricar- 
pum,  and  several  varieties,  some  of  Avhich  are  much  valued  for 
their  medicinal  qualities.  The  Xanthoxylum  clava-herculis,  of 
.  -  -^-.--i-  ^^°  "'^s*  Indies,  is  esteemed  as  a  good  timber-tree,  and  an  infu- 
sion of  Its  leaves  as  well  as  of  those  of  the  Xanthoxylum  fraxineum,  is  used  to 
cure  the  toothache.  Mr.  Royle,  in  his  excellent  work  entitled  "  Illustrations  of 
theBotanyandothcr  Branches  of  Natural  History  of  the  Himalayan  Mountains, 
and  ot  the  t  lora  ot  Cashmere,"  mentions  two  species,  the  Xanthoxylum  hostile 
and  alatum.  Several  other  trees  of  this  genus  are  enumerated  in  Loudon's 
Hortus  Britannicus,"  as  natives  of  China  and  Japan,  but  they  are  not  consid- 
ered as^  very  ornamental.  All  the  species  may  be  propagated  by  ripened  cut- 
tings ot  the  branches  or  of  the  roots. 


ji 


1*-  !     J' 


Xanthoxylnm.  fraxineum, 
THE   ASH-LEAVED  XANTHOXYLUM. 


Synonyme$. 


Zanthoxylum  data  herculis, 
Zanthoxylum  fraxineum, 
Zanthoxylum  americanum, 

Xanthoxylum  fraxineum, 

Clavalier  a  feuilles  de  fr^ne, 
Eschenblattriger  Zahnwehholz, 
Frassino  spinoso, 
Prickly  Ash,  Thorny  Ash, 
Toothache-tree,  Great  Prickly  Yellow-wood, 


LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 

BiGELow,  Medical  Botany. 

ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

WiLLDENow,  Linnasi  Species  Plantarum. 

De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

LocDON,  Arboretum  Brit  .nnicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

New  York. 

Other  parts  of  Anolo-Amebica. 


Brf."S3o..^;Se'l^!''^^^^^^^^^  ^^'"-'  "'^'"^  "f  Carolina,  vol.  i..  p,.  26. ;  Loudon,  Arboretum 

^^it^JJ^^""'"'^  -^'V  P'"u^"^'  "f  4  to  5  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  an  odd  one;  the  leaflets  ovate 
obscurely  sawed,  equal  at  the  base  ;  the  petiole  round  and  devo  d  of  prickles-  prickles  in  the  llSn 
of  stipules.    Flowers  m  axillary  umbels  without  petals,    The  sexes  diLcioS-5)TSf  J/e,  pXm^ 

Description. 

wu-  1     1    ,      V        "  That  unpiiying  pain 
Wiiicli  plucks  the  nerves,  close-sealing  with  a  frown 
Ev  11  beauty's  lips,  which  the  Iwhl  Ayrshire  bard 
Wish'd  in  his  patriot  vengeance  to  entail 
On  Caledonia's  foes,  yielded  its  rage 
To  the  rough  genius  of  that  lofty  tree, 
Whose  yellow  armour  bears  in  countless  studs 
The  horrid  thorn." 

Traits  op  thb  Aborioinbs. 

[HE  Xanthoxylum  frax- 
ineum usually  grows  to  a 
height  of  twelve  or  fifteen 
™^ — „„,™  feet,  and  sometimes  to  more 

than  double  that  height.     Its  trunk  ramifies 

some  distance  above  the  ground,  and  then 

branches  out  into  a  regular  head.     The  whole 

tree,  when  young,  is  armed  with  powerful 

prickles,  which  are  thick  at  the  base,  and| 

angular  and  sharp  at  the  point,  but  become. 

less  so  when  old.     The  leaves  are  pinnate,  a 

foot  m  length,  often  nearly  glabrous  when 

mature,  and  sometimes  tomentose  beneath; 

and  in  the  place  of  stipules,  there  are  straight 

thorns  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length.     The 

flowers,  which  appear  in  April,  May  or  June, 

are  of  a  greenish  or  yellowish  colour,  witli 

red  anthers,  and  are  succeeded  by  capsules 

containing  large  black  seeds. 

•    ^V'^'^f   ^^ /'■^e  is  recognized  by  botanists  as  belonging  to  this  ^emis  erow- 

mg  m  North  America,  which  does  not  ditfer  from  the  present  .Z^Z^olT^,-, 

being  thornless,  and  may  bear  the  name  oi  XanthoxyhL  fraxlLimmite: 


nca. 


ASH-LEAVED  XANTHOXYLUM. 


151 


nblance  of  tiM 
ne,  Ash-leavetl 

on,  Arboretum 

iflets  orate, 
he  situation 
Prodromus. 


Geography  and  History.  The  Xanthoxyliim  fraxineum  is  usually  found  on 
the  borders  of  rivers  and  other  waters,  from  Canada  to  Virginia,  and  as  far  west 
as  the  Mississippi.  It  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1740,  and  is  common  in 
European  collections,  but  is  never  seen  there  of  any  great  size. 

Properties,  Uses,  S^c.  The  bark  and  capsules  of  this  species  are  of  a  hot, 
acrid  taste,  and  when  taken  internally,  act  as  a  powerful  stimulant.  They  are 
sometimes  used  for  relieving  the  pains  of  toothache,  and  for  the  curing  of  inter- 
mittents  and  rheumatism. 

The  medicinal  virtues  of  this  tree  were  also  well  known  to  the  American  abori- 
gines. Lawson  remarks,  that  "  they  extracted  from  its  berries  the  salivating 
power  of  murcury,  and  made  use  of  decoctions  of  the  plant,  as  strong  perspira- 
tives." 

No  other  particular  use  is  made  of  this  tree  except  for  ornament.  It  is  gene- 
rally propagated  by  seeds  or  by  cuttings  of  the  roots,  and  usually  attains  a  height 
of  six  feet  in  ten  years  after  planting. 


,  grow- 
:ccpt  in 


Genus  PTELEA,  Linn. 


Xamhoxylaceae. 
^!/'t.  Nat. 


Ptelea,  Belinda, 

Orme  de  Samarie, 
Leiierblume, 
Ptelea, 
Trefoil, 


Synonymes. 


Moncecia  Tetra-Pentandria. 

Syst.  Lin. 


Of  AcTnoRs. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


th^rrLr"'"""    ''"'"'  '^  "-  ^-^"^  —  of  the  elm.    It  ia  derived  rf"om  ptao,  to  fl,  i„  allusion  t    t,       •       , 

/  <uu,  10  11/,  in  allusion  to  the  wmged  seed-vessels  of 


Generic  Characters.     Polveariioii<!      9pmic  -3     <■  ,     . 

spreading,  stamens  ^allernate  wflh'"amlVn%7Z"Sit^f  ■fi,''^'=^'r?^'','°"^  '^-  "-  -P^'^- 
on  the  msule;  m  the  fertile  flowers  very  sho.t  ,m  S''^,'  ^^'^'^^^^'s  thickened  beloM- and  hnirj? 
placed  on  a  convex  torus;  ovules  2  in  eLh  carne  Is   ,  nl  k^'^'I    ^^'^'^  "^^  ~  ""''*=''  "Carpels, 

or  none  ;  stigmas  2.     Fruit  a  2-celled  sama  a  turi'i'"   "  ^  -  '^  "•      °'^'        °  '"■ '  ''^'''  '''°''''  ""'«'' 
orbicular  membranaceous  and  reticulated  S     SppI  ^h      ""'r'  "'''.'"''"-gin  expanded  into  k  broad 

that  has  been 'cultivated  with  Lce^^^^^^^  species,  and  the  only  one 

trifohata,  and  as  it  appears  wKs^orv  wpII^'"'^  much  size,  is  the  Ptelea 
both  on  account  of  thc>  sin-nilarkv  o f  f f  o^n'J  ^  f ''^^'  '\P'^"^  '"  collections, 
of  the  tree.  ^n^uiarity  ol  its  leaves  and  fruit,  and  the  general  beauty 


Ptelea  trifoliala, 
THE   THREE-LEAFLETED-LEAVED   PTELEA. 

Synonymes. 


Ptelea  tri/oliata, 


Orme  de  Samarie  a  trois  feuillgs, 

Dreyblattrige   LedLrblume, 

Ptelea, 

Shrubby  Trefoil,  Tree  Trefoil, 


■  LiNNJEus,  Species  Plantarum. 

De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

DpN,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
,  ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Engravings.    Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  v.,  pi.  59 ;  and  tho  figures  below. 

^^hJd  ^iT"""''-    ^^""^  °f  '^""'^  '?,^^*^''  "^'^t  ^""^  °^^'e  ^-^u'e,  the  middle  one  much  tapered  towardi  the 
base.    Flowers  m  corymbs,  usually  tetrandrous.-i)e  Candolle,  Prodromus.  ^ 

Description. 

^HE   Ptelea    trifoliata,  in    its 

natural      habitat,      usually 

grows  to  a  height  of  six  or 
.™..  _„-».-.„„^  eight  feet;  but,  when  cul- 
tivated under  favourable  circumstances,  it  some- 
times attains  an  elevation  of  forty  feet  and 
upwards.  When  the  plant  is  pruned  up  with 
a  smgle  stem,  it  forms  a  handsome  low  tree 
with  a  hemispherical  head ;  but  it  is  more  fre- 
quently cultivated  as  a  large  shrub,  with  nume- 
rous stems  proceeding  from  the  same  basal  point. 
The  leaflets  are  sessile,  ovate,  mostly  acumi- 
nate, obscurely  crenulate,  the  terminal  one  cune- 
iform, and  attenuate  at  the  base.  The  flowers, 
which  appear  in  June  and  July,  are  of  a  green- 
ish-white, grow  in  corymbose  clusters,  and  have  a  disagreeable  odour.  Thev 
are  succeeded  by  flattened  winged  capsules,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the 
elm ;  whence  the  French  name  orme. 

as  foTlows*— '^'*'''  varieties  which  have  come  under  the  notice  of  botanists  are 


1.  P.  T.  PENTAPHYLLA,  Munch.    Five-leaflet-haved  Shrubby  Trefoil.     This  vari- 
ety can  generally  be  distinguished  in  having  five  leaflets. 

i.  i  .  T.  PUBEscENs,  Pursh.      Pnbescent-leajlet-leaved  Shrubby   Trefoil      This 

variety  js  described  as  having  its  branchlets,  petioles,  and  lower  surface  of  its 

leaves  clothed  with  a  soft  tomentose  pubescence,  even  when  old 

J^^ography,  History^  ^'c.     This  species  is  found  in  moist,  shady  hedges  and 

on  the  borders  of  woodsamong  rocks,  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Florida,  and  as  far 

Td  nhnt^' f;''^^  ""'^•^fr-n\^  ^"^^  ^^'^'^^^^  '''''  *«  England  by  BanTster 
and  plants  of  it  were  raised  by  Bishop  Compton,  at  Fulham ;  but  they  were  lost 
and  the  species  was  re-mtroduced  from  Carolina  by  Catesby,  in  1724      Beir^ 
tlllJii''".         easy  culture,  in  any  ....Pinion  soil,  this  tree  is  not  uncommon  in 

of  the  r,  Z?  t  ^^T';/""^  ''  '^"'^  '^'f''''  ^  P'^-^'^  *»^«^«'  ^«  ^^'^IJ  ^-«  i»  those 

U.  lZ,lT  '      ^-^  ''"  "''''""^  °^  ^^'"^  ^^-^^"^y  "f  its  leaves  and  fruit,  and 

Its  general  appearance.  ' 

20 


154 


PTELEA    TRIFOLIATA. 


of  forty-five  feet,  Airith  a  trunk  fiftppn^n^v.  In  1835,  it  had  attained  the  height 

extent 'of  branches  of  wLty!^sevefS  7^''J''J''"'''''\'''''^  ^"  ambitus  or 
sheltered  situation.  '  "  '^'''  S'°^"  "»  ^  loamy  soil  and  in  a 

with  a  head  forty  feet  in  diameter  ""^^  ^^''''^  ^^'^'^  planting, 

the  variety  Ptelea  trifoliata  pentanhJll/S.f         u^J^^u  "?'  ^"^  ^"^^^er  tree  of 
thirty-four  years  planS     P'^'^l'^y"^'  ^^at  reached  the  height  of  fifteen  feet  at 


the  globe, 
the  height 
imbitns  or 
il  and  in  a 

f  this  spe- 
■  planting, 

tained  the 
er  tree  of 
sen  feet  at 


Genus   AILANTUS,  Besf. 


XanthoxyLacese 

Si/ii  Nat. 


MonoBCia  Polygamia. 
Hi/iit.  Lin. 


Synonymes. 


Ailantus,  Ailanthus,  Rhus, 

Aylante,  Aylanthe,  Verne  du  Japon,  An- 

gik,  Angika,  Langit, 
Gijtterbaum, 
Ailanto, 

Tong-yen-tsao,  Tchean-theum, 
Ailanto,  Ailantus, 


Of  Authors. 


France. 


Germany. 

Italy  and  Molucca  Islands. 

China. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


n^^,  Verne.    An,iU  or  An^i^a,'  U  is  said,  siguifle,  ^LTe^'o^ i!:^Z^,  '^^^T^Zn^:,^!,  ^.tZtK^rhS 

S^!!U'f*'!f  ^^'^  ^f "'  '^^'  ''^''^'J"  "^"^^'l  ^"d  its  characters  well 
understood,  one  of  its  species  was  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of 

hlirr  ,f '^/"^^^'-i'^^'  ^"d  was  thought  to  be  a  kind  of  sumach  ; 
but  as  the  tree,  m  general,  bore  only  male  flowers,  much  doubt 
HpI.^^'!^  conjectures  were  entertained,  until  it  was  accurately 

♦^  ■       -n  d««"^^"^^  by  Desfontaines,  in  1786.     There  are  several  snecies  in 

this  genus,  all  natives  of  China,  India,  or  the  adjacent  islands  but  Sear" 
Zl  /X"''''^'!^^^'^^''''''  glandulosa,  indigenous  to  ?h^e  northern  prov! 
rhedvm'r'gbbe."''""^'  ^^  ^"  ornamental^tree  in  nearly  ever?c"ouTy 


ft' 


Ailmitus  ghmltdosa, 
THE   GLANDULOUS-LEAVED   AILANTUS. 


Si/nonymes. 


Ailantus  glandulusa, 

Ailmitus  procera, 
Aylame  glanduleux,  Ti!ou, 
•LTiisijjer  Giinerbaum, 
^ilanto,  AlberodiPiiradiso. 
Ailantus,  Tree  of  Heaven 


(  Desfontainhs,  Actes,  etc.,  Paris,  1786 

J  UK  Canuolle,  Prodromus. 

(  Loudon,  Art)oretum  Britannicuin. 

SALisBunv,  Prodromus. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italv. 

Britain  and  Anqi.o- America. 


cum 


^- o^  ViuTSer  i^liXliiXii'Z!'''''''  •^"'^^^'^'^  '"""^^'^  ^^  ">«  ^-e;  'he  teeth  glandu- 

Descj-iption, 

^HE  Ailantus  glan- 
dulosa  is  a  docid- 
iioiis  tree  of  the 
first  rank,  grow- 
ing to  a  height  of 
wards      lt<rTr.~  T- .--  -^^^^  sixty  feet  and  up- 

frotL  two  to         ^^''>  "''''',  cohnnn-Hke  trunk, 
irom  two  to  three  feet  ni  diameter,  its  gitjantic 

lea  S' A'^  t"'''  u'""'^  "^^''  ^^'-8^'  P-^^"'^- 

us  ifv  fl  P  nr      .7'''''  '-appearance,  and  seem  to 

ien''     tL        "'''  appellation,  "Tree  of  Hea- 

sTx'feetTn'le^gr  mnnat"  with"^'  %Y''  ^^ 

th;  leaflets 'bgin^  fall  tuhoTr''^'  "'  '"^•^'     ^ 
ou.y  shown  rlc^^l^':^!^:^^^^ 

the  ash,  but  are  much  sm^aller  and  more  num  roT'  I  ''''''  ^'^^^"^^'IV''"'^  ^^ 
said  to  bear  only  male  flowers  •  nn,l   T  ' H '  v  '"  ''""^'^  ^^''^^'s.  the  tree  is 

years  it  bore  both  male  an7fcm2  blossoms  .'r  tf ''''  ^'^"^  ""'^  ^^^''^^  "^  ^^^ 
his  time,  it  had  produced  fru  t  in  th„  f  T  I  ^'i^.,«ame  time,  in  France.  In 
botanic  garden  at^  Leyden  but  1  both  ™'  "^^  ^^^''''''  "^  ^'^"«'  ^"^  in  the 
however,  produced  perfec  fru  ^om  which  nhn^'h  ''""'T'''-  ^'  ^'^'  «^"^«' 
also  ripened  seeds  at  White  ICniiM'?  I  u  ^ j"'^  ^^^"^  ^^^^^  '"^ised.  It  has 
phia  and  New  York  the  seeds  of  ths'tr^f'  ^''?'"?'  "'  *'"^'''^"^-  ^^  Philadel! 
raised  from  them  in  abundance  "P'''  ^'"'^^  "^  ^^^^^er,  and  plants  are 

Pro^^nfeZ^'c^^^^^^^^  is  a  native  of  the  northern 

don  states  that  3eed^S J?r ^ ^^  ^ J^Lnd^^^^^ 


OLANDULOUS-LEAVED  AILANTUS. 


167 


Ic^  tttr]  f'^T'!"'^'  D'I«'carville,  in  1751 ;  and  that  they  were  sown  by  Mil- 
fc  "  ^1',''  ^''''''''''  ^^'^^^•"'^  g^'''-<l«».  '-inJ  bv  Philip  Cartorot  Webh,  at  Bushbridgc  in 
S    ry,  tho  same  year.     As  the  tree  produced  suckers  freely/it  wr^^  soon  Sne" 

pam  rfTafeoi;;.^;'  '""^  ^"  "'">'  «"^  ^^^^''-^  ^^  ^'  8---g  "  "Snt 

it  had  luS,l  Tho'C  ^'''f  ,^1'^^i^'^  •"  Britain,  is  at  Syon,  near  London.  In  1835, 
diamotPr  n  . T  *  "^'*'*  ^^  '"''""'y  ^^«''  ^^'^'i  ^  trunk  three  feet,  ten  inches  iA 

diameter,  and  an  ambitus,  or  spread  of  branches,  of  forty  feet      Its  trunk  formrd 

ispnerica  1  |„s  rec  is  said  to  flower,  and  occasionally  to  produce  fruit. 
anH  l.^  1  "'  gandulosa  was  introduced  into  France  in  1780,  by  M.  Ulaikio 
and  the  oldest  specimens  are  at  St.  Leu,  and  at  Paris.  At  St  Leu  ihoro  is  .  w' 
p  anted  by  M.  Blaikie,  in  1794,  whicii'attained  the  height  of  oStyretiifo^^^^ 
years,  with  a  trunk  from  three  to  three  and  a  half'fcct  in  dia  Ltcr  In  the 
Jarden  des  P  antes,  at  Paris,  there  is  another  tree,  which,  in  iSS  had  atti  i  ed 
Uie  leight  ol  sixty-cight  feet,  with  a  head  forty-four  feet  in  d  a  ete  iflower^^ 
most  years,  and  occasionally  ripening  seeds.  uicunetei,  tlowermg 

fron  Ir^fi""'''''  '"  '"^^^.'f  erlaiid,  at  the  entrance  of  the  botanic  garden  there  is  a 
tree  of  this  species,  ifty  or  sixty  feet  in  height,  which,  when  in  flowc'r  emh  so 
powerful  an  odour  that  it  may  be  perceived  at  a  diata.ice  of  ncai  y  a  nua  er  of 
a  mile  (cinq  minutes  de  distance.)  The  suckers  from  this  tree  s^ioo?Lm  the 
ground  in  every  direction,  for  forty  or  fifty  feet. 

Many  other  i^ntcrcsting  specimens  are  to  be  met  with  in  the  chief  eardo.is  -mrl 
CO  lections  ,n  Britain,  Ireland,  and  continental  Europe,  "n  the  tree l^c^eTer;^^^^^ 
cu  livated  for  ornament  in  all  the  temperate  countriei  of  the  civilS  w'oTl  U 
IS  not  destined  to  thrive,  however,  in  a  very  rigorous  chmate  for  it  dw  ndle, 
down  to  a  mere  shrub,  no  farther  north  than  Montreal,  in  I  ower  Canda 

The  A.lantus  glandulosa  found  its  way  into  the  United  States  froni^^^^^  dis 
met  sources.     It  was   first  introduced  from  Europe  in  1784  bv  M     WUlfnl 

"HnaH;:?  ^^;tt^  near  Philadelphia,  af  ^^uJke^' ^LiS  ^lll'I^S 
"','»' V-  '    I  ^^-'^  '**  ^^  present  standing  in  the   Bartrain   hntnnir   o-n.v1n„ 

winch  IS  sixty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  nearly  two  foe     n    ia  «""'  ^  ' 

On  the  authority  of  Governor  Charles  Collins,  of  Newport   tssDccics  wns 
brough    from  South  America,  in  about  the  yeai^  1804,  a  id  wa     presented  to 
Geneml  Andrew  McCorrie,  of  Portsmouth,  in  Rhode  Island,  by  a  ma  ter  of  a  ves 
scl      trom    his  tree  there  were  numerous  others  produced  by  ciXn^   and  sk" 
or  eight  of  theni  were  planted  in  1807,  by  (Governor  Collins,  at  Br  stol   sevorS 
of  which  were  foiled  and  sawn  into  boards  about  twenty  vcaV    af  e^     InXi 
he  year  ISO,  Rev.  Henry  Wight,  of  the  last-named  pl.ce   procm^d  a  vom?^ 
shmn   and  planted  near  his  house,  which  has  grown  to  a  ina'gu  ficei  t   ree  ^iit  " 
five  foet  in   inght,  with  a  trunk  seven  feet  in  circumforcnco  at  a  va  d  abov     h,^ 

fw.r  '"'  i"  "V''*'"^  '"■  ^P'"^^^  «f  ^"^^^"^'^^^  "f  fifty  fo'eL  Import  mon^ 
Bri  ol,  and  Providence,  there  are  numerous  other  trees  of  this  spec  e?  w  ih 
trunks  nearly  two  teet  in  diameter  ^pLcits  wiin 

In  about  the  year  1820,  Mr.  William  Prince,  of  Flushing,  Lon-  Island  imnorted 
the  a.lantus  rem  l-lurope,  and  from  this  source,  most  of  ^1  c  plan  o  1 1  snedes 
in  New  \ork  and  vicmity,  have  been  supplied.  It  may  here  be  reina  led  tl  S 
both  male  and  fomale  trees  grow  in  abindance  in  the  la^t-nan  e  n  aces  and 
h^ul'l":;!:."''  ^""""^  '^  d.stinguished  by  its  more  gracefu/  t^  ^ 

Propagation  Cllare,  .^'c.  The  Ailantus  glandulosa  may  readily  be  pron.^n.ed 
fio  n  seeds,  or  by  cuttings  of  the  roots;  but  the  former  mode^fL  mSfefof 
able,  as  the  tree  is  not  so  liable  to  thrmv  iin  -nrl-pr-^  o-      \  '^"  '"o\e  pielei- 


tings 


rMi,„  ^      ]      ,       ,  ,  ,  .   ■■■■•"   "f  ^iiv-iYci.^  a:,  wuuu  nroaucea  bv  cut- 

Ihe  seeds  should  be  sown,  if  possible,  as  soon  as  they  ate  gathered;  'md 


158 


AILANTU8  GLANDUL08A. 


largo  size,  wh.re.carccVaro"."rUe"wiC^^^^^^^ 

ty  lor  the  first  hii  or  Iwclvo  year,  modiKini;  annual  .hootrfel  .,    *  !       "V""' 
in  length,  and  under  favourabl,-  o^ilunsSn  ofto  ^  aiMr„  I    '''■".'''.■Tr'""' 

turn,  and  as  ve  before  remarked    th%  rnm      '"^^"^^  /'  ^  v  cry  great  dosidera- 

»ist^rlr3l;5^s-ffl^^^^^ 

worn-out  soils,  and  the^apidky  ofits  iowt^  ifis  S^  -'"'^ 

be  profitably  cultivated  for  cabinet-wood  n/tnl  1  \  .r  ^'""^  ^^'^  *'^^  ^'8^* 
every  third  year  for  fuel  In  Frat^  nn  It  l  f  •^^"'^  ^i  ^  '?PP'"^'  *«  ^e  cut 
publfc  walksyand  is  ^amed  for  tha'purp  I  afo^  wSX  Vmtrc'uTul'^f  "^ 
(Liriodendron,)  thehorse-chesnut,  the^rient^ 

s  suc^^:  eS^^n  -i:z^~  p-  Of  th?\^;^^- 


Genus  ILEX,  Linn. 


Aquifoliaceep. 
Syil.  Nat. 


Tetrandria  Tetragynia. 

hyt.  Lin. 


Derivation.    TU 
ihoflo  of  the  Qmn 


nams  Ihr  was  given  to  thi*  genus  by  Bauhln  and  Loureiro,  ott  account  of  Iho  rosomblanca  of  Us  loaves  to 
ilex,  or  ino  truo  Iltx  of  Virgil. 


Geuerir.  Characters.  Sexes  hermaphrodite,  very  rarely,  by  defect,  dioDcious  or  polyj^amous.  Calyx  4—5- 
looihed.  Corolla  I  -5-cleft.  Stamens  4—5,  inserted  into  th-  tube  of  the  corolla.  Fruit  including  4 
or  5  nuts.  Evergreen  shrubs,  with,  mostly,  coriaci'ous  leaves.  Flowers  many  on  u  peduncle.— Z>e 
Cmdolle,  Prodromus. 

iEX  is  a  genus  very  abundantly  diffused  in  the  warm  and  colder 
climatos  of  both  continents,  and  in  many  islands  in  the  ocean. 
Besides  the  Ilex  aquifoliura,  which  constitutes  so  beautiful  a  fea- 
ture in  the  winter  scenery  of  manjf  parts  of  England,  there  are 
also  worthy  of  note,  the  Ilex  opaca  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
_  _    Ilex  dipyrena  of  the  Himalayas,  which  is  nearly  allied  to  it;  the 

Ilex  biilearicii  or  broad-leaved  holly  of  Minorca;  the  Ilex  canariensis,  with 
black  berries;  the  Ilex  vomitoria  or  yaupon  of  the  southern  Indians;  the  Ilex 
paraguariensis,  or  Paraguay  tea ;  the  Ilex  dalioon  of  Florida,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  most  oaiamcntul  of  the  whole  family ;  and  the  Ilex  assine, 
(^r  broad-leaved  dahoon  holly  of  Carolina  an    the  Floridas. 


I 


u 


m 


Ilex  aqiiifuUum, 


Jlcx  af/ui/olium, 

THE  EUROPEAN  HOLLY. 

Si/nunt/mcs. 


LiNNjEus,  Species  Plaiiliirum. 
De  Candom.e,  I'lodrtdiius. 
Don,  Miller's  Diciiotmry. 
Loudon,  ArlKWium  Drllanniciiin 
Sbmiv,  British  Forest  Trees. 
France. 


Ifoiix,  Rraiul  Ilousson,  Apron  grand  pnnlon, 

isieehpaiine,  Siechpalineiibaiiin,  Stocli- 1 
baiim,  Stecheiche,  Slechlaiih,  Stechap- 
lei,  .Stcchwimie,  Hiil.se,  HilLsenbaiiiii, 
HiilsenMraufh,  HiillKeiiliaiz,  Myrl.ii- 
i  om,  Chnstdorn,  Maiisedorn,  Zwicsel- 
dorn,  Kleezhiisch,  Walddistel,  . 

As,'ril(>j,'lio,  Allora  spinoso,  Leccio  spinoso, 

Acebo,  Acervino,  AKrifolio 

Azevinho,  Agril'olio, 

Si'hubbi;?  Hardifclk, 

WiieCosclu'ld,  Oslrokdf,  Pailiib, 

Holly,  Hulver,  Hullere,  Holm, 


Germany. 


Italy. 

Spain. 

PuilTt'OAI,. 

Holland. 

Hi'SSIA. 

Britain  and  Anolo-America. 


Nan,  ami  Pi.riucii.™  nam..,,.    Tim  K„L.|i,,l>  n,-,,n-T,.";.V.  .'"•.,    ll'L' "i^  "'  H'"  .fl'^l'lx;  wlien.-o  ,■,,„„„  „f  i|,„ 


DfTirnliniit , 

jMCi  I,  S|iani»li,  Iiaimn,  ami  Piiriiicmwo  iiiiiii..s     Th„  r,:;;ii.i', '  "'/";;'  "•""  "'•  " 

......  .....B..  P.....  ....... ...,.._^ 

oblong  seeds,  rounded  on  one  side,  and  cornered  on  thL  otlfer        '      ''  '^"""^"""S  ^ur  ^-I'tary,  homy, 

Description. 

*  *  *  *  *  "  f\.  ilium  nemo  Impuna  lacesslt." 
"Toucli  ni(>,  I  '11  i)rick." 


^S^HE  European  IIoI- 

i^'ir'rJ  '^  ^^  ^  liaudsome 
^)__lJ    fo  conical,  evergreen 


1  '•'"Tl — T^  )itQ^ltSifS^  tr(\e,  growing  to  a 
heiglit  ol  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  in  a  wild 
state,  witli  a  trunk  from  eighteen  in<  hes 
to  two  feet  111  diameter,  and   to   double 
these  dimensions  in  a  state  of  cultivation. 
In  viewing  it  as  a  hedge-plant,  or  as  an 
ornamental  tree  or  shrub,  it  is  not  sur- 
passed by  any  other  evergreen  whatever, 
whether  we  look   upon  it  in   its   native 
woods,  with  its  .shining,  deep-green  leaves 
jind  coral-red    berries,   whieir  i)ersist  for 
iiall  tlie  year,  or  in  its  numerous  varica- 
tion.s  of  silver  or  golden  leaves,  audits 
Avhite  or  yellow  fruit. 

F"«m.//c',s<.  In  general,  the  deviation 
irom  the  common  form  and  colour  observ- 
able in  wild  plants,  or  in  tho,sc  in  a  state 
ot  cultivation,  more  especially  in  trees  and 


^Wii, 


-taiyL... 


EUKOPEAN   HOLLV.  IgJ 

shrubs,  is  accompiiniod  by  a  ra^Kcd,  or  oihorwisc  unhealthy  appearance  in  the 
leavcN ;  l)ut  tjio  holly  is  one  of  the  very  few  exceptions  to  tliis  rule.  Its  varioKa- 
tioiis  are  chielly  confined  to  the  modifications  of  white  and  yellow  in  the  leaves- 
l)Ut  there  arc  some  knids  in  whicih  the  deviation  resi  Its  from  the  size,  form,  and 
prickly  state  of  the;  leaves;  and  others  consist  of  diflcrences  in  tlie  colour  of 
the  truit,  whiflh  is  red,  yellow,  black,  or  white.  The  following  varieties  are 
all  that  arc  resrarded  as  truly  distinct ;  but  the  shades  of  difference  under  each 
name  are  almost  inniunerable  : — 

1.  I.  A.  UKTKKOPHVI.I.UM,  Loudou.      Vuv lous-kavefl  llolly. 

2.  I.  A.  ANOusTiFOLiuM,  Loudoii.     Nnirow-lmved  Holly. 

3.  I.  A.  LATiFOLiuM,  Loudon.     liroad-teavnd  Holly. 

4.  I.  A.  ALTACLEKENSE,  I  .oudou.     ///>A  ClviT  Holly.     Lcavcs  broad,  thin,  flat. 

6.  I.  A.  iMAUGiNATUM,  lioudou.     Tluclc-margincd-lcavcd  Hollii.     Leaves  br(jad 
entire. 

0.  [.  A.  LATjRiFOMum,  Loudon.     Lnvrd-lenvcd  Holly.     licvaves  small,  entire. 

7.  I.  A.  cii.iATUM,  Iioudon.      '"■"       ■  ■         -  -- 
along  the  margin  like  hairs. 

5.  I.  A.  cu,iATirM  MINUS,  Loudon. 
than  the  preceding. 

S).  I.  A.  RECURVUM,  Loudon.     Rccurvcd-lcavcd  Holly. 

10.  I.  A.  sEKRATiFoi.uiM,  Loudou.     Semited-lcaved  Holly. 

11.  I.  A.  cuisruM,  liOudon.     Cnrlcd-leavcd  Holly. 

12.  I.  A.  FEiiox,  Loudon.     Fierce-spine-loavcd,  or  Hedgehog  Holly.     Leaves 
rolled  and  covered  with  spines. 


--      .-^^-^      <-.■'... y.  *,..-tfc»*^0     0111(1.11,      UHllIU. 

Ciliated-leaved  Holly.     Leaves  small,  with  prickUis 
Smallcr-ciliated-leavcd  Holly.     Leaves  smaller 


13. 
14. 


L  A.  cKAssiFOLiuM,  Loudou.     Thiclc-kaved  Holly. 
I.  A.  SENESCENS,  Loudon.     Aged  or  Spineless  Holly. 


15,  \.  A.  ALBo  MARGiNATU.M,  Loudon.     W/iHe  edged-lcavcd  Holly.     Margins  of 


Golden- edgcd-leaved  Holly. 


Margins 


leaves  white,  or  pale-yellow. 

IG.    I.    A.    AUKEO  MAHGI.\ATUM,    LoudoU 

of  leaves  light  and  dark  yellow. 

17.  I.  A.  ALBo  ricTUM,  Loudou.     Whitc-spottcd-leaved  Holly,  Milk-maid  Hulbi 
Margins  of  leaves  green,  middle  white. 


18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 


I.  A.  AUKEO  picTUM,  Loudou.     Gold-spoUed-lcaved  Holly. 

L  A.  FEKOX  ARGENTEUM,  liOudou.     SUvcr-blotched  Hedgehog  Holly. 

I.  A.  FEuox  AUREUM,  Loudou.     Gold-blotchcd  Hedgehog  Holly. 

I.  A.  FRUCTU  I.UTE0,  Loudou.      Yellow-fruited  Holly. 

I.  A.  FRUCTU  ALiio,  Loudou.      White-friiitcd  Holly. 

I.  A.  FRUCTU  MGRo,  Host.  Bhick-fniitcd  Holly. 
Geography  and  History.  The  Ilex  aquifolium  is  indigenous  to  most  parts  of 
the  middle  and  south  of  Kurope,  and  it  is  said  to  be  found  in  China  and  Japan. 
It  does  not  appear  to  be  a  native  cither  of  America  or  of  India,  unless  the  Ilex  opaea 
of  the  United  States,  and  the  Hex  dipyrena  in  the  Himalayas,  should  prove,  bv 
cultivation,  to  be  varieties  of  it.  According  to  Pallas,  it  scarcely  occurs  within 
the  ancient  limits  of  the  Russian  empire,  though  frequent  on  the  southern  side 
of  Caucasus,  where  it  forms  a  low,  branching  shrub,  about  ten  feet  high.  In 
France,  it  is  abundant,  more  particularly  in  Brittany.  In  Germany,  it  abounds 
in  many  forests,  especially  in  the  southern  and  middle  states;  where,  when 
sheltered  by  lofty  trees,  it  attains  the  height  of  twenty  feet;  but  in  exposed  situ- 
ations, it  does  not  exceed  a  height  of  six  or  eight  feet.  This  tree  appears  to 
attain  a  larger  size  in  England  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  It  abounds 
in  that  country,  more  or  less,  in  the  remains  of  all  aboriginal  forests,  and  per- 
haps, at  present,  it  prevails  nowhere  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  Need  wood  For- 
est,  in  Stafibrdshire.     In  Scotland  it  is  found  in  most  natural  woods,  as  au 

a1 


162 


ILEX    AQUIFOLIUM. 


Holy   Writ    hive  reference  to  it :-  ^'-'''^'  ''''^  ''^^^'"^l  Passages  in 

An.l  that  they  should  puWinh  au,l  ,  foe    im   in  ^ii  'i      • "  ^"™""'  ™°"lh  •■ 
say.nif,  Go  forth  unto  tl„3 1  muiit  a    1  f.udi  '^^^^^^^  h  ..f      """  ?'"''"•  ""''  i"  Jenmalen., 
.n.vrl  e  hniuchen,  and  ,,al„i  branched  and  t-iicl-^nf^^^    '^T'  '"'"=  '"-"T^hes,  and       ' 
aa  u  13  wrillun.''  '  ^"^  "ranches  of  tliiok  trees,  to  make  booths, 

,  -,,  Nbhbmiah,  viii.  1],  15 

Christmas  because  it  was  use/  n  thl'  Tf  ^-'^  ^^'^^''ating  the  c' lurches  at 
occurred  about  that  peS  tta  t he  nK  iff,"'!  ,'^  '^'  ^aturnaha,  which 
festivals  CI  the  Pag.aus  as  neadv  i  nn^J  7  ^'f  ^'^"^^lans  to  assimilate  the 
exciting  unnecessa^uly  ^leirproimhcL  wl"V  .''^  '"'^""^''^  ^'''''''  ''  ^^^'^ 
Roman,  to  send  boughs  of  hoC  d  rh^^  iZt  f  customary   among   the 

and  good-will,"  with^he  gifts  tfcySnS^  'i  '"^^'^f '^^  "^  "l^«^^^« 

was  for  this  reason,  independe    fv  of  nm/rtn  ^'"'",.^'  ^^  ^''^^^  ^^^'«o"-     It 

adapteu  to  be  an  e^blem^of  t  ifj^-hiipaffe  Zl  of'^''^'''"^  the  Pagans,  well 
more  than  any  other,  "to  proach  nonrp^in  /'  ?  f,  "^  '^''«'°''  '^^"^^  professes, 
have  been  the  origin  of  the  pS^^  Whatever  may 

usage;  for  Bourne^n  1  is '^n Urn  i  fc^s  If^^^^  ^  ''  '''T>  ^V  '-^  ^^^y  ancient 
oftheCVHmciloflJacara  foiSnfr.HL-'''  ^T"'"''  People,"  cites  an  odict 
at  Christmas,  with  givm  bi  Is  ft  t  o  '"'  I"  '"^"',"  ^"  ^^^'^'^^^^  ^heir  houses 
theirs  at  the  Saturnali^wh  c  1o  Vlu  cd'Zu  "''  Y  '^]'  ^"'-''''  ''''^'^'''^ 
in  his  -  Travels  in  Greece  "sunnosertirnft?  '''''''  ''^'''''-  l^^'  Chandler, 
Druids,  who,  he  says  dcco;ate  Toi^rl    oiV  "',''^"'  ''''''  '^'^^'^"^  ^''O'"  the 

"that  the  sylvan  Sts  m  S  t  n  n.  1  tn  f.      ^^  '"^'/'^  evergreens  during  winter, 
and  cold  w^Ls,   uidl  a  mi  de       ?son  h     "'"'  '"^"VT"!"  """'PP*^^^  ^^^th  fros 
abodes."     Tne  Wrlii^SoM  of  ^S^cnf  ^TTlt/'^l'^if-'^  *"-  ^^--i'"? 


in  praise  of  the  l^^^SZ^VZ  thm^^  H  ""^  v^^'  ^"'i''^^P^'  ^^  "^  ^  «^^«1 
of  the  door.  ^'"^"^^  ^  ^'S'^  ^'^  ^^^'iter,  and  hung  outside 

"  '^'■'-V^.n^y.  it  shall  not  be  I  wys; 
l.et  Holy  h:ifc  the  niaystry  aa  the  .naner  y^. 
Holy  stnnd  ,n  ,/„:  hall,,  fi.vre  to  lirhold 
Ivy  stond  xoulwiU  the  don;  she  ys  full  soro  a  Co'.;  •' 

&c,  ivcro  ilccratcd  with  iiilmo  IvJ  ^f,  1  ,1  i^  '  '?"'"'".  wniln-t-crasses, 

a  more  glorious  and  refrcshiii-  obiect  of  fl  p  S  '~        ^'''''^  ""'^^^''  '^^'^^^^^^ 

about  four  hundred  feet  i    lelig      nine     etVi^^  mipregnable  hedge,  of 

stances,  blushil^-Sf  th^i  IZSCtJ^^  l^^^'turi:^^^:;  L^^rli 


EUROPEAN   HOLLY. 


163 


Deiker''^;^^/*''''!"^  ^T]  ^''''''  ^'  '^'^  "^^'^  '»  Sussex,  and  of  Sir  Matthew 

Decker,  at  R  chmond.     "I  have  seen  hedges,"  observes  Welvn    "or    if  von 

will,  stont  walls. of  holly,  twenty  feet  in  height,  kept  upright ^alid  th^  giE 

sort  bndded  low,  and  ni  two  or  three  places  one  above  another,' shorn  andS- 

oned  into  columns  and  pilasters,  architecturally  shaped,  tind  at  due  distance  • 

han  winch  nothing  can  possibly  be  more  pleasant,  the  ber  y  adorning  the  he  co- 

nmniations  with  scarlet  festoons,  and  encirpa."     In  Scotland  the  most  cclebr-xTea 

CoKoif  Hon"  '"?  °f  ^li^  ^f  ^  of  Had'dington,  at  Tjnh^ghr,"!^!^^^^^^ 
Colhngton  House,  and  at  Moredun,   near  Edinburgh.     Those  at  Tvninsham 

^ZsttjtT"^  ?  'P^'  ''^"^  'Y  ^r  tl^«"^-nd^ni"e  hundred  and^fiftftw^ 

S  w  de  Tt^  !;  W  m'  V'Tlf^T'  ^*  ^"  '^^'§'^*'  ^"d  ^'^^^  "'"«  to  thirteen 
\1  %  n  ^^'^  ^''^^\  ^^"^t  °f  *'^^  '^^^ge*^  are  regularly  clipped  in  April  anJ 
are  carefully  protected,  by  ditches  on  each  side,  from  the  bite  of  cattle    ad 

i"a;:s^;:;;h;s  tier'  ^'"^''  "'"'^  ^'^  ^^^  ^^^"^  ^^  ^^^  ^-^^'  ^^-^  -^  y--? 

Pliny  tells  us  that  there  was  a  holly-tree,  in  his  time,  growing  near  the  Vati- 
ean  m  Rome  on  which  was  fixed  a  plate  of  brass,  with'aii  insciTption  cngra;en 
m  1  uscan  letters ;  and  that  this  was  older  than  Rome  itself,  which  must  have 

tZT"  T'\  "^^  r""?''.^  ^'''''-  ^^'"^  ^^^"^«  ^^^tl'«^-  »«tices  a  holly-tree'  n 
w  H  ^on;  t  .  '"i  '  "^  .'"^'"'l-  "'"f  """^'^  thirty-five  feet  in  circumference,  and 
uh  ch  sent  out  ten  branches,  ol  such  magnitude,  that  each  might  pass  for  a  tree 
itsell      He  says,  that  this  single  tree  alone,  r-^senibled  a  small  wood. 

Co  e  informs  us,  m  his  -  Paradise  of  Plants,"  that  he  knew  a  tree  of  this  kind 
wl  icli  grew  m  an  orchard,  and  "  the  owner,"  he  says,  "  cut  it  down,  and  caused 
t  to  be  sawn  into  boards  and  made  himself  thereof  a  coffin  ;  and,  if  I  mistake 
not  Idt  enough  to  make  h,s  wife  one  also.  Hoth  the  parties  we're  corpuh- 
and,  therefore,  you  may  imagine  tlie  tree  could  not  be  small."  Evelvn  meiil 
tious  some  large  holly-trees  near  his  own  place,  at  Wooton,  in  Surry,  in  the 
neighbourhood  ot  which  was  once  a  fort  called  "  llolmsdale  Castle,"  from  as  e 
supposes,  the  nnmber  ot  holms  or  hollies,  which  once  grew  there.  The  names 
?cn  I  ^''  f '  Holmwood,"  and  "Holme  Castle,"  occur  in  various  parts  ot' 
Sc  k  nd,  and  are  generally  supposed  to  have  been  applied  in  consequence  of  the 
abui  dance  ot  holhes  at  these  places  at  the  times  the  names  wore  given  Ihnes 
mentions  a  vanepucd  silver  holly  at   nallygannon,  in  Ireland,  twenty-five  lie 

r  .'oT,   /''  r  k"i  '''■'"  ^"•'-•^''"''•-^'•^'"^•e  ;  ^uid  another,  on  Innisfallen  Island, 

n  the  lake  of  K. Harney,  wi       i  trunk  fifteen  feet  in  circumference,  and  of  abou 
the  same  height  belore  it  be-an  to  braueb  out 

The  largest  holly  in  England,  is  at  Ckuemont,  in  Surrv.  It  grows  in  a  sandv 
f^P^MfnT  '  •'"  r  '"  \^'^'''  i^easiired  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  two 
five  iS  '"  ^^''^"I'^ter,  and  an  ambitus,,  or  spread  of  branches,  of  twenty- 

At   Paris,   in  the  .Tardin  des  Plantes,   there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  win,  Ii 
attained  the  height  ot  thirty  feet  in  fifty  years  after  plnuting.     And  Raidri   a 
.peaks  of  holly  hedges,  in  France,  that  are  upwards  U  t^vn  hundred  years  olil 

n  Irussia,    he   holly  grows  wild  in  a  forest  twenty  miles  from  Berlin,  never- 
the  e^  r  '^''^'^''^'^  f  ^^^1^  "t^'^'it  <^it>'-  it  requires  protection  during  w'i.m' 

In  Italy  at  IVIonza,  there  is  a  tree  of  tliis  species,  which  attained  the  hei.rhi  of 
twenty  teet  m  thirty  years  alter  i)lanting.  => 

AnI'.'iJ'Kni ""  ''y"^'  )\?'  pi;ol.:il.ly  among  the  first  trees  introduced  into  North 
Ame.ica  by  the  eady  settlers,  but  owing  to  the  severity  of  our  climate  in  winter 
It  appears  not  to  have  thrived  north  of  the  Potomac.     There  are  severa   fine 
specnnens  ot  this  tree  m  Virginia,  which  have  long  been  standing  tllere,  a,^ 
prolK,bly  were  planted  soon  after  the  settlement  of  Ja^mestown,  in  mj.       ' 


I 

I 

m 


Podkal  and  Lvgmdary  AUusluits.      hv  the  1 


anguage 


of  poets,   this  tree  is 


164 


ILEX   AQUIFOLIUM, 


li.t 


6     !. 


Ml 


I 


ill 


that  the  sua  never  shadows  he  ho  ly^fe-  nn^lfv  ^T.?'"'  ""^  ^""f'^''''  b<^>*«^«d 
who  still  remain  in  Persia  and  inrll  \,  '  \  the  followers  of  that  philosopher, 
th3  bark  of  this  00^1  fthe  faJe  of 'a  p'T'^'^  throw  water  impregtiatcd  with 
'  carols,  and  other  verses  ancient  and  n  nZ  ^■^°'"  f'^"^'  ^  """^^er  of  curiotis 
found  in  Forster's  "Ca  eS"'  a  nn  l  '  "!  '"^"'"'r  ^°  *''«  '^o^'  ^^^H  he 
the  circumstance  of  the  lower'  leaves  of  U^''''\  "^""'f.  ^y  ^^"^''^y'  ^'l"ding  to 
upper  ones  are  entire,  is  printoi  rioTnisto  '?'  {^^^''I'T"  ^'P/"«"^'  ^^'"'«  ^^^ 
Irom  which  we  make  thi  fo^lowirVet;^^^^^^^^^^  "P«n  Tweed," 

O  rea,lcr !  liast  tlmu  ever  stood  to  sec 

The  lioily-irco! 
The  eye  llwt  ro„i,,.,npl,ite3  it  well  perceives 

lis  glo.ssy  li.iivos, 

Ordered  by  an  rmelliirciice  so  wi«e 

A3  miijlu  confoui,,!  the  atheist's  sophistries. 

Below,  a  drclin?  fence   its  leaves  are  seen, 

VViiiikled  and  liecn  ; 
^o  srazn,:;  cattle   throudi  ihoir  prickly  roimd 

Lan  rrarh  to  wound  ;  •''"»"<■ 

Smootl,  and  u«a,m«/  the  poimloss  leaves  appear. 

In  ancient  times,  Plinv  tolls  us  thnt  ««^^^,     «       i    •■     , 
three  holly-trees;  over  w^nch^ had  oblrle^^^       ^"''S^'^^/ty  of  Tibur  near 
out  the  spot  whe/eon  the  gods  had    ixed  fo    Us  p'' ^'^^•^^  ^f"!'  '^'^'  P^'"^^^^ 
were  standing  in  his  own  tin  e    and  Is*     h  ''7^'«";     ^"^  that  these  trees 
twelve  hundred  years  old  '  *'  therelore,  have  been  upwards  of 

iu  fi^fs^;:;;'iZn .,  l'::  ir%  -^z^^v:  ^-;!-'  ^"^^^  its  largest  si. 

provided  it  is  not  ove  charged  wifmoi'stue  T  l^'"'"'''  '■'  ;'''""^^^  ^"^^  ^^il. 
•somewha  gravelly;  Mdlrr  tl^af  h  nroSnrt  '  ''?''  '^^''  '^  ^'"'^^  ^est  on  soils 
that  it  rofiTses  not  almo  Uu  y    o  tTf?   .  ?   ^^'"''''^"^  and  Houtcher, 

found  on  all  soils,  ex^^ep  n  L^s  o  ,^-  -  ^'^'^^  '  "'  '"''^'  '''  '''^''■''  ^'  '^ 
Kent,  are  in  loam'  or  cl^all  ■  t  fos.  at  Tvnh^^^  ^^"  '"'^''^^  ^^'^'''^^^  ^-"^  ^^^^^Y  and 
and  those  in  Aberdeensh  re  on  gmniUc  rhv  ^^^^^^  ""''  '^'V'  ^'"1*'  ^^""^'^1  'and: 
'J'«  holly,  in  J.^ngland  is  said  o  be  n  hh  r^"  f "'  T'^  f«^o"rable  situation  fo; 
vals  of  which,  it  gn  'ws  Vt  o  ce  s  r'  T''"7'^  '^'^'^^  ^^  °^^'«'  i'^  tl'o  h.te  - 
thrive  completely  LZuV^s^^^  a  S^' ^T^''^^  ^^^^<^^;  Yet  U  wdl 
^^  mrpassed,  as  undergrowth,  by  n  o(h  '  ovenML  •.  [''' ',  ^''  ^"^""^'  ^'^''^•^""  ^t 
Propagation  and  Cnllnn.  The  ol  y  ,^^  '' '  '"^  ^V^"*;'  '^""P'  '^'^  ^''^' 
'<"gs,  or  hy  budding  and  graf.inV  As  L  Ss  111  T^^'^'r  \y  T'^'-  '^>'  ^"t- 
liof  come  up  the  first  year,  the  bn-ries   i     Fn.    '  ^'"""'^  "*  ^''^  liawthorn,  do 

•soil.or  kept^nixed  up  I  a  hei^  of  ar  'h  L  i}^'Toiv'"Arr"l'^  '""'^'^^  '"^'- 
nuxmg  the  berries  as  soon  as  -athered  in  ^  L  /^'- V"'"^"" '■^'•"""'it'ucls 
turned  over  several  times  in  Uie^co  Jso  of  h  '"^=^P  ^^  ^^'-t'''  ^v^hi-'h  sliould  he 
sition  of  the  pulp  and  husks  Tll  will  ionoTnir",'  ^"  J^;"^'''^,^ ^^  the  decouipo- 
•succeeding  that  in  which  tiny  a  e  ga      !.f  ^.n  , '"''^'^ '7  ^'''^  ^^"'^"""^ 

he  taken,  and  separated  from  the  ear  with  vhIj  '''  ^"'^-  '^V  '"^^>'  ^hen 
and  sown  in  beds  of  finely  prepa'Jd  J    ,,1  '^'^^  are  rmxcd,  by  sifting, 

quarter  of  an  inch.     Tlnis  p.rXd   X '.  '"  ""  ''"'''''  "*'  ^'^^"^"^^ 

the  June  followinrr.  A  covS'  o  h Ti  rn.  '''''J  '"  '"""""-'  ''"^^^  ^^''"  ^'^'"^'  "P 
the  .seed-beds,  wilf  protect  the  ^.  f n  m  ."v t  ''^'T'''  °'  "1  '^"''-^^^^  P'^^^'^^*  over 
patly  facilitate  ^^oY^ro^^^^I^^^^'l^f  ^"f,  ^Irongl/t,  and  will 
trom  transplanting,  it  should  never  bf  1  en   ml 'o  „f '  ''''  ^/^'^^  ^^   '''^''''^  ^^  ^'^"tler 

•rthey  could  hek^^riJl'^ft'^:!;':;;'!;^-;;/!^.;!;:;!:^ 

"       .'     •    "tti'-ti.     as  soon 


EUROPEAN   HOLLY. 


165 


bett%.Toiu'!S'tH?  tlT  "/'"«^\^»^«"^  if  0  -t  ttib  with  water,  and  rub  them 
po  rotf  tre  wat^^^^^^^  M  uf:  ^^«^'r«^«d  of  their  thick,  glutinous  covering; 
tl  o  ^m.m    en   1      '  .      '»''*  """^^^^  ^^^^^  swim,  the  mucilage,  &c.,  and  spread 

winter  mix-  thom  uriti,  L    i   ^'"f  f^*^  ^I'V^*'  '^"J^-     "  tins  be  done  in  autumn  or 

S^^f  rip  n   1%1  Ir ",  <^^'  ^''^'-">^5  ^'-^  are'selected  in  aSn,  of 

der  and  coveZ whh  nn  1  ^  '''^  ^rej.  anted  in  a  .sandy  soil,  in  a  shady  lor- 
smin^       It  hn. Inn  f  »'^"d-glasses ;  ai.  ^.  they  generally  strike  root  the  following 

per  orrned  at  the  usual  times  and  in  the  usual  manner;  but  i  ha^^b  eJved 
by  Ischoudi,  that  cleft-grafting  does  not  succeed  nearly  so  wdl  wid^hehollv 
as  wlup-grafting      In  England,  the  stocks  budd.d  or  gmfU   are  gc  /e  ^1  Iv  of 

Sin^^h/Xirl'^hnt' '  "^'  "?  ^'^'''''^r  l^^''-'-^'-'-^  -  Ma-"  alTt  fc  bVd. 
hSil     Tr  ■     '^''.P'^'"^  .-cquires  less  care  than  the  holly,  when  it  is  once  ostab- 

Sil  oi  hnlTr''  '^'^^rr^'  F"Hing;  and  the  vadeties  which  have  been 
grafted  oi  budded  require  little  more  than  the  removal  of  slioots  from  the  stock 
lo  prepare  them  for  removal,  however,  whether  of  a  lar<^e  or  smaTl  sto  th.v 

all; ed  br 'i^'^-'::^T' ^^"-^ '''''■' y^^'-  Th^ia^^rnLrus J  J 

auopteci  lor  the  tuin.-plantmg  of  evergreens,  are  the  spring,  and  in  mild  weith/r 
win  er,  although  summer  and  autumn  ^re  genera^  stated  to  be  111™^ 
times  lor  performing  that  work.     The  principle  which  i.istifies    he  nract^c^^nf 
removing  them  in  winter  or  spring  is,  tllat  mc!st  nlauts  a\TZTe    a^-ly  ?e  i^vcl 
when  t  ey  are  ma  comparatively  dormant  state,^  and  when  the  wtnthelTten, 

^hTtC^'l  ''^;Tf  ""^  f^^'  ''''^'''  '^''^'  ^'T  and  in  motion  Itswd  ki.rn 
ha  he  greatest  degree  of  torpidity  in  plants  or  trees  exists  a  short  time  lefoi 
hey  begm  to  germinate  or  push  out  shoots;  conseqnontly,  as  eve"  oens  bc^^^^^ 
to  grow  only  a  week  or  two  later  than  deciduous  tries  of  t he  sam^clima^^^^^ 
^oT:T"^  ''^^^'--^-^P'-^^'^g  t'^o"!  "uist  be  nearly  the  slelVeXf'di^^^ 
feence  to  be  observed  is,  the  circumstance  of  evergreen  trees  bein<i  at    ot,W 

vm  Ic'xsf  If  W  t  ,'ol  rT"'"'  "'  '^'""§1  ?''''  ^'^  ""^'^'''^  1'^^-  removing  them,  as 
will  least  affect  their  fibrous  roots  and  leaves  by  evaporation.     When  the  liollv 

so  be  planted  as  a  hedge,  if  it  is  desirable  that  the  gro.vth  sha  1  be  ra  L  U  e 
sod  ought  to  be  trenched   to  the  depth  of  three  or  four  feet      If  tL  Jubsoil  le 

s  iifare  .n  I   t..  r       '  f,""^  '''  \T'^  '^'^P'  ^''"^  ^^  "^^  "P  '•'«  «P'-^ce  with  ^ood 

sill  face  soil  taken  from  the  neighbo.u-ing  gn.iind  or  elsewhere  The  soil  n  X 
rench  should  be  ra..sed  at  least  a  loot  abo\^e  the  adjoining  s  irlace  to  a  o  v  for 
settling;  and  along  the  middle  of  this  ridge,  the  plants  should  bo  sot  Sn.i^ 
loot  to  eighteen  inches  apart.  According^o  Miller,  holly  he.bn's  sh'u  I  ever 
be  clipped,  because,  when  the  leaves  are  cut  through  th(f n  idilo   tl  ev  are    en 

Kat.      lliib  mode,  undoubtedly,  is  more  appropriate  lor  hod-es  in  L-irdcn.    .,! 

pitut    .xpcn.sc  than  clipping,  it  is  unsuitable  v/h<>n>  tlip  obiect  is  to  wrvmt 
I'Hds  from  bu-ldmg  in  the  hedges,  and  to  mamtam  effective  feuLs^utrieas! 


166 


ILEX   AQUIFOLIUM. 


I: 


S"  at  T;;a.;:^;T"bS:;us^u 'r;i  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^  J-^  ^^^  ^^e  leaves  have 
wound  is  repaired,^];/"  m'easn'e  W  ife  S',!"  ^'"  ^^"•'>'  ^^^^"  ^'-  l-^-  ^he 
nig  sap,  still  in  circulation.     Wl  m  [isl^o  i  f^  '^'""^^^'^  ^'^^  "'<^  '"'^"^''^i"- 

it  should  be  grown  in  the  sirnp  m  ,nn  ^o  cultivate  the  holly  for  timber, 

without  nurse?trees  a  cm'd  n"t  "tlHt n.Von  '"  "^Z  P^^"^^^*""'^^  ^'t'-"^-  -iih  o^ 
or  their  side  branches,  ^vlmi    iJy.TTX^^^^^^ 

certain  height,  say  one  founh    fthe  en  i^t  1  .    ''.'^v^"  '"''^  '"  diameter,  to  a 

clean  trunk.  ^  '  "^  "'^  "^"^"^  ^'^'S'^^  of  the  tree,  in  order  to  have  a 

very  hard  and  compact  w^U?  a  h^  '  "t  '  'T  ''  ''  "^  ""  brownish  hue.  It  is 
polish,  which  reude  i^t'  we  ada  tod^  r'rn!,'n  ^"^^^^P^'^''^.^^^  ^  I'^gb  degree  of 
tlry,  it  weighs  fortv-seven  nnd  w'  many  purposes  m  the  arts.   When 

tive  of  hs  lap,  in^oni!  ,e'  of  wl  ic^r!!  i  '^"n"'^'^  ^■•'"^'  ""^  ''^  ^^'T  reten- 
tlried  and  seisoned  lK>fore  bein"    u!^^    '  u   ''  ','f^'    ° '^^^'P'  ""^^"^'^  *'  '^'^  well 

almost  any  shade,  and  hencet\^nuctusen>?  1^  ^f '' /"  ^^"'"'^'^'•'^  ^«'^^"^-  «f 
are  technically  called  '^strinc.s  and  lorde^^^^^^  ">  ^"'™i"S  what 

erly  stained  black,  its  co lo  f  m  i2.'  '  \»o/nfi'«e»tal  works.  When  proj,- 
may  be  applied  o  a  g  e"  ^1  ^  nVT ''"'"  ^^^''''"•"  ^" '''"'^^  ^^ ^^^^^^  it 
turners,  engineers,  mathlrna  iJaH  X.n  ^ /'^"f  ^^  J'^"^^''^'*'  cabinet-makers, 
pear-tree,  it  is  the  Sw  of  li'n J.  ''""'"''"''''  ^"^'  "^^^  ^o  the  box  and 
the  tool  well.  Amo  g  i  r  rinlaT?;ri'^l"r!^'  ""f  ''  ''  ^"'"P^'^'^''  ^'^'^  ^'^^^^^ 
back,  to  be  substituted  fo      S  i     tL    n   ,^^^^^^^^  '■^'  when  dyed 

France,  the  young  shoots  n.,,!      n  i  handles  of  metallic  teapots,  &c.     In 

wiuter;'  and^he  stronger  s1^  "'"  ^'Tli  ^?  ^^'^^'^P  '-^"^l  '^^^>-,  ^biriug 

whip-bandies  and  walirmg-ca'i''  The  baSf  Iho  I'M'""'  '"'•'^■'  ^""  "^^"^'^  "^^« 
of  viscid  matter :  and,  when  macerated  in  /  r  ""^  ''',"^''''^''''  "'^  abundance 
from  the  fibres,  it  forms  bllx l-     ^e      MeiicS 

^^gmous,  emollient,  and  solvent   and  is  snid    n  /'  ""'''  "^.""'  ^^'^^  ^'^  "^"^i- 

The  berries  are  pu;-gative,  and  sK  or  e  ^  U  ofTf.C'^  "'"'''"'^  .'''"'"S'-^'  Powers. 

violent  vomiting;  though  they   ut  co  fsi l^nH  n    '  ''•'"''  swallowed,  will  cause 

the  food  of  some  birds,  more  oJp^ciaironhe  HirusfeT """  '°  """'  ^^'^^  ^"^^ 

imp;n;tS^^t^tir!iS,;^r!;n;^^^;«!'^'^'-'f ,  I-baps,  the  most 

advantage  over  deciduous-leaved     ees  that     ?/!?''  """^  \'  ^l""'  '^'''  ^^"P'^'-'"!' 

will  well  endure  the  shears.     Its  SXcti  n  ?   h"'  '''"'''^'•^'   ^'^  "'■^^'•^^•''  ^^"^ 

which  it  makes  for  the  first  fow\  ea is  aftor  1  T        'j'  '^''T  '"''Ulerent  progress 

bshed  in  a  suitable  soil,  or  alo  u  hs  third  or  fou    h'S'  ^'""ll  ""''''  ''  ^^""^^•^  ^^^ab- 

plants  that  will  surpass  it  in  their  growth      I   m  .  JT''  '''"'"  ^  '^"'  ^'^^^  '""'^S^- 

and,  consequently,  is  \vell  adnntorl  .;?.  .    "    }   '^''y,^'*'  "^'''''^^l  to  a  great  height, 

required,  eipeciaUy  during  SSw^n'mor^^^^^  '"'"''i  '^'""^^^'^  ^"^'^  ^'-'^'^•-  -'•« 
leaves.  ^  *  ^vnnti,  wlien  most  other  iiedges  are  deprived  of  their 


Ilex  opaca. 
THE  AMERICAN  HOLLY. 

Synonymcs. 


Hex  opaca, 


Houx  de  I'Amerique, 
Amcrikanischcr  Stechpalmenbaum^ 
AKritoglio  a  io<([\Qi  di  querela, 
Agi-il'ulio  arnericanu, 
American  Holly, 


'  AiToN,  Hortus  KewensiE. 
De  Candoi.le,  Prodromus. 
MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva . 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
France. 
Germany. 
Italy. 

Spain  and  Portugal. 
Britain  and  Anolo-Ameiiica. 


Derivation.    Tho  ap.-jcific  imme,  opaca,  is  derived  from  the  Latin,  opaciis,  iliick,  liiishy,  as  if  giving  sliade. 
Engravings.    Micliaux,  xNortli  American  Sylva,  pi.  81 ;  Loudon,  Arborttum  Brilannicum,  v.,°pl.  m  ■  and  the  figures  below. 
Specific  Characters     Leaves  ovate,  flat,  coriaceous,  acute,  tootlied  in  a  scolloped  manner,  spiny,  and  -la- 
bro  IS,  but  not  glossy.     Flowers  scattered  at  the  base  of  only  those  branches  that  are  a  year  old     Teeth 
of  the  calyx  acute.    Sexes  dioecious. -i)c  Candolle,  Frodromus.  ^  ' 


Description. 

HE  Ilex  opaca  is  a  beau- 
t.Lul  evergreen  tree,  some- 
times    growing     to     the 

^  ...,.^^„-^„.«  licii^htofciglity  left,  with 

a  trunk  iour  feet  in  diame'er;  but  its  ordinary 
hei'^ht,  in  favourable  situations,  is  not  more  than 
thirty  or  foi'ty  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  twelve  or 
fitteep  inches;  and  near  its  northernmost  limits 
it  IS  seldom  found  to  exceed  ten  feet  in  height. 
The  bark  of  the  trunks  of  old  trees  is  smooth,  and 
of  a  Avhitish-gray ;  but  on  the  yovng  slioots  and 
branches  U  is  green  and  siiining.  he  leaves  are 
ovate,  acute,  spinous,  glabrous,  ana  flat ;  and  are 
ol  a  hght-green  colour.  Tiie  flowers,  which  ap- 
pear in  the  months  of  May  and  June,  are  whiti.sh. 
but  not  conspicuous,  and  are  succeeded  by  hand- 
some,  round,  scarlet  bo-rics,  that  remain   long 


attached  to  the  branches,  often  during  the  wintei^ 

Varielies      The  only  dist'iict  variety  of  this 'species  is  the  Ilcv  opaca  laxi- 

folia,  which  IS  lound  in  Carolina,  with  loo.se,  whitish  flowers,  and  yelbwish-red 

berries.      lhi>  .,■   .nving  vanaiions,  however,  are  mentioned  by  Loudon  on  the 

authoniy  oi  ilaiM.osque  but  it  may  be  (luestioncd  whether  they  were  not  mostly 

rowth  --!-'''''"  ""'''''  °^'  "^^"'^^"^"^  •''S^''  "^'  "^  ^l^'^  c^^rV  period  of  thei'r 

1.  I.  o.  iMACRODOx.     Ln>\rr-font/icd-lcared  variety. 

2.  I.  o.  LATiFOLFA.     liroad-lmved  variety. 

3.  I.  o.  ACUMINATA.     Sharfi-puinfcd-leaved  variety. 

4.  1.  0.  fiLcnosA.     Round-leaved  variety. 

fjen     a/ '^"•'•' J/       i ne  hoiiiuiiiiuosi  umits  of  tills  .>i.ecies  may  be  con- 
sidered as  Uuincy  and  Cohas.sct,  m  Massachusetts;  and  it  is  foujid  more  or  less 


I   # 


168 


ILEX   OPACA. 


abundantly  along  the  maritime  parts  of  tiic  United  St^tnc  f.  .v,    1:^1    -^ 
also  m  lower  Louisiana,  and  western  Teimessee    bm  ^   '    V^""  Fondas,  and 
rare  m  approaching  the  fountains.     It  wTs Tntroduced   ntnU^T'"''^  to  become 
IS  cultivated  in  many  of  the  European  ^Z]Lf..,iu     "^''  ^"*^'"  '"  ^^'^^'  »'«! 
of  this  kind  recorded  ilrETlZdavTl^T^'^T^^^^^  /n.c  largest  trees 

above  the  ground,  ana  twenty-five  feet  in  hei..Vr    Ttfn,  .         ^^'^i^^f^r.  '^  Y^id 
resent  dimensions  for  more  tLi  T- ftn:4iT'a^i!^d%roVriJy'^^^^^^ 

anf  S  Sa[?l;J;:o/^i^^L^;;i-  of  Maryland, 

grows  almost  exclusively  on  open  -romd.   nSVn  I     ^  ""^"u^^       this  species 
«outh  Carolina,  (^eorgia,^u  d  W?  1  S.nf  ^''''^'"^  '^""^'  ^^^''^^  '» 

on  the  edges  of  swamps  Xre  the  .riM        '1     '^  f «"  o'l'y  m  shady  places, 
Rhode  Island,  and  (i  lucctlut  it      n  ml  '      "^  ^'"^  ^'"•'•^-     ^'^  Massachusetts 
sheltered  situ^Uions  ma;  L  m.^^^^^^^^^^  "  ^"^^""'  ^^"^^  '-^^^'  -"^  iu 

rean  holly,  and  Wd  i"tAcd|^:^S?;lv:;ie?Lr or=2^^ 

E^;r^:;:iiX,^l;:;i«^^  rLils  t:r"  i-j'^---^'-  that  of  ti. 

heavy,  of  a  fine  grain  and  i^■.  ^o  Jfh  i  '^''^  ■^'i'  ""^  ^''',  ^'''^'^-  '*  is  compact, 
is  to/ inlaying  inlhogany  ft^^^^^^^^  o    a  ,,„„,^,,^  ^,^,^^,^_     j^^      .^^^1  ^^^, 

gists,  and  foi^maK-ew        m^  ''''?  «"^'^"  ^^^^'  ^r  drug- 

.nyieldmg,  which  renrsT^vellXt?d1  r^,?^^^^^^^^^^  ;,\  ^^^^V  'j-^I  a.ul 
dyed  of  various  colours,  so  as  to  resemble  many  foX  woods  ^n,n  K  T^  '^^ 
be  employed  for  maidng  bird-lime  in  1  similn/ vv.  .    "^    woods.      Ihe  bark  may 

ber  of  fifteen  „r  twenty,  will  excite  vontiting,  and  TviS  al^ract'a'Ti^rga'tivr 


H! 


,^'  (I: 


ifil 


■.••fet!*i:_. 


Hex  vornUoria, 
THE  EMETIC   HOLLY. 

Synonymes. 


Hex  vomitoria, 


Ilex  cassena, 

riex  aisseiie  vera, 

Hoiix  ajialachine, 

The  ainericano,  The  Pera^jua,  The  apa- 
lachina, 

CassHue,  Cassena,  True  Cassena,  Ever- 
green Cassena,  Cassioberry-bush, 

Yaupon,  Yapon, 


AiTON,  Hortiis  Kewensis. 
De  Candoi.le,  Prodromus. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
INIicHAux,  Flora  Boreali-Americana. 
Walter,  Flora  Caroliniana. 
France. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo-Amehica. 
Southern  Indians. 


^J^^gravings.    Catosby,  Natural  HUtory  of  Carolina;    Loudon,  Arborelun.  Britannicum,  li.,  figure  ISC;   and  iho  figures 

Specific  Characters.    Leaves  oblon-  or  elliptic,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  crenatcly  sawed,  and,  with  the  branch- 
lets,  glabrous.    Flowers  in  subsessile  lateral  umhek.-De  Candolh,  Prodromus. 

Description. 

"The  firm  Casaiue,  eiiduros  ilm  wrecltin?  atorm, 
And  cliaiigoful  anasoii,  hy  Tradilimi  slyl'd 
I  111)  hooii  of  HuiiviMi,  and  riiiind  Hygnia'd  fane 
Wreathd  ii  (iri:,'lu  garland,  wlien  lior  prisnlesaeJ, 
tiad  111  their  imiult  and  iiiiprLneiidJng  skill, 
ltd  aid  dciiiaiid." 

Tkaits  op  tub  Abobioines. 

y.-4^%\W.  Ilex  vcmitoria  is 
ail  elegant  evergreen 
tree  or  shrub,  u-sually 

^„,,„^„^  growing  to  a  heitrlit 

of  twelve  or  lit'teen  I'cet  in  its  natural  habitat, 
and  somewhat  higher  in  a  state  of  cultivation. 
Tiie  flowers,  which  put  forth  hi  .hme,  are 
whitish,  and  are  succeeded  by  smooth,  red 
berries,  that  are  ripe  in  October,  and  like 
those  of  the  European  holly,  remain  upon  the 
branches  duriui?  the  winter. 

Geon-niphy,  History,  ^v-  The  emetic  hoi  1  y 
is  touiid  in  moist,  shady  places,  Irom  Virginia 
to  the  Floridas,  and  was  introduced  into  Hrit- 
ahi  in  1770.  It  was  cultivated  by  Miller  in 
the  physic  garden  at  Chelsea,  and  in  several 
otiier  collections  in  the  neishbourlK  d  of  Lon- 
don, till  the  severe  winter  of  1789,  when  most 

of  the  plants  were  destroyed.     Other  plants  .    ^i..^ 

were  afterwards  raised  from  seeds  in  that  country,  and  have  ever  since  resisted 
the  cold  ot  ordinary  winters  witho!it  protection. 

\\\  France,  it  has  been  cultivated  for  a  long  time  by  the  Chevalier  Jansen,  in 
his  garden  at  the  Barrit-rc  Chaillot,  at  Paris. 

Legendary  Allusions.  It  is  said  that  the  true  cassena  is  regarded  by  many  of 
the  soutiiern  tribes  of  the  American  Indians,  as  a  holv  '.-laiit.  iH'S'i"  used  bv  liicm 
during  tlKMr  religious  rites  and  solemn  councils,  to  clear  the  "stomach  at<d"the 


••J 


170 


ILEX   VOMITORFA. 


p^^Xjin^i^^r^'^^  to  the  i„ha,.ita„ts  of 

served  cacli  individ.iul  of  he  comp'nT  aToH '  ^"'/N  -^""^  "'^^^  ^«  ''"»  ^v^^^e 
ca.no  to  the  women  and  children  &  J  hul  "f'  "J"'  1""'^''  '"'  ''^^  '''^^  they 
lost  appetite,  strengthened  tlie  s"ton.ar7a;^  ".^  !  '"'  "'r  '''^"^'•'^^'''  '"'^^^^r^d 
war      Lawson,  in  recording  a  trad  ti  m  n  "  .in  ^"""  '^8'''ty  "'h'-  conrage  in 

Carolina  have  it  in  veneratk>n  IbovT  al  d  c  '  t's't'l  ''^' =  "  ^'''^  ^^^^'-^^"^'^  ^^ 
and  tell  yon  the  discovery  thereof  was  h  .?  r  ''7  '''''  acquainted  withal, 
the  burdeu  of  many  rngged  d  '  !n^s  ^.w  iT  '"''?"'  '^''"  '''^^^^^'-^d  ""de 

tors;  so,  oneday  ho  fellTtsleep  a  .Kfj,;^^^^  ^    '«  ^^I'r^l  I'V  all  the  doc 

that  grew  at  his  head,  he  would  cert  lil  1  '"''  '''  ^^^ocfion  of  tlic  tree 

saw  the  Yau],on  or  Cassinc-t  oe  wl  in  ^  "''}'  "P""  '^''''«''  ''«  '-^wolvf.  and 
foll.)wed  the  direction  of  is  re%n  and  w  ""'  T  T'^'^"  ''«  ^^""  ''^^''^n'.  He 
Among  some  of  the  tribes,  twa'heTdi  suH,'  Tf'''^  ^^''"  ■"  *  ■^''«rt\ime." 
oi^;.  toasted  leaves,  callJd  '' h.acl/^i.;^^-L';;^Sen.t' ^^^/^^S 

ro^rSle^af^maS^r^id-^S'lf  fT  ''  '^  ^-^^  ^^  ^^'^o- 
small-pox,  &c,  as  a  mild  emeUc  ;  l^t  tte  L  'd  W  ,,''^^•'^1"''^^^  ^^^^^  diabetes, 
decoction,  and  a  violent,  thon<d  1  3^  l-i^lv  <hunlf  "  of  the  Indians  is  a  strong 
year  they  often  travel  a  d  stm  ce  of "  „  Jm^  f '  \''''''''''  ''^''''  "^  thi 

tree  does  not  grow,  to  procure  a  sunn  y    f   ^^1^^^%  ^^"'"  ^f'^'  ^^'^^re  this 
ground,  and  puttiug  a  kettle  of  wu     n    i     ri     i      ■  ,   /''''>'  '"'^'^  ^  ^re  on  the 
around  it,  and  with  a  woo  en  veSl  kZin.  •  l';  T'^^'*-^'^^'^^'  P'^-^^*^  themselves 
large  draughts,  which   in  a  shmt  thLi         "      ""^  '^  1""^'  commence  by  takina 
coKtinne  dnnking  and  Vomit.t  fl     wA  o.' ll^  '^'T  *"  ''"T  *'-"''>^-     '^'h"«  the^ 
pnnfied,  when  they  retnT^ilhl^^l^''  days,  unfl  they  are  sufficiently 
tlien- homes.     The  leaves  and  vnn .1^1  'luant  t  es  ol  the  leaves  and  boughs   to 
of  many  other  shrubra;;ear  to      %  r,  uued '•     ""  ^^^^-"^^^^  Gaboon,  and 
for  making  their  "black  ifink.''      u  Nord?r  nv  I        '?'"'"''f '^    ^y  '^'^  ^"^i^^^s 
the  sea-side  swamps,  having  no  gooVwate    to         ,"'  r''  '""*'■  '^''  '"I'^Wtants  of 
"1  it  a  little  cassena,  or  other  r^mts  of  n  .  '  '^''"""'  '^'  ^'''^''  ''^  '^'>ding 

v/arm,  as  the  Chinese  do  tt  r  dalv  tea  ^tj'""''''''  ""^  ''''  ''  constantly 
opinion  that  this  species  Avas  the  I  e7, nr;^,!  !  ^"-^"'"^tance  gave  rise  to  the 
'•  i'araguay  Tea/'  paraguaiicnsis,  and  was  erroneously  called 

tered.  "^  ^^^^  "P^^^^  >  l^wt  its  situation  should  be  more  shel- 


i 


-i 


and 


Ilex  jmraguaricnsis, 
THE  PARAGUAY  TEA. 


Synonymes. 


Hex  paragunijensts, 

Hex  paraguariensis, 

Matd, 

Tlie  Peragua,  Mate, 

Verba  mate,  Yerba  de  palos, 

Goni,'(iiiha, 

Caa, 

Paraguay  Tea,  Blato, 


Lambert,  Monograph  of  the  Genus  Pinus, 
j  St.  IIii.Aiiui,  HiMoire  des  Plantes  du  Bresil 
I  De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

France. 

Italy. 

Spain  and  Spanish  Amekica. 

Brazil. 

GuARANi  Indians. 

Britain  and  Anulo-America, 


Dnirnihms.    Th«  woril  Mali  I.  ,ipplio,Ih'   Iho  Smiili  American  Spanl.inls,  to  th,)  ciii.  or  vessel  from  whicl.  tho  liot  linul,!  W 
Iniljilii'il ;  whciico  tliu  naiiio  of  tin:  li.irl).    Tlin  SpiiiiUh  imiiie,  Verba  Je;w^s,  siifiiilius  Tree-herb  ^ 

Kngvavin'^s     Lambert,  Moiio|ra|ili  of  the  Geims  Finns,  pi.  ii. ;  Hooker,  Lomlou  Journal  of  Botany,  vol   i     pi    I  •  Loudon 
Arl«ireluni  Britannicum,  vol.  Ii.,  tigiira  189;  and  tlio  tiguroa  below.  ""lau;^,  vui.  i.,  in.  i ,  i^ouunn, 

Spcdfic.  Characters.    Evergreen.    Lcave.s  glabrous,  lanceolatelv-cuncted,  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  remotelv 
serrated.    Drupes  with  persistent  calyxes  crowned  with  l-lobed  siiginas.  ^        >  >  'y 


Description. 


Tl%^\\Fi    Ilex    paragiia- 

p  h  r"  k  riensi.s,    when    un- 

«_^LI_^  "bstnicted  in  its 
.  _  .-  iSS^^H  growth,  usually  at- 
tains a  height  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  with  a 
trunk  sometimes  a  loot  or  more  in  diameter. 
In  places,  however,  where  the  leaf  is  regu- 
larly gathered,  it  becomes  stunted,  from  the 
branches  being  cut  every  two  or  three  years, 
but  not  oftencr,  owing  to  an  opinion  that  this 
time  is  requisite  to  .season  the  leaves,  which 
remain,  during  winter,  upon  the  trees.  The 
hark  of  the  trunk  is  smooth,  shining,  and 
whitish;  and  the  boughs,  which  spring  up- 
wards like  those  of  the  laurel,  arc  letify  and 
tufted.  The  leaves  are  elliptic,  cuneiform, 
from  four  to  five  inches  long;  thick,  glossy, 
crenated,  of  a  dark-green  above,  and  paler 
below.  The  petioles  arc  of  a  dark-red,  and 
about  half  an  inch  in  length.  The  flowers, 
whicli  appear  in  October  and  November,  in  its  native  country,  are  produced  in 
umbels  ol  thirty  or  forty  florets  each,  with  four  whitish  petals,  and  with  the 
same  number  ot  stamens.  The  berries  are  red,  very  smooth,  about  the  size  of 
small  peas,  and  containing  four  nuts  or  seeds. 

Varietiiis.  The  two  following  races  usually  considered  as  species,  and 
described  under  the  name  of  Ilcv  gongonha,  may  be  regarded  only  as  varieties 
ol  the  same  plant ; —  j  ^  i  ^ 

1.  I.  p.  PAiivii'OLiuM.     Stnall-leaved  Paragumj  Tea 

«v?'.nu- 'T'r"'!'^''''V     N<,rrnv^-}or>rrdP<tragnay  Tea.     Both  of  those  varieties 
die  cultivated  m  the  botanic  garden  at  Rio  Janeiro,  and  are  somewhat  exten- 


,*•!       ■'  * 


f 


Iff 


172 


fLEX     PARAOUARIEVsrS. 


those  of  ,ho  ^rc.sJlVr::^uJlZ\:^^^^^^  louger  and  narro^vcr  tlmn 

are^.n variably  dot.od  with  nniuu/Lhck  gul^a^^^  ""^  '''^''-  "'»d«r  «>"-''«ces 

--i"mK;^dtth^,,J';;;;^^^- 

r Ivors  and  streams  that  Ihll  into  tl.c  I'vra  a  Cnjrn  ''''^"'  '''"  ^^^"'-^  «t'  t''c 
o  he  Ipanc  and  Jc-Jni.  Its  prinripal  m  "stl  m^J'  fn^' ""'  ^^^"  ^«  "'^  «<>"'oes 
gnay  and  about  the  nioun  ains  of  AI-i,.  r-!  '  .^  n  ^  ''''^  «««tcrn  part  of  I'ara- 
which  mtorvone  between  iho  hk  Vl^  '"'''"  ."'  '"  "'^' "ui'shy  valleys 

<  "'"'i''=^  and  abont  the  Ortrr{^,n/tai       in^  H^      abunda.,tly  in  Jh4n     ea 
nciro.  '»'^"  ^viountains,  m  the  country  adjacent  to  Kio  jZ 

In  the  bpffinnino'  of  tlm  vvrrfi 

ral  leverage  or  the  ud'St^u"    rSi"  S  Z'llrT''''  ""' 'l^l^  '"^"^  ^^  ^  ^-e- 
can  be  no  donbt  but  the  ^hcnJlllZ^^^^^^^^^^  '"»<!  there 

i.sli  conquerors;  for,  among  the  c  eokSa  d  nes  -  7    r'f'  '''  "'"  "^  >''"-'''•  '^'I'an- 
many  who  charge  the  I'araguaya  os  w  t     ?  ""^  '''''  '""^''^'^"^  '^^Y'  there'  are 

slaves  by  har.l  labour,  in  i?ath<   hu  t  .!  u  VT^  exterminated  their  Indian 

world  is  the  Chinese  tLa  iSe  extS,  v  vT'  '/^  •'"'  ''''■  ^'^  "«  country  in  ho 
thanistheye/-/^am.,/c',  fhr    h'oiU  a  '  ^^  ^^  r'  I''"P«rti""  to  the  popnl    ion 

tations  of  it  are  owned  by  ? he  ^esui  of^i  .!'"  "^  '^""!''  ^^'"^'••^^-  J-.^ge  a  -' 
from  its  harvest,  the  annu^v  p^od,  tti.^^  s^^^^^^^^^^^^  l'^  '^"'^'f  "  '^'^••g^  ^^^^e'"-^ 
thousand  pounds,  more  than  h.rty  U  on  !  K'  w^^  '''*  ^'''  "''"'«"  «'-^  '"'"drod 
c  or,  whence  Lima  and  Quito  Tro  i  ^n  i  T'""''  ''''*'  '^''^'''''^fl  to  Ch.li,  bkua- 

the  Argentine  and  C^splaUne  repubhcT^'"^'""'^  ''''  ''""'^'''^'^  -  consumed  L 
ihis  species  was  introduced  into  Hritnin  in  iqqo        i    , 

virtu'eTVo'thisTreefbut  moS  o^rthe  nuShl^T"?''^  ^'^^'^^"*«  inn.urierable 
certamly  aperient  and  diuretic,  a m  iik?  >„  .'f  T'/  "^  '"^  ''  ''''  ^'^•^^^«^"'-  It  is 
fary  effects.  It  is  said  to  give'  sleep  to  tirrstifl''f  '"'""  '"^S"'^^''  '^"^  con- 
1  ke  that  drug,  when  a  habit  is  once  con  r^erp;)  f  '  '''"'^  '^'"''^  *"  ^''«  ^''"-pid;  and 
It  off;  Its  elfect  on  the  constitutkm  be  "  :^^' i  t  "f.'""  "'  \^  ^^^  ditIicult\o  eave 
era  e  use  of  spirituous  liquors.  T  ere  ail  ren  /''^.-  '.'™^^"'^^'  ^'^  '-^'^  in^mod^ 
state,  though  produced  l)y  one  p  u  t     nd     re       1 1 V    ''^V"^'"'*  "'»'•«  Prepared 

former  consists  of'the  hal  "^x  ^  ,'   ,Y    '  f^-'^'^^-'/S  ''.'[]  tree  or  leaf  itself,     ffi 
entirely  consumed  in  l\ara"uav      T  '      ''"'''  "''"  ""t  ^cep  Ion-    and    S 

Jesuits,  carefully  picLed  and  SLped  LTnXr'  '^  ''\' l'""''  ''  P^^P^-"-!  by   he 
third  is  made  by  roastimr  wit bm.?  ^'"^  "^^^^^  ^<^f«re  roastin--  whilp      „ 

Spaniards,  ,er,J,:^   T        mom^t^d^rf  ,7'  "TI  ''  ^^~-tJd' by   he' 
from  one  linndred  to  three  hundreZo Zls     L^^^  '^^       ''^^  ''■^^^°"^<^'-  *«  "sually 
a  bundle  of  long  poles  is  const ructS    n  H^o  A^'''^'?-'''"-  *^  '^''^^^«  f'^r  market 
winch  a  large  fire  is  made,  and  i^  w  iL  ItbM      °\  ^'  ^'yhndncal  vault,  under 
there   il   the  eaves  are  suliicieut/y  dry     lVt«^  is'Tb'V"' ^^^  ^"^^  ^^"^''^hi 

the  hard  and  hot  platform    affe/h,.iL   ^^"^'  tins,  the  fire  is  removed-  and  on 

which  they  give  a^horo  gii  b  atin"  ^Jnl?'  ''"'"'  ^''7  ^'"'"^^  "'«  hra  heT 
from  the  boughs,  which,  after  bHnfsnffinf.  '"'"'""'?'  ^''^  '^^^^««  ^re  separated 
packed  into  larg^  bags  i^ade  of  lidi    S''"'lr^"''^'"f^^  '-^re  next  den  silv 

ration,  they  are  lit  for  use ;  but  t  lev  a^e^?'  "n  "'1  ''^'''  ^^'^'^°"^  ^"''ther  p  ep7 
a  foxv  months  old.  as  the  aroma  to  W  to"  '°"f '^'r'-"^  ^^^^  seasoned  till  they  a?c 
prepared,  is  partially  dissip^aterb^a'^f^'ET ''f  they  possess,  when  n^'ly 
Paraguay,  Uruguay,  the  Argentine  rennbllr.o '''''  "'"^  by  infusions,  in 
classes  of  persons,  and  at  J,oZ  ^^ da3^'''^,r:^;,::;lS'?;^^.l;r 


..„A»i,,. 


PARAGUAY   TL.v. 


173 


iira- 


'•'    '  pot,  riill..,!  mnti'  from  the  sp,.„tof  whi,.],  thn  tea  is  dnnik,  with  or  without  a 

lorn  t^at  butnre  they  have;  taken  some  (.1'  it.     The      on-  ^\'.•ultilv  and  rp  i  .  ,1 
l.or„onof  the  pop„,a,„.n  partala,  of  ,1...  infusiou  from  a  mate  l^t^irt^^'^ 
r         .     '-ll'l  r^''''      I'y  means  of  a  tin  or  silver  pipe,  en;    .\\o,.   J^     I 
o  rued  w.th  hole,  at  one  cnrl.  to  prevent  swallowing,  tU  pulven.ed  1^^;^,.^ 

'       ••  iHHicL.     It  IS  ,,  ^,„oa  society,  to  snpi)ly  each  of  the  nartv  with 

a  mate  and  pipe,  w ,      the  mfusioii  as  near  as  possihb  [o  a  boil  t^Me    txTat  tre 

tt,^xt;;n;rH"''''i"n'  'v'^r^^  -» swanow  withonrin,!'"  Si  ^i 

but  often  the  whole  honsehol.l  and  their  visitors  are  snpplied  l.v  handin-  the 

"  1   uisu.      ^f'tlle  w!.T  ' 7'  "Ih'  \\  '''  ''''''  l'""'  ^^'^''"-  -  '■-^  arlt  tori 
exL.instii,^    It  the  water  is  sullered  to  remam  loiur  on  the  leaves   the  (h-eoetinn 

becomes  of  a.i  inky  l,la,-kn.>ss.     The  taste  of  the  h>aves    vl  e  w^r^^'n   s    ^^^^^^^^^^ 
resembles  that  of  the  mallows,  or  the  inferior  lands  o    grm^teaC^''^^^^^^ 
Mr.  Stenhouse,  of  (ilasgow,  has  recently  detected  an  alka^li  it    ll  em   Zdi    i  «: 
lar  to  l/teme,  a  hitter  tome  snbstanee,  which  is  found  in  the  U-ave    ofU  e   'n  "; 
Uuna,  and  the  PaMUlar^t  sorbiUs  of  the  banks  of  the  Amazon,  and  wh  eh  is  nlso 
Identical  with  <Mu        fained  fmm  the  seeds  of  eodee,  and    /X;i  ; '   t  e 
principle  yielded  by  cnoco  ate.      On  this  s,d,ject  Liebii.^e,rmr        '     \V  sInU 
never,  certainly,  bo  able  to  discover  Irow  mankind  were  k^d  to  the  use  o     he  ho 
lulu.sion  ot  the  h.nes  of  a  certain  .0  rub,  (tea,)  and  of  a  decoct  m  of  cert  ah 
roasted  seeds   (coflee.)     Some  cause  there  r\mst  l)e  which  would     xpainow 
the  practice  has  become  a  necessary  of  life  to  whole  nations.      1  m  i     s      iU 
more  remarkable  that  the  benefi.Mal  elfects  of  both  plants,  on  the  lea   h   ,n  is 
be  ascribed  to  one  and  the  same  substance,  the  presence  of  which    n  hvo  ve  e 
able.s   belonging  to  dilferent  natural  families,  and  the  product    of  lilWeU  n  nr 
ters  of  the  globe,  could  hardly  have  presented  itself  to  tie  boldest  ima^naim''* 
The    lex  paraguanensis  is  highly  ornamental,  and  doubtless  woukillou  S  in 
any  sod  and  situation  where  the  Magnolia  grau.hrtora  would  thriv'  e  ce  i 

01  me  attention  of  all  who  have  proper  conveniences  for  cultivatin-'  it 

to  be  equal  t„  the  tea  of  China  CluUnn  n.vt^nP  ^  "  ^'/•^"•'•''='' ^''■^'''''''' '^'''^^^''''.v,  which  is  sai.l 
and  Flol-,da,  flc.  -W/.n.,  !;'"  sscS    V    ,    ia  "^^yS^^  Can-lina,  Georgia, 

tea,  wliich,  vhen  properly  cmvil,  is  n  uch  e  t,^e,„  \uTr.,:'i  ^'"'"''"'"  ;"""'"''-''S  or  nionniain 
(havin,^  ncnaliy  Li  used  in  ,  >e  r  v  ,io  an  wr  a  a  4 bs  un'e  ZTT'  7 .^rT  ■'''"?'  "■^' 
Kolden-rod,  the    flowers  <,f  which,  jjathere     Xn   f  llv  ev.vn  i       '   r'  , ''"i' ■  ^^r''''''-''  '"'"'"  ''^ 

a^^reeable  'substitute  lor  tea,  at^d  hi" lb  e  t  „1  ^^^3  1 1  \ 7-1^  '""",""-'  '\'''"'\  '^"'"■'^  ''  '""^' 
pr.ce;  a,..l  >n  Cat.ada,  Labrador,  .^c,  Z./J,;}::;,>/)«;^lXa  oiL^bS^^ea.""  '''''  '''"'''  ^  '"=" 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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4 


Genus  RHAMNUS,   Lam. 


Khamnaceas. 
Syat.  Nat. 


Pentandria  Monogynia. 

Si/at.  Lin. 


Generic  Characters.    Calyx  urceolatp    d—-^  ni^rf      r>  ,  i     .     ^ 
less  convolute.    Torus  thin,  lining'the  tKf\he  cafvx     fJ^n'r'!)^/^*"^''  "'•  S-Iobed,  usually  more  or 
the  orns  2-4-celled ;  styles  2-4,  distinct  o    Zrelf\eScZllTJ°Z  '^'  T^^^'  "°'  '™'""^«d  i" 

determined.     The  /owe^in 'S  arfinc^^^^^^^^^^      buMet,"'  ""^  'T"«*  ^^ 
and  Its  varieties  are  most  valuable  everS  i^^^^ 

species  are  ornamental,  both  from  ^heir  S/p  nnrl\r^  ^^^^^^  ''^h^^ 

which  is  also  useful  in  dveinl     ThTJitu^%  ^''^•'  ^'"'*'  ^^^  letter  of 

namesofF;^v^cA,oryZX"L  ZSj^  ll'"^^''''?;  i^"«^       ""^er  the 
Perse,  grains  d^Espagne  ZZ'^^^^^  d^ Avignon,  graine  de 

infectorius,    oleoidei,    amyfda  nus    and<,nv?HiU      "^f^'^'^i  ^^  *'^^  Rhamnus 

alpinus,  frangiih,  saxalilis,  laS,s  a"d  cataSmT'', »f""-™'=.  hybrid,,,, 

Its  medicinal  <i„ali,ies,  a„d  utility  ^o^  live  Seer L  wo   hv  Jlf    '  °,   "t""""'  •■""" 
eration.  ^  i-iitts,,  is  worthy  ot  particular  consid- 


Rhamnus  caihariiats, 
THE  PURGING  BUCKTHORN. 

Synonymes. 


Rhamnus  catharticus, 


Nerprun  cathartique, 
Abfuhrender  Kreuzdorn, 
Ramno  catartico, 
Eamno  purgativo, 
AVhite  Thorn, 
Buckthorn, 


'  LiNN^Ds,  Species  Plantarum. 

De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
,  ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Floia  of  North  America. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Modern  Greece. 

Britain  and  Anglo- America. 


J^iZ'ti".Jr  '^'"^"  '^''  «^^^«"«''  '=  "'"''"'J  <■""»  ^he  Greek,  kathako,  to  purge,  from  the  medicinal  nature  of  tlie 
figfref  totow^*"    ^°°''''"'«'  ^"'^''=^1  B°l»"y.  P'-  "4;  London,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  ii.,  figure  198,  etv.,  pi.  70,  and  the 

Specific  Characters     Erecl.    Leaves  ovate,  toothed.    Flowers  in  fascicles,  polygamo-dioecious     Benies 
4-seeded,  rather  globose.— Z)o«,  Miller's  Diet.  untnous..    ijeri.es 


Descriptioji, 

HE  Rhamnus  catharti- 
cus is  a  deciduous  shrub 
or  low  tree,  growing, 
-. — »-.™=-«w.  ™.>^./^„«a  whenwild,  toaheightof , 
eight  or  ten  feet,  and  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet ' 
in  a  state  of  cultivation.  It  naturally  partakes 
the  character  of  a  bush,  unless  it  is  carefully- 
trained  to  a  single  stem.  Its  branches  are 
numerous  and  irregular,  the  young  shoots  of 
v/hich  have  a  smooth,  grayish-brown  bark; 
but  the  older  branches  are  rough  and  armed 
with  short  thorns.  The  leaves  on  old  trees  are 
ribbed,  smooth,  about  an  inch  in  length,  and 
from  half  an  inch  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
in  Avidth,  and  of  a  bright-green  colour ;  but  on 
young  plants,  or  in  hedges,  they  are  often  found 
from  two  inches  to  two  inches  and  a  half  in 
iv3ngth,  and  nearly  as  broad  as  they  are  long. 
The  flowers,  which  appear  in  May  and  June,  are  of  a  yellowish-green  colour. 
Ihey  are,  for  the  most  part,  hermaphrodite,  clustered  when  grown  wild,  but 
fewer  and  nearly  solitary  in  a  state  of  cultivation.  The  berries  are  of  a  bluish- 
black,  globular  m  their  form,  with  four  cells,  and  as  many  seeds,  and  are  ripe  in 
Britain  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States  in  October.  It  often  remains 
on  the  tree  after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 

Geography  ajid  History.  'I'he  Rhamnus  catharticus  is  indigenous  to  Europe 
and  the  north  ot  Asia.  In  Britain  it  is  found  native  in  the  woods,  and  according 
to  Pallas,  it  IS  common  in  the  southern  parts  of  Siberia.  It  has  also  become 
mdigenous  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  in  Massachusetts,  and  near  West  Point 


Iff 


i!' 


(if 


176 


RHAMNUS   CATHARTICUS. 


EZjotk7fV:rS'';i!::ii  '"  ^^^^  '^'  ^^^^'^^^^  -  ^^^  -^-s  countries  of 

hp^t^ctttoVir  ts:  &of rviat^n'  ^^^  ,°^  ^^^^^^  - 

Massachusetts.  It  bore  an  abun^d'uce  o  mit  Xh  wS'lo^Jrl't"'  i"^''""' 
his  practice,  as  a  cathartic.  On  the  estate  VMr  V  H.l  ^  ^^^''^i^'^  "'^  '" 
town,  there  are  several  buckthorn-trees  from  thirtf  to  fortvl  ^^  ^  "'''^^'i '"  .^'^''^^ 
have  attained  a  height  of  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  S  h-f  ^  yfs  planted,  which 
every  year.  ^^''  ^""  ^^^"^  ^"  abundance  of  berries 

thrive  "in  any  pLrwhere  theTu^^^^^^^^^^^  but  it  will 

insect.  This  liedae  bcinn.nv  ..V.  •  '  ^'""7'^  '^  ^°  ^^  attacked  by  any 
keep  it  down  o  close?v  L  fhto  SS'T'"  '^''^'  '^''  buckthorn,  I  did  no^ 
qneiitlyitisnotquirso^mpe  v^^^^^^^^^  ''  ^^P^^^f  *  ^°  ^o,  and  conse- 

Avhich  have  been  more  831  „rnned  ^.^  r  u'""''-^!"^^  y^""^^^  ^^^ges, 
found  the  plant  I  wanted  iTa^sfrp;!.^         ^""^  '^*''^"^  ^^^^^^  ^  ^^^^  ^^t  las 

difrerent  periods,  ^^'^Z^^:^ ^^^^^ ::^Z:^^:f  ,1'  '' 
all,  in  my  opinion,  good  hedo-es-  nnd  T  rln  r,^/V.     .  .  ^  "^^"^  °^  ^beni, 

thorn  the  most  suitable  plan^f^r\he  purpSe^hat  T  b  v'  '"  P^-^^^^^^l^he  buck: 
eta^es  early  in  the  spriii-  4d  re  ^^,H  f!  i  V  '''^''  ^''^''  ""^^  ^^^^h-  ^^  veg- 
seen  it  gree^.  after  tlSsSVladf^i^  Be  Sa  n.H^i"  ^'I'T'  '  ^^'^^^  '^''^ 
by  our  most  intense  cold,  and  its  vitaiity  is  o  Slhnft^I' '' ''  ""'T  ^"J"*"^^ 
be  kept  out  of  the  ground  for  i  Innl  H  L^,  .^  that  the  young  plants  may 
injury!  It  never  sen^s  up  any  sucleil  ^I's  d  stS  i  f  any  distance  without 
be  clipped  into  anv  sh-ir^n  wlnV  wL  !  ?  ^  ^^  ^"^  ^<^'^d  wood;  it  can 

advice  from  others ■  but  if  lpn3^«„f     "^y.^^^"  Part,  and  much  discouraging 

is  now  a  massTveiSuU    TL'vrLralliS  lo  foT^  "  T'  \^^^^^' '  "^ 
who  have  seen  and  admired  mv  bed aS.n^rf  .  T""^  P'''"^'  ^^  P'^^'so^s 

♦  The  writer  believing  it  to  be  a  native  plant. 


PUBGI.VG   BUCKTHORN. 


177 


l^nr^^if  r^'J''  ^n '^u  ^^  ^'^^  .^^"°"^'  ^^ich  I  regard  as  a  great  point  of  excel- 
lence; after  this,  all  that  remains  to  be  done  is  to  keep  it  from  weeds  and  c^n  t 

shears  aLd^ikniS''"'  •  '^  P^'"^  ""^^  ^'  ^''"^  ''''^'''  ""''^  ^^e  garden- 

snears,  a  hedge-knife,  or  even  with  a  common  scythe." 

enclosing  ornamental  grounds.     As 

the  plants  will  attain  a  considerable 

height   they  may  be  trained  over  an 

arch  or  trellis,  and  form  a  beautiful, 

densely-shaded  arbour  or  walk.  ,  , 

.    It  appears  from  the  aouve  that  this  species  is  very  eligible  forformina  h^A^a^ 

m  consequence  of  its  robust  and  rigid  habit  of  grow  h      AlVhn  ,Ji   ?^i     ^    i 

make  much  f  ow  when  in  flower.  %t  in  autLTrnd  ^arty^TnlVwhrn^ro 

fuse  y  covered  with  black  berries,  it  becomes  highly  ornamentaT  ^ 

The  wood  of  the  Rhamnus  catharticus  is  hard,  cL^acrand  of  a  reddish  hue 
The  juice  of  the  unripe  berries  has  the  colour  of  saff-ron   inrl  i«  ;,«?/fl    .•   • 

ries.     1  ne  juice  ol  the  ripe  hemes,  evaporated  to  dryness  with  lime  or  alum   is 

SceTfu^r'-SrSi ',"'  'V"'  '^"'"'  •"?  S'-"'"""  lateinaZmtuie 
i,  f  „.  Fi,  T       i}-,^  ""  ^"■""Sly  Plirgauve,  if  oaten  to  tlic  number  of  twentv- 

same  effe  ."''x^he—  ?'  '"^  ^'T'^  1"'==  "^  "^'"""^  to  prod'ee  Se 

same  enect.      ihey  were  forr-    ly  much  employed  as  a  cathartic  but  the  vinlpnt 

operation,  and  the  sickness,  ,riping  and  Ihkst  occasioned  by  them  have  ed  to 

their  disuse.     The  syrup  of  buckthorn,  (syn^pus  rhamni,)  is  the  onT;  prepa  adon 

y  CXTn'i'fike  'llt^T^'     ''''^  '"IT  '^^^  «^  ^^"«  ^^^  aftbrdVa  bSful 
Ind  eLttS  tomulng."'"*  '^'^'  '""'"^''^  ''^''^  ''  ^  ''''''^  '^'^'^'''<^'  ^^hen  taken, 

23 


Genua    PISTACIA,   Linn. 


Anacardiaccfc. 

Si/at.  Ifal. 


Synonymes. 


Thmalions. 
name  of  the  true 


Pistacia,  Terebinthus, 


Dioecia  Pentandria. 
Syat,  Lin. 


Of  Aotuobs. 


The  word  Pistacia,  h  derivpri  frnm  i»i»  r,„»i.      ■  .  . . 
P..achio.     ^'e...;M..de^Hrr.\^r»er"et:",i:^^ 

m  the  male ;  the  calyx  is  3-4.cleft;  the  o  "aj.  b  iTce„erf  •  •t''"'^^^^  '"  ""  ■"""'"?"'  ^'''  '^'"^^'y  '^an 
and  the  fruit  is  a  dry,  ovate  drupe,  the  nut  of  which  isTa  h^l  h  '  ^  f"""^^,  ""'^  ^^'^^'  '^"d  "^i^kish ; 
times  It  shows  two  abortive  cells  at  the  sr^e  Hp  Lifn  ,  •°"^' ""?''  '?'"''"y  ^-'^^''^'l.  though  some- 
bottom.  The  cotyledons  of  the  seeds  are  thfck'  fleshv  and  n  ^^  Vi"^'\^^^,'»'  ""^'^^  '«  ^^^^^  'o  the 
species  are  trees  with  pinnate  leaves.-^^rc««i  j.^"^^^^  ^""^  ^'"'  ^"""^  "P°»  '^^  radicle.    The 

Pistacia  «^wCrMUm  i^  tu?;^^^^^^^^^  -^  the 

regarded  as  astringent  and  diuretic-  aliWh  fl;  f  ''"'^,  turpentine  are 
Medica  they  are  n?>t  much  n  ed  by'^derprlctiLnf  V^f"-  *"  ^f  ^"! 
by  the  Turkish  and  Armenian  women  a^amSJ/v  ^^^'^''^  ''  employed 
and  for  imparting  an  agreeLwe  od^u?to  rho^  h  m  ^^/°'  '^f  "'"S  their  teeth, 
cavities  of  carious  teeth  "'  ^'^^^''-     ^^  ^^  ^^^o  "s^d  to  fill  the 


k      1' 


bic,  foustaq,  the 


le  plants,  the 
'  a  scale ;  the 
d  have  4-cor- 
5  closely  than 
md  thickish; 
hough  some- 
affixed  to  the 
adicle.    The 


,  southern 
es  are  the 
■  Venetian 
n  turpen- 
lentiscus, 
;  and  the 
ntine  are 
1  Materia 
smployed 
eir  teeth, 
to  fill  the 


Phtacia  vera, 
THE  TRUE  PISTACHIO  NUT-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Pistacia  vera, 


Pistada  officinarurn, 

Pistachier, 

Pistazienbaum, 

Pistacchio,  Pistacchio  verde, 

Alfocigo,  Alhocigo, 

Alfostigo, 

Pistacia,  Pistachio  Nut-tree, 


(LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarura. 
De  Candom.e,  Prodromus. 
MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
AiTON,  Hortus  Kewensis. 
France. 
Germany, 
Italy. 
Spain. 

PoRTirOAL. 

Britain  and  Anolo- America. 


Description. 

Ctf  r--,  J^^  True  Pistachio,  in 
^11^  favourable    situations, 
^LJ^^  attains     a    height    of 
-;—  'i^^j^^  fifteen  or  twenty  feet, 

and  often,  when  a  mere  shrub,  produces  fruit 
in  five  or  six  years  after  planting.  The  trunk 
is  clothed  with  a  grayish  bark.  The  branches 
are  spreading,  but  not  very  numerous,  and  are 


garnished   with  winged,    alternate   leaves,    on 

long   petioles.     The   inflorescence   takes   place , 

in  April  and   May.     The  male  flowers,  which 

appear   first,   shoot   out   from   the  side  of  the 

branches  m  loose  panicles,  and  are  of  an  herba- 
ceous colour.     The  female  flowers  put  forth  in 

clusters,  m  the  same  manner.     The  fruit  is  oval 

and  about  the  size  of  an  olive.     It  is  furrowed' 

of  a  reddish  colour,  and  contains  an  oily  kernel' 

mild  and  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

Varieties.      According  to  some  authors,   the 
loliowmg  races  are  regarded  as  species:  but  Du  Haroel  sav^  ih-^t  fi,o,,        i 
means  entitled  to  be  so  considered      Vpu" '^-Lf       ,   ^^^^^"^^"^«'y  ^'"^  ^y  no 
consistency  of  their  leaflets  ^'^  ^'^^'  ''"'^  "^  '^'^  ''^''  ^^^P^'  ^^d 

1.  P.  V  TRiFOLu,  Loudon.     Three-leafleted-leaved  Pistachio-trce. 
i.   1 .   V.  NARBONENSis,   Loudou.      Narbomie  Pistnrhin  /,./.«       rt,,-  .  ,     , 

pinnate  leaves,  with  leaflets  having  promrent  veins       '  ^^''  ""^'"''^  ^^' 

^^ographyand  History.  The  Pistacia  vera  is  a  native  of  Syria  Barbarv 
Persia,  and  Arabia.  It  was  brought  from  Svria  tn  Tt«h  w  .i,  ^  '  ^^^°^^X' 
hiis,  in  the  lid  century,  and  afterv^aidsrunJ it^  waytCtL'tuthTprln:  ' 
where  :t  is  so  far  naturalized,  as  to  appear  in  some  plaices  as  indSnous     I?wa^ 


^Il: 


180 

introduced  into  Br 


PISTAfA    VERA. 


cold  of  ordinary  ;^Ss  wit  2  coS '"  l^f'''^  ^itnatiom,  it  will  boar  the 
clostroyod.  Millor  observes  that  this  r.!.'  fl  '  '"  '"7''*^  ^''''''''  '^''V  ^''^  «ften 
England;  bnt  the  surmners  a  e  m  tw'rm  .  x  f"^-  P'"'''^"'^'^  fruit  freely  in 
tions  a  t'ree  m  Dr.  SptonwCden  Tt.^?u"^''  '"  "^""/''^  ""^^^-  "«  •««»- 
planted  against  a  wall ^andLo£^W^^h  b^  upwards  of  forty  years  old, 
the  Duke  of  Richmond's  grounds  at  Good  vof.  '  w'  P'''"^'^  '"^^  ^  ^'""'l^'^'-d.  in 
many  years  without  the  slfghtestVofeS  "^  ^""^"'  "^^'^'^^  '^  '^''^'^  ^^^-^ 

".oVt  pigattuit;!:ffZti^^^^^^^^       r'r"  ^^^^-  ->'  -^ 

of  commerce,  and  by  cutting?  It  is  SivT,^^  ^m^'''^'*'.'''  ^^^"  ^'"''m  those 
Italy  for  its  fruit      As  the  m;i.  L    ^"'^'^^^^'^  !"  t'»e  south  of  France  and  in 

Sicilian  gardene  ;  wtn  he  tret  staJfaraEV  ""'^r^^r'  l^  '^'  ^'^■'^-'  ^h^ 
ready  to  blow,  plant  tlSn  in  no^s  of  moLt  r  f ''  ^  "'''  ^""'*^'^'  "^  ^'^^  former, 
ponded  on  the  female  tree  till  U^ev  bnv?  !  '^'  ^'^''^  '^"'"  **^^^  *«  '•'^'"^^"  «"«' 
called  ^«c/./«,w.,  and  never  fa  s  to  7rn^  done  rtowermg.  This  operation  is 
buds  are  ingrafted  W^  the  femal?^  fruct.ficat.o.i.     Sometimes  the  male 

This  tree  resists  a  greater  de'ree7col  ]T'n"f.'^''.'"  ^'"^"^"^  '^'^  '^"^^  «ff^«t. 
licnce  is  adapted  to  the  elinfntn  -?f  "  ""'^^^^  ^^^  «''^«  o^  the  almond,  and 

less  could  bcSivatSwIlh  profit  "^'"^  ^'^^  '^  ^''^  ^'"'^^^  ^^^^^««'  ^'-^  ^^"bt. 

th/larmg  nle^t^Id  quairs"""'  '"  '^"^^  "^  ^^'^  ^^^  ^«  ^-^  under 
ob.n^  tj.^^  thc^e  ^rl^^^f^^:^^:^^^  on.     wLn 

^ofT:^£r^:i::;:^oJ'^:;ir^'  t''  aVhcSJrrrcoionred  puip, 

fectioners,  who^^m  Sre  thTm^mo  Z'lf'  T^^''  l^'''  ^>^  '^''  French  con^ 
sugar  or  with  chocolate  and  soN  thl^     sugar-plums,  by  covering  them  with 
and  ices  are  also  comp^^^^^         them  coTon"rPd ''  "''  "^T  Z^  diubloLs.     Creams 
^  3.  Sicily  PisiacJZs.     tS Vary  r^uclf Tn"the^'^  ''^^  J"T  ""^  T"^^'^" 
by  their  violet-coloured  pulps,  andS   greL  Lrth      T.''"'^  "'"^  ^%^^""^^'^ 

'^VSn:r:rtts^s^''°^^^-  ""  "^^' 

and  is^aTen'io  ame  i^  afe  co^r IndVhets^^^        'r^  ^  '^^^'^^  ''  ^^e  stomach, 
sometimes  eaten  raw,  but  oSer  in  a  drS  ^.f-'^qf  "^ly  used  as  a  dessert 

As  an  ornamental  'shrub  or  bw^ree    hfs    neci'e   ?.'l    T?"^.'"        • 
vation  in  the  middle  and  southern  secCs  Kf/''"^'''^ 
and  beautiful  foliage,  no  cons^erSrr^XhouM^TwlUou^^^^  "^  ^"^^"'^^ 


Genus   RHUS,   Linn. 


Anacardiacse. 
Si/it.  Nat. 


Pentandria  Trijjynia. 

Hi/sl,  Lin, 


Bijnonyines. 


Rhus,  Rhamnus,  Cotinus,  Zizyphus,  Myrica,  Toxicodendron,  Of  Authors. 

'-^^'^"f^-rJ^^r^  ^r-  th.  CeUic  won.,  rUu,a,..yr.. 

poaod  by  aome  boUu.i.u  to  include  apecica  more  prop^^y  ZlT^lXr^^e  hea.!  of  rA.lil!'"'"'         "^  '"  ^''"''"*  "''''^''  "'"^  ■"•''• 

Generic  Characters  Sexes  hermaphrodite,  dicreious,  or  poIvRamous  Cnlvy  smnl)  -s  nor,  , 
Petals  ovate,  and  inserted  into  a  calycine  disic  •  all  of  thmn  in  .i!„  fl„  ^  r^  '  ''rPa""!.  persistent, 
dite  sexes  bearing  anthers,  Ovarv  sin-le  nerh'^n  iVn.n  H  ^-  .  "^« ."""'fs  "f  "'e  male  and  hennaphro- 
or  not  any. .  Sti.mas  3.  Frtdt"a7al'S'  ^^Z^Z'^^^'l^'^S:^::^' lifj:  ■  Yr  ''  ^''"7' 
seed  I  and,  in  some  instances,  2—3  seeds  ■  when  nLn  LthZ'  u  \  r  '^""V  ""'-  ^lneh  includes  a  single 
thread,  (the  raphe,)  that  rises  from  teboto.n  of  t^^^  Y^J'''^  'f  '^^■'"'"'^'"■''  ^>' ^ 

and  the  Vadicle,  in  contact.-i?e  Candollc^Prodromus!'  Cotyledons  lealy,  their  edges,  on  one  side, 

^^Intlfnir  ^^''  chiefly  consists  of  deciduous  shrubs,  generally 
.  with  alternate  compound  leaves,  and  are  natives  of  Europe  Asia 
tnrl'T^'  T"^  South  America.     The  foliage  widely  vaT  ,  both 
in    orm  and  size;  and,  in  autumn,  before  U  falls,  it  changes  to  a 
ft    r'l'i'V'f^'"'^'  ''  scarlet    on  which  account,  at  that  ^season? 
r^^'",n^  'i  '^    "^^h'y  ornamental.      Don,  in   "Miller's    Gardeners'    Die 
tionary,"  describes  nmety-seven  species  of  this  genus;  but  Mr  LoiXn  wa^of 
le  opinion  that,  if  it  were  possible  to  bring  them  all  together,  a  d  cu  ItivateThem 
n  the  same  garden  he  questioned  much  whether  there  would  be  found    no"e 
than  a  fourth  part  of  them  entitled  to  be  considered  snecificallv  or  nermanpmlv 
distinct      Most  of  them  are  poisonous,  some  of  which  aie  1  gldyL  and  pS  V 
they  all  may  be  used  ni  tanning,  and  dyeing  yellow  and  bhrlc      Thfcrli^ 
most  worthy  of  note,  and  which  ifave  been^ulti^^at:d  fo'lame  u  o^    av?been 
applied  to  useful  purposes  in  the  arts,  are  the  Rhus  typhina,  ve  e'natraroS 
ica^  and  copallina,  for  ornament;  and  the  Rhus  radicans,  for  medLine  in  No  1 1 
i^fT'^S'^- ''  ^''"'  '^'^","'.  ""^  "«"^"^^'  f°^  t^"ni"g  ^nd  dydngrfthe  shores 
Japan  S  Ne^" '  ""'"  ""'"'"''  "  v4msh-p'rodSmg  sumt'f 


Unl 


li/iiis  cotinns, 
THE  VENETIAN  SUMACH. 

Synonyines, 


Rhus  cotinus, 


Ciitmiis  corinr.ea. 

Smmu!  (iistet,  Arbre  aux  p<5rriiques. 
PeriKkon  Siiinacli,  *      ' 

Cotitio,  Srotino,  Roso,  Ruoso, 
Ziiinaqiie  cabelloso, 

Venice   Sumach,  Venus   Sumach,  Wild 
Olive-tree,  Fringe-tree, 


LiNN^os,  Species  Plantanim. 

Dk  Candom.k,  Prodromus. 

LniTiioN,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

J)u  Hamel,  Traito  des  Arbres  el  Arbustts 

!•  lUNCE. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Britain  and  Anolo-Amerioa. 


n^::^ZT-    ""  "-»'■  Trait* -..  Arbre.  .tArbu..e,  p,.  ,78;  Loudon,  Arboretum  BrI.ann.cun,,  „.,  fl^„  223;  and  .h. 

Y^-Tp- '"'•^'"-"^^^^^^^^^  '''  ^^■,  r  ->-"^  - '-'  -^^^  ■> 

Corymbs  axillary.  """ive,  me  pedicels  at  length  elongated,  and  clothed  with  shaggy  hairs! 

Description. 

|FiE  Venetian  Sumf^ch,  in  a  wild  state,  is  seldom 

i  iound  higher  than  five  or  six  feet;  but  when 

I'hn/''^^     ;."   ''?*'?  '''"^^"^^  "i^^"  ^'»«n  double 

G.»?;?,X  Jw'S;f  "''atT,!*'  ""}  ™'"?'  "'»•-""'«  -  "-ng"lar  nut. 

western  Asia  and  in  southern  P,,mnof        i""'  "  ","'""=  "'  """"V  Pl"'=«  '" 
to  Mr  Niiff-,11  if  (.  ;    ,    ."™  tAimpa,  from  Spain  to  Oaucasus;  and  accordino- 

Arkansa""Ni^th  ASa"""'°"°"'  °"  *"  "'«"  "="''  "''""^  °f  Grand  Sr.i? 

l(i36,  and  was  cti Itivated  ?,v  IV^P^'";-  ",'™'  introduced  into  Britain  in 
excellent  a,,dmoS£utM„'^am"wrL""'^  .s  described  by  Gerard  as  an 
of  the  pistachia."     M^K  do,™  bserv,^    .in7,h        ""  "fff'"'  •''"''  "'°  ""'"""■ 

series  and  SlIec.iot.stvllt'^Sti'.fcoTuC  '"  ""'  "'  "^  """ 


'Ij 


VENETIAN  SUMACH. 


183 


Soil  and  Culture.     Tins  shrub  prospers  best  in  a  dry  loam    thoush  it  will 
grow.n  any  common  garden  soil/  It  may  be  propagated  breeds  of  by  iT-k- 


»intr  , I, >,.,..   .V,     1  o"— —  -^'...     Ai.  i.iuy  uu  propagaieu  uy  seeds,  or  hy  nen- 

ovJ?  ffZ  V  '''"'"'  "^'..V'  ^'''^  8^"'""1'  »'  tlic  spring,  and  strewing  earth 
severed  i"nnU:n'^  «  .oots  wdl  rise  and  tai<.  root  at  the  base,  which  ^.ay  be 
thev  at  iZ,  .7?  '"^'^  m  autumn,  and  planted  in  pots  or  in  the  site  wl.ero 
Uey  are  mtcndcd  to  remam.     As  an  ornamental  shrub,  this  species  deserves  a 

AnS  thernTT  f  i>h"  l'"^  'f ''''''''  ''^'''''  **'"«  '«  ^"«'"  '^^  ^  •<>  extend  it    1 

^tle  United  St  fl  f-  ^^7/^'  ^"' ''  ""^1^^  ^'"  P^«"'^^''y  «"ltivated  in  many  parts 
01  ttie  United  states,  lor  the  purposes  of  tanning  and  dyeing. 

tannS  tZl  f  V''"''''''  f "  . '"  ^^'"^  'P"^''  ''^"  ^''«^'''^'  ^''«  ^liolc  plant  is  used  for 
tanning  and  for  dyeing  leather,  wool,  and  silk,  yellow.  In  Italy  narticularlv 
abou  Venice,  it  is  used  for  dyeing  black.  In  Syria,  Palestine  ftaSi^^^^^^^ 
and  Por  ugal,  this  species,  as  well  as  the  Rhus  coriaria,  are  cultivated  with  caic' 
they  do  not  grow  naturally,  and  the  shoots  are  cut  down  every  year  quite  to 
the  ground,  winch,  on  being  dried,  arc  reduced  to  powder  by  mills^nd  thus  or  - 
pared  lor  use.  In  the  commerce  of  the  south  of  France,  there  is  a  other  n  u,t 
employed  as  sumach,  called  ..^o^  and  known  by  botanirinierS^^anK 
Cor  ana  myrUfoha.  When  reduced  to  a  powder,  it  somewhat  resembles  the 
Sici  .an  snniach  in  colour,  but    may  be  readily  distinguished  from  h  by  an 

and  a'r^eab  r  "'  °'^'"'''  ^^"^°  ^'^"^  ^^'  ^^'^  ^^^"^^  ''  ^^'^S^^"^'  penetrating 


it.,&| 


it    ' 


li' 


r' 

1 

a  i 

■  i' 

1 

i 

H' 


THE   ANTIFEBRILE   RHUS. 

Synonytnea. 


llhus  tijphina, 


Sumnc  lie  Virxinie, 

VirKinisftuT  Suiimcli,  Farberbnum, 

Soiiitimcco  |H'l(»so,  Sorbo  s,nlvtilico, 

Ziimaque  de  Virginia, 

Slag-horn  Sumach,  Virginian  Sumach, 


■  LtNN^iis,  Species  Pluntarum. 

Dk  C*nd(ii,i,k,  Prixlromus. 

Don,  Miller'N  Diclioimry. 

r-<ii;n(iN,  Arboretum  Hriiannicum 
[  ToBREY  AND  Urav,  Flora  of  North  America. 

Franck. 

GtRMANY. 
iTAt.Y. 

Spain. 

Britaih  and  Anolo-America. 


fl,^"?  iXr-    ""  """""'  '^'""*  ''"^  A'"^-  «'  Arbu-te,,  j|„  pi.  47 ,  Lo„d„„,  Arl«re,um  Brl,a„„lcu,n,  II.,  flgur.  m  ;  .„..  ih. 

Description. 

^^^^IIR  Rhus  typhiiia,  in  itsarbo-  y 

H    I  r  M  ""''^f^f^'it  lori'i,  attains  a  lieiglit   V>. 

fe    Ll^^  "'"  ten   to   tw^nty-fivo   IV-ct, 
•  awWiii^Sa  iiltlion^li  under  some  circum- 
staiico.s  It  (Iwiiidlo.s  down  to  a  more  slirnb,  from 
ten  to  two  loot  in  height.     Its  stem  is  woody,  with 
a  summit  composed  of  numerous  irregular  branches 
generally    crooked    and    deformedr     The    young 
shoots  are  covered  with  a  soft,  velvet-like  down 
resembling   that  of  the   new   liorns  of   the   stag' 
both  111  colour  and  texture.     The  leaves  are  large,' 
slightly  downy  beneath,  and  are  distinguished  in 
autumn,  belore  they  fall,  by  changing  to  a  purplish 
or  yellowish-red.      The  llowers  aj)pcar  in  June 
and  arc  of  a  greenish-yellow.     They  are  produced 
m  close  spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  are 
succeeded   by  drupes  or  berries,   densely  clothed 
with  crim.son  hairs,  which  soon  become  conspicu- 
ous, and  rcinam  upon  the  tree  during  winter. 

frni?"if '^''"     7''-'"'''  ''''^  "^^'^^  varieties  of  this  species  in  North  America   nnd 
from  the  confusion  existing  in  botanical  works,  it  is  often  Tit ult  to  Lid. 
which  are  species  or  which  arc  varieties  in  this  genus      ThrSwim,  rn 
however  appear  to  be  sufficiently  distinct,  to  be  cSd  nnd     tl  ^prS  S 
racemJs      "'""^^°«^-     <^recn-Jlou.red  Sumack,  with  green  flowe^rin  uprighi 

anIfSit  c:^3wi^^Jn,j^lrr  ''"''''  ^'"^-^'  ^''^  ^'^^^^  ^--s, 
ish^flo^ver.s"''"''""°'''''  '""^^  ^''^'^^V^^^oA.i,  sexes,  glabrous  leaves,  and  green- 
4.  R.  T.  Dio.cA,  witli  dioecious  sexes,  glabrous  leaves,  and  greenish  flowers. 


VIBOINtAN  SUMACH. 


185 


>nca. 


unt  oftlie  roflt« 
re  221 ;  and  iha 

iminate,  ser- 


ca„,s(,s;  and,  when  the  Rrou.ul  i.s  aRain  to  Xtto    fll  L'o  l.ln  r    7  ^ 
great  impedinirnt  t.,  the  ,,|„UKh      This  shr  h     iko  nl    ^  F  '    H  T^^  ^'''''''  ^ 
easily  propagated  hy  seeds 'or  l.fc.U,    g    ;  '      'vi^         As   tToJa/^  T'''''  '' 

preparations  of  domestic  economy,  andTn  niedicine        "        '  ''"'""'  '"  ^^""°"^ 
24 


1(1 


''ti 


ica,  and 
)  decide 
g  races, 
lit  head, 
upright 

leaves, 


1  grcen- 


vers. 


Rhus  venenata, 
THE   POISONOUS   RHUS. 

Synonymes, 


Rhus  venenata, 


Ehus  vernix, 
Sumac  veneneux, 
Girtiger  Su'nach, 
Albero  del  veleno, 

Poiso..  Siiinticli,  Swamp  Sumach,  Poison 
Elder,  Poison-wood, 


'  De  Candoixe,  Prodromus. 
HooKEK,  Flora  Boreali  Americana. 
Don,  Bliller's  Diction;  -y, 
LouDON',  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToRREy  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America. 
BiGELow,  Medical  Botany. 
France. 

GERMANy, 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anqlo-America. 


of  KfiH''l";;n^rio  mlVifJi'i'^i"'""''  '"'"''"'"'■  '"  '■""'"^  '''°'"  ""=  ^''"'  "'"'"""''  P"'^°"!  »"  ="=<=<">"'  °f  '^e  poisonous  nature 
Engmrwgs.    Bigelow,  Medical  Botanj,  i,  pi.  19;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicdm,  ii.,  figure  226;  and  the  figures  below. 

Spedjic  Charmers  Leaf  rather  glabrous  than  pubescent,  of  5-C  pairs  of  lenflet.s  and  the  odd  one  which 
are  ovate  1     ceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  and  beneath  reticulately  veinad.-iV  Cnndolle,  Prodromus. 


!f 


Desa'iptio7i. 

HE  Rhus  venenata,  in  its 
;  natural  habitat,  is  a  de- 
ciduous  shri;]v    or    low 

-. ^~. -     -      tree,  growing  to  a  height 

of  ten  to  twenty  feet;  but  when  cultivated  on 
more  elevated  grounds,  it  does  not'jttain  so  great 
an  elevation.  The  leaves  are  divided  like  those 
of  the  Rhus  typhnia,  but  differ  in  being  smooth 
and  shining;  tlie  leaflets  are  very  entire,  nar- 
row, and  pointed,  with  purplish-red  veins;  and 
m  autumn  they  change  to  an  intense  red,  or  pur- 
ple. The  flowers,  which  appear  in  May,  June, 
and  .luly,  are  mostly  dioecious,  small,  and  of  a 
greenish  colour.  The  drupes  are  whitish,  and 
about  the  size  of  peas ;  and  the  nuts  are  rather 
broader  than  long,  compressed  and  furrowed. 

Gengrapfnj  and  History.  Tiie  Rhus  venenata 
IS  indigenous  to  North  America,  and  may  be 
found  m  swamps,  and  moist,  shady  situations, 

from  Canada  to  Louisiana.     It  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1713,  a'lid  is  culti- 
vatc't  in  several  ot  tlic  European  collections. 

Pruperacs  Uses,  cW.  Every  part  of  this  si.  nil: ,  even  when  reduced  to  charcoal , 
IS  in  a  high  degree  poisonous  to  most  persons,  eit.ier  by  touching  or  smelling  an\ 
part  ot  It.  It  operates  somewhat  diflerently  upon  difl-erent  constitutions  •  and 
some.  It  IS  said,  are  incapable  of  being  poisoned  by  it  at  all.  Thio  may  be  true 
under  some  circumstances,  but  is  liable  to  fail  under  others.  A  few  years  since 
in  a  hot  day  in  the  month  of  August,  while  prosecuting  a  public  survey,  we 
directed  a  number  of  men  to  cut  a  pathway  through  a  swamp,  densely  filled  with 
this  poisonous  plant.     As  most  of  us  had  never  suffered  any  inconvciiience  from 


B/-f 


POISON  SUMACH. 


rica. 


)i3nnou3  nature 

figuroa  below. 

1  one,  which 
dromus. 


;harcoal, 
ling  aii\ 
•lis;  and 
^  be  true 
rs  since, 
•vey,  Ave 
led  with 
ice  from 


187 


t';k!rn/;L^\^feSe'^^^^^^^^^  -fearlessly  went  to 

two  days  afterwards  we  were  airmorJor  W  ff^l^l'l'^^^  ^''?"Sh-  I"  about 
badly  swollen  in  their  facS  andTmL  th  f  .t  '^'''^  ^^  '^'  ^"^  ^^""^'^^  ^^^^e  so 
repeatedly  moistening  the  parts  inflkmedwUh^^.T''  Tt^'"  ^«  ^^^^^^^  ^^^^ 
soda)  and  water,  in  hve  or  s^x  dw.  f^.  .7  ?  ^  ""'"*'?  f  ^^'^'^  (sub-borate  of 
his  tkvels,  states  tlm  this  plant  had  no  o'l?"' ^  ^alm,  in 

day,  when  being  in  so^  pSi.hI  hi^^'l^PT  *'"".'  "^""P*  once,  on  a  hot 
hand  for  half  an  hour  ocrasiSv  ^lllL"'  >  ^'T^^  ^"^  ^^^"^^  "  i'^  his 
were  very  red,  and  the  eyeS^'vLn  "S,"",-  ^^'^  ^  '^^^K  his  eyes 
the  parts  in  cold  witer      'vlJz      ^        '  '^"^  ^^^^  disorder  went  off  bv  washincr 

are  usually^7lrrSe\nd'ut^  E^^^  "^aCV^^'^  -^^/^  ^^  ^^^^  P^^-^' 
exposed  to  it,  inflammation  appears  on  the  sWn^rkr.P  ^l'?  k' ''°"'' ^^^'^  ^^'"^ 
the  face  and  extremities  and  on  tbp  Jionfi  '  ^*^  blotches,  principally  on 

small  pustules  appea  ^tlS  inflL  d  pSs  ^  1^^'  V^^  ^"^^^^  '"'''  ^^^er, 
tor,  atte  ided  with  an  almost  in"  up^rt-ffip  Ihin  ,T  ^"-^^  '''^^'^  ^^^^^-^^7  '"^t" 
days,  the  eruptions  supXt^  a?fer  wh  oh  h'  ?  ^"^  ^^™.'"^-  I"  ^wo  o?  three 
short  time  the  ulcers  heal         '  '^^''^'  *^^  mflammation  subsides,  and  in  a 

so!i:£k!sz  i^''^Z!^:i:^j^^::  r  •  -j:^-  that  this  poison . 

of  West  Chester,  New  Yoll  was  laH  ^^^'"^.^.^"led  on  a  branch,  in  the  county 
noon,  and  removed  to  the  0^^ whet  w?.  I  ^'  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
next  morning,  the  bees  were  fnnnr.i     1    V"  '''''''^'"'  ^^  ""^e.     About  five  the 

turned  blaclf  except  few  S  a^ta^Id '^Tn'd  '°^t  S^^^  "V"^^^  «'-'  -^ 
exposure  to  :he  air  appealed  torpid  and  feeble,  and  soon  died,  on 

a  1^;:=  :!S.;^^.?K'sS  t^lf^tJ^^r  ^^^^^-  ^^^^y  i«->  ^avmg 
sonous  qualities,    his  juice  St  he  «r?in.  °'^'"-  ,^^''^  '^  not  for  its  poi- 

that  of  {he  Rhus  ver  1  dL^  the  nlanrS' 'T'^  '"^P^^^'f  ^^  ^  ^'^™^«h,  like 
extracted.  '  ^'"^  P'^"^  from  which  the  real  Japan  varniLh  is 

at  all  seasons,  and  of  it's  ^^^^imsrunnara  Spr«  ^  "I  ^^s  smooth,  shining  foliage, 
time  that  the  leaves  begL  tTcTa.Le  ro^n    ?m^h'       "I' '"  '^f  ^"^""^"'  ^'"^''^  ^he 
first  frost.     He  recommrids  dia   fho  n  h     'u     th;^J^,ult,mately  drop  off  with  the 
to  it,  indicating  the  ^oi  ono^  n  Liif^^^^^^ 
smelled.  ^  ^^^^^^^  °^  "le  leaves,  even  when  touched  or 


^li 


ii 


i 


Genus   BURSERA,   Jacq. 


Burseraceae. 
Si/il.  Nal. 


Dicecia  Polygamia. 

Syat.  Lin. 


Derivation.    This  genus  was  named  in  honour  of  Joachim  Burser,  professor  of  botany  al  Sara,  in  Naples 

"^ZwcATZeded    ^ATTT^'r',  ^'^'^l^.^'T^f^   ^1"^'^  ^-    S'^'"^"^  10.    Style  0.    Capsules  3- 
vaivea,  i-seedea.— Male.    Calyx  S-toothed.    Petals  5.    Stamens  10.— Loudon,  Encyc.  Plants 

URSERA  is  a  genu?  embracing  but  one  species,  a  native  of  the 
i  warmer  parts  of  America.     It  abounds  in  a  copious,  Avatery  bal- 
samic fluid,  resembling  in  its  qualities,  the  gum-clemi  of  the  shops, 
the  history  of  which  is  involved  in  great  obscurity.     Linneeus 
and  the  London  and  Dublin  colleges  after  him,  describe  this  sub- 
bnfnni^TTnnf-.     TT^  T  ^^^  '*'''"  ""^  ^""7""  elcmifcra ;  but  that  distinguished 

s  mihr  l?nn      V      '         '^'^  ^"'^'''  P'"""'^"'  "^  "^^  ^"ti"««'  ^oth  of  which  yield 

bv  wav  oHhP  r  o.^™r"l'  ^' n""'''  ''  '^^"^^  ^PP^^^  *^*  ''  ^^"^«  ^^om  Ethiopia, 
by  way  of  the  Levant.  Possibly  it  may  be  the  product  of  the  Canarhim  zevhvr- 
mnms^oesy^^^^^^^^^  ,f  Rumphius,  {Her,.  Amb.,  1  b  ih    c  !  , 

p.  153,)  which  he  says  yields  a  resin  so  much  like  elemi,  that  it  may  be  taken  for 
It,  and  he  puts  a  query,  whether  this  tree  may  not  be  the  source  of  it  The  c'na- 
rmm  balsamiferum  of  Ceylon,  is  said  to  produce  a  resin  which  sf  ongly  re  embles  it 
both  in  odour  and  in  general  appearance.  There  are  at  least  three  kinds  of  demi 
met  with  in  commerce,  vxz.:~UV  Elemi  t,i  flasr-leaves ;  Bisine  el/ndmpah^ 
Guibourt;  Kesma  Elemi  orienlalis,  Martius.-"  This  occurs  in  the  commence  of 
Holland  in  triangular  masses,  weighing  from  one  to  two  pounds  each,TveToned 
in  a  palm-leaf  and  probably  is  brought  from  some  of  tlii  Dutch  colon'el'n  K 
La  t  or  West  Indies,  or  m  South  America.  Martins  ascribed  it  to  the  Amy  is 
zeyland^a,  (Ba  samodendron  zeylandicum,  Kunth,)  of  Cevlon.  2d  Bm'Wan 
Elemr  Resrve  Uh,udu^  BHsil,  Guibourt.  This  vnricty  is  believed  to  be  obt^'a^^  ed 
rom  the  Icica  icicariba,  by  making  incisions  in  the  stem,  and  gatherii  '  ihTZl 
EZd  '  ''i"'"'  ^^'-^^^^ds.  It  is  imported  in  ca.ses'containingv^o  or  three 
hundred  pounds  in  each  is  soft  and  unctuous,  but  becomes  hard  and  briltle  by 
cold  and  age  It  is  trans  ucent,  of  a  yellowish-white,  mixed  with  greenish  specs 
'rh?^Sl'r"^U'^'''''''^!^  analogous  to  that  of  fennel.  3d.  Elemi  in  tkeZmp. 
Ihis  diff-eiT  from  the  preceding  variety  in  being  of  a  much  paler  yellow.*         ^ 

»  See  Pereira'a  Materia  Medica,  ii,,  p.  609. 


Biirsera  gummifera, 
THE  GUM-BEARING  BURSERA. 


I'll 

m 


Synonymes, 


Bursera  gummifera, 

Gommart  gommifere,  Gommier  blanc, 

Giimmitragender  Bursere, 

Almacigo, 

West -India  Birch, 

Gumbo-)  iinbo, 


Von  Jacquin,  Stirpium  Amcricanarum. 

LuNAN,  Hortus  Jamaicensis. 

NuTTALL,  North  American  Sylva. 

France. 

Germanv. 

Spain  and  Spanish  America. 

British  West  Indies. 

Southern  Florida  and  Bahama  Islands. 


^n,™^,..    N..aU,  North  A™Hca„  S„va,  p,.  - ;  L„„ao„.  E„cyc,op.dia  of  Plan.,  fi,u.  H3S9  ;  aad  the  fi.ure,  ^,ow. 
S^s^IXr    ^^^^^  P'""^'^-    ^-fl^'^-=^'«-=ute,  entire,  opposite,  and  Slightly  circinate.    Ka- 


Description. 


^^^^HE  Bursera  gummifera  is 
1^  H  r  p  an  evej-green  tree,  attaining 


--^  a 'leight  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet, 
fitVo  ^"T'^'-T^  ».-^^./^  with  a  trunk  from  three  to 
five  feet  ni  diameter.  In  Oj^en  situations  its  trunk  is 
olten  short  and  divides  itself  into  a  number  of  large 
limbs,  so  divergent  that  they  form  a  spacious  head. 
Ihe  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches  is  of  a  reddish- 

nf^hn'  ""'{f  f •  \  '°,T  epidermis,  resembling  that 
ot  the  yellow  birch  (IJetula  excelsa.)  The  leaves 
are  pinnate  from  six  to  twelve  inches  in  length,  and 
somewhat  drooping.  The  leaflets  are  from  three  to 
lour  inches  long  ovate-acute,  opposite,  and  are  borne 
0  1  short  footstalks.  They  are  of  a  dark-green,  and 
shining  on  their  upper  sides,  and  light  beneath,  with 
numerous  veins  connected  in  a  singular  manner. 
Ihe  flowers,  which  appear  in  November  or  Decem- 

C^^^^X::::^^^!^^^,:^^^^  Hava..,  in  the  island  of 
Sou,  Culture,  ^-c.     l.i  its  natural  habitat,  the  Bursera  gummifera  prefers  a 


m 


190 


il  'li' 


BURSERA  GUMMIFERA. 


dry,  rocky  soil,  covered  with  a  rich  vo,t«*oT.i  .  i 

in  any  .situation  where  thrsuji-c  Jo  fvin  '"*'",''^  ?'  P'^*5  ^ut  it  will  grow 
gated  from  seeds,  or  by  cnttinS  brnthe  Lh  '''''^•,  ^*  ^^^  ^^  ''^^dily  propa- 
large  growth  is  soon  required  ^When  emnloveS  ?.rf  ''/"'  Preferable  Uer?  a 
sary  to  cut  truncheons  of  any  size  at  tho  ph^^  ^'''*'  ^'"''f '  ^^  '«  ^"•y  "«ces- 
and  plant  them  in  a  continues  row  ten  nrTf"''"'u"^  "^  '^e  rainy  season, 
ends  downward,  buried  from  a  foot  to^  foot  .n.ri;1'1r"i'^''  ^?,"^'  ^^'^'^  ^^e  but! 
they  may  not  be  cut  more  than  sk  or  pI^M  ff  t  ^/^^'^ ^^«ep  For  ordinary  fence 
in  (fiameter.  When  thus  plarUeT  the vlm^^^^^^^  'T,*''  ''^"^^  '^''^^  ^'  four  inches 
become  a  durable  barrier^  SstrtLZS?^  take  root,  and  in  a  short  time 
not  live  to  a  great  age  ""  '^^'"^  ^'■°^^^»'  ^'I'l  consequently  will 

forming  live  fences  L  the^countries  Xi-^  t  abo^.d"."  ^o'^'^v'/  "'''  ^"^^P^  "^ 
admirable  purpose.     The  fruit    whonnZ  ',.^7""as,  for  which  it  answers  an 

esteemed  i/i  Ja^maica  as  a  good  vu  nemrv\S;,T/?'  ?  '^''""^  ^^'^""^'«  ^^i^' 
ing  the  bark,  a  thick,  milky  liauor  of  nn<^n?^i''^  ^•'''  ''°''''-  ^"^  ^ound' 
cretes  into  a  resin,  normateriX  dlfferoS t  r  ^'  ''^''"''.''  ^^^^'^'"'^d'  ^^^ich  con- 
root  is  very  bitter,  and  s  S  o^ostos,  hi  ""  S""^-«'«'«i-  The  bark  of  the 
inner  bark  of  the'trunk  ai  d  bra^icCi.  vi^f  same  properties  as  quassia.  The 
island  of  Cuba  in  the  maZacu  re  of  111  Ji  ''"'^  ^''''  '^''^  employed  on  the 
syrup  of  cane  it  impartsTt^iesug^r  a  TeSftingf"'-     '''""  ^^"^'^  "'  ''^^ 


If 


■?! 


J  ii 


Genus  CLADRASTIS,  Raf. 


Leguminaccnc. 
Si/al.  Nat. 


Synonymes, 


Cladrastis,  Virgilia,  Sophora, 


Decandria  Monogynia. 

Syit.  Lin. 


Of  Authoks. 


filiform.     Pistils  stipitate,  oblon-     Style  curve     comnrp.Jpf    V      ^'^^^     ^'^""^"'  ^°'  ^"''''  """lu^'' 
flat,  membranaceous,  4-O.seeci^d.    I^Si^^^t  ^:^^J^:^S:^'^^^ 

?™  E'stSof  ""f/'  '""V'"'  ,^r^  ""<^  ^P^'^i'^^'  ^-^  "^tive  of  the 
V?rlv       T       'I'^'f^  '^''^'"^^  by  Michaux  among  the  African 

^"o'orthcT,.ff"''-  V^''\  "^  ^^^^'"^  ^he  cafyf  bifabS^ 
onticula       ^S  H,.  '^^""'^«™'  l^l^  «»igfna  obtuse,  aM  the  seeds 
lenticular.     1  o  the  same  natural  family  belong  the  Spanish  broom 

.0  much  admired  in  orZema    pi"7„«'„^s    and  theTwSnTir  '"""n'™') 

isltttdTs  -4'S it's  ;rSHS?VT  ? 

to  young  trees,  furze  is  sometimes  sown  where  acornrbeech^m,t«        V  ^^'^' 
one  ano.ho'J,  when  .hey  Uro?eZ;  Z'SeXld^T^oy "!. ''""^*  '°  *^"« 


r 


,'J 

Si 

i 

i 

!1 

1 

1 

fi     I 


li", ; 


fM 


Cladrastis  tinctoria, 
THE  VIRGILIA,  OR  YELLOW-WOOD. 


VirgUia  lutea, 

Cladrastis  tinctoria, 
Virf^ilia, 
Yellow  Locust, 
Virgilia,  Yellow-wood, 


Synonymes. 

i  MrcHAUx,  North  American  Sylva 
J  De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 
(Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

BmTA?.  *F^  ^"^^■'/'"'•'^  "»■  North  America. 
Britain,  France,  GERMANy,  and  Italv 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Alabama. 
Utiier  parts  of  the  United  States. 


Exgravmgs.    Michaux,  North  American  Sylva  nl  ?«■  i„,.,i       «  .. 

%.:;.  Caraaers.    Leaves  pinnate      Lea     t    i         "  ''""""  "  "'•  "'  """ '''  ''"^  '^'- 

cous  beneath,  the  odd  oni  large,    o  ate  rhombi;  hf '^    '"' ''''''"'•'^' °^^'''-=^^ 
racemes,  white,  odorous.    Pods  smooth!"^''''  ^'^'^  ''•=""^-    blowers  in  simple,' lax,  nodchng 

.tii.  At. 

Description, 

IHE  Cladrastis  tinctoria,  in 
favourable  situations,  at- 
tains  a  height  of  thirty  //« 
/.—■'—        moi«=\HA9swffl  to  fifty  feet,  <ind  a  dinmp    mW. 
ter  of  ten  to  twelve  inches.     The  trui    is  covered  '"^' 
with  a  greenish  bark,  which  is  smoo        nsteld  of 
benig  fnrrowed,  like  thatof  mo.t  other  trees      The 
branches   are   brittle,    and   like   the   pe.io  es   aid 
nerves  of  the  leaves,  are  of  a  yelloWish  h.'e      The 
eaves  on  young  and  thrifty  stocks  are  from  a  tbo^ 
to  a  foot  and  a  half  in  length,  and  on  old  trees  fev 
are  not  more  than  half  of 'that  size.     Thev  are 
composed  of  two  rows  of  leaflets,  which  are  petio 
lulate    broadly  oval,  entire,  smooth,  the  terminal 
one   rhomboid-ovate,   acuminate,  an   inch   and   a 
half  to  two  inches  broad,  and  from  tree  to  four 
inches  long.    As  in  the  Platanus  occidental  s.  (syca 
more,)  the   lower   part  of  the  common  fooisS       ^ 

from   six  to 'ten  inches  long    reS'lin  J    lin^^T'^^'^i  ^^  '^^^^-^^, 

(locust,)  but  less  odoriferous^'    The  seSs  ar^conHin '^^  pseudacacia 

three  to  four  i.iches  long,  and  about  one  fourth  n?  u  ^^''  ^^^'^  P'^^^'  ^^om 

which  are  often  somewhat  undulate  bv, hi  iV.      ""]■  '"^^  ''''^^'  ^^'^  margins  of 
the  United  States  the    eedTmat^^^^^^  '  ^^    ^  r"r^i^  P°''^°"  «f  ^^e  seeds.     In 

tree  is  seldom  seen  in  flowe     ^Sh  i     nrn)?n"h  ' ''^  "^"^"'^ '  "^"^ '"  ^^^^i"-  the 
trees  than  to  the  efiects  of  Ihe  'clTmate       ^  ^  "'^'"^  """''  '"  ^'^"  "§«  «^  ^^^ 

wS'TCS;::i^:?'^rtSn  Smf  jr"t -^^  ^  "^'*-  «^  ^-^-'^y. 

is  successfully  cul  ivated  as  an  on  al^f','"^^*'^'*'.^'  ''  sparingly  produced.     I 
States,  and  isVectly  hard^i^  f^^Sas  Es^rsS^^'^^'^  ^'  ''''  ^"'^^^ 


YELLOW-WOOD. 


193 


lea. 


lis  Ireo  imparta 

I  figures  below. 

jntire,  glau- 
IX,  nodding 


-^ 


F 

Jo! 


no^v  to  bo  met  with'  in  dl  ?ho  clucf*c^,,ection'''"  '''"^""'^'^  ""^  ^^  ^"^«P^^  ^^ '« 
Reir^SS;ai;:t::;;:;S^- 1^;;^;:^ .  i«  -  Wmtc  Knight,  near 

whlch'ScJXlIo-Sl'yLll;:;;^^'?^  ""--7,  there  is  another  tree, 

At  Ca,nl,ri(l.e,  in  Ih  lacK  tt  n   t       ,'" ''''''"•^^''^  Y'^''  ^^'"'^^  Pl'^'ifi"^'- 
about  tinrty  feet^     heX   wth"   t     n     •;       '""'  P"^^"'  "'^'"^  ''^  ^'i-'g^'ia 
tl.e  IJartram  botanic  -u-deu   if  Kin  ^"  "'  ^''^'^'''^  ^"^"'^^^  '»  diameter.     In 

tree  of  this  speeie    ot^t  ow    ■,ho    amf  Sin^^'  "'"'"  l^'';''^^l^'P''i'-.  there  is  ai.so  a 
Mr.  D.  Laudreth,  of  1>1  Soln  ?.   twent^  K^^^^  """\'''^'' '"  ^'^^  S^'^^^'^  of 

cireu.nn-rence,  a.ld  about  iilfi^J:^^^!^  ''^'''  ""'^  ^  ^^"'^'^  ^'"^  ^^^  ^ 

rubra,   r.'ymnociadus^'canaden     '  itdh  chia       ^h^n  ^''^  ^'°^"^ 

dehght  in  a  good  soil.  When  ci  itivn  o  t  '  •'"='^."'''  ""'"^  "f'^r  trees  which 
order  that  it'may  ripen  t  woo  'u  1  "^'"l'  "1'^  '"""''°"  ^^  "^''^'^'^'^  *" 
climate,  the  soil  kofdd  ie  Ty  rat^  \ha  Sf '  I,'  ^^-•^«,P'"-P'>-^«  ''^  -  cold 
seeds,  in  the  same  manner  as  th^  coml;^o  .sT  '■''^''^'  propagated  by 

I'roperlics  and  Uses.     The  wnnd  nf  tl.^  ni    i       .•    .•  .     . 

and  is  remarkable  for  the  deep  yelw    l^'oH^  fine-grained, 

this  hue  to  cold  water.     Hut  Uie  colour  li,      "''  T'"''\  'P""^">^  ""P^^^^ 

with  alum.     There  is  but  verv  litfi  ^"8'  ivc  even  when  the  wood  is  boiled 

America,  except  fo\-tI?e  p  noses  of  om"  T'^^^'l  '^'''-  ''''  ^'^ber  in  Europe  or 
lato  in  coming  iuto  lea  a^nd  ts  len  ?'!  '"^^  ^""'^."""^  '''''''''■  ^'  '''  '-^^ther 
a  fine  yellow.     ludepen  cm  t  ,Vit  hoTn^  ''"'^  '^•■^^'  Pr«^'io"«Iy  becoming  of 

beart  would  appear  m  be  n  u  I  cinn  I''  ^^Semum,  the  brilliant  colour  of  its 
the  purpose  of  dyehig  ^  niducement  for  cultivating  the  species  for 

25 


le  flow- 
icem.es, 
acacia, 
s,  from 
gins  of 
is.  In 
tin,  the 
of  the 

tucky, 
3d.  It 
United 


B/    II 


nun 


Genus   ROBINIA,  Linn. 


Leguminacene. 

•!>>»/.  A'a/. 


Synonymes, 


Robinia,  ^Eschynomene,  Pseudacada, 


Diudelphia  Decandn.i. 

Hi/tt.  Lin. 


Of  Authors. 


co,n,.re.sse.l.  nearly  se.ssile,  the  sein^  ffc-  m,s  u  L^  t,  ,'"  '"'  T'"'V  ^'-'"^''  ni»"y-seecled, 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate  leaflets  pSiate  s  ,elh w  ^  '  '  ''''^T  "'^'  ^'"'  """•  ^^^^'^  "''^t 
s.n.ple,  usually  pendant  ax.llaty  raccLs  _£v4  S  g'«^/S^  ''"'^'^'  "■''''^■'  "'^  •^o^'^-^-'""'-,  in 

HE  trees  of  tho  gonns  Robinia  arc  chiefly  natives  of  North  Amor 
ica  and  are  h.ghly  prized  for  their  use  Ind  b  In  y      They  tT'u 
loa  hly  propagated  from  seeds,  by  cuttinirs  of  the  bra  ches  and 

IS  not  too  wet       1  hoy  are  generally  rapid  in  their  growtli   and  of 

plants  of  rapid\r:;:Ty;?.rc^i  'r  ~r^^^  "-7;!i^'l.;i 

dose  nnder  L  snrface  wS  bo\'oi  ''s  3|?m"^  extendn.g  the  principal  roots 
that  produces  this  luxn  ianco  at  fl^  ,1  im^  eL  n'  "''•'''•  ,  ^^"'  ^''^  ^^''^"^'^  ^^'"^^« 
slowly,  unless  the  roots  arrnlln  vn,l'  "'•'",'•^^^''7  occasions  the  tree  to  grow  more 

soldo,!;  penetraJe  deep   they  soor",u^^^  "^  '^'"'^  '''^'^  f^'^  ^'  ^'-^ 

soil  whhin  their  reach.     For  tT.  s     'C^^   as  o    s  H  '"  t'^''"^'''  ^"'r'""^  ^'"""^  ^'^"^ 

for,  i.'i's  remarked   IKU.A  en  ukn„,rZT'''>'  '"'"'"^  ''>"'''■  ""W'""^! 
pseudacacia  altains  its  la  ^e't "  re  and  „r,,H         0  ncssee   where  llie  Ifobinia 

wlMeh  undergo  rap.d  deeo„,p„.i„o„,  and  'arc  ,l.ereb;\r:;je!;"';'o"S,fble 


■J 


Robinia  pseudacacia, 

THE   COMMON   LOCUST-TREE. 

Synonymes, 


Edbinia  pseudaraciii, 


R'lhinia  pcitdn-arnria, 

Koliiriicr  l;iiix-acacla,  Acacia  binnc,  Aca- 

cia   cominuii,  Acacia    dcs    jardiniers, 

Carou^'e  dcs  aiiicricains, 
Geineine  Acacic,  Scliolcndorn, 
Acacia  falsa,  Acacia,  Pseudacacia,  Robinia, 
Acacia  falsa,  Al!,'anob(j  aineiicaiio, 
Acacia  baslarda, 
Vir^'iiiian  Acacia,  False  Acacia,  Bastard 

Acacia,  Locust-tree, 
Yellow  Locust, 
Black  Locust, 
Kcd  Locust,  Green  Locust,  White  Locust, 


LiNNjEus,  Species  Plantarum. 

Dk  Candoi.i.e,  Prodrotnns. 

La.vakck,  Illustration  des  Genres. 
■{  Dt;  Ha.mkf.,  Traite  dcs  Aibrcs  ct  Arbustes. 
I  LoiMxi.v,  Arboretum  Briiannicum. 
I  Ski.uv,  British  Forest  Trees. 
[  TonREv  A.vn  Ghay,  Flora  of  North  America. 

flIiciiAi;.x,  North  American  Sylva. 

France. 


Ger.many. 
Italy. 

Si'AIN. 

portcgal. 
Britain. 


Statk  of  Maine. 

Wester.v  States. 

Other  parts  of  the  United  States. 


early  ,-ull.a„r.„f  Ireen.  a,,,!  wlu/nu.no,!  thai  „.',?,;  ttueii  t  ^  rtt  iTl  L  i  !  ,  '"  "'|f  """'"«■'•  «''-  ^""  "'"""''  He 
the  Krend,  name  fnr  carni,  h,.,„,  th,.  locnst.in.e  M  ^Z\lu\^'\^M  y^^\.!^^  ..  .''  L^''''''''"''-^^-  Th.  >v„r,l  Canwl;,,  \n 
."eimnm,,!  ,„  the  N,nvTo.stanuMt.     The  Ci,.r,„a„  lua  m    .Scr/ ,  /„™^  ''^    ''""""'y    H'- true  lon.'st, 

u  thorn,  havn.g  reference  to  the  ikmIs  an.l  .sphies  which  lhi.-i  .spJcie"  ij^'ri"  '-'""I"'"'"''-'''  "I  »'•'"'"•',  a  IH'd  or  legnme,  an.l  don!, 

J^:S:tTs^^.  ^:::^.  "Sr"  '^""''  "■•  '' '  ^'"'"•"'"-  «-'^  °f  '^-"-.  P'.  -•  ••  Lou^-n,  Arbore,u,„  Britan. 

cecpin,,  and  their  (^i^^s:...e.;^:!z;::^[;,,^!^^:t^ z,^^^^  '"^  --^ 


Descriplion. 

^^UR    Robinia   p.soudaoa- 

^Tfi^  *'''^'  ^'"'"  *''^  valuable 
0^!J_^  properties  of  it.s  wood, 

_.-——-  ift^i^ll  and  the  beauty  ot"  its 
tolmgc  and  flowers,  ranks  among  the  first  trees 
ot  the  American  forests.  In  favourable  situa- 
tions, It  attains  a  height  of  eighty  or  ninety 
feet,  and  sometimes  exceeds  fota-  feet  in  diam- 
eter; but  ordinarily,  it  does  not  surpass  half  of 
these  dimensions.  On  the  trunks  and  larcrc 
hnibs  of  old  trees,  the  bark  is  vcrv  thick,  and 
deeply  furrowed,  but  on  young  trees,  not  more 
than  two  or  three  inches  in  diameter,  it  is 
armed  with  strong,  hooked  prickles,  which  dis- 
appear altogether  as  they  grow  old;  and  in 
some  varieties  they  are  wanting  even  when 
yoinig.  These  prickles  are  oidy  attached  to 
the  bark,  like  those  of  the  common  rose,  or  the 


I 


«■ 
.1'.* 


fra 


190 


1     I 


M  < 


I 


bramblo;  but  do  not  proceed  fro. 


cock 


n"ir,  jirul  other  tli 


loriis. 


ROniNIA    rSKUDACACIA. 


n  the  wood,  like  tl 
K!  l)riiiiclios  li 


'I'l 


»c  spines  of  the  hawthorn. 


when  the  tree  is  y„„n-,  hut  as  it  nvn^'^U  ",V  "  ^"■",''''"  t'''"l«'"<T  upwards 

ligit  and  agreeable  to  the  cy  ^  S  e-vt'  "  -  '^""tort.^d.  The  lol.age  is 
eiglit,  ten,  or  tm-lve,  and  so.ne  in u^  rio  .  ">  ^^'7^"'°^'  "'  "l'l"''^ite  leallets, 
one.  7'he  leatlet.  arc  nearly  eso'o^h  w  H  "l  •'^'"•"">'"""d  hy  an  odd 
face  so  sniooth,  that  tl...  <liW  w  'i/S h  'l,'  ''. "-"''"''^  '"  ''"^'  ""^  '^  «'"•- 
last  Circuni.sta.iee  ren.lers  this  t, re    ,lr  eu Z      T'V^^''^'''^^^  ^^''i^' 

s.des,  ,n  the  neighbourhood  of  c  es  '  m  t  w.  ^  "^  '  ^'''  ?'^^"'''>^"  ••^'"""  '•"••"'- 
fl'Mvers,  whirh  open  i.i  March  at  St  M'  V  'in  '''  =''-'''  <'';"-'>"^'l'iiir,.s.  The 
m  I  .'nnsykania,  soni.uinies  am  e,  -a  I  /fi.V  T'""','  '"'^  ''^"  '»"""'«  '=^»^'r 
are  disposed  in  jK.uduIous  iMu^ehes  rom  t  re  o  ^^''"^  '^^V^  '"  '•^"""""-  '^''"T 
and  snnu>li.n.«s  yellowish    ■, ml  VlwV.V  "^   '^'^  "''''''-"  ''^"^''  Perfectly  white 

wide;  each  of  which  contains  fvi'oiv  m  I  t .  ^^''  '"'^\^'T  ''''"'  «*"  =^»  "'^'i 
n.  the  nnddle  a.d  northern  st.uirin^i:;^^";:;!!',:;^^^"!  ''''''  ''''''  "'^^'  '''l- 
Robi.naindigeno.tJ'JolCr;;^,,^,^!;^'';;-  I';:;'^!^  -<;  Imt  t^vo  A,rmsof  the 
the  several  varieties  or  races  c4mm';  il  t,l  ''^  ^'  ''^"""^"^  ""'  ^^i^^^^''^^  ^""1  "'at 
climate,  or  cross  f.-cnndation     Tor     leVn.  ,    ''''""'''  ""'''  ^^'^  '''-'^^"'t  "l"  «oil, 

ent  native  localities  and     ho    ,  .'i         t'"''"  ^''''"^^  ^'^^'"''-■^  "'•'*^1' in  its  differ 
which  has  brongl^^'i^      1      J    us  va^i  Ues  T'^T'  '''""  ^'^^^'^  ^  '^-^> 
chstnict  when  the  plants  are  yrnrB^e^^^^^^^^^         ^•'''"^''"«'  Y'"^''  '•'*  »"I«rably 
various  authors,  we  rccocniize  .  u.'  f,', Z    •'J^.'''?'"1'^^'"J'»J<  the  descriptions  of 
classed  under  this  speciesT-  '^'''=  ^"''"^''^^  '^'^  '•^'='^«>  ^v^l^i^b  may  be 


I.  R. 


p.  iNTKioiKDiA,  SouIange-IJotlin. 


between  theH;;bn;i;^,-X;caS;:'rviscJ^'^  ^^/^  ^'T"^'^^  '^  ^«  ^  ''y'^"^ 
Airnished  with  but  icw  glands   and     m  •  .?^     ,  ^  '•*'  ^^'••'I'lclies,  petioles,  cU.,  are 

scented,  and  of  a  pale  rose' colo^'r      TJ  o  no^,''"'"'"^'      ^- '"^  ^^''^^^^''^  '^'"^  «^veet- 
short  prickles.  "'^-      ^^'^  P"^^  are  sometimes  thickly  set  with 

obovi;a.;:rr  n^;iy  t.^:  !^t  ^^ute^R^r ••    ^^^''^  '--«  ^^  *•-  -e  are 

and  legumes  are  hispid^    The  dowels  are  hr!e  of"  Tf''''^'^    ^^^^''  '^^''^"^''«« 
roiis.  uowcis  aic  large,  ol  a  dark  rose-colour,  and  iiiodo- 

pilx  i^^-t^h^^iig  ^e  bra;S"st:;ftti  T";  '""Vy  '^''^^^  ^°"^  the  R.  p.  his- 
siderablc  shrub.    ="  ^'''  ^'"'^  P'^^'"'^''  ^"^P'^.  ^nd  in  growing  to  an  h.con- 

,.ab.us,  and  without^  prickles.  Thrt;;;;s  't^f!:? :t£:iz!::z 

wanting,  or  nearly  obsiilete  "''"''^  ^'^"""-     ^^^-^^^^  ^'^^t.     Prickles 

this.^net;r^S^iS"'Tl:;,eSs'iS^^-^^^^  ^'-  P-kles  of 

S.  R.  p.  TORTuosA,  DeCand  lie      V'l  '  /'  /"""'^  P^'"''  ^^''^  ""dnlately  curled 

^f.).:.  vane.,  „.  '...e,^  '^^^^^  i^  i:SS"7^:^^Z^,  J^^l^ 

9.    R.  p.  UMimACULIFERA,  De  Oanflnllp        Tf;      n  7    . 

this  variety  are  mneh  cromfed     nS  smoo^^    uT'l  "^T''";     ^^^''  ^'^'^"•^''^  ^^ 
to  Dumont  de  Courset,  its  flower^are  yellow^  "^  °'^'''''"''  ^"^^'  ^^^'^*^'-^'"S 


COMMON  LOCUST-TREE. 


liiv\v(horn. 
y  iipwardis 
Imrizoiifiil 
l<>liat,'o   is 
to  Icullcts, 
l>y  aii  o(l(l 
and  a  siir- 
ra;  wliicli 
loiii,'  road- 
u-cs'.     Tho 
>iitlis  later 
111.     Tliiy 
;tly  wliito, 
succeeded 
5f'  an  incli 
that  ripen 

ms  of  the 
,  and  that 
It  ol"  soil, 
its  dilFer- 
i  iMirope, 
tolerably 
ptions  ol" 
may  bo 

a  hybrid 

&c.,  are 

■e  swcet- 

sct  Avith 

race  are 
tranches 
d  inodo- 

'■  p.  his- 
II  incon- 

e  Ieav"s 
cles  are 
iir,  and 


/*rickles 

kles  of 
eurled. 
anches 
:  abun- 

:hes  of 
ording 


10.  R. 


r.  PENmtr.A,  Do  (^andollc.      T/w  Pvml„h„s  Rohhnn.     The  .si 


197 
loot.s  of  ihi.s 


:;e.s.     This  variety  lius  leaves  somewhat  like 
Tip-  variety  has  leaves  resembling  those  of 


variety  are  .some 

11.    R.    p.    SOI'HOIt.7.;FOLlA,  'i,()7i( 

those  of  the  Sophora  jap()ni(;a. 

Vi.  R.  v.  AMoitpiiyEFur.iA,  Link, 
the  Amorplia  frnticosa. 

waro   no-  1"    i/ "^  mdigenons  m  the  United  States  east  of  the  river  Dela- 
Z^u^:  r.      ^  h-'-ow  spontaneously  in  the  maritime  parts  of  the  middle  and 

'til  ^f?'  ^^'^'""/''«  ^li^^t^^"^^"  of  '-'fty  to  one  hundred  n  ile  fr  mn  e  '. 
Is  p  anted,  however  for  purposes  of  utility  and  ornan.ent,  from  Ma  mt  ;i  oj: 
fio„  n\\r\  ''^''.''''-^ ,^'y  ^^'^•'='"^-.  tl'^'t  "'the  locust  form  a  nu.cl  L  le  i  . 
tiou  of  the  American  forests  than  the  oaks  and  walnuts,  and  that  t  is  uv'Co 
found  occupyu.g  tracts,  even  of  a  few  acres  cxelusiv<.|y."  '  en  '  t,  '  e  w  o  n 
n.s  met  with,  IS  often  spared  by  .settlers,  as  being  ornamental  ndnr'atlvc^^ 
rare,  and  old  specmiens,  which  foru.erly  belouje.l  to  the  al ,    il  ,,•  f 

frequ,,,  ly  seen  growmg  in  the  midst  of  cultivated  Helds  ^  '  '  '° 

Ul  all  American  trees  that  have  been  cultivated  in  Europe   there  is  no  rmn 
of  w  uch  so  much  has  been  said  and  done,  as  the  locust.     It  was     non    Z   i  si 

ga  ed  than  any  other,  both  m  Britain  and  in  France,  where  it  has  bee,,  nu- 
nately  extolled  and  neglected;  and  even  at  the  present  dytlm    II  •  iV'; 
of  US  foliage  and  flowers  is  universally  admired   and  the  valu  I  e  nr     o     es  o^ 
Its  wood  have  enthusiastically  been  praised  and  acknowleS     i    ifZ  !  nsid 

a  ;t.w  to  pnii;? '  ''^'  ""'^  ^^  ^  ^"'^"^'^-^^^^«=  -  -  ^-'^  gc^ierkify'^iam;;^;;;!; 

The  .seeds  of  this  tree,  it  is  stated  hy  some,  were  first  sent  to  Eurone  to  Te-oi 

we  vi!lt  t^,;^'  u'^/"^- V"'  '^^"^r-  "^  ^'^'^^ '  '^'^^  according  toX^  ^ 
we  c  sut  to  Vespasian  Rohm,  (son  to  the  prccediu<,^)  who  was  r  rborist  to  L„Mis 
XI  [.,  and  wa.s  plant.>d  by  him  in  the  .lardin  des  Plantes,  in  1  (i:{.5  I     .3 

ately  brought  m  the  Virginia  acacia,  which  exceedingly  adoAis  their  wal  s  Thn 
tree  IS  hardy  again.st  all  the  invasions  of  our  sharpest  seasoi^  l.l 

winds    whicl,  by  reason  of  its  brittle  nature,  it  S^t    ^^^     v^  st  "^  j'  ?^ 

oots,  (which  lusmuate  and  run  like  liquorice  under  gmnml.)  Tre  aS   o  emxci    o 

'have  neglected  to  cultivate  them  on  that  accimt;  but  t^icy  w  1  d  weH 
planted  m  wilderness  among  other  trees,  where  they  will  be  sheltered  '    d  n  il  o 

no  remailfs  that.  These  trees  were  former  y  n  Ln-eat  reuiiest  in  E.Hrl.,n,l  ..Z\ 
were  frequently  planted  in  avenues,  and  for  shady  wa  k  b  ,  tleif  br^  i;  " « 
heing  generally  broken  or  split  down  by  the  wind!  in  sunimer!  whai  th';  aS 


m 

it 


'  ' ' 

'I 


I:|ll 


198 

clnthod  with  Iravos,  ll 
Jf-avcs  ('(itniii^  out  lal 


HOHt.NIA    P8EIIDACACIA. 

10  troas  nro  rendorod  init)roi)Pr  Cor  tl 


ii«  piirposfi;  niid  flioir 


«;         1     I      ■  ■•'<   ■'■"^   "IK-  III   u  (•  snriiii/    ,11, h  (.,11;,,.     ii-         ,      ,    r"i""^''t   "n'l  iiKMr 

I  l.-vv  years  ,hoy  wi||  |,,  ,„  ,j^„,.  ,,,,;     „^'    *    /  '''''/"''  "'  ."'"s,.  fr.Mvs  ;    (hn„i^|.  i„ 
luiv.   ,,.,.,.   atdy  planted  l,...n  to  I  ^        ,  .jf    ^.^^^^^  ^vrlu..  llu.s..  vvImcI, 

In  Dr.     fnnti.rs  .dilioM  of  I-lvolv,'  ' ' 'sl:  '''      .''7''^^ 

Joseph  Harrison.     'I'his  ^ontloman   w  o  I     I      '  ''^''  ^"'*""""i<-afd  l.y  Mr. 

«"P^^''-'^'l't,  .sont  over  to   Wr  ...l  I's ,    '    1  '"  ^'"'':'""'''"'^'.  I'y  u.l  in^.'ni.    s 

otliortimbpr-fr(vs(:,mu,ont..l,otl,,.  M     ri  i    ,/       "'•''"..'' "««-  J'sIm.s,  and  n.ai.y 
»•«    •:"^'lnn<l;  I.Mt  frc.,u,.ntly  sp  I  0  1  J!  l' ^^ 

'"'-SOS  in  Now  Mn-Wand,  that  \u    Jn\^"^  ^^^^^^ 
tl  <•  onui.try  was  (irsi  .seined   Dorfor  Iu  n    ,  '  '   "'"•"'  "'  "''•^  l'-''o,  wlu-n 

pl.'t.-d  his  enuai,^.n...nt  for  h  s     ,    I  ,Z         .''""^  ■"•'""'•  ■'""'-  •"''<^'-  I'.'.vin^l       n. 
self;  when,  hoini?  at  a   ,   s  for     If'  "  '"^''■"'  "* '"'''''  '''  '^'"•■'H  v.'ssri   ;7r  hi  m 
t|.n  oxtraordinar^s,  on,  h  a  d  Hn     o^"   ir'''!""^^  ''^'  "•^"''  "'"'  '-vin,' /^^r   :[ 
tiKU  trenails,  or  tL-na.^;^        \r^  '^^^^"^  ;;;'^Vr'",  '"^  '"''^  '^  '"•^'  '^  ''- 
Or  iron  holts  in  many  ph.oos  uduM-/t!J\l    ,;.''' ':"''?;-  »"'^'''^  ''<'  s-'l)s<ilu.od 
Ots  ...  lastonin..  tho  lloor  .inihors  to  tK         /I'h'' '',''''*' ''^  "''''''''•''•''• '^^^ 
I'oa.ns.  which  two  arliolos  talc.   ...  n    ..I  '   ""'  ""'  '^'"'''•'*  '"  ""'  t'.ids  of  tho 

Ptupnsn..  whon  ho  a    i  4  1     I     Lr„  f: ';'"'"'-^^  ''•'»>  "-a  in  a  s  ,i  ,? 

m  iron  holts  in  th.ir  stoad.     I'^^lil^'CJ:^^^^^^^^^^  -"'  'inv^ 


tlio  captaniof  hor,  paid  nartirnh,-  •  h       •  ^  '"  '  ""'  '""'-'•■i' l.i»is.!lf  hoint, 

'{••^''«-     Aftor  the  stWc  est' ox-u    ;!vtim^^^^  "AT  ""i  ""'"^^  "''  ""'  I'-s    t    ! 

the  purpose  intended.     It  wa^       we  ^^  .'     ;;;''';  ^''"Y  ^''^^  ^^'^tually  answ.Mod 
o..t,an,    to  put  in  iron  holts    nth^^^ir  mo,     ';/\^ 

P.-.'01  o(  their  oxtraordinarv  st  e,,  /t|     '  ,      '  ''"'  T'^'^''^"  '•^"""•'•<'''  ••^"•Xher 

ont  with  what  is  tecl,,,iealV  oa  .^     ^      t       ,  'T'  "'^  ^'^'^  '•^''"''•"''  ^"  '"'  '''-ive, 
had   heen   made  of  in),,,  whorens  V?l/  ,'  ^'''"  """"  1'""^'''')  i"'^t  as  if  thev 

-^^•.•'     The  use  of  tie  h    ^'^rt  ,1  uls  w'  "''  ^"'"1'^  '""'"'  ""^  ^^i^'   "^ 
was  .•ovivcd  at  the  instaiiee  of  M-       . n-  '/'  "''-  '-^t^''^  '«"•  «".»«  years,  till  i 

^W  York,  where,  as  ill      iTer  par  so       r^^ 

■'vhout'tl''"Vt""  '"  '""''■''^'  "-''vo"«i,'c'/  '"''''  '^'^^"^'  '^'^  ^^^'"  '^«  "^  ^reut 
lIvjoct^.dtotLbciLt^'lt^i,;'';;,,';:;;;^^^^^  attomio,!  was  poworn.Hy 

;'  'r.-ansactions-'  of  societies    udm,'n,:il,       ^^'"'^''ica,  and  various  papers  in  the 

I  was  rocominended  to  plant  us  tree  o.t  .^  V'  '''*"''''  "'  ^^"''' 
sre.igthon  then,  |,y  hs  ru  uii.V  o  ts  Th'\*' ?  ''"';'^^^^^  ""'  '''^«^^'  *»  "■•<1'"-  to 
sticks,  hop-poles,  vino-props,  wedCs  coc^s    o   v  ''r  '''T'''''''^'  '^  !«''  P-^^- 

t.Uo  for  saint-foin,  as  a  fo  aC  c  01^0^?  ,nV  h^  '^'•'  ^'"^  ^^«"  ''^'^  '"^  '^"'sti- 
grecn.  or  (h-iod.  as  hay  and  slacked    n,  '7  ^''"''*'  '^  y^^''  '^"'1  eith«'r  us,.d 

grownig  .ocuMroes,  and  Amor  ca.i  oak  k.fi''"  "  '"  '""V'^'^^"'""  "'' '^^  P''^"  ^r 
dis  anco  r, :  v.  Inch  th^  writer  prop  i^os  u'       n      I  ''"V^  ^'"^  '"y*'^'  "^^^V^-     '»'''« 

tec ; 'r; ,:  ■;;!- ir  ii/^T  r  ■--  ^i"":"  ^;tiir;:^ 


COMMON  LOCUST. 


;  nnd  thfir 
limn,  ficra- 
I'li  iiiiinli  ill 

tllOlli^ll    ill 

lose  wliicli 

iVi'  liiivo  a 
t<''l  l.y  Air. 
iiiia,  Miitcs 
"•••liiij.'  the 

in^M'iiioiis 
I'liild  iwo 
iiid  iiiiiiiy 
1UII1R  sorts 
''T>nliiiiiry 
>l<l  tiiiihcr 
100,  wlicix 
'ills,'  .•  :1U- 
I  (or  liiin- 

<>l»Norvc(l 
'liis  liciid 
ilwtiliitod 

or  twist, 
ds  of  the 
I  a  siii]),) 
111(1  dnv'o 

tin-  l,iv- 
'li"  being 
nist  t  ro- 
ll.sw(<  red 

of  tlioin 

•iiiotlior 

0  driven 
!  if  llioy 
Willi  ail 
rs,  till  it 
Piioc,  at 

1  (-iioat 

rorfully 
s  ill  tlio 
siilijpct. 
wiiivli 
nlor  to 
or  ])oa- 
siihsti- 
■r  us(>d 

Ian  f(ir 

The 

a  half 

L'OS,  of 

'  ship- 
white 


199 


otik  in  sixty  yoars,  from  tho  timo,  of  planting.     IU>  states  that  posts  made  of  the 
locust   wood  h.'ivo  stood  ovftosod   to  tl  "  "  ' 


hor,  to  h 


/a 


-     .[»oso(l  to  tlio  \v'<'atiior,  to  tiis 
emhty  or  a  huiidird  years  boforo  fhoy  bcgau  to  decay,     lie  recommends' the 
locust-tree  to  be  pjaiited  in  ii  poor  soil. 

Ill  Fobrnary,  179:{,  the  iialional  convention  of  France  decreed  that  an  impref- 
sion  ol  \,  '  iiiiuuirc  dii  Ciiltivateiir"  should  \w  struck  off,  and  distributed  in  the 
various  dopariiiionts  of  that  eonntry,  the  conunittoe  of  public  instruction  fhinkiiiL' 
It  worthy  ol  a  place  aiuonu  the  eleni<>utary  books  intended  for  the  u.s(!  of  the 
national  .schools.  In  this  work,  each  day  in  the  year  is  marked  by  one  or  more 
natural  productions,  or  iht-ir  attendant  phenomena;  and  the  <)th  of  May,  (It"" 
Piainal.)  was  coiisecraied  to  the  Hol)inia  pseiidacacia,  and  a  notice  given' of  its 
nppearanee,  propaualioii,  culture,  and  uses. 

Dr.  Pownal,  in  '•  Youui>;s  .Aniuils  of  Ai,'riciilture,"  remarks  tliat  "  tfie  loenst 
wood  which  IS  used  in  .\morica  for  ship-biiildiuir,  trenails,  and  posts  has  com- 
monly been  ^rown  in  barren,  sandy,  or  li-ht  soils;  and  that  in  En^lan.l,  where 
It  IS  treiKM-ally  |»lanted  ill  rich  soils,  and  in  sheltered  situations,  the  tree  may 
probably,  outgrow  its  strenmh;  and  thus  the  blanches  may  become  so  brittle  as 
to  bo  easily  broken  by  the  winds;  while  the  wood  will  be  less  hard  and  teiiu- 
eious,  and  in  all  probability,  much  N'.ss  durable  than  in  America."  lie  th; clbre 
recoiiimeiids  plaiitiii<r  tli.i  locust,  in  I'liit^laiid,  only  on  poor  soils,  when  it  is 
intended  to  employ  the  timber  for  useful  purposes. 

Tn  the  year  ISJKi,  a  work  was  |)iiblished  in  Paris,  eiililled  "Lettre  siir  lo 
Robiiiier,"  by  M.  Fran.;ois  do  Neiil'cliiiteaii,  contaiiiiiu?,  in  substance,  all  that 
had  been  i)revioiisly  published  on  the  subject  in  France,  a  translation  of  which 
occupies  the  first  one  hundred  and  (il'ty-six  pages  of  Wither's  "Treatise  on  the 
Acacia." 

Ill  the  year  1S23,  an  extraordiiiarv  excitement  was  i)roduced  in  FiUgland  con- 
ceriiiiig  this  tree,  by  William  Cobbett,  who  resided  in  America  from  1HI7  to 
1819,  and  cliiedy  occupied  him.self  in  farniiiig  and  gardeiiintr.  on  Loiiy  Island 
near  New  York  ;  and  during  that  period,  as  he  tells  us  in  his  "  Woodlands,"  pub- 
lished in  lS->,",  to  l)s:iS,  that  he  was  convinced  that  nolhiiig  in  the  timber  way 
could  be  of  so  great  a  benefit  as  the  general  cultivation  of  this  tree."  "  Thus 
thiiiking."  contimies  li(>,  '•  I  brought  home  a  parcel  of  the  .seeds  with  me  in  1HI9, 
but  I  bad  no  means  of  .sowing  it  till  1^211  I  then  beaan  sowing  it,  but  iip(m  a 
very  small  scale.  I  .sold  the  plants;  and  since  that  time  I  have  sold  altogether 
more  than  a  million  of  them  ! "  FIsewhere.  in  the  same  work,  he  more  especially 
dircM-ted  attention  to  this  subject,  urging,  in  his  clear  and  forcible  manner,  the 
iimneiise  importance  of  this  tree  in  ship-building:  and  he  was  the  means  of 
thousand.s  of  it  being  planted  in  various  parts  of  Britain.  The  wamr.  of  hciisf, 
as  applied  to  this  tree,  befon;  CoblxUt's  time,  was  but  little  known  in  Fnglandi 
and  many  persons,  in  consequence,  thought  it  wms  a  now  tree.  Cobbett  had  a 
large  kitchen-garden  behind  his  house  at  Kensington,  which  ho  converted  into  a 
nursery;  and  he  also  grew  trees  extensively  on  his  farm  at  Hariies,  in  Siirry. 
AlthouLdi  hundreds  of  the  Uobinia  pseudacacia  stood  unasked  for  in  the  Briti.sh 
nur.sories,  the  "locust  plants,"  Avliich  every  one  believed  could  only  be  had  gen- 
uine from  Mr.  (Jobbett,  could  not  be  grown  by  him  in  sullicient  quantities  to  sup- 
ply the  demand.  He  imported  the  .seeds  in  tons;  but  when  he  fell  short  of  the 
leal  Amonean  ones,  he  jirociired  others,  as  well  as  younsr  plants,  from  the  Lou- 
don iiur.series,  and  passed  them  off  as  his  own  raisins:  or  importation.  Had  the 
people  of  J'lngland  known  that  locust  seeds  and  locust  plants  were  so  easily  to 
bo()btained,  itjs  probable  that  the  locust  mania  would  never  have  attained  the 
height  It  did.  To  show  the  folly  or  the  knavery  of  this  extraordinary  individual, 
Ave  quote  the  following  from  London's  "Arboretum  Hritannicmn,"  which  should 
be  preserved  more  as  a  iilurary  curiosity  rather  ihan  u  liislurical  record.     "It  is 


I J  ill 


200 


ROBINIA  PSEUDACACIA. 


Ill 


,1; 


ltd 


■ 


eon  a  hop-pole  nrndc  of  locust;boldIy  a  lin^^^^^^^^^  uT^^'^y  7'^'^«"t  '^'^  I'^ving 
m  purpose  ;  that  trees  from  his  .  iri  nfte  1  n  /'  "  ''^'^""''ably  adapted  for 
Radnor-s  estate,  at  Coleshill,  were  'fit  S,'  hnl  1  "^  f^"*"  ^ '''^'■"  P'^^^ed  on  Lord 
ny  for  twenty  o^  tlurty  years\Xast  '  t  nt  Sl'h  *'"'  '^''^  ''-^^^  "^  ^'''-^^  ^'-^P-^" 
(that.s,  nearly  double  what  -vasa  tlrit  mo  .h  P°'*^^^''«  ^^"''th  a  shilHncreach  ' 
'  five  acres  u  o\dd  tlu.s,  an  fivfyeL  ,  oduee  £52^'"^  'T^  "^'!  ^'°P-I'"'-  ^  ^'^^^^ 
after  the  pole  was  cut  down,  wouwl  d  mTLo  n  .  ^"'  *'l^*  >''''^  ^'^'""P'  '^^'^ 
which,  being  cut  down  in  their  t  ru  a  the  end  rf  n  ^'i'"  ^""^  *''«  next  crop, 
course,  produce  two  or  three  tiii^^es  the  nbl  .  5     ''^'  ^'''"^  y^^^'"'^'  ^^ould,  of 

Intoly  iuclestructiblo  by  the  powers  of  e\rUrnir'^         ^'^'^  ^T'''  ^'^«°d  ,s  'abso- 
m  America  will  pretend  to  sav  tbnf  J        '       '  ''"'J  '''^'^'■;    ^"^^  tli^t  'no  man 
After  this,  it  wilf  not  be  wonda^d  at  thaTVS  h  .  ^'/  '^,  S'  '"  ''  ^^'^y^^  ^^ate  ' 
tree  of  trees,'  and  that  he  sho%  eub.j  f  jt  "who  /ir"'*^  '''^^  '^''  '"'^'"■^^  ' "»« 
so  characteristic  of  the  mnn   n,  .1  V^    "  f,         "  "^^  followmg  passage,  which  is 
which  he  dealt,  that  ^ve'^uot-'ft    ntL^'j^S'lfr  ''^  ^^^  «[  quackery  m 
'and  It  wdl  not  be  very  distant  wl,Pn  tL^   ^'^  ^"^'"^  '^*^'  ^o'^c/  ^e  observes, 
England  than  the  oak  ^vhe^aSln  wo  u  r'!f  "''"T  ^"^"  ^'^  '"'^'"^  ^^'^nion  in 
but  locust  in  the  mnk  ng  of  s  Is   ,0'^^      ,      ^-"--''^H  "^""^  ^^ ''«  "«^d  anything 
and  axlerrees  for  whee  J  Lp-pofe  ^  Se^  fTr  Sr^'"'','  •^''^^  ^?^  ^ick-stands,  Itockf 
to  rot.     This  time  will  not  boSan     sSin.  n    ""r^""^^  '"^''"'  '^'''''  '^  ^^^^'^^'^'Y 
next  race  of  children  but  one,  tla     s  ,0  'av^  /bo '      ,  "'"';!  f '°'^"'  '°  ^''''-     T''e 
hence,  will  think  that  the  locus   t^L!      ^'-'^^'/''ose  who  will  be  born  sixty  years 

n^   England;  and  som  \     io  s  ."he^'^^^^^  '"""  "'^  '"^^  numeroLC 

readers  that,  M^ouderf.d  as  it  r^  ay  ee'r^  d.e  In.  7  ""''  ''"'  ^'"'''^  ^^''^  ^^^  ^^i^ 
edge  of  it  by  William  Cobbett  "  WhaThe  win  ''^^"«V'''^''','""'°^"'^^  ^o  a  knowl- 
but  I  know  that  he  will  say  this  of  ^'e  Te.S^r^'"'  ^T^'^^'^'  ^  '^''  '^"^  '^»»^v; 
knowing  that  I  am  writin- fo    r.'.  t,  w  ,      ^*''  "P"''  ^'^••'*  '-account,  therefore 

The  absurdity  of  the  ^^^ ^:^£:;^^Z::'i  ^^s?"  ''^  ^T"  7^  ^^-^^«-^") 
we  may  remark  that,  even  supposimiTll  thVt  ColXf.  '''"''''"'^'7  «/  *^«™>«ent ;  but 
of  the  locust  were  true,  the  uses  which  In  V .  "  ^""y  "!  '^  "^  ^''^^  application 
hundredth  part  of  those  to  whicl  *  imL  i  '  ^"^""r^'-^'^ted  do  not  amount  to  a 
were  his  predictions  to  be  verifie  a  d  vve  e  f^^fr'^  ''/  '^'\'  '""''"'''y-  t^^»ce> 
lent  than  the  oak,  we  should  ,,  '  ts  woo^n  nV  '"f  '°  "^'^""^^  "^«^'«  P'"'^^^'^- 
struetiou  of  ships  and  houses,  fo  1  a7o(-  n-  r ''^'^'  .substitute,  in  the  con- 
experienced  planter  or  timber  owner  bo  hnFmro'""?/'"^^^"'  '''''■  ^^'''^'Y 
and  tins  is  the  true  reason  Aviiy  the  t  ee  nevo  '"'1^  '^'''''V'  ^'^'  ^'^'  this  ; 
extensively  planted.'-  ^  ^  "^^^^  '^'^^  been,  and  never  will  bo 

time.     The  result  of  all  tint     -^H  1    '''';  ^'"''^  '^'  uitroduction  up  to  that 

is,  that  it  is  generally  ompS?  d  ^,^rcmmtv\^r"'  'f  ^'f  ^'^^'"^'^  -^'^-' - 
no  mention  is  made  of  forest      a  t.t^o's^n^^^  ^" 

racing  timber  f;.carpenter-swS:S^rsWp!:;S^;^^    the  express  purpose  of 

^^por^T^ktj-^Jz  !;lHp!b?!]h;!;;'^;;r/-  ^r  't  -^^'^^^^^  ^"^  »'- 

aid  before  the  public  in  1S30  W  M  V  wl?'  "''^".  y-'^'"^^^'^  purpases.  was 
land  in  his  "Treatise  on  the  'Growth'  Qu.n'^'"'"'  I'^rr""'^'  '"  ^^'"'•''^"^'.  '^^''S- 
&e."     He  commences  withrtransh  on^  '' r'":^  ^ '''^  °^'  ^'"^  Acacia-tree, 

Francois,  and  some  abstracts  Cn    1^     P  'I"''  'V'  I^'^^'i"ier,"  of  M 

Usages  de  cet  Arbre,-  whic  the  h  n..  i  '  'f''''''''  ^  ^''  ^'^''tHre  ct  aux 
work.  He  then  gives  ox  rac L  '  .  i  "''*  gent  eman  had  appended  to  his 
Michaux,  as  well^,s  fV^^^u       ^  va,'^  ''[j  "S;""^f  '''\  ^-  <■•  Med.cus  and 

subject;  and  concluded,  by  givh'<^  vaL  s  o   U'   I  "■■'  '"^'"'■^''"^  ™''^'  «'»  '''e 

•    ^  ^      ^  caucus  ougmal  communications  from  gentle- 


COMMON   LOCUST. 


201 


The 


but 


Jhig- 


mm  m  different  parts  of  B."itaip,  who  liad  cuUivated  the  locust  or  who  hid 
apphed  It  to  practical   purposes.      I'he  facts  collected  in  this  work"  oiTfimi   he 
rap.d  grow  h  of  t  us  tree  in  favourable  soils  and  situations,  and  of  the -s iitt 
b  enoss  and  durability  of  its  timber  for  trenails,  posts,  and  encing  and  also  for 
axle  rees  of  timber  carnages;"  but  none  of  thcni  atlbrd  any  evid'ence  ci^er  of 
j;Ser:?r  S^.^^^^^^  ''-'  ''  ''  ''  '-'-  ^-^S  apphe/to  the  gen^aJ  pj^^ 
Selby,   in  his  "  History  of  British    Forest-trees,-'  published  in  1842    says  • 
Fiom  our  own  observations  on  this  tree,  we  are  decidedly  of  opinion  thaUt 
cannot  be  grown  to  profit,  or  at  least  to  equal  profit,  with  many  othe    t  eos  even 
foi  those  minor  uses  for  which  it  is  stated  to  be  so  well  adapted   sucl   as  pol^s 
railings,  hop-poles.  &c.,  much  less  as  a  timboi  tree  applicable  to  genera   pur pos' 
Ihe  durabihty  ot  the  wood  of  the  locust  we  do  not  deny  or  dispute    Indeed   our 
own  experience  has  proved  that  when  mature,  it  possesses  the^q  lality  of  res^s 
mg  decay  m  the  most  trying  situations,  to  an  eminent  degre..;  what  we  intend 
for  IS   that  this  solitary  advantage  of  durability,  (an  advantage  we  l^ILve  As- 
sessed 1,1  nej^rly  an  e.inal  degree  by  the  larch,  and  perhaps  the  wild  c  leTryT  s 
not  sufhcient  to  counterbalance  the  disadvantagcs'undcr  which  it  labours '' 
Among  the  various  objections  to  which  the  cullh-ation  of  the  locu  t  uno     an 
extensive  scakvn  I  nglaud,  and  with  a  view  to  profit,  is  liable,  tl  e  fb  lo™  a'e 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Selby,  as  holding  a  prominent  place:  "  1st,  it  ren   ircs  i "'rich 
free  soil  and  a  sheltered  situation,  to  atlain  a  size  fit  for  any  ns^U     Sse   and 
even  w.h  these  advantages,  it  seldom  attains  dimensions \o  make  t  Sra  h^ 
useful;  2d,  from  the  succulent  and  exhausting  nature  of  its  root.t  i   rfq   i  e    a 
much  greater  space  to  reach  maturity  than  niany  other  trees  produ  in?  imle 
of  a  larger  scantling  and  of  greater  value;  3d,  it  is  not  a  tree  to  plan  ti?i  rxed 
plantations:  the  surrounding  species,  notwithstanding  the  rapid i'^y  o     tseaHv 

f^^Z'^ZT'^''''  "^'  ''"'^'Ti"S  It  befbi^  it  acquires  Le  sifffiS 
0    -cpay  the  pa  ter  for  its  occupancy:  4tli,  trees  equally,  or,  in  some  respects 
better  quahhed  for  the  uses  for  which  the  locust  has  been 'ec^nmen  led   eTbe 
g  own  upon  inferior  soil,  in  less  time,  and  in  much  greater  bulk,  both    uhv  d  ! 
a  ly  and  per  acre ;  such  we  hold  to  be  the  case  with  the  larch,  whei^  po  t       a  . 

ew      Tnl":o'T^'"';f^  "''''""''  'T\'^''  S^^""'  '"^''''^  '»"P-P"1«^^  ^^-^  the  object 
^  !ow.     Indeed,  with  respect  to  the  fitness  of  the  locust  for  the  latter  purpose  the 

tin  'u'?/^^^^"T^  ^'y  ^^I--  I'«"don  is  i.retty  conclusive  against  it;  IsZSZ^s 

that  at  a  hop-pole  size,  ,t  does  not  last  longer  than  other  woods,  that  the  stools  do 

not  tiirow  up  shoots  so  freely  as  those  of  many  other  trees,  and  that      e  es  ei  tial 

requisites  of  a  hop-pole,  viz.,  length  an.l  straiglUness.  cannot  be  prod^iced  W 

he  locus    even  m  the  most  lkvourabl(>  situati..ns.  or  when  drawii  up  in  n iirsZ 

..ws.      Ihe  growth  of  the  tree  precludes  the  possibibility  of  a  perfecti;  s     ug  ,^ 

p.  le ;  for  as  it  never  ripens  the  whole  length  of  its  young  and  rampant  shoots   U  e 

olowing  years  growth  being  from  a  side-bud,  is  necessarily  a\  an  aiS^^^^^^^^^ 

tiKit  oi  tlie  })ieceauig  year.  'vnn 

The  largxist  tree  of  this  species  recorded  in  England,  is  at  Syon,  near  f.ondon 
which  m   1836,  had  attained  the  height  of  eighty-one  feet,  will    a    r  u  k      i^e 
feet,  four  uiehes  in  diauioter,  at  one  foot  above  the  ground,  and  an  a      i  no- 
spread ol  branches,  of  fifty-seven  feet,  au  amuiuis,  01 

In  Scotland,  at  Airthrcy  Castle,  in  Stirlingshire,  there  is  a  locust-tree   which 

n  mH    ^''V\"^''M'^ ''"^^'-^^"'^  ^''''  '"  i^'-ty-t'^'-^-  years  after  plan,  ng,'wi  I 

.  .1.   two  feet  m  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  thiny  feet.     It  grows    n' I 
loam  or  gravel,  and  m  a  sheltered  situation.  »      ^s  in  ii„ni 


h 


111  Ireland,  at  Shclton  Abbey,  in  Wicklow,  there  is  a  loc 


20 


ust  which  attained 


I<    i 

I 


f1   ' 


I 


202 


ROBI\rA  PSEUDACACIA. 


lit  SeU'  t^:i  ''"■  "  '"y  ^--  »«"  Pl-ing.  with  a  ,r„„k  twemy- 

III  trance,  and  i!i  the  south  of  Germnmr  M  n      in 
t-onnaire  des  Eaux  et  des  iw^s '>Sii  in  ^^^^^^^^^ 

received  with  entJiusiasm  as  an  ornaiSaUree  •  hm '        '  *^  '^'"'*  ^^'^«  ^--^^ 
on  account  of  the  late  appearance  of  trS'o.T^V      ■.  ''f  afterwards  rejected, 
«p.nes  and  above  all,  because  it  would  not  bo './'T'"  ^'^"i^^'^''  disag/eeable 
tion  of  the  modern  style  of  gardenTnl  ThJ.t   f?'"'     ^^"^''  ^^e  introduc 
reaction  took  place  in  its  fov^  an    Lm   he  r^Tv     ^''r'""''  ^^'■^«"^"'  ^^hen  a 
'l"a l.ties,  it  was  preferred  to  a  1  o    er  t^ees      Zw^  '/,  "'  ^'T'^'  «"d  '>««''"1 
on  this  tree,  in  France,  have  RenerX  exaLrS^/''"'''^''''  '''^'°  ^'^^«  ^^""en 
<J0.s  was  in  favour  of  planting    t  in  LrShr    '  i    '  'V''     ^^^"^^'  ^-  ^^^n- 
recommended  it  to  be  Vlanted^ve  y^Jhere    td   in%'"     •'^'^"-tions     but  others 
ceeding  in  unsuitable  soils,  .  third  daL  of  writpi       '^^f  ^1"^"<^e  of  its  not  suc- 
t.vation  altogether.     As  example    o    ^.t  o    s,  cZ!  ^"^  ^'f  .°"^i""ing  its  cul- 
there   were  several  instances  where  la?<^e  trnct.  nf'l  "\  ^"'''^^f""?  this  tree, 
sown  broad-cast  with  locust  seeds,  whicKamenn  L'lf  T''  P'^^^^ed,  and 
any  magnitude,  owing  to  the  lightness  and  S'^'     V  ^^^  P'''."^'  "«^*^'-  ^"aincd 
refers  to  a  case  on  the  heath    ?fSdreviewhr^  ,'''  '"''•     ^^-  »«"drillart 
planted  m  a  white  sand,  and  proved  fcomnWof,     '''^  ^•"'^  '^^'^^  extensively 
d'tches;  although  the  P  nus  mar  timi  and^Jvh     /'"'''  '1^''^'  ""  ^^^  hanks  of 
cultivated  there" with  tolerable    ucce"s      He  ml?    '"'  ''"^  '^^  ^^'"^'^  '^'-^^  been 
"1  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  where  Ksts  thnt  wT       f  '""!.''°"  of  another  instance 
and  among  masses  of  the  birch   thfyew  dec  e'snut'.^  ""'  *r'  '""T  ''^«  ^^'^^ 
the  common  sallow,  grew  ranidlv  for  W  i!  ^^I'^^""^'  ^hc  perfumed  cherry,  and 
first,   but  gradually  ^disappSaftei    a  c't'n^,^^^^ 

become  more  vigorous  and  finallvpr.niii  "  ^""°'  *^'^  °^her  trees  havin- 

;:M.  Mallet  had^to  betle'  IS  Lte  F^elt  of  M  '!'•  ^"'•"'^'-  ^^^^^«  ^hat^ 
^lenne,  where  the  soil  is  moist  and  a  latic  i  or  in  t^^i ' '"  ^'^^/'^P^^rtment  of 
where  it  is  dry  and  sandy."  M  iSilh  ?  .  ^';^^  °'-^,«'  "^  Chatellerault, 
M.chaux,  that  "it  is  only  in  a  favoura  le  ell  f^""'"^'"r«'  hy  repeating,  afte; 
tree  attains  a  great  size,  e'ven  in  iHS^comr; ''  "^'  "  ^  ^°°^  ^^'•'  ^'^^  »'- 
plamc^^hrioS.^'y'V!!;^^:^-^-  ^^-^-.-.thc  remains  of  the  parent  tree 
-.^htyfeet  in  heigL  AtTue  s  tS  is  Z^T^  f "  'V^'^''  ^'^  -"--'7 
att^^iued  the  heigh?  of  sixty  feet  h^wly'ea"  after  ^Lt,  ^'"  ^^'"^^'  ^^^ich 
111  t»ermanv  nt  Spliur;;KK.^„   ■     n       ^  y^''"*  aiter  piantino-. 

liti^.  in  Saxo,,j^  there  ism,otherXroLSAffr"'', ''"'.'>'.>''='''•■'■     ^' W"" 
loiir  years  alccr  planting  attained  the  liciglit  of  sixty  feel  in  si.vly- 

by  a  table  and  |,e„ei,e.,  nncle  V  ich  yo  '^"  iw"  "  "*  "'."''"'f  ""'•  ^'""m,ki 
co»-,  the  lecist  does  not  allain  a  y  ^onsSbfe  le  T';''  '""  'T"""-  -^t  Mos- 
it  tlinyos  n,  the  Crimea  in  all  its  variS  '        '  "'^^'-'ling  t„  Desemet, 

fiflnoC^'ty'lL;"""  ""  """»'  '«•"'---.  -I.ich  Have  attained  a  height  of 
-^^'^^^^nX;!^^:^^:::,^^-}^'^  -  --.c  t.ee  of  this  species, 
.ng,  with  a  triniK  ,„o  ioe.  n,  diameter™.  '^ HSliZ^y'SS:  °""  •"""'- 


At  ,t 


COMMON  LOCUST. 


203 


Ku,n^  .      r    ",^'  '^".^  ^^'0"g  ic'ices  and  avenues,  for  more  than  fiftv  voars-  inrl 

where      These  r^h'nMnn fin  ^           J""'^^  quantities  to  England  and  else- 
inese  plantations  seldom  exceed  an  area  of  thirty  acres  notwiihstnnrl 
asricultura    sor,  eties  nf  «ovr.rni  cf...„„  i "'''ly/cres   notwimstand- 


where. 

ing  the  agriaU^iral  "soci«ie;;'r;e;;rar,t''a;cs' havi  XIJ^hT"'  """"'I''*'""'- 


purpose 


M 


«11 


ill 


204 


ROBINIA  PSEUDACACIA. 


m   i 


n.      > 


pint;;  "n,„1";,L'.'"  """""  '"  °™  ^-"-  *"P^.  fcalhcing,"  as  Gil- 

cntetrrl^^t^^^^^  propaga,,,,  in  .„„  ,„„,, 

as  by  the  suckers,  which  simot  i,n  h?  ^r^../  u    ^  '^''S'^  tnuiclicons,  as  well 

considerable  distance  aron  'die     -oes     bm  T   ""'  1"/''^*^  ^'^""^'•y'  '^'"^  »«  '-» 
America,  the  simplest  and  the  best  Set  b^JT'^^'l^  ''"^'\  ^"  '^''"-'p"  '^"d  in 
tlio  elder,  a  distinguished    French  ^"ric,  t.Hs     tt'     ^^^^Ji^^'g  to  m'  Roland, 
sowuig,  is  late  in  the  year,  when   hc^sav        p  'J  f  '"^'^  .^^vourable  time  fo 
may  either  be  sown  as  Ln^as  ^^  are  rin^    ?Wnl      ^'''•'"'"^t^  best;  but  they 
following.     Whether  they  be  sown    n  ZlZ  ir       ''  ^'  \"  *^'"  ^'^'''^b  •^'^  ^P''^ 
••nsumg  summer,  and  the  plams  bV  hre  Jnf  t^  ^  ^""^'  ^^oy  will  come  up   he 
transplanting  into  nursery  iL    or   o  th^  ZtJ.T  ''f ""'  '^^"  '^«  ^'  ^^'^her  for 
The  seeds,  if  exposed  to  the  air  two  vo  n.r  ff    V'^'''  ^^'""^  ^'"^  ^'"'^"y  to  remain, 
of  vitality:  but  i'f  they  be  kep   i^erpocf  aniT,f- "f'"  P'>-- 

jlry  soil,  they  will  remain  good  for  Te  orsiv'r.i  n"  ^  ««»«"lerable  depth  iu 
bearing  trees  seldom  produce  two  abnn  1  ,n  .  ^  '  '  P^'^'^P"  '«"S«^-  ^s  seed- 
'e  kept  from  one  yeSr  to  aUre;      it  '  succession,  a  reserve  should 

locust  seeds  to  vegetate,  operates  as"  a  di  conrnt  ^'^^^"'ty  experienced  in  causing 
.     to  be  prepared  before  sewing  ..oMcrroS.T'^ho'  T^''\'"""7'  «^  ^'^^^  ^'^^'ire 
or  hornlike  envelopes  in  whirl     n tnl     ^'^ '''"«'   their  hard  and  shelly  pericarps 
;  Maine  CultivatoJ^"  r^coll^^  ^^  ^  ^ ^-;;^;^j^  g^'™-     A  4iter  in  S^e 
o  tlie  boiling  point,  and  sulieriug  [t  g    dual?[o  'oV^^  ^^^^       Previously  heated 
to  decant  the  water  from  the  seeds    md^.L.        u      ^Z^""'  twenty-four  hours, 
diate  sowing.     He  also  reclme  ds  anotbir     'T^  "'  ^^"  ^I^^"^^'  ^"^t"  imme: 
more  economical  one,  so  far  T  time  is  co iitrn^r^^  ^  somewhat 

to  the  action  of  nitric  acid,  mixed      theronor  S^  '''  '°  ^"^J^^^  '^'^  «««ds 

of  water.  The  seeds  are  t'o  be  stee,  o  m  this  m  x  n  !  r  '  1  "^^  ""'V'"  ^"  ^^^"  ^^'arts 
■sowing,  and  the  water  kept  tepid,  m  lilt  l  ^^n^  twenty-fo.ir  hours  before 
By  this  process  the  perfect  seeds  will  nt  nL  '"'  ''^  "''^^'^^  «f  '-^  ^tovc  or  oven, 
nation,  while  those  which  remain  n/^froifV'T'?  ''^'''  "^  ^'tality  and  germ^ 
will  probably  be  unsound  a  TmaVrmiwVawav  "a'  ''  twenty'-four  ?io,"s, 
in  Wither-s  "  Treatise,"  by  ,l,o  results  ot"  hi  -h  Y7"  "  ^^m-nnont  is  related 
hot  water  accelerates  germination  lut  ten  ItA  '\''^^'^''  tliat,  -immersion  in 
Mr    Loudon,  in   his  '' Arboret   u  ^     t  „S^^^  the  seeds." 

fal.a  and  Cape  acacia  seeds  for  tve  tv  fou     l.nn  ''"  '^'''''  ^'^^P*"-  ^^"s- 

Poured  on  them  in  a  boilin,  state  one-'  '''  'I'  ^^^^-^^^t- which  had  been 
nearly  two  years.  Cireat  camion  siiould  be  observed  1'''''^  *''''''  S^^^'^-^tion 
0    tins  kind,  as  even  a  short  continuafio    of  ee  ^  ^wa^^  !"  -^-^P^^'^-nts 

^12    t .,  must  of  course  destroy  the  vital  nri.ic   ,le       r  |'i«  temperature  of 

ni  a  good,  free,  warm  soil,  rather  rich  tinn    t^^  ^  ^'"^  '*^'''^'  •"'"^"'d  ''e  sown 

way,  and  covered  with  hu    y  m  Jv    jz  a'V  •  ,?'T,'T'  '"  "'"''  *^'"  '''"^  '''P^^''^  «^'-'T 
of  an  mch  deep.     In  fine  seasons   to  ri      '     '  •     ""  '^  'i"''^''t^''-  to  three-„uarters 
'-ight;  tiie  lariest  of  ^Xd    n^'l   "£;^:;"^  f^  1^"^-^^"^  ''  '""'•  '-'" 
places  where  they  are  iiually  to\-eL{hrmd  ,1  VnH  *'^"°^^^'"S/^titum,i,  ,0  the 
nto  nursery  lines      In  regard  fo  t^e  mno     1      ',)     ?'''  '"""V  '^"  transplanted 
hat  -It  will  transplant  at^dmo.'t  every  tciuj  whh  /"'''  ^'"'"''^'^  '^''^•^'•^'««' 
any  other  tree.-'     The  trees  should  neve^-  be  ^d  1  r  '    ^f  '''''''  ^'''''"  =''"">«t 
feet  apart,  m  any  soil,  and  should  tl,n,.  i7        sulleied  to  stand  nearer  than  filieen 
should  be  planted  at'  leL  t^ 'uty  f^^suS  '],^"'  ''''"  -"'  "^ht  .he^ 

growth,  care  should  be  taken  to  c  ear  onf  nl  "     f'  ^'^^^^  "'advance  in  age  and 

f'o.r  tops,  and  to  la^ep  dow    t    Mr  wl  ers  wlT^^^^^^  ''  ^'^^^'^  ^^'""^  from 

roots,  where  the  soil  is  mois    a  1,'^:^'  1  r  j^  ^a    '"'"n""^>'^  '^'^"'^  ^'-""^  their 

iiui.     Lndei  lavourable  circumstances,  the 


I 


COMMON  LOCUST. 


205 


the 


?il  voa  .    ft.     I    "r'  P'"^".''"  •'^"""^^  '^•''"ts  from  six  to  eight  feet  long  for  scve- 
Snn      I-  l'^'^'''\^^'S-,^vhevoas,  m  wet  or  poor  soils,  they  will  not  efeeed  one- 

c  .  ,^  I  n^  I'f";-  ^^^'"  ^''^  ^''''  '^'^  "f  twelve  'years,  upon  good  land  he 
e  of  U  efor  S  i.T  """"f  .''^  height  of  fifteen  or'twenty'feet,^vith  a  diam- 
ond few  treo^   n?      '""'"'.'  '^'"^  *'!5""  i'«  gi-o^vth,  in  general,  becomes  very  slow; 

fee   in  he  'hT^u  d  ono'.'?r'''T  "^  ^^^'^'  "'^  ^'^'^^  y^^''^'  ^^'^^  ^c  found  over  fifty 
in  I  111  acignt,  cind  one  loot  ni  diameter.  ' 

tho  inf //r"''''''''''"'  'K'-     '^^''^  ^^"'^^'"'"^  pseudacacia,  in  Europe,  is  very  free  from 

yateci   it  is  preyed  upon  by  three  distinct  species  of  borers,  or  wood-eaters   tho 

ble' tt'  Trr \r  h""'-''  '''T''^  .T  ^•"^''•^^  ^"'"'^  deslrucrn  ofTir^a    ? 
luie  tret.     Ur.  1.  \V.  Harris,  in  his  "Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massaehnsoft^ 

usurious  to  Vegetation,"  ob.se, ves  u.at,  "One  of  these  borers  is  a  S tdS 

caterpillar  whose  operations  are  confined  to  the  .small  branches  and  to  very  voun^ 

t    e     ,n  the  pith  of  which  it  lives;  and  by  its  irritation  it  eausS  th^twig  to 

swell,  around  the  part  attacked.     These  swellings,  being  spon-v  ar.d  Uso  nor 

S  b  e^i!  "oiriTThi::'  r  "^"'^/  ^"^'^  ^'^^  ^^^^^^  ^'^^  ^^^^  ''I'x^ 

fn«  nt  1  ?  ^'^^"^  f  ''^''''-     ^^y  attempts  to  complete  the  history  of  this 

n.sect  have  not  been  successful  hitherto ;  and  I  can  only  conjecture  that  t^e  o  "s 
to  the  Agerians,  or  possibly  to  the  tribe  of  IJombyces."  In  the  satne  work  he 
describes  a  second  kind  of  borer,  called  Clytus  pietus,  or  the  pZterelytus 
who..o  V"""'''  of  September,"  he  says,  "  these  beeUes  gather  on  the  locust-t^  ' 
.Tf  1  hnV''!"^  ^'i  '' M  ^''^""''"^S  '''  ^^'^  sun-beams,  with  their  gorgeo  s  1  very 
It  n  T  ?'•  ^"'^  g«lJ>  ««."rsing  up  and  down  the  trunks  in  purLit  of  thefr 
mates  or  to  drive  away  their  rivals,  and  stopping  every  now  and  then  to  salute 
hose  they  meet,  with  a  rapid  bowing  of  the  shoulders,  accompanipd  by  a  cS- 

fe,r!l;  rf'"'''''"f  "'  ^^^«S"i»i«'^  or  defiance,     tlkving  p^aired?  the  female 
nntpli     ^7"  P'"''""','  "''"'P'  °^"^'  t'^«  b^^'^'  searchin.-  thi  crev  ces  with  t; 
She?  'id  '^Z::^  t  '<^re.n  her  snow-white  eggs,  in  clusters  of  seven  or    ig 
together,  and  at  intervals  of  five  or  six  minutes,  till  hei  whole  stock  is  safelv 
stored.     The  eggs  are  soon  hatched,  and  the  grubs  immediately  burrow   no  the 
bark,  devouring  the  soft  inner  substance,  that  snfiices  for  their  nonnsUent  till 

0  approach  ot  winter  during  which,  they  remain  at  rest,  in  a  torp  d  tSe  In 
he  spring  they  bore  through  the  sap-wood,  more  or  less  deeply  in  o  the  trunk 
tl.e  general  course  of  their  winding  and  irregular  passages,  be^hfg  i  la  up  vard 
direction  from  the  place  of  their  entrance.  For  a  time,  Uie'y  cast  their  clTrout 
of  their  holes  as  last  as  they  are  made,  but  after  awl  ile,  he  pa  saie  becomes 
c  ogged  and  the  burrow  more  or  less  filled  with  the  coarse'and  fi^brouf  fra™^^^ 

Urorh'tre  &r'Tl  "'"^  ^^v  ^"'•"^^  •"••^  ^^^^^^  ^""'^'^  ^«  open  newTol 
tnrougU  the  bark.      I  he  seat  of  their  operations  is  known  by  the  oozin-  of  the 

sap  and  dropping  of  the  saw-dust  from  the  holes.     The  bark  aroimd  ?he  part 

attacked  be  uis  to  swell   and  in  a  few  years  the  trunk  and  limbs  wHl  become 

disfigured  and  weakened  by  large,  porous  tumours,  caused  by  the  effo    s  of  the 

trees  to  repair  the  injuries  they  have  surtered."     According  to  the  observations 

o   a  writer  m  the  '-Massachusetts  Agricultural  Repository  ai^d  Jo  rnat''vo/'v? 

he  larva3  of  this  msect  attain  their  full  size  by  the  2Uth  of  July,  soon  after 

intern  7  K  'llln-d'H  ^^^V)^^^''  "'1  '?  transformed  into  bellies  early  in 
.-^epumtjer.  1  he  third  class  of  borers  which  attack  this  tree,  is  the  Xyleutes 
robinip,  or  locust-tree  carpenter  moth,  of  Harris-  or  th-  Cosr/rEt 
d^enbed  and  figured  by  p/ofessor  Peck  in  the  Vth  volume  of  t^'-Massa S 
setts  Agricultural  Repository  and  Journal.-'  According  to  Michaux,  the  ravages 
of  these  insects  were  first  observed  about  sixty  years  ago;  but  the,    liabits  were 

ZJniTr    ''"',7'!  ^''^'I?  *'"^  >"•■''■  ^■^"•^'  ^^•^'^"  the/fiksl  attracted  th    a   en! 
tion  ol  Professor  Peck,  of  Harvard  University.     He  observed  several  loc  st-   ees 


\lr, 


fi 


206 

ROBINIA  PSEUDACACIA. 

|K;L^tr^^^^  l^-d  by  the  larvce  of 

J'e  found  that  they  cntaincd  several  of  the  c-  tl?  ^   ''"'"  ^^""^«  ^^^  '^'''"^  '^ces, 

enr.l"t^'"''f''''  "^•"«■^'•^'"t  mngiutudes,   which  \X    ^r 

enabled  hirn  to  watch  them  thromri,  the  v-Trimil  *CW^^ 

s  ages  ot  their  growth.     ''  The  furrows       tl'rba  ^^M.f^ 

^'  "<'  locust,"  says  he,  "are  large  and  deen  ex  <.sl 

n.uhng  n.  some  phtces,  even  ,o  ^.e  libe; or ' nmo;  ,4^.-J?«^. 

bailv.     Jt  must  be  m  the  deenc.i  of  these  furrnlZ 

'at  the  c^.^  to  produce  the  caterpil  ar  is  depS^ 

he  nmer  bark  ,s  thick  and  m.cc  dent/affS !   o  ^■WM^^^ 

the  young  larva)  a  te..d.>r  and  prope   f,  Tl      ■/li^^^Pm-M^-WO^ 

'd      T  i  'k  boT"'^'  ""•^'''''^.''  "  ^'  afterwards  to  ^  ^  ^       '^^Ij,^ 

H«u.      1  Ins  It  bores  m  various  directions  oblinuelv 
upward,  and  downward,  making  them  Ian  erfsi; 

clearly  discovers  how  everythincr  is  done  '"    fw  /''^s^«»«  of  its  labours, 

arva  lives  in  the  woo,l  three  years  or  more   In (^''"'.  ^''''-  '"^^^^^^^  '^'^'  ^he 

The  moths,  which  come  for.h  about  t.rS'n^^^       'V"'"'  '''  ^""  growth. 

bodies,  broad,  and  thickly  veined  wmtwof      f">' '^'-^^^  ^f'ick  and  robust 

are  lurnished  on  the  under  side  i    K  ;;xe     whf  ^^"^  "P^^'"'«^'  "'^^ 

rather  longer  in  the  male  than    n  the  fenru'  '  T.l   ' '-^  ^""I'lc  set  of  short  teeth, 

also  to  prey  upon  the  wood  of  the  bLk  onk    ro,  i     """^  ''^  '''''  "'"'^^  is  said 

insects  that  attack  the  common  I.  cus   tree  is  a^.T'^'r''/'''""^")     ''^^e  other 

he  pods  and  devours  the  seeds-  and    I  ^^1  J,    .  f  ^^'-^/^f"'  ^^'^'i^h  inhabits 

lol-age,  as  well  as  upon  that  of  IhrRobinia  vlZa    ^^'''''  '"^'"'^  ^''"^^  "?«"  ^'^ 

is|v;ft;x:^,  t^ke^^^t:^!;:  ^^.ir-^^-^td  ^^'-'^-'^  «^^  ^-- 

tible  of  a  brilliant  polish.  It  possessesTroni  !m„  ^J  "^^  compact,  and  suscep- 
and  Its  most  valuable  propertv^T  hat  of^reTist  '  f  ''  'V"'  ^'''  ^'"'«  elasticity; 
other  species  of  wood  When  nrwll  cut  f"!"'^^^- '''''^''"  '^'^''  ^''"««l  any 
ounces  to  a  cubic  foot ;  half  rVfiirv  six  nd.^^'l'  ^^'^''y-''"-««  Pounds,  three 
dry,  only  forty-eight  and  a  q  Srfe  Vonm  's  ^^  T''"';  ''"''"^^^''  ^"^  ^^'^^»  ^">te 
s>x  pounds.  According  to  Ar.  |[ar  '^  \Z  r%^  according  to  others,  only  forty- 
when  compared  with  that  of  the  &     pa^  ''^  V'"^  '^^  l'^-^' 

tor  duration,  he  places  it  next  below  the  n?  ///''' ^  'f  '"''  ^'^^'^«  ^^  fifteen, 
the  larch,  (Larix  europcea  )  a  i  he  s  1^?  '  ^^''^r'  ''*''''"■')  «"d  next  above 
m  Wither's  '' Troatise,^^iVi  «  s^i^  ^  ^'  ..P'"'^  (l^nrus  sylvestris.)  Barlow, 
other  woods,  as  follows:-!  ^'''  "^  ^*''^"«'  timber,  as  compared  with 

Teak,  (  IWfotia  srrmidis,)    , 

Ash,  {Fraximis  excelsior)         ^462 

j^ocust   (Robiniapsevdacacia.)      ] ?L*2G 

Oak.  (Q//e/-n/s;oi,/,-)  1867 

Beech,  (F«-^,.,  sylvaticaS ^^^^ 

Norway  spar,  {Abies  excclsa,)        J'^''^ 

^\S^hv.  (Finns  sf/h-es/risrhrensi.^ If^ 

^lni,{UlmuscanL,(ris)     °  ''' ^^^^^ 

^  '' 1013 


COMMON  LOCUST. 


207 


V..^ 


^ 


ia 


From  some  experiments  made  at  Brest,  in  1823,  the  weight  of  the  locnst  wood 
was  iound  to  bo  ono-sixth  heavier  than  tfiat  of  the  English  oak  ;  its  strength  as 
one  tiM)usand  four  hundred  and.  twenty-seven  to  eight  hundred  and  twenty;  and 
Its  elasticity  as  tw-  ity-onc  to  nine.  Hy  experiments  made  in  the  yard  of  the  royal 
naval  college,  at  VV  oolwich,  it  appears  that  the  hitcral  strength  of  locust  timber,  in 
resistmg  Iracture,  is  greater  than  that  of  the  British  oak,  in  the  proportion  of  one 
liuiKJred  to  seventy-five.  Froni  all  these  experiments,  however  widely  they  may 
ditler  in  their  results,  we  may  safely  conclude,  that  sound,  well-seasoned  locust 
imber  is  heavier,  harder,  stronger,  more  rigid,  more  elastic,  and  tougher,  than 
Uiatot  the  best  Lnglishoak;''  and  consequently  is  more  suitable  for  trenails. 
Michaux  remarks  that,  "if  the  trunks  of  the  locust-trees  grown  in  the  north  of 
1  ennsylvania,  exceed  tifteen  inches  in  diameter,  when  they  are  cut  down  and 
split  open,  they  are  frecptently  found  to  be  decayed  at  the  heart ;  but  that  this  is 
not  the  case  with  trees  that  have  grown  farther  south;"  which  would  tend  to 
show  that  a  jjoor  soil  and  a  cold  climate  are  not  sufiicient  to  produce  good  timber. 
1  here  are  at  least  three  popular  varieties  of  the  common  locust,  distinguishable 
by  the  colour  of  the  heart-wood,  which  may  be  described  as  follows:— 

1.  Red  Locust,  with  the  heart  red,  and  is  esteemed  as  far  the  most  beautiful 
and  durable  timber.  Posts  of  this  variety,  perfectly  seasone(]  before  they  are  set 
m  the  ground,  are  estimated  to  last  furty  years,  or  twice  as  lung  as  those  of  the 
Avliite  locust. 

2.  Green,  or  Yelloio  Locust.  This  is  the  most  common  variety,  being  known 
by  Its  greenish-yellow  heart,  and  is  held  next  best  in  (piality  to  the  red  locust. 

3.  While  Locust,  with  a  white  heart,  and  is  considered  as  the  least  valuable 
of  them  all. 

All  of  the  above-mentioned  variations  are  supposed  to  be  owing  entirely  to  the 
soil  and  situations  in  which  they  grow,  being  caused  in  a  similar  manner  as  the 
various  colours  ot  the  llowers  of  the  hydrangea,  which  depend  on  the  nature  of 
the  earth  m  which  they  are  planted,  and  even  on  the  colour  of  the  water  with 
which  they  are  irrigated. 

In  naval  architecture,  the  timber  of  the  locust  is  much  esteemed  by  American 
shipwrights,  and  enters,  with  the  live  oak,  the  white  oak,  and  the  red  cedar,  into 
the  upper  and  the  lower  parts  of  the  frames  of  vessels,  though  in  very  small  pro- 
portions. It  is  considered  as  durable  as  the  live  oak,  and  the  red  cedar,  with  the 
advantage  of  being  lighter  than  the  former  and  stronger  than  the  latter.  It  is 
used  for  trenails  in  the  dock-yards  of  l-hirope  and  the  I'nited  States,  in  prefer- 
ence to  any  other  kind  of  wood;  and  instead  of  decaying,  it  acquires,  in  time 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  hardness.  In  civil  architecture,  in  this  country,  it 
enters  but  little  into  the  composition  of  houses,  on  account  of  its  scarcity,  and 'its 
value  in  ship-building,  and  for  posts  of  rural  fences,  &.c.  When  employed  in  the 
construction  of  houses,  it  is  more  particularly  applied  for  the  support  of  the  sills, 
which  usually  consist  of  more  destructible  limber,  and  which,  if  they  were 
placed  immediately  on  the  ground,  would  sooner  ciccay.  From  the  hardness  of 
the  wood  when  .seasoned,  the  tirnmess  of  the  grain,  and  its  lustre  when  polished, 
It  has  been  extensively  used  in  cabinet-making,  and  has  been  substituted  by 
turners  for  the  box-wood,  in  many  species  of  light  work,  such  as  small  domestic 
wares,  toys,  &c.  It  has  also  been  employed  by  mill-wrights  for  cogs,  but  it  is 
less^  valuable  for  this  purpose  than  that  of  the  rock  maple. 

Tlic  most  important  use  to  which  the  locust  is  applied  in  Britain,  is  that  of 
forming  trenails  for  ship  fastenings  ;  and  large  quantities  arc  annually  imported 
mto  that  country  from  America.  As  long  as  we  can  supply  them  for  the  prices 
which  they  at  present  bear,  it  never  would  repay  the  grower  to  cultivate  them 
in  hiUgland  for  this  special  purpose. 

In  France,  the  locust  has  been  extensively  cultivated  in  the  Gironde,  in  copses, 


208 


ROBINIA    PSEUDACACIA. 


h   :!: 


I 


*; 


o  k^t  Tn"     I      ''f  ''^?  '^  ^""''  y'."'"'''/*^''  ^i'^^-props  ;  a.ul  those  props  arc  said 
to    ast  moro  tlian  twenty  years.     In  the  same  district,  old  trees  are  pollarded 
mid  their  hranches  lopped  every  third  year,  for  the  skme  purpose     ^  n   Pari  ' 
many  smal    articles  are  made  of  the  wood;  sucli  as  salt-cellurs    su-ar-d  4es' 
spoons,  forks,  sand-boxes,  paper-knives,  &,c.  '       °  ' 

In  Lombardy,  the  wood  of  the  locust  is  used  f.)r  many  rural  purposes      Youu" 
plants  of  It  were  formerly  mucl,  employed  for  live  fences ;  bu^t Eractice  1ms 

on^  since  been  abandoned,  because  the  tree  was  found  to  impover  sh  t  o  so 
and,  with  age  lost  its  pnck  es;  besides,  from  being  continually  pruned,  to  keen   t 

bottom,  and  eventually  bocaino  mere  stumps.     Italy,  as  well  as  the  soi  hern 
departments  ol  France,  M.chaux  considers  Ihe  counl^Hes  irilh^ch  iho  ™^^^^^ 
advan  ages  may  be  derived  Irom  the  rapid  growth  of  this  tree      In  -ood  Sik  hi 
such  climates,  at  the  end  of  twenty  or  twe.Uy-five  yeai^   he  s'ivs  11^7;^  ma  s  of 
wood^may  be  obtained  from  the  locust,  twicl  as  gLu  as  fron7any'^icrTecies 

In  countries  where  clovers  and  root  crops  arc  not  cultivated,  the  leaves  of  the 

Vhe,    t^;;'^  ""'""   ''   a  substitute  for  these  articles  as  provender  foianhiall 

Tu    nn       '"''f  ^^^..^"'fy'-^t^J  lor  tf'i«  F-rpose,  it  should  be  mown  every  yea,-; 

0    the  trees  may  be  allowed  to  grow  to  the  height  of  eight  or  ten  feet  and  treated 

a    po  lards,  the  branches  being  cut  otf  every^other  year,  which  shoi^  be  done 

at   md-summer,  when  they  arc  succulent,  and  can  be  dried  for  winter's  use      In 

erformmg  this  operation,  one  or  two  shoots  should  be  left  on  each  t  ee,  to  keep 

p  vegetation,  winch  may  be  pruned  off  ..he  following  winter  or  spring      Whc 

he  shoots  are  to  be  eaten  green,  none  should  be  taken  but  those  of  the  same    ea 

pasmodics,  and  have  been  distilled  into  an  agreeable,  refreshing  syni/wld^ 
IS  d lunk  with  water  to  quench  thirst.  The  flowers  retain  their  fVat^^e  wS 
dried;  and  those  of  a  single  tree  ar6  sufficient  to  perfume  a  wh  le  garZ 

As  an  ornamental  tree,  the  locust,  with  its  light  and  elegant  foliale  its  sweetlv 
perfumed  flowers,  its  beautiful  pendant  form,  often  -  feathering  oUirsrS - 
will  always  be  entitled  to  a  place  in  our  parks,  lawns,  and  pie     i%^.^  n^^^^ 

W.St  ^'In' s^mo  lb   T"'7  ''  ^•''^''  ^'^"^  '' ''  °^  ^'^  ''''^^  ^'-  '<^-t  '-''l«  to  endure  the 

r,u^urJ}\     T  '•'"'f^^'^^  ^^Pot  ;t  may  ornament  a  garden  ;  but  it  is  by  no  means 

nahfied  to  adorn  a  country.     Its  wood  is  of  so  brittle  a  texture,  especially  when 

IS  encumbered  with  a  weight  of  foliage,  that  yon  can  never  depend  upon^itTaid 

bed  to  mo?ro w  ^XZ""  T''     ^^''^ ''--'^  V^-  -^-i-  to-da'y  may^be  demo ' 

iin  ,1  r    ?      T'       v^  misfortune  is,  the  acacia  is  not  one  of  those  grand  objects 

'the     than'  I  ?n  .'^"7  '^  often  increased  by  ruin.     It  depends  on  its  beiuty; 

tat  lei    than  on  its  grandeur,  which  is  a  quality  more  liable  to  injury.     I  may 

add    however,  in  its  flivonr,  that,  if  it  be  easily  injured,  it  repai -s  [he    nhry 

Zn.'htifitolenf'TlT'"''  ''"'•'     V  ''''  '^'^""^  "^''^  fu'rther  llisadvantagL  o? 
coming  late  into  eaf,  and  being  among  the  very  first  to  cast  its  foliage  in  autumn 

and  this  without  undergoing  any  change  of  colour,  or  exhibiting  those  beaut  f  I 

and  mellow  tints  which  enrich  the  landscape  at  thi    season  of  t  fe  y^r  " 


'•■■'  I 


Ui 


m 


Ill 


Robinia  viscosa, 

THE  VISCOUS-BARKED  ROBINIA. 


Synonymes, 


Robinia  visrosa, 


Robinia  glutinosn, 

Robinia  vwntana, 

Acacia  visqueusc, 

Klebrige  Acacie, 

llobinia  rosa,  Robinia  di  fior  rosso, 

Rose-flowering  Locust, 


'  MiciiAUx,  North  American  Sylva. 

De  Candoli.f.,  Prodroinus. 

Dij  Hamel,  Traiid  des  Arbres  et  Arbustes. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
^ToKREY  AND  Gkay,  Flora  of  North  America. 

Curtis,  London  Botanical  Magazine. 

Bartuam,  Travels. 

France. 

Ger.many, 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo- America. 


Deriralion.    The  specific  nnme,  viscoaa,  ia  dorlvcd  from  Itie  Latin,  viactis,  properly  a  species  of  shrub,  wliich  yields  a  BJuti- 

nous  substance,  called  bird-llnie;  and  liiu  rulLTouco  to  llio  viscid  or  claminy  nature  of  tlic  liarli  of  tliis  tree. 

Engrarinsfs.    Micltaux,  North  American  Sylva,  pi,  77;  Loudon,  Arboretum   Britannicum,  ii.,  figure   3(X!,  el  v     nl    R7  ■ 
and  the  riijureis  below. 

Specific  Characters.  Branches  and  legttmes  glandular  and  clammy.  Racemes  crowded,  erect.  Bractea.s 
concave,  deciduous,  each  ending  in  a  long  bristle.  The  three  lower  teeth  of  the  calyx  acuminated. 
Roots  creeping. — De  Candulle,  I'rodromus. 


Description. 

PI^J^^HE  Robinia  viscosa  usu- 

P  SIP  H  ally  grows  to  a  height  of 

^   IJ  M>  tliirty  or  forty  feet,  with 

ii^J^^  a  diameter  of  six  to 
twelve  inches.  The  hark,  particularly  of  young 
shoots,  is  of  a  dull  red,  and  is  covered  with  a 
viscid  substance,  which,  when  touched,  adheres 
to  the  fingers.  In  every  other  respect,  this  tree 
strongly  resembles  the  preceding  species.  The 
branclies  are  armed  with  spines,  Avhich,  how- 
ever, arc  smaller  and  less  numerous.  The 
foliage  is  thicker,  and  of  a  dusky  green.  The 
leaves  are  five  or  six  inches  long,  and  are  com- 
posed of  opposite  leaflets,  with  "a  terminal  odd 
one.  The  leaflets  are  about  an  inch  in  length,  /- 
oval,  nearly  sessile,  smooth,  and  of  a  line  tex- 
ture. The  flowers  usually  appear  in  .Inne  and 
July,  but  in  some  seasons,  they  put  forth  a  .sec- 
ond time,  both  in  J-higlaiid  and  in  the  I'nited 
States.  They  occur  in  numerous,  open  bunches,  four  or  five  inches  long,  and 
arc  of  a  bcautifnl  ro,se-colour.  mixed  with  white,  but  are  destitute  of  fragrance. 
The  seeds,  which  are  small,  are  contained  in  hairy  pods,  two  or  three  inches 
long,  and  about  half  of  an  inch  broad. 

(Jcography  and  llistonj.  In  its  natural  habitat,  this  species  appears  to  be 
chiefly  confined  to  the  Alleghanies,  in  the  western  parts  of  (Jeorgia  and  the  Car- 
olinas,  although  it  is  found  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  in  these  states,  particularly 
on  the  Savannah.  It  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1797.  and  is  much  culti- 
vated for  ornament  in  various  parts  of  Europe. 
27 


It — 


JIO 


ROBINIA  VISCOSA. 


t,      fll 


The  largest  recorded  tree  of  this  species  in  England,  is  at  Croome  in  Worres- 
lershire,  which  in  thirty  years  after  planting,  attained  the  heiTt  o  fo^y  five 
tcet.  In  Berkshire,  at  White  Knights,  there  is  another  tree,  whicl  in  tl  "rtv-four 
years  after  planting,  attained  the  height  of  thirty-three  feeZ  wi  h  u  tr  t  f  lU^ 
inches  m  diameter,  and  a  spread  of  branches  of  twenty-fonr  feet 

^Soil,  Situation,  Culture,  ^-c.  Th(3  natnral  habitat  of  this  tree  is  near  rivers- 
but  It  vv.ll  thrive  in  any  ..oil  where  the  common  locust  will  prospe  and  mav  be 
propagated  and  treated  in  the  same  manner,  as  rate  of  grovvth,  n  diSent Situ- 
ations and  circumstances  being  nearly  the  same  for  the  first  fi^e  or   be  years 

InriTn/'.V,  ^ '''  ^TV  "^  ^'^^  ^^^'"'^  ^'^'^^^^  "^'^  particularly  relished  by  the 
larvae  of  the  great  silver-spotted  skipper  butterfly,  Papilio  tityrus,  of  Smith  and 

f hhn  '  Z  v'"  ^"'^"""/f  /''y^"^'  «^'  "'^^^       'J^'"«  caterpillar  was  takeiTby  Mr 
Abbot,  feeding  on  a  wild  locust-tree,  the  latter  end  of  August.     It  spun  tic  leaves 
toge  her,  to  secure  itself  from  birds,  &c,  like  the  rest 'of  the  tribe,  o     the  5tl 
of  September  and  became  a  chrysalis  in  two  days  after.     The  butter  v  was 
produced  in  Georgia  the  lUth  of  April  following.     According  to  Dr.  Ilarri  ^Lv 
make  their  appearance  from  the  middle  of  June  till  after  the  beginn  ng  of' Juf/ 
I  he  females  lay  then  eggs,  singly,  on  the  leaves  of  the  common  locusl  as  wel 
nLb     n    1  P''?.-     ^'r  '^^^?^Pil'^'-«  '-^re  hatched  in  July,  and  mostly  feed  in  the 
nght,  and  keep  themselves  closely  concealed  during  the  day.     This  tree  is  sorne 
times  nearly  deprived  of  its  leaves  by  these  insects,  or  pr^esents  only  here  mid 
SX'ora^^^^^^^  "''""'  ""'^'"^  ''  ^^'^^g^'  ^^^^^^^  '-«  serverthem  foTa 

Properties  mid  Uses  The  wood  of  the  Robinia  viscosa  resembles  that  of  the 
common  locust,  both  in  its  appearance  and  in  other  properties ;  but  owinV^o  its 
unc'li/tEr?:^  being  of  less  durability,  it  is  but  littfe  e^yed  in  Sfuction 
MO  L  hv  u    1  ^'"f  ^T  '"°^'  "'"^^^  ^^  perfection,  and  is  rendered  conspic 

uous  by  Its  large  roseate  flowers,  it  well  deserves  a  place  in  every  ornamental 
plantation.  At  the  sarne  time,  let  it  be  borne  in  mind,' that  its  creeping  roSs  a  e 
a  great  nuisance  in  all  cultivated  grounds.     The  clammy  matter  wfch  exudes 

anTfonnH^;'''  '^'^•'  ^"""^  '''°°*^  ^«  ^^'^  ^«  have  been  examined  by  VaunueHn 
and  found  to  contain  a  new  vegetable  substance.  ^        ' 


in  Worces- 
f  forty-fivo 
tliirty-four 
:iunk  nine 


car  nvcrs ; 
[id  may  be 
brent  situ- 
ic  years, 
led  by  the 
Smith  and 
en  by  Mr. 
the  leaves 
m  the  5th 
tcrliy  was 
irris,  they 
g  of  July. 
3t,  as  well 
bed  in  the 
e  is  some- 
here  and 
hem  for  a 

lat  of  the 
ring  to  its 
istruction 
i  conspic- 
namental 
roots  are 
;h  exudes 
auquelin, 


Oenus   GLEDITSCIIIA,    Linn. 


LeguminacetE. 
Sf/it.  Nat, 


Sj/nonymcs. 


Acacia,  Gkditschia, 


Polygamia  Dia'cia. 
Sj/tt.  Lin, 


Of  Authors. 


.lit»cl>,  of  L«,p.,c,  onco  u  professor  ,u  Berlin,  and  .lefendV^  of  Lhm„uL,™iS^^^^^^^^  ""  """"'  '"  ''""""'  "^  ""'"*«"  "le- 

^Xtpti^'pSe-  iJThe'il'"'''""''""'"^'  ""^^  ""'^"  '^""^'-■^""l  '"'"  ''^«"^ho,l  spines.  Leaves 
alZ  ^si^  Jle  Flow's  ^Z^"TJZT\'''^''"'r'  °''  "'"'^^'  ^^  '^"^  coalitioa^f  the  toHett 
those  of  ihllnnm^rL^^Tih^^^^^  "'^''"  ''"PP«"^'  especially  among 

lose._Z>e  C««J2"piL;.  ^  ^"^"  ''^  ""'"  ^'''^^■^'^'^"ig  suture,  which  is  rather  vil- 

|HE  genus  Gleditschia,  in  its  indigenous  state,  appears  to  bo  con- 
hned  to  ^orth  America  and  China.     It  probably  embraces  not 
more  than  three  distmct  species,  two  American  and  one  Cliinese. 
llie  latter,  Gleditschia  sinensis,  is  distinguished  by  its  trunk  beinff 
more  spniy  than  its  branches.     To  the  same  natural  family  be- 
longs  the  Carob-treo,  (Ceratonia  siliqua,)  which  is  generally  con- 
the  locust-tree  mentioned  in  the  Bible.     On  this  subject,  Pn.fessor 
Martin  remarks,  that,  the  ignorance  of  eastern  manners  and  natural  history 
induced  some  persons  to  fancy  that  the  locusts  on  whicli  Saint  John  the  BantiS 
ed  were    he  tender  slioots  of  plants,  and  that  the  wild  honey  was  the  pidp  of 
the  pod  of  the  Carob ;  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  "  Saint  John's  bread  "     There 
[s  little  reason  to  suppose  he  adds,  that  the  shells  of  the  carob  pod  might  be  the 
husks  which  the  prodigal  son  desired  to  partake  of  with  the  swiiie.     This  tree  is 
very  conimon  m  the  south  of  Spain,  where  it  is  called  Algarrobo,  and  its  seeds  or 
beans  ar^  eaten  there  by  man  as  well  as  by  animals,  as  was  the  case  in  1811  and 
1812   when  they  formed,  at  times,  the  principal  food  of  the  horses  of  the  British 
cavalry.     I  torn  the  curious,  horn-like  pods  of  this  tree,  and  the  sweet  fecula  con- 
tained in  Its  seeds,  it  well  deserves  to  be  extensively  cultivated  in  the  southern 
states  of  the  union,  by  all  who  have  means  and  conveniences  for  raisin-  it 


sidered  as 


II 


P  ! 


.It ' 


Jf 


I 


Oledi/srhin  Irlacanthus, 

THE  TIIREE-TIIORNED  GLEDITSCIIIA. 

Sijnonymci. 


OMilsthia  IriaraiUhos, 


r  LiN.v«r.s,  Species  Plantnniiii. 


rANniii.M;,  I'rodnmiiis. 
MiciiAi'x,  Niiiili  Aiiicnrnn  Sylvn. 
l.dirnoN,  ArliDreiiiiii  nriiuiiniciiin. 

rev,er  a'An.eri,ue,  Fovier  a  .roi«  dp.nr.,  ^  IIunc;/"'  '^'''^'  '"'""^  "'  ^"'"'  A'"''"<='»- 
Drei„..i„i.<erH,.niK,lom,  Okkmany. 

AciKMsi  .s|)iiio!tii,  Ok'tliiM'liiaspiMo.sn,  Fava  )  , 
iiiiieiiciuia.  Italy. 

FiiENcii  Canada. 
Kkntuckv. 

BhiTAIN  and  ANfil.O.AMEBtCA. 


Fi'vicr, 
Hoiicy-shuck  Locust, 
Honey    Locust,    Sweet    Locust,    Tlioriiy 
Aeaein,  ■' 


>lmn  ten  ti.ues  as  long  us  broad.-Z;*  tV^Ic/o/i  ivXJi^       '  '  """'"-"'''  ""'"y-="-''='l^''l.  i^ml  '"ore 

Descnptmi, 

JS?^HR  Gloditscl.ia  tria- 

-M  ^'le  .situations,  attains 
-^  )   —1 —      u^>.v,-x.«/S9a  II  iioiijlit  of  .sovontv 

or  eighty  teot,  with  a  truiilv  throe  or  four  feet  in 

diameter,   clear  of  brandies  to  the  height  of 

thirty    feet.      The    hark    of    the    trunk    and 

t)ranche.s  is  oi  a  <jray  colour,  and   that  of  the 

yr.iing  shoots  and  spines,  of  a  purphsh-brown. 

When  the  tree  becomes  old,  the  bark  of  the 
trunk  detaches  itself  h-terally,  in  plates  throe 
or  lour  inches  m  Avidth.  and  nearly  a  quarter 
ol    an    inch    in    thickness.      When    advanced 
111  age,  the  trunk  and  branches  are  armed  Avithr": 
large  prickles,  which,  llionuh  not  ligneous,  bo-  , 
come  hard,  and  romain  attached  to  the  bark  for  ^ 
several  years.     Those  prickles  are  not  only  ,.ro-  V 
duced  from  the  young  wood,  but  occasionally    il 

and  at'  S'tmnh^nf;"  ^'"'  '"•"'^''  '''''  ^^'""  ^''«  ^'"'^  ■'*  "^  considerable  bulk 
ceolYom  It  r.  n  I,n  ^/T'"'.  ''  '''-'''''^  appearance,  and  th.-  branches  j.ro- 
cceu  irom  it  lather  horizontally,  than  in  an  iipriixht  direction  The  fohM.r.  i« 
par  iciihuly  elogann  and  is  so  thin  that  it  scarcely  obstructs  "f.o  pa  sal^  of  tl  o 
ays  ol  the  sun.  The  leaves  are  pinnated,  and  cmnposed  of  small  ov-d  sess  e 
leatlets.  sl.gh.ly  cronulated  at  their  summitL,  and  of  L  agreeaX     in  i„^  '\^ 


[ill 


THREK-TIIOIINKD  Ot.EDITSCHU. 


UTica. 


hnvlnit  rcfiirrnri- 
'  i'"rrii|)i.Ml  friiiii 
n  iiaiiir  Hi|iilHn4 
lilt  of  iho  iwuol 

lx>rolimi  Uritiiii- 


IT  purl  fjiin. 
t'd,  and  more 


V^. 


4r". 


^ 


^ 


P 


iMc  bnlk 
3lip,s  j)ro- 
olias^o  is 
?c  oi'  tho 
lI,  sessile 
ig,  light- 


grccn.     They  apix-ar  rutli(>r  late 
)ir  early  in  aut 


818 


II 


iiicoMsiM,-.  ins  1  *  "■  "•'^^•''••'!'  ^^"••''  "r-"  '"  J"n«',  are  small,  aiul  ratheV 

I  lu)  IS,,,  nous   t  ..  male  |,<.,„g  „,  ,h.,  |orm  o/  catkin  like  rae.Mn.'s,  of  nearly  th« 

f  u        ■  r  t  '"'  '"/■''•■'  '"  '•'"«"'-  "'■ "  ••  '.Idisli-hrown  .•..In,  r.     Tliov 

w  .;..,'''''  '""'•''  '."""•^'''  '"'•'^^"  •^^■•'•''^  •'"Vflcpe.l  in  a  pulpy  sul.stu,  7 

h//»r//Y..v.     TIk,'  yanefies  reeognized  under  this  speeies  are  as  f.)|lows  •_ 

"his  V  ,   -tt  H    ^r  '•'""'''  ••'■  '^l"'^'"?^''/  «•>•     'l'l»ere  is  a  tree  of 

I'lis  van,  ty  at  .Syou,  near   London,  seventy-two  iVet  in  heiuht    with   a  triinU 
■ioarly  two  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  and  an  amhuus  of  s!'venty-cme  feet 

J.  (..   T    nuAeHYcAuros,    Michaux.      Short-fniUvd  Huuvu  LorLf    with 'short 
spmcs,  and  oblong  pods,  mueh  shorter  than  those  of  the  sJcu^s         ' 

Oeofrmf,ky  and  History.     The  (Jleditschia  triacanthoi  is  sparin«lv  found  in 

h.     Jmted  States,  trom  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia  and  I-onisiina      It  seems    o 
belong  niore  j.artieularly  .„   ,he  eountry  west  of  the   Alleghanies     a  ml  i 
va ten,^    'u'm    ^'^"^^'"^^^"'l  ""y^-''<'r«  ^'xcept  in  the  fertile^ottom    wl  cl    a  e 
e^nW  I   ^^     r  '■""'■■•:  ""'  ""'''^5A  themselv.>s  into  the  Mississippi,  and  Illinois 

assocKU(,l  wilh   the  Juglans  nigra,  (Jarya  sciuamosa,   Ulmus  rubra    Fraxinus 
amer.cana   ,,uadrangnlata,   Uobinia  pscMidaeacia,   Neimi.lo   fraSlium    and 
Oymnocladns  eanadensis.     It  is  eultivated  for  o'rnanient  in  t la^  Atla.r'ci  e 
and  towns,  from  Schenectady,  in  iNew  York,  to  Savannah,  in  (Lma 

Ihis  species  was  hrst  cultivated  in  Britain  in  170(1,  hy  Hishop  (Jomnton   in 
0  palace  garden  at  Pulham;  and  Miller  informs  ns  thkt  it  produced  porthe  e 
ot  1.  11  size,  m  l.:^H;  but  the  seeds  did  not  come  to  maturity/  ^ 

wl.    i''     "i^r^  (.leditschia  triacanthos  in   ilngland,  is  at  Syon,  near  London 

tree"  nhn,'';i''''''"'^'  /"  ^'^'^f'^^"'!'.'"  ^'^  Glasgow  botanic  garden,  there  is  another 

VP.?;..'  ;.         "if  I'v  "  '^''''  '  '^'"'''  '^  generally  killed  down  to   he  ground  every 

h.  ill  t  X.enri?r  :''^r''';'''''''  "'  'l>"'"g''^"^>'  ^''^'^e  is  a  tree  which  attained  a 
ti(,ig  It  ol  nearly  lorty  leet,  m  twenty  years  after  planting. 

i  Ills  species  was  known  in  France  in  the  time  of  l)u  llamel,  wlio  recommends 

t  as  an  ornamental  trc^.,  but  liable  to  have  its  branches  broken  by  tl^v'nd 

more  especially  when  the  trunk  divides  into  two  branches  of  equal  sizeTand 

sontheu    Lurope  generally,  from  which  plants  are  .easily  raised. 

Plantes  .M'!rL  r'','"'\*''"'?\''"'.  ^'"^^^'"^  i«i  France,  is  in  tlie  Jardin  des 
a  t^  nh;  tinl  w'itl  f  ^"'y^^'^l/Ii^^ojgl't  of  eighty  feet  in  one  lumdred  years 
aittr  planting,  with  a  trunk  two  teet  in  diameter. 

n  Italy,  at  Monza,  this  species  attained  the  height  of  thirty  feet  in  twentv- 
mnc  years  after  planting.  It  was  used  also  in  Lombardy  for  hedges,  bm  "ike 
the  common  locusj  when  tried  for  the  same  purpose,  was  soon  abandoned!  ' 

ye!4  afler  planti,^^."'  '         ^'''  ''"^^"''^  "  ''"'S'^'  °^  ^'^'^  ^'^'^^  "^  Ibrty-five 

were  fSSl'  '"  ^''''  ^'''"''''  '^  "P"""^  '^'^''  ^"  ^^^^^  ^'^"^  ^^'^'^'^  y«""S  P^^^ts 

Joil  .Situation,  Propagation,  ^-c.     The  Glcditschia  triacanthos,  in  its  natural 

habitat,  ,s  never  found  except  where  the  soil  is  good,  and  its  presence,  Michaux 


.(i.f 


214 


OLEDITSCHIA  TRIACA    TIIOS. 


th'" 


H'  1 


*      !' 


Observes,  is  an  infal  ible  sign  of  the  greatest  degree  of  fertility.     When  cnltivatod 
1   requires  a  deep  rich,  free  soil,  and  a  situation  not  exposed  to  high  ."inds      The 
chma  e  should  also  be  somewhat  favourable,  otherwise  the  wood  of  the  voum^ 
brauches  will  not  ripen,  but  will  annually  be  killed  off  by  the  frost      In  Britain 
the  species  is  always  propagated  from  seeds  imported  from  abroad      Thcv  are 
prepared  for  sowing,  by  soaking  them  twelve  hours  in  warm  water,  as  directed  for 
those  of  f  le  Robinia  pseudacac.a.     They  should  be  sown  in  March  or  Api  1  ai  d 
if  properly  prepared,  tliey  will  come  up  in  two  or  three  weeks.     Thev  are  bS 
ransplanted  to  the  sjot  where  they  are  finally  to  remain,  when  quite  younV  as 
they  make  but  few  hbrous  roots,  and  these,  Ibr  the  most 'part,  take  a  dow  ward 
direction.     The  varieties  can  only  be  insured  by  grafting  o    inarchincr  ",    S 
species.     In  general,  however,  an  abundance  of  plants  of  the  GHeditschiitrk 
canthos  inermis  may  be  selected  from  beds  of  seedlings  of  the  species.     Th..  rate 
of  growth  of  this  tree  for  the  first  fifteen  or  twenty  yeavs,  is  gJnerallv  abou    nn 
aj^mge  of  a  foot  a  year;  but  in  favourable  situatioL  it  will  g^^  at  double  Sh 

fJ/Z'T'  ^""^  "!"/''''  ^r''*?^  ''''T'''^  *^  *''^  Gleditschia  triacanthos  is  the  Can- 
tharis  cinera,  or  the  ash-coloured  cantharis,  of  Harris.  It  usually  appears  in 
gardens  in  June  and  often  the  foliage  of  this  species  is  destroyed  by  tlieL  vora 
cious  insects.  Dr.  Harris  remarks  that  they  are  also  very  fond  of  the  lea.es  of 
on  .^tnf  '^  ^^^""Vf"^  that  they  are  occasionally  found  in  considerable  numbers 
on  Po  ato  ymes.  It  is  stated  by  Smith  and  Abbot,  in  their  "  Insects  of  Georgia  " 
tha  the  Phalaena  concinna,  or  painted  prominent  moth,  feeds  upon  this  tree  as 
well  as  upon  the  apple,  persimon,  and  hickory.  The 'whole  brood  mos  com- 
monly come  together  They  form  their  webs  about  the  first  of  June  and  the 
perfect  insects  make  their  appearance  in  about  fifteen  days  after.  They  likewise 
spin  111  autumn,  and  come  out  the  following  sprinc^  ''^^twist 

Properties  mid  Uses      The  wood  of  the  Uledftschia  triacanthos,  when  dry 
weiglKS  fifty-two  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.     It  is  very  hard,  and  splits  wUl   great 
difficulty,  resembling  in  this  and  some  otlu  ,  respects,  that  of  the  cLnioi   lof,  st 
but    ts  grain  is  coarser  and  its  j^ores  more  open.     This  tree  is  neither  used    v 
the  builder  nor   the  wheelwright,  but  is  sometimes  employed,  in   Ko    uckv 
where  it  is  the  most  abundant,  for  rural  fences,  where  wiod  of 'a  more  durable 
he  fhinkft   ^P^'^^f  ^-  /I^'^J^^nx  says  that  the  only  useful  purpose  for  which 
he  thinks  the  tree  fit,  is  for  making  hedges,  but  it  has  not  succeeded  either  i 
Europe  or  in  America.     A  sugar  has  been  extracted  from  the  pulp  of  the  pod 
and  a  beer  made  by  fermenting  it  while  fresh.  ^       ' 

In  general,  this  species,  as  well  as  all  others  of  the  genus,  can  only  be  consid- 
ered as  ornamental  trees;  but  in  that  character,  they  hold  a  high  rank  The 
delicate,  light-green  foliage,  and  beautifully  varied,  graceful,  and  pic  iresq  e 
forms  assumed  by  this  tree,  together  with  the  singular  featu  e  aff^orded  by  ts 
spines,  will  always  entitle  it  to  a  place  in  ornamental  plantations  ^ 


I  ti 


■ 


In; 


cultivated, 

inds.     The 

tlie  young 

In  Britain, 

They  are 
directed  for 
April,  and, 
ey  are  best 
young;  as 
downward 
ing  on  the 
tschia  tria- 

The  rate  . 
y  about  an 
iouble  that 

is  the  Can- 
appears  in 
hese  vora- 

0  leaves  of 
e  numbers 

Georgia," 
his  tree  as 
most  com- 
e,  and  the 
!y  likewise 

when  dry, 
with  great 
on  locust ; 
Rr  used  by 
Kentucky, 
re  durable 
for  which 

1  either  in 
tlie  pods, 

be  consid- 
nk.  The 
cturcsqne 
led  by  its 


Glcd'dschia  monospertna, 

THE  ONE-SEEDED   GLEDITSCHIA. 


Synonymes. 


Gleditschia  momsperma, 


Fevier  monosperme, 
Einsamij^er  Honigdorn, 
Gleditschia  mouospenna, 
Water  Locust, 


Walter,  Flora  Caroliniana. 

De  Candom.e,  Prodniinus. 

MiciiAux,  Noriii  American  Sylva. 

Loudon,  Arbcretiiin  Britaniiicum. 

ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  ol'  North  America. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Derivation.    Thn  .specific  name,  tnano.ipermn,  h  ilorivol  from  the  Greek   monm} 
in  prowiiig  111  only  one  seed  ill        '        '      '""     '" 
ir«;f  ;•  Locust,  on  account  nf  its 


U;e_,n,«h,g,^  only  c^esee,i:nreaclM,u,L -The  French:Oer;;;;u;:i,M 


inundated  at  the  sea.on  of  the  H:il;g  rf  tl^ 'j;;!^;:^  large. .van„«  that  border  ri^V.rwiier^thr.mii:  colliuuut;  wet'L^';;^:' 


belo 


E><gravings.    Michaux,  North  ALncrican  Sylva,  pi.  80;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Uritannicum,  ii,,  figure  3C-1; 


and  tlie  figures 


Specific  Chnrncters      Spines  .slender,  not  rarely  triful,  few.     Leailets  ovate-oblong,  acute.     Legumes  flat- 
tish,  roundish,  1-seeded.— i^c  Candolk.  Frudruinus.  i^to"""-!.  nai 


Efi 


Description. 
[HE   Gleditschia    mo- 


5^  ?^  S  Hi^  nosperma,  in  its  nat- 
'^■W)    y[  (V  ™^^  habitat,  attains 


.  ^~   ^^  nb(Mv^m  ''I  height  of  sixty  or 

eighty  feet,  with  a  trunk  from  one  to  two  feet  in 
diameter.  In  some  respects  it  closely  resem- 
bles the  preceding  species.  The  bark,  though 
smooth  when  the  tree  is  young,  cracks  and 
scales  off  when  it  becomes  old.  The  branches ' 
are  armed  with  thorns,  and  arc  less  numerous, 
and  somewhat  smaller  than  those  of  the  Gle- 
ditschia triacanthos;  and  the  leaves  differ  from 
it  in  being  more  diminutive  in  all  their  pro- 
portions. The  flowers,  which  open  in  June  and  July,  are  inconspicuous,  of  n 
greenish  colour,  and  destitute  of  odour.  They  are  succeeded  by  flat,  roundist, 
pods,  of  a  reddish  colour,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  united  in  bunches  of  three 
each  of  which  contains  a  single,  naked  seed.  The  seeds  usually  come  to  maturitv' 
m  the  United  States,  early  in  September.  ^" 

Geography,  History,  i^-r.  The  Gleditschia  monosperma,  along  the  sea-board 
js  found  indigenous  to  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  East  Florida.  Louisiana,  and 
lexas;  and  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  it  is  fomid  in  Illinois.  It  grows  only  in 
large  swamps  that  border  the  rivers,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  moist,  or  is  occa- 
sionally overflowed  at  the  season  of  the  rising  waters.  In  such  soils  it  is  found 
growing  among  the  Taxodium  distichum,  Nyssa  grandideutata,  Acer  rubrum 
Uuercus  lyrata,  Planera  gmelini,  Juglans  cathartica,  and  other  trees,  reo.iirin" 
a  deep,  rich,  moist  soil.  '      x         p 

This  species  was  introduced  into  Britain,  in  1723,  by  Mark  Catesby,  and 
frea  ed  in  all  respeets  like  the  Gledit.sdiia  triacanthos,  of  which  it  was  considered, 
until  within  a  tew  years,  only  a  variety. 


6 


216 


GLEDITSCHIA   MONOSPERMA. 


and  an  ambitus  of  forly  foet  '  "  "  °  '"'"  '"  diameter, 

liabl'e';":;f,:;;tm  tZ'&i  GLSZ'r"!'""''"'!  "  '^  '"■"'»°'"  '»  t-  more 


p  I 


'I  !i 


§f 


1 


tidon,  which 
in  diameter, 

t  to  be  more 
I  not  appear 
fifty  feet  in 

ies  attained 

this  species 

I  resembles 
colour;  but 
1  is  applied 


Genus   GYMNOCLADUS,   Lam. 


Leguminacere. 

Si/sl.  A'ut. 


Si/non)/7)ies. 
Gymnocladus,  Guilandina, 


DicEcia  Decandria. 

Syst.  Lin, 


Of  Actthors. 


10   included,  inserted  with  the  petals  ;  those   opposite  the  sepals  a  little  longest.     Legume  obtonff 
compressed,  very  large,  thick,  pulpy  within.- r«..,y  and  Gray,  Flora.  ■^eoUmo  oDlong, 

^IIE  genus  Gymnocladus  comprises  but  one  species,  a  deciduous 
.  tree,  native  of  North  America,  with  upright  branches,  and  incon- 
spicuous buds.  It  was  constituted  by  M.  Lamarck,  from  the 
genus  Guilaudma,  which  at  present  contains  but  one  species  the 
Guilanduia  bonduc,  or  Bonduc-tree,  a  native  of  India  The 
.'^^ — \-r'^  Gymnocladus  is  nearly  allied  to  the  Tamarindus  indica,  a  large 
beautiful,  spreading  tree,  indigenous  to  tiie  East  and  West  Indies,  Arabia  and 
bgypt,  Irom  which  the  tamarinds  of  commerce  are  produced.  Its  pods'  like 
those  of  the  tamarind-tree,  may  be  preserved,  and  are  said  to  be  wholesome,  and 
slightly  aperient.  ' 

28 


0il 


I' 


i?h,l 


Mi 


Gymnocladus  canadensis, 

THE  CANADIAN  GYMNOCLADUS. 


Guilandma  dioica, 
Gymnocladus  canadensis, 


Bonduc,  Chiquier, 
Canadischer  Schusserbaum, 
Gros  ffivier, 
Chicot, 


Nicker-tree,  Stump-tree,  Kentucky  Coffee 


Synonymes, 

LiNNjRus,  Species  Plantarum. 
f  De  C?Nn^^,f '"  ^'7"'""  ^^'^^""'''ique  Botanique. 
-i  MicHAux,  Neriii  American  Sylva 
j  Loudon,  Arboretum  Brilannicum' 
{ ToRREY  A.ND  Gkay,  Flora  of  North  America. 

Germany, 
French  Im.inois. 
French  Canada. 


I  iiRITAIN  AND  ANljLO-AmERICA 


Dfriralinti. 
KcrUiic 


.uml^ur^i.n/^!,';!;!'^^;  I^^lt.::';;;,^:;:^^^'^"^^^'''  "■•  '«=''  "I-'--.  Nor.,,  A„,orica„  8,.va,  p,,  50;  Loudon  Arbore- 

^^;£s?Sr-  tIS^IS^s  l^Sin.^'^i::^^:^'^^,^?^''^  bipmna^e;  lowers  in  race.es,  with 
rest  ea^h  of  6-8  pa.r.  of  lcafle.s.-iJ;'c„T;i,'p;ri;;'."''-  '^""'"^  '^^'^'^  "^  "  ^'"^"'--^  '<==^"«'>  ^nd  the 

c^r—^JlTE  Gymnocladus  cana- 

I  l^    '({3  ^^"^'^    ^^   ^    ^''^^F   tree. 

i/L       §?-ii-M  growing  to  a  height  of 
— -^^J*!^  £.60;;^^  fifty  to  eighty  fccf  with 
a  stratglit  trunk  frota  twelve  i.tches  to  two  fee 
m  dmmeter,  and  is  ofte.i  destitut<-of  branches 
for  more  than  thirty  feet.     The  aspect  of  its 
head  in  winter,  is  remarkable  from  being  fasti! 
giate,  and  possessing  l,nt  fi^v,  branches,  which 
are  large,  t  lick,  and  blunt  at  their  tips,   n  com- 
parison with  those  of  most  other  trees,  and  from 
being  destitute  of  any  visible  buds,  which  latteJ 
circnmstance,  connected  with  the 'former,  gives 
the  tree  the  apj^earancc  of  being  dead-  but  in 
snmmer,  when  clothed  with  leaves,  its'summ 
forms  a  dense,  oval  or  roundish  ikass,  wh  ch 
has  a  fine  e  lect,  and  may  be  seen  at  a  g  eat 
d.s  ance.     The  roots  of  this  tree  arc  i:e^v,  thfck  -^5SS^ 

t1'  or  t  ;^r;h;  tnli;  i^  :^^j::''^^\  ^^  ^h  '^^^■^^'^^^  ^--  "p--^«- 

tain  age,  in  small   Ir'rd         .  Ir'r       i    ^  '^n"]''/'"',^  '^"^''^^'^^^  itself,  after  a  ccr- 
jectin^sumcieSl^  to  d^^i^n^^  t,^'^r^l'^^^::;^er  ^^V""'  ^^°- 

^^s;::7:'i:r^Z:  r;'r.St?"f  ^^vR  ^-'-  --^^^l^^^ut  oi; 

are  oval-acuminate  7rom  one  lo  two  in..'    f  "^  '^T  [^T "^^""^-     ^he  leaflets 


"1 


CANADIAN    GYiMNOCLADUS. 


219 


otanique. 


nca. 


;arly  selilers  of 

/oudon,  Arbore- 

icemes,  with 
(let,  and  the 


pwards. 
r  a  cer- 
nd  pro- 
ves, on 
but  on 
leaflets 
md  the 
Ml  from 
barren 
f large- 


bowed  pods  from  five  to  ten  inches  in  length,  and  about  two  inches  in  breadth, 
IS  ot  a  reddish-brown  colour,  of  a  pulpy  consistency  within,  and  contains  several 
Jargc   gray  seeds,  of  extreme  hardness,  that  come  to  maturity  in  September  or 

^  Gcographij  mid  History.  The  (Jymnocladus  canadensis  is  sparingly  found  in 
Lpper  Canada,  and  along  the  borders  of  Lake  Erie  and  Ontario,  in  the  state  of 
rsew  York;  but  m  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  it  abounds  on  tracts  which  border 
the  Uhio  and  Illinois  rivers,  and  is  associated  with  the  Juglans  nigra,  Ulmus 
rubra,  Linodendron  tulipifera,  Fraxinua  americana  quadrangulata,  Gleditschia 
tnacanthos,  and  more  especially  with  tlie  Celtis  occidentalis. 
.  '}y^^^  tf^'^  Y^^  introduced  into  Britain  in  1748,  and  was  cultivated  by  Archi- 
bald Duke  of  Argyll,  at  Whitton,  where  the  original  tree  is  said  still  to  exist. 
Soon  alter  its  introduction  into  England,  it  found  its  way  into  most  of  the  collec- 
tions of  France,  southern  Germany,  and  of  Italy. 

The  largest  tree  of  this  species  in  Britain,  is  at  Croomo,  iii  Worcestershire 
which  attained  a  height  of  sixty  feet  in  forty  years  after  planting,  with  a  trunk 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  thirty  feet. 

In  France,  at  Paris,  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantcs,  there  is  a  Gymnocladus  which 
attained  the  height  of  fifty-five  feet  in  sixty  years  after  planting,  Avitli  a  trunk 
twenty  inches  m  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  forty  feet.  At  Colombicr.  near 
Mentz,  there  is  another  tree  sixty-five  feet  in  height. 

In  Prussia,  at  Sans  Souci,  in  Berlin,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species  which 
attained  the  height  of  thirty  feet  in  thirty  years  after  planting. 

In  Austria,  at  Vienna,  there  is  also  a  tree  which  attained  the  height  of  thirty 
feet  in  thirteen  years  after  planting. 

In  the  Bartram  botanic  garden,  at  Kingsessiiis,  near  IMiiladelphia,  there  is  a 
Gymnocladus  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  five  feet  ni  circumference. 

In  Washington  square,  Philadelphia,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species  about  thirty 
years  of  age,  fifty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  five  feet  and  four  inches  in  cir- 
ciimference,  at  a  yard  above  the  ground,  and  a  head  about  fifty  feet  in  diameter. 
Ihere  are  also  fine  specimens  of  this  tree  in  the  garden  of  Mr.  I).  Landreth,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Downing,  of  Newburgh,  on  the  Hudson. 
^oil,  SUunilon,  Piopao-atiun,  tf-c.  The  Gymnocladus  canadensis,  in  its  natural 
habitat,  invariably  grows  in  the  very  richest  of  soils,  and  thrives  best  in  shel- 
tered situations.  The  tree  is  generally  propagated  by  seeds,  which  should  be 
sown  in  March  or  April,  and  treated  in  the  same  manner  as  recommended  in 
the  common  locust.  It  may  also  be  propagated  from  cuttings  of  the  roots,  care 
being  taken  in  planting,  to  keep  the  ends  in  the  position  in  which  they  naturally 
grow. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  Avood  of  the  Gymnocladus  canadensis  is  of  a  rosy 
hue,  and  is  very  hard,  cominict,  tough,  and  strong,  Avhich  render  it  very  suitable 
for  cabinet-making,  and  for  building.  Like  the  common  locust,  it  has  the  valua- 
ble property  of  rapidly  converting  the  alburnum  into  heart-wood,  so  that  a  trunk 
six  inches  in  diameter,  has  only  about  half  of  an  inch  of  sap-wood,  and  may  be 
employed  almost  entirely  for  useful  purposes.  The  live  bark  is  extremely  bitter ; 
so  that  a  morsel  no  larger  than  a  grain  of  maize,  chewed  for  some  time,  causes  a 
violent  irritation  in  the  throat.  The  pods,  preserved  like  those  of  the  tamarind,  are 
said  to  be  wholesome,  and  slightly  aperient.  The  seeds  were  employed  by  the  early 
settlers  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  but  their  use  was 
discontinued,  as  soon  as  the  Arabian  coflee  could  be  obtained.  In  Europe,  the 
only  use  to  which  this  tree  is  applied  is  for  the  purposes  of  ornament  and  shade. 
Being  very  hardy,  and  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  during  summer, 
it  is  highly  appreciated  both  in  Europe  and  its  native  country. 


fr 

mi 

m 


Genus    C:.'      _S^    Linn. 


LcguminaceiE. 


Decandria  Monogynia. 

Syst.  Lin. 


*><.  Nat 

Synonymcs. 
Cerci,,  sm,mu„m,  Or  A.t,..,. 

sake.     I,  may  be\aM  in  ai  is^h  J, lias   r.'n"'' •'"'  f '"'r'  '■"'  ""  '""^"^ss' 
wh.ch  ,>,aa.  hangec,  M„,se,f.  aa/lj^rr  djc^r,  'a'-™t*„?ar!;^  S.'?" 


It 


,!.'■  S 


Cercis  canadensis, 
THE  CANADIAN  JUDAS-TREE. 


Cercis  canadensis, 


Gainier  de  Canaila,  Boulon  rouge, 
Cariadisrher  Judasbaum, 
Siliquastro  di  Canada, 
Judas-tree,  Red-bud, 


Si/nonymes, 

fLiNN^Etrs,  Species  Plantarum. 
Dii  Canpolle,  Prodroinus. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
ToRREY  AND  Grav,  Flora  of  North  America. 
France. 
Geu.viany. 
Italy. 
Britain  and  Anglo- A.merica. 


£n<'raviiisfi. 


'gf>.    Nutlall,  North  American  S/lva,  pi.  — ;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  v.,  pi.  103;  and  the  figures  below. 

Specific  Characters.  Leaves  acuminate,  villose  beneath,  at  the  a.xils  of  the  veins.  As  compared  with  the 
Cercis  siliquastrum,  its  (lowers  arc  of  a  paler  rose-colour,  the  legume  is  on  a  longer  pedicel,  and  tipned 
with  a  longer  style.— Z>e  Caudolle,  Prodrvmits. 


Description. 

HE   Cercis    canadensis,    like   the 

j'ndas-trce  of    Enrope,    Ibrnis  a 

luiiidsoine    sliriib,    or    low    tree, 
_  M  .seldom    attaining    a    height    of 

twenty  leet,  when  wild,  but  sometimes  double  this  height 
in  a  state  of  cnltivation.  It  is  at  once  distingnished  from 
that  tree  by  its  leaves  being  lieart-sliaped,  and  pointed, 
much  thinner,  more  veined,\ind  of  a  lighter  green;  and 
the  flowers  are  generally  produced  in  less  numbers. 
Tlie  leaves  are  broadly  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  hairy 
along  the  vchis  on  their  under  sides,  of  a  light  bluish- 
green  above,  and  of  a  pale  sea-green  imderneath.  The 
flowers,  which  put  forth  before  the  leaves,  in  March, 
April,  and  May,  are  of  a  ptirplish  line,  acid  to  the  taste, 
and  are  succeeded  by  small,  flat,  thin,  brownish  pods, 
containing  nmnerons  seeds. 

Geography  and  History.  The  Cercis  canadensis,  in  its  indigenous  state,  is 
sparingly  produced  along  the  banks  of  rivers  from  Canada  to  Louisiana;  and  it 
is^  found  cultivated  for  ornament  in  many  o."  the  gardens  and  collections  both  in 
Enro])e  and  in  America.  It  Avas  introduced  into  Britain  m  1730 ;  but  it  has  never 
been  much  cultivated  there. 

The  largest  tree  of  this  species  in  Europe,  and  perhaps  on  the  globe,  is  at  Paris, 
ill  the  Rue  Grenelle,  in  the  garden  of  house  No.  1^2,  which  is  stated  to  be  forty 
feet  in  height,  and  eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  In  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  in  the 
same  city,  there  is  also  a  tree  Avhich  attained  the  height  of  thirty-six  feet  in  fifty- 
five  years  after  planting,  with  a  trunk  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus 
of  twenty  feet. 

In  the  environs  of  London,  this  tree  is  seldom  found  more  than  ten  or  twelve 
feet  in  height. 

In  the  Cartram  botanic  garden,  at  Jvingsessing,  near  Philadelphia,  there  is  a 


I 


m\ 


222 


CERCIS  CANADENSIS. 


Ccrcis  canadensis,  ,hir.y-r,vo  foot  1„  height,  with  a  trunk  three  feel  in  cireumfer- 

4itnSrrr;'a.tr  rS,a7,i°j  '".VbS™'"^™,!  tX'zr^'^  S  '"'• 

able,  ae,,!  tasle,  thoy  nrigl.t  be  fried  with  butter  or  We?s  like  tho"  of   he^e^ 
e.s  .dKiuastrutn,  and  the  ,lower-buds  and  tender  pods  may  be  pleWed  h,  vmeg": 


¥ 


i!  ■ 


Gemis   AMYGDALUS,    Tourn. 


Rosacea!. 
Sj/al.  Nat. 


Ami/gdahS)  Persica, 


Synonymes. 


Icosandria  Monogynia. 

Sijat.  Aat. 


Of  Authors. 


^'SSi^'trnZt.  ^ pTf  '"l"''''"-  ^^'y'^'. '"  """-^'  '=''^-^'^-'''  "''"'  •'5  '"'"^«'  'he  o<ld  one  posterior  to  the 
ax  s  ot  inflorescence.  Petals  ami  stamens  arising  Iroin  the  caly.x.  Stamens,  for  the  mast  part  nume- 
rous. Ovaries  many  several,  or  solitary;  each  of  1  cell,  that  includes,  in  most  case  To 'u"e  ,n 
some,  1  to  many  ovules.  Style  lateral  or  terminal.  Leaves  alternate,  n  nearly  Jfi^'ipu late  pin^ 
nalely  divided,  or  simple.— Z>e  Crt«(Me  awrf  Zi„rf/,;y.  '  '"'y  iu  siipuiaie,  pin- 

|HE  genus  Amygdaliis  belongs  to  the  same  natural  family  as  the 
rose,  and  other  trees  which  produce  the  most  useful  and 
agreeable  fruits  of  the  temperate  countries  of  the  globe.  The 
fruit-bearing  species  and  the  rose  have  followed  man  from  the 
earliest  periods  of  civilization,  and  perhaps  have  been  more 
1  m,       st^'licd,  and  consequently  better  known,  than  any  other  ligneous 

plants.  The  medicmal  properties  of  several  of  the  species  arc  remarkable  from 
the  cn-cumstance  ot  their  yielding  prussic  acid ;  while  others  produce  a  sum 
near  y  allied  to  gum  Arabic,  which  indicates  a  degree  of  aflinity  between  the 
family  to  winch  they  belong,  and  the  order  LeguminaceiE.  "  There  are  two 
characteristics  of  this  order,"  says  Loudon,  "with  reference  to  its  cultivation 
which  are  of  great  importance  to  the  gardener.  The  first  is,  the  liability  of 
almost  all  the  species  to  sport,  and  produce  varieties  differing,  in  many  cases 
more  from  one  another,  than  they  differ  from  other  species :  and  the  second  is' 
that  they  are  remarkably  subject  to  the  attacks  of  insects  and  diseases."  ' 

Modern  botanists  have  thought  proper  to  divide  this  genus,  on  account  of  cer- 
tain technical  distinctions  in  the  fruit,  which  will  probabhr  be  rejected  when  in 
consequence  of  extended  experience  and  an  improved  knowledge  of  vec^etable 
physiology  a  more  enlarged  view  shall  be  taken  of  the  subject  of  estabUshing 
genera  and  species.  The  almond  was  included  by  Linnaeus  in  the  same  genus 
with  the  peach,  of  which  it  is  doubtless,  the  parent,  as  tre  j  have  been  found 
with  almonds  in  a  state  of  transition  to  peaches.  The  nectarine  he  only  con- 
sidered as  a  variety  of  the  peach,  and  numerous  instances  are  on  rec  .d  of  both 
fruits  growing  upon  the  same  tree,  even  on  the  same  branch,  and  one  case  has 
occurred  of  a  single  fruit  partaking  of  the  nature  of  both. 


ij  im 


!(      > 


A  mygdalus  com  rn  un  is, 
THE   COMMON   ALMOND-TUEE. 


^ynonymca. 


Amy  glial  us  communis, 

Amniidicr, 

Maiiili'lliauni, 

]\Iati(li)i'l(i, 

Alinciiilio, 

Aiiu'iiildeira, 

IMiiiilaliKM-  (Icrevo, 

Aliiioiid-irue, 


Linn;ki  s,  Species  Plnntarum. 
Dk  Canhom.k,  I'l-oilroiiius. 
LoiJtiiJN,  Arborctimi  liiitaiinicuiii. 

TRANCE. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Si'ArN. 

PoRTl'dAr,. 

Russia. 

Britain  and  A»ai,o.AMEnicA. 


Km 


^sn"^(2:::'-    ''"  """"•'-  ^'■''"' ''-  A^"'-  «'  Arb,Hto.,  iv,,  pi.  21,,  I.ou,lon,  Arl.ore,um  Britaunicum,  vl.,  p,. 

^■^SSimm'l"-  r^7"'S^  '■'""''''  '^^•nP'-'^^^'-'l  nn'l  rather  c--.sl,npe,l  ■  the  nut  "-ovulr,!   1 
Sl>le  tt . Munal.     Caly.x  dendimus,  oC a  l,oll-sl,ape  ;  flowers  solitary.'    L-nvcVl^^the      m.'., 
serrate,  with  the    ow.t  snrr.Tfnrp^  ,,r  ti,.,  „.,.i. .■*.„„  _';^'\^V'^  „"^'^"^'^'^''' 


103;  and  tliu 


^™«:.™e.„,.„  ..i„,,  >,,„  ^;\—'--;^';^:''^^^  ^23, 


-2-see(lec!. 

,  undivided, 

Stipules  not  attached  lu 


Description. 


t 


"  ^','n  ''"''"'  '"  ilri'''""-^  "fii  linppicr  hour, 
flial  iilii;lits  (111  iiii.Hi^rv'.i  linnv, 
S|iriiiu.H  (orili  liku  llic  .silvery  iilmonrl  /lower, 
riiul  bliMiniH  oil  a  luullws  l)(iiii,'li." 

iMuORE. 


Com- 

Imoiitl, 

^         -  gruf'tcd 

.  — , .-^.^i*..  EM?i;iys?>^  on  the  plum. 

m  tho  central  jiarts  of  I'^irope 'and 

JNortli  Anionca.  often  attains  a  height 

ol  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  with  a  trnnk 

ciglit  or  ton  iiiche.s  in  diameter;  and 

even  in  tho  neighhonrhood  of  Paris  it 

js  mot  with  of  an  elevation  of  forty 

feet,  and  111  Spain,  Italy,  and  the  sontli 

ot  b  rancc,  it  grows  still  higher.     It  is 

neither  a  handsome-shaped  tree   nor 

of  long  duration,  its  head  being  wide 

and  spreading;  hut  from  being  open  -»• 

:om!huS  n:  at^!;rl^;::;i;  Ts^I'z:::!t  ^?--'  -^  p^'^>  -e.co,oured  b.os- 

to  be  wholly  comrd  wft  'the,  t7  f '  ^^^»'^'' ^^-P^^'"!'  the  l,ranches  appear 
trees  to  display  i^losoiUwbieb  V  '°T""'^^°"'  ^^  "'"  ^^''''  •■^'»«"^'  ''^  ^-dv 
at  Smyrna,^i/Febr  aryToa7^,^Hh^^^  ^T  ^'''l\  "^  ^^''^'^'y  "'  •''^""^'^'•y : 

tlie  latJer  part  of  Apr  1  -^knd  at  f'h   I    .'.  '  v  ' '  "'  ^'-^•'"^'^"y  '"^d  Now  York. 

•luno.  Its^ontempSy  flowo  ini"  ■;  r  n'  Bn^am'^e'  T'  f  '''?  ^"'^'"'^'"S  "^ 
Cerasus  pseutlo-rerasus   an<l  t   e  „  x  rnLl  '  /T  ^^'"^  ^''°'''  ''"^  ^^P•■'C"^  the 

lana.)     The  blossoms  of  aUhe^  ^^t^-^.te^ 

the  beauty  of  the  flowers. 'Ct:ii^i;^;;fS'thei^!^l^I^ 


mi. 


COMMON   AI,MOND-TRKE. 


225 


03;  and  tliu 


.n..,uh,  ,1,,.  ,i„w,r»",t."'';";;i'iu;,",';    :  '",";':'„;;;;,  :,;r;;L:'':  :",""•  "'z  ° 

fruit  IS  not  SO  iittractivo  as  Ihit  nf  rl...  ,.o-.i      i  '-"V^ ^ul  with  vrnliirc.     Tlio 

StolK!,    COV0r(!(l    with    -l     rorilPPm.c      .Ir.r     I  '    "''^^    "'^    .lIlMOIul    hus  11 

a,„l  11,0  „ll„.r  will   „  t  i,  rono      T  1    r.I         "  '"""'V . ""V  "■"''  ''  '""'I  *t.||, 

Compressed,  acuminato     sl.oH  'n  ^  ^r  '        ^^^^  ""  f''"''''''^  ^^"'^  "^^^'«- 

bitter  almond,  or  on  ai  v  stron    imwhK/":n   l  ^  ^"'r'""^;  '''''"'*'^''''  '''«''  ""  ^he 
the  sweetness  of  its  fruit     ''"'"S-giou  mg  seedlmg  ahnonds,  m  order  to  ensure 

this  variety  ^o  h.Cd   acu"    „f  h^^^^  ^'^  ^'^^^^  "^ 

turgid  ;  flowers  of  a  very  pale  rose  c  h,n     In  I^     "V  1  ''J'>nclcs  short,  and 

petals  broadly  obcordate^  w aved     fr        Inio^  '  'Tv  ^"'^  ^'"'"l  '"^'•"■*'  ''"^  '^■''^■^"^i 
at  the  tip:  shell  hai.     and  lirnel  a^^^^^  "'nb.hcate  at  the  base,  acuminate' 

one  with'the  fruit  rati  e      mi  k'    com  no    v  .T  i    -^v'"  ^"''^  '''''  •'^"''-varieties, 
and  the  other,  with  fru  t  stil   s    {110^0!^^  '"  r'"^''""'''  "'''""<f''>-  -^otfow; 

of  botn  of  these  are    •  m       o^ed    -e  ^ Ji      1  1      [7"''''''^'''^  'rh<"k.TneK 

the  purposes  of  oruamenJ  ^         '  '^'"'^'  ^'  ''  Prcl^'rrcd  to  all  .)tl 

,i     *     .-    


purpos( 
A. 

those 

j^^i.uuiMi  colour,  .uid  ihu  kernel  sweet-tiavoured 


es,  or  on  any  free- 
its  flowers,  which 
lers  for 


IJn  Hamci 


''i    Is 


220 


AMYODALUS   COMMIfNIS. 


I),  Mr 


W: 


I 


i        - 

t    : 


E/Zlir^  ''n  'V'"'  ''-"■y  "'""'  •'"'  •'''"'"  '"■"•'"'•'  '''••^"'  "vato,  ..bt.,.so,  will,  the 
tuisk  Mlhor  (l.«sliy,  to  ovnto,  comprosscd,  anirniiialr,  „ikI  the  husk  (  rv      It  !■* 

«(  I  l.ny,  as  suolln.  ainum,  .  ot  this  vari.-ly,  havir.t.  nus.-.l  a  s.„„h.r  '...  hi   .'df 

aiic^'u' tS..:^rh,;^;j;;;;i  ;^.,!i'^  """-•""  ^^'•"  ""^  i-"-  •"• ""'  !-■".  wi..... ,.: 

r,.   A.  c.  .KA.MMs,  1),.  Cumlollo.     lirm-slulkd  Common  Almomf-frrr  ■    hmn,. 

d,rr  o  ro,i„.  tnulrv,    \ma„d,rr  a  ro,/,,,:  mollv,  of  the  Frcwich.     The  h-avA    Ith  s 

varu-.y  arc  short ;   ih.  potions  thirk.     Tho  llovvrrs  prot.ul..  at  ih.         ,:  t    u     s 

ho  leaves,  are  o|  a  |.al.>  rose-,M.l<.,ir,  with  hroad,  .Uhm  ly-,.,uarLM.,at..  ,       Is      T  e 

irn.t  .s  aeu.u.nate,  shell  sof,.  an.l  ker.iel  sweet-.Iavoufe.ll.     ( •.Ih! vale,/  to     ts  IV   i 

0.   A.  .■•  KLOKK  iM.KNo,  |{aui..ami.     lh,„hl,-flo,nn4  Common  Ahnond-ln, 

1'he  ■■d.nom'r  lTT'"x  '^=^"";''"."'  y'f''^"ti.l.h„nd  Common  Mmnnd-trrf. 
wh  u  h  ;"'"'.  /■""•7'I'''-<'.1  as  a  r.nt-ire,.,  has  jriven  ri«o  to  some  other  varieties, 
which  will  ho  to.,,1.1  treated  at  lei.^Mh  it,  the  -  Nonveau  I)i>  Ila.uel  "  and  the 
"rsonvcau  Coi.rs  d'Agriculture,"  jMd.lished  in  Kranee  ' 

an,ISCt^7'''^^'''7f    :'''"• '^"'y«'>"""'^  eounn.uhs  is  in.li.renous  to  Syria 

trie  A/ores,  and  the  Canary  Islands,  and  is  cidfivated  lor  ornament  in  HrifiMi 
jN^onh  An,er.ca,  and  according  to  Mr.  Royle,  in  the  monntainonspirts  of  India.' 

anl'rr  Ii-^,r.L'lV'r 'P''''''  ''f  ,^«^^«';'"S  at  a  period  when  most  other  trees 
appear  sc.    ci  ly  to  have  escaped  from  the  icy  chains  of  winter,  and  the  extraor- 
dinary prolnsum  ol  .ts  llowers  donluless  attracted  the  early  at.ent  o    of    ho    ^    al 
mu..        1.0  hrst  mention  ol  the  almond  is  f.,nnd  in  '■  Holy  Writ,"  when  A  o'e 
to  ascertani  Ironi  which  o(  the  tw.>lve  trihes  to  choose  the  hi.d.  pr  es       ,     t u-  Ive 

lepresented  the  tribe  of  Levi,  covered  with  leaves  and  blossoms. 

„„1  I*  *  II  .*f  "  ^l'"'  ,'"■'"'!''.  ">"  '•'"I  »f  Aaron  f;>r  tli.i  lioiis,,  i.f  Levi  wiw  IukIJu,! 
aiiJ  brought  fuiU.  liud.,  u,„l  bl,K.,„„ci  blc,*,,,,..,  an.l  yicl,lo>l  ulniMmli  ••  ' 

NlfMOERS  XVll.  8. 

The  almond  is  also  mentioned  in  that  sacred  book  as  one  of  the  choice  fruits  of 
Canaan.     It  was  noticed  by  Pliny,  as  well  as  by  other  early  Roman      i  I  o,s 

0    peth  'dlnoi'^M  •'  ^"'--'  -'\''^'\^';,'^'"'^'''^  -nsidors'to  be  the  swoli;:; 
or  peacli  almond    (A.  c.  persicides.)     In   \louw.  in  the  time  of  Cato  the  fruit 

M?ni  ^l'^^''\^^''^}  ^\^:  ^li'iond  was  broauht  from  C're,-,-,.  to  Marseilles  in  the 
Middc  Age,  by  the  Phoca^an  colonists.  Faulkner,  in  his  "  Konsiii-'  on  ''  s-^vs 
that  the  Irmt  came  from  the  eas;,  and  was  intrmlnced  into  Hri  ain  in  15^ 
According  to  other  accounts,  it  was   first  brought   into   that  count  v  >  18 

1  hat  thoi  gh  it  IS  a  tree  oi  hot  regions,  yet  we  have  them  in  oiir  London 
gardens  and  orchards  in  great  plenty"  flowering  betimes  wi  e      .icl     a  mi 

ripening  their  fruit  in  August."     It  is  at  present  in  very  genera    ciliv-a  ion   u 

teethe  ('i'^'^  ''•■  ''^  f"""^'  '"V*  ■"  ""^'^'^  '-^'^^^  '^^^^  Jmu-o   ^nm-    c  n 
Afiica,  the  (  anaries,  and  a  part  of  Asia,  for  its  fruit. 

Ihis  species,  and  several  of  the  varieties,  were  introduced  by  the  late  William 
Prince,  ot  Flushing,  New  York,  previous  to  1793,  and  they  are  culthat cd  otTi 
for  ornament  and  their  fruit  in  various  states  of  the  union  ^'^'"^'^tca  both 

/  octical  nnd  Mythological  Allusions.  The  following  is'  the  oris.Mn  assimied  bv 
Grecian  mythology  to  d.is  tree,  as  given  by  Mr.  Loudon,  in  his  '' A  bo  e  nm  "_ 

th?crr'o7'Th;-r/ J""T'  '■^^""''"^^  ^'i^^^^'^^^^-  ^^-^  ^^--^  •'/-  t",!;;"st  on 

the  coast  ot   Ihiace,  where  he  was  most  hospitably  received  by  the  beautiful 


,  Willi  tho 
Iry.  It  is 
10  Tuherca 
K'  himself, 

/llicll    JJlO- 

e;  AvinU' 
.(•s  of  this 
w  tillK'  iis 
Ills.  'I'he 
r  its  iVuit. 
Inc. 

nnud-tirf'. 

varieties, 

"  uiid  the 

to  Syria 

Miuh'ira, 

1   nritaiii, 

of  Indiii, 

her  trees 
3  cxtraor- 
ihori^iiial 
'W  Moses, 
It  tu'eiv(! 
1(1,  whicii 


COMMON  ALMOND-TREE. 


fruits  of 
authors. 
'.  s\voli(>ii 
the  fruit 
in  I'rov- 
s,  ill  tlie 
n,"  says 
in  1")7(). 
in  |-).1S. 
)hserves, 
I'ondon 
ifli.  and 
.'atiou  ill 
northern 

WilHam 
ted  both 

2;ned  by 
inn :" — 
ipcst  on 
leautiful 


qnocn  of  tho  country,  Phylhs.     He  wo,,  her  I 


227 


.-  ,  ---/>   ~..j..,.,.     t,^  WWII  lUT  Mean,  aiK 

It  searc..|y  were  they  „„ited,  whijn  the  death  of  hii  liitl 


K-art,  and  hecanin  I,cr  hnshand ; 


phoon 


,„   1.1  '       ,   ,      .  •'.  •■■■■"••i  "M'Y'i  m<;  oeaii    oi  II  s    atlier  reea   eo  lien 

c.       ^11  '''Kl  I'X  »ned,  tho  nnlortnnate  (ineei,  wandered  ihiilv  on  tl.<.  v,.n 

Snie  n';;;;;:.,!:?''?'^  i.-r  Demophoon;  ji  when,  nn^:;  iliiz^j^^,  :,kI 

n..l:^!'.:;',ii:r;i;:':S'nCr=;""  ""'"'"• ""-  "-^''-'^  covered  wi.h 

«,i'l"l,','M';'','""'''"'i'  ''■'■■     ?''"'  •*'"y'!'l"l"»  eonnnmii,.  ,l,„.»  „„t  „,„,,„.,  „„|e„  the 

Piisaiiifii 

obtainec'   w  th  them  -it  fl.o  u-Lt  .,->       i         '  >-own,  ,i  gialted  tree  may  bo 

?ormi,.,:H,,/  "  musTZ^,  I-  'om"«c,rc,,msUi„ee  originated  Iho  practiee  of 
i 't ,.,  ,l,e  radid  "Vi:e      l^t  a"      h  i     eu^I'''?,:  d^  ''"";"'",'''  ""'  ">"= 

grow  four  o    five  fe^t    ,o  h  st  ve:^      Th  'r.    ';'  "'T!    '''''  r^"'''     ^'^^^'^  ^^i'' 

eoii  r  d ,"  u  ^",  fr ;?  r:;',;;'  ""=  """""i-"- 1»  "--i,  -..i  or  a  r..ddish 

liBlM„„-vil,c      O  ,  i  ,    ,         -Zi^:    IT^  '"  ■■",";':=  "T"^'  '^■'•■^mU^s  ,hat  of 


leaves  are  ai 


should  always  be  mixed  with  otl 


^-    /       I  3     .  ~~j^    ^^   niij\.K,\j.    Willi   uiin;r   pre 

^u  employed,  m  common  with  those  of  the  peach  and 


ler  provender.     Th* 
nectarine,  for 


228 


AMYGDALUS   COMMUNIS. 


I      ^l>' 


gr.  ing  a  flavour  to  gin  whisky,  and  other  spirits.     The  gum,  which  exudes  from 
this  tree,  is  usca  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  cherry,  and  the  gum  Ara- 
bic, though  It  is  not  so  easily  dissolved  in  water  as  the  last-mentioned  kind.     An 
0x1  ,s  obtamcd,  both  from  bitter  and  sweet  almonds,  by  maceration  and  expression. 
A  liquid  is  aiso  distilled  irom  the  bitter  variety,  which,  from  the  quantity  of 
prussic  acid  it  contains,  is  found  to  be  poisonous  to  animals.     An  essential  oil  is 
obtained  from  the  expressed  oil,  by  distillation,  which  is  one  of  the  most  virulent 
poisons  known.     It  is  a  singular  fact,  that  the  seeds  of  the  bitter  and  the  sweet 
almond  should  differ  so  essentially  in  their  chemical  compositions;  the  kernels  of 
the  bitter  variety  contain  the  deleterious  principle  of  prussic  acid,  which  does 
not  exist  in  those  of  the  svve,.t  variety,  although  found  in  its  bark,  leaves, 
and  flowers     On  triturating  almonds  with  water,  the  oil  and  water  unite  together 
by  the  mediation  of  albuminous  matter  of  the  kernel,  and  form  a  milky  liquor, 
called  an  emulsioti.     The  sweet  almonds  alone  should  be  employed  for  this  pur- 
pose, as  the  bitter  ones  impart  their  peculiar  flavour.     >Several  unctuous  and  resin- 
ous substances  that  of  themselves  will  not  combine  with  water,  may,  by  trituration 
with  almonds,  he  easily  mixed  into  the  form  of  an  emulsion;  and  are  thus  admi- 
rably adapted  to  pharmaceutical  purposes.     The  Parisian  milk-dealers,  a  few 
years  since,  resorted  to  the  practice  of  adulterating  their  milk  by  means  of  almond 
emulsion.     Ihe  method  was  so  simple  and  cheap,  that  for  one  fifth  of  a  dollar 
the  opacity  and  colour  of  milk  could  be  imparted  to  nearly  four  gallons  of  water 
and  so  far  secret  that  no  disagreeable  taste  was  communicated  to  the  milk  •  and 
the  only  corrective  required  was  a  little  sugar-candy,  to  remove  the  flat  taste. 
In  domestic  economy,  sweet  almonds,  as  well  as  the  common  sort,  are  used  as 
a  dessert,  m  the  husk,  imperfectly  ripe,  and  also  in  a  ripe  state,  with  or  without 
the  husks.     A  preserve  is  also  made  of  green  almonds.     After  they  are  ripe,  they 
are  frequently  brought  to  table  without  the  shell,  and  sometimes  blanched,  by 
depriving  the  kernel  of  the  thick,  wrinkled  skin,  in  which  it  is  enveloped,  by  keep- 
ing them  a  few  minutes  in  scalding-hot  water.     The  kernels  are  much  used  in 
cookery,  confectionary   and  perfumery,  on  account  of  their  agreeable  flavour. 
The  almond  harvest  takes  place  in  the  south  of  Europe  towards  the  end  of  sum- 
mer.     Ihose  which  fall  naturally  from  the  tree  are  die  largest  and  the  best 
rhey  are  first  collected  together,  and  spread  out  in  a  granary  or  some  other 
conveniont  place,  to  dry,  until  their  husks  are  opened,  from  which  they  are  sep- 
aratcd,  and  suffered  to  remain  exposed  to  the  air  for  several  days  more.     Thev 
are  then  put  up  m  sacks,  casks,  or  boxes,  where  they  are  preserved,  as  free  as 
possible  from  humidity,  until  they  are  exposed  for  sale 

Almonds  form  an  extensive  article  of  commerce,  and  may  be  distinguished 
under  the  following  names  and  qualities  : — 

1.  Amamlcsdladamc,  of  the  French.     This  kind  is  known  by  their  lar^e 
thick-furrowed  shells,  rounded  at  one  end  and  pointed  at  the  other.     Thov  are 
packed  up  with  the  external  shell  on,  in  canvass  bags,  with  chopped  straw  or 

2   Amamh'sa  la  princesse,  (French,)  are  of  a  medium  size,  and  of  an  excellent 
quality.      1  heir  shells  are  flat,  thin,  tender,  of  a  yellowish  colour,  and  are  some- 
times covered  with  a  dust,  which  readily  soils  the  fingers  when  slightly  handled 
Ihey  are  packed  up  with  the  shells  on,  in  canvass  bags. 

o.  Amandesde  C/iinon,  so  called  from  the  town  of  Chinon,  in  France,  where 
they  grow  Ihis  sort  is  of  a  medium  size,  with  thick,  flat,  elongated  shells  of 
a  yellowish-brown,  and  wrinkled  appearance.  The  iiellicio  which  covers  the 
kernes  is  very  thin,  and  is  charged  with  a  very  adhesive  powd(,>r,  that  cannot 
be  rubbed  off  with  the  fingers  without  some  pain.  They  are  deprived  of  their 
shells,  and  pa-^Ved  up  in  canvass  bags. 

4.  Amandes  dures,  French.     This  kind  is  smalle.  ..ad  more  convex  than  any 


COMMON  ALMOND-TREE. 


229 


coVot  ^aTe'diffirnlf  .^'7  ^f  ^'''T'  ^^  '^'''  ^'"^'^'  ''^'^^  «h«"«'  of  a  pale-yellow 
colour,  are  d  hen  t  to  break,  and  are  marked  by  deep  furrows.     The  kerneh 

and  sweeHu    heh  S"  '"^  'U'"  ^'^^'^^''"^'  '''''  aVellowish-briwn    o  ou  ' 
Sie  shells  on  ^"'''-     ^^''^  ""''  "^"""^^  P'^^^'^^  "?  i»  «-"vass  bags,  witK 

cover^nitV'flf" ^?i'-'',  ^''r''"^^  distinguished  by  their  long,  flat  kernels, 
namo^i^' Frtrf  .^'^'^  ^''"'"P  ^^^  ^''''''^'  «f  the  kind  known  under  this 
"Inch,    Amandcs  triecs  a  la  main,)  are  selected  with  gZLTah^vit'Zn^l 

7.  ^/;a„,:^/i  j/,„o«rf.s'.     Those  from  Valencia  arc  very  sweet    laree  and  fl^t 
pouited  at  one  extremity,  and  compressed  in  the  middle     Sso  from  Mnln„ 


■^VMWWMMllMw 


i: 


M  !' 


:n;: 


Amygdnlus  pcrsica, 
THE  PEACH-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


AmygJahs  persica, 

Persica  vulgaris, 

Pecher, 

Prirsichbatim, 

Pesco, 

Persigo,  Dura&no, 

Pecegueiro, 

Peach-tree, 


Linnaeus,  Species  Plantarum. 

De  Candom.e,  Prodromus. 

Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 

LoL'DoN,  Arboretum  Britaunicuin. 

Fran'ce. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Stain. 

PoRTruAL. 

Britain,  Anglo-America,  &c. 


^CSu-lH^rnrrnfc  ^  v'"""  ?^  '^^  ?"?'.  ^"^  "'^*''>'  =^"'1  J^'-^y-  "^  «"fface  dovvny  or  smooth  •  nut  with 

Sl'ir:^_ZZ-;  'ZZ^'  ""^^'^^-  "'""-"^  ^'"^°^'  ^-^"^'  -^'^^^  -  .wi„;p!;^;^^5 

Description. 

'' AnJ  apples,  wliicli  niosl  liarlMmns  Persia  sent, 
W  ilh  nalivi.  pnisnii  arniiMl   (as  Dime  relates;) 
«iit  now  lliey  'v,;  lost  tlieir  pmver  to  Itill,  ami  yield 
An^  irnsiaii  jiiice,  nud  have  Ifirjot  Id  hurt; 
And  of  their  couiill/  still  retain  tlie  name." 

Columella. 


HE  Amygda- 
liis  persica, 
when  grow- 
„.._  ^„„-^,^^.,;^  ing  in  ti  nat- 
ural state,  IS  rather  a  small  tree,  with 
wide-spreading  branches,  and  assumes 
the  general  form  and  character  of  the 
almond ;  but  when  cultivated,  it  some- 
times attains  a  height  of  twenty  or 
thirty  feet,  with  a  trunk  fifteen  to 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter.     Like  its 


Fa;yj/^.9.  The  varieties  of  the  peach  are  exceedingly  numerous  there  hpint, 
several  hundred  kinds  enumerated  in  nurserymen's  catalog.^r  The  ,/ectnri^^^ 
IS  considered  by  some  botanists  as  a  dis.i.ict  species;  but  there  can  be  o  doX 
on  tins  point  as  the  peach  itself  is  nothing  more  than  an  impn  ved  or  fie  hv 
almtnid,  winch  bears  a  similar  relation  to  ilie  peach  and  .  oc  to   ,'s  "L  c 

^  T::^;:;ct:^'  ^'^'^  ^?  ^'^^  ^'r-  '^  ^^ Vove  that  ti.  s  z:^.^^ 

nne  are  essentially  the  same,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  fruits  of  both  have 
been  found  on  the  same  branch;  and  even  an  instance  is  recorded  where  VS 
had  the  smooth  surface  of  the  nectarine  on  one  side,  and  the  downy  skin  of  X 


f 


PEACH-TREE. 


231 


«™i  ""!,         ''^^'''v"     ^*'^''^''''  "'^y  ^«  distinguished  into  two  general  classes 

Its  tS?.  Lf  K^^'  ''^''''■''  )"  '^'"  ''"'"  '^^  ^»>«  «t«"«'  ^^»d  are  called  J/.W 
Sve  thaf  he  IVni^nn'r?  T'  frequently  raised  from  seeds,  it  is  easy  to  con- 
alike  Honro  i  w  ,  f  f  '"'  '"^''''  ^'''■'^^J^'  ^^^'•'^^'y  ^^^«  »'•«''«  producing 
fo  owini  vnri  [^    '  "'^''''  ^^'"  ^°  ^"'^'"P^  ^"  enumeration  of  thlm.     ThI 

charSs^  n*;!;?^  T"'"^;.'!;'  '^1?'>^  ^'^^'•^"^'  '"  ^««P^^t  to  some  of  their 
cnaracters,  and  may  be  described  as  follows  : 

1.  A.  P.  L^Evis.  .Smoolh-sldned  Peach,  or  Nectarino-tree.  Of  this  variety  there 
arc  tsvo  sorts,  one  w.th  the  fruit  parting  from  the  stone,  (/V.ie //r/ri^^encYn 
and  the  other  with  the  llesh  adhering  to  it   {Bn.^non,  Frenc   .)     A    i  sta,    ard 

poach  frdSecti?'  VT'  "  "?'.'"■  "•"'  '"^^«  ^^••-^t'^'  trec\han  that  of  tl  e 
peacli      In  dissectu)g  the  tlowers  ot  the  nectarine,  the  germs  may  readily  be  dis- 

giushed  Irom  those  o  the  peach,  in  being  smooth  and  shini.rg^  while^those  of 
the  latter  are  always  villous,  or  covered  with  fine  hairs 

.J.  A  P.  FLORE  pi.KNo.  Doublc-Jlowcrcd  Pmch-tren..  This  variety  may  readilv 
be  distinguished  by  its  double  flowers.  It  is  al§o  of  less  vi^o  S  Sth  ^han 
most  ol  the  single-flowered  varieties.  vi^oious  growth  tnan 

3.  A.  p.  ALBA.      White-flowered  Peach-tree,  known  by  its  pure-white  blossoms 

4.  A.  P.  FOLUs  VARiEGAT.s.      Varle^atcd-lea.ved  Peaeh-tree  ^'ossoms. 
''■     I    l\  ''^''''f'-^'t^-     I'lftt-fruiled  Peach,  a  native  of  China    and  is  chiefly 

remarkable  for  the  fornr  of  its  fruit   and  for  being  nearly  evergreen  in  i"  lea  S 
b.   A.  p.  SALiGNA.      Wdlow-Ieavcd  Peach-tree.     This  tree  is  describPfl   b,r  Mr 

ott'Hunalay.uf  M '"'i  '' '''^  ^^^'^"^'■'^'^'^  «^"^'  bra:Xs"of'N:;u;S  nTsto  y 
rnllpl  fhi;      ^       Mountains'   as  growing  in  the  district  of  Bissehur,  and  is 

re'lyVTici  v;:ry :rt""'  '"''''''-  ^'"'^  ''^''^  ^'-'^''^  ^'-^"'  ^«  -P^-^^'l  ^o 
Geography  and  History.  It  is  not  certain  in  what  part  of  the  globe  the  peach- 
brou^llTtrp'n?  /  produced:  for,  although  we  have'early  accoLts  of  its^be  ng 
brought  o  hurope  from  Persia,  it  does  not  follow,  from  thence,  that  it  was  one 
of    he  natural  productions  of  that  country.     Pliny  relates  that  it  had  been  s  a^ed 

he  kiZi^M"'''^  'T'"""""'  ^•"^^"^''^'  '-^'^^  '^'^' ''''  ^'^"it  ^--«  '^^'^t  into  Eaypt  l^ 

try  as^  1  o"f' hi  ^  "7^  «». '-^'venge   to  poison  the  natives:  but  he  treats^hil 

hnrl  ,b/        /  and  considers  it  the  most  harmless  fruit  in  the  world;  that 

toe  who  ate  of  it  He  expressly  states  that  it  was  imported  i)y  the  Romans 
fiom  Persia  ;  but  whether  it  was  uuligcnous  to  that  count  y,  or  sent  thither  from 
a  reg,on  still  nearer  to  the  equator,  we  have  no  information. ' ' He  a^^s  tlmt   t  w^ 

n  rea  iL  tbo.r'''r  'T^'-^T'''  '"  ^V'"*^'  =^"'^  ^''^^^  ^'^^''^  ''^^'  ^roat  difhculty 

o  k  o  n-  \\T  \  1 ""'"'  '"'""!'f  '"  ""^'  *'"^  ^•••'^  '''''^  brought  from  Egypt  to 

cure  to  I     |?.'^''',r''""'  •'  '°"''^  "'^r  ^'"^  '"•■^'^«  '^  Pr«^'"^'  fruit:  and  Lm 

r  nw.  1  II  \-    ^^V''^''  ^.•^•■^'7^^'-'  tbat  it  was  not  a  common  fruit  either  in 

(..eece  or  Natolia.     ^o  uiention,  however,  is  made  of  it  by  Cato.     Pownall   in 

hi.s  "I  Oman  Provinces,-'  makes  it  a  Phoc=ean  importatioif  to  Marseille       and 

^c^rythi^imi;'^:^:!'"  ^'-"-  -  -  ^-^^p--^-  -  ^^^^^  -  ^« 

"Those  of  small  size  to  ripen  make  frreat  haste  • 
Such  as  s;reat  Caul  bestows,  observes  ilue  time  ' 
Ami  season,  not  too  early,  nor  too  late." 

thTy'vC^oi^  ''*'^  to  have  been  first  cultivated  in  Pritain  about  the  middle  of 
Lard)n  in  n  7  ^T  "'"^  describes  several  varieties  of  it  as  growinc.  in  his 
garden  n  lo<)7.  1  usser  mentions  it  hi  his  list  of  fruits  in  ir,r,7-  and  in  all 
probab.hty,  u  was  mtroduccd  when  the  ilomaus  had  possession  of  ti.at  country, 


H] 


C  *|;'| 


AJIYGDALUS    PERSICA. 

A  modom  writer  on  "Timber-trees  and  Fruits  "  remarks  ihnt   "  Tl.o  fo   •.•. 
blessinqs  of  a  settled  life      There  nnUTll  IT    ,  '"^  ''^^'  ^''^'"'  ^^  ^""^^'^  <'i« 

have  ueitLr  orehards^,or  f  utt'"^^^^^^^  rt  tae.TsTlt'^^  ""T  f  "^  *>^^^^"^' 
'  Shall  Ave  sow  for  stranL^ers  '  wn.  h  '.  ♦i-  S^^^^^'ns,  for  the  growth  ol  vegetables. 
hardt  "     ''  Onn  nl-  ;i    ^     ;      I,    '^''^  ^If'^cting  answer  of  one  of  them  to  Burck- 

much  foliage  and  wood-  hut  the  fr.ii,       fnulf     '  I'loiui.     the  trees  make 

stringy  and  forced  to  be  icv  and  wellfla  ^f  j?d''\)T;he';r  '^""^^^'  -^""^  '^^  ^"" 
larly  m  Louisiana,  whici;  l,es  nl  tl  ame  latU^le  S  1  •  t  ATt  of''Tsi^"'r'" 
th.s.speces  is  indigenous,  u  grcws  spontaneo  irbu  ifr  4irded  as  o  tbr ei'^^ 
or.gm,  havn.g  been  mtrodt.ced  from  ^aiti  before'lhat  r  ver "Celplored  b^^ 


PEACH-TBEE. 


233 


French, 
populous  cities 


c  e  o'fVjru,Lp1  ^r  ""'.f  ^'™'  ^.^"  ^''^''  P''il-l«lP»na,  and  other 
houses  by  u  nero  s  ,Vn  L  f  .>  '  '^'  P?'r''  ''  'T''"^  ^^'"^'"^^  ^^^"«  ^"^  in  hot- 
is  product  TsonTo  nartrofT  a"'  "'  "  '''^^^^^■"'^  ^"^  ^"'^  ^1^'^^"'>^ 
grows,  and  in  arcat  abm  hn?p    \^     i     ^"^•^!:''^^^'l  co.ituient,  it  also  readily 

eaves  even  when  npe,  and  is  nnich  later  than  that  gro  vn  o       Sier  soils      T    s 

mmmmmm 

cJZol  II  '  .      '"^  ^"'.'''^  ''''"^•'-     '•»  corroboration  of  these  views   we 

shores  o-  Z^^i  aulhor.ty   that  the  elevated  tracts,  not  only  lyin^Tnl  the 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  large  bays  adjacent  tliereto,  but    hose  on    he'l/o  ^ 

e.s  of  our  western  waters,  are  more  favourable  to  the  i)n)ductiori  or^ood  neaH  r. 

han  districts  more  ndand.     It  has  also  been  observLl  t  at  ZrhrtJlsC,  'h 
in  hedge-rows,  and  in  most  other  places  where  their  tr,    1  s^a  e  slnded         ic 
c'oTr;:  heat'^"  '""  '"  ^"'^^^^  '^^^"^^^^^  ^-"-^--  from  tu'to  coldlld  f;om 

JY'f'^''f'f.  »nd  Mnnnrroment      The  peach-tree  may  be  propagated  from 
eeds,  by  gralting,  or  inoculation.     The  foAner  mode  is  cm.s  L  ed  mS  e  cer  •  m 

notlnslll-e  i',r"V?'  ^-T'^''-  '^'"^  '''^''  1"'«'^^'  ^-^^  ^^«11  =^«  oconon^y!  tlZgh  It  d  es 
not  uisi  le  iden  ity  ot  species,  except  iti  a  few  cases;  for  it  rarely  occurs   hat    be 

nne'n..:    T'^^''^^^^"^,  ^^"'f   P-^H^otuate  the  same  ci.aracte      and     u   1  t  es         t 
appears,  however,  that  the  stones  of  the  varictv  of  nei.^l,    P..lln,l        '     .         • 
Ch,.ice,"  which  originated  at  Philadel phi^S  tSt^  i  'f:^  a^tXe 
fnut  possessing  the  same  properties  ai  th,. .  •  ,f  the  ,Ku-en    t  e?     In"l )ehw  re 
where  the   peach  arrives   at   a  high  degree  of  perle^Hr    1^    trees   a r^  f,  ^l 

a.scHl  from  the  stone,  without  either  graftrg  or  buddir  ^^      Th,    moch    w    c 

c^:^  o?"uit;;2i;ftf  rmi^n '"  'r  '^r^^^  ^^  ^^"'^'^  -  appiSi";:^!.^  s^: 

the  "Memo   ;  oVtt^M*,';   VV'^'"<''""  ""'f'^  Sonerally,  is  given  at  lem,th    in 
bstanc,  as   1     ml^^^^    T^^  ^"''  F>;^'»«ti'".^  Agriculture:"  and  in 

siiosiaiKt  IS  as  loiiows:— Ihe  stones  are  usua  y  cracked  with  the  kernels 
sometimes  taken  out,  and  planted  two  together,  in  hills  w  h  i  lia  co  ,  ■  t 
r,!r::iT!!:^;:'':!TT>'-"-'  '-'^^  =>•-%  in  squares.     TI.  Z.  i"  cumvaled  m 


usual  wav.  and  tlu 


30 


iHig  trees  grow  with  the  crop,  to  a  height  of  tl 


iree  or 


fi 


: 

♦J 

,     2 

:■  '     « 

'  :    ? 

»i 

■ 

I  'I    '* 

I    It         ' 


234 


AMYODALUS    PERSIC'A. 


li. 


!  I  -t  _  .  !'. 


*  ^     • 


t  if", 


four  feet  tiie  first  season.     Laryo  orchards  have  thus  been  formed  of  fifty  to  one 
huudred  acres  at  a  couiparatively  small  expense.     The  knTfi  is  se  ,lo  n^pnh^^ 
to  standard  trees,  except  in  son.e  instances  where  they  have  been     e^^^^^ 
once  wlien  yoini-  it  liavmg  been  found,  that  priUKnl  treerheavi  v  H^^ 
jce  or  fru.t  are  hahle  to  be  broken  down;  'but  A.n  sutfl  eT\o  gnn^in'a    aUna 
man.er,  the  branches  become  multiphed,  fiexibic,  and  tougl,  :^and  often      e  so 
loaded  wih  frmt,  that  .ts  weight  prostrates  them  to  the  ground    nhurt      None 
d  et.    'is  j::;^;;;;7^'r  ';-»  --^  of  them  recover  th^  usual  ,Son  whl^^ 
lie  truit  IS  Uotac  hcd       J  he  crops  are  certain,  abundant,  and  weil-fiavoured  •  and 

he  fruit  .s  little  inferior  to  that  grown  on  grafted  or  pruned  trees     altliou4 
varies  much,  in  size,  on  the  same  tree.     In  tln^e  years  a  ter  planting  M  e  orHw^ 
mne  to  bearing:  and  the  trees  have  been  known  to  endure  fifty  year       All  afi 
mals  are  excluded,  except  swine,  which  are  sometimes  sulferedSo  feed  and  roo 
at  pleasure,  at  certain  periods  of  the  year,  and  doubtless,  are  instrumentaMn 
de    roymg  insects  and  vermin,  and  in  ameliorating  the  soil'by  turn  ng  and  loos" 
0     ig  the  surface.     The  trees  are  so  easily  propagated  and  renewed,    1  at  the 
lis  mea^iTT     f  '  ^''^'^'-^'^^^^''^  ^''^  a  conrso  of 'tillage,  on  ground  impi'ved    y 
■n  V  it       'l  ""co'^mon  occurrence.     To  insure  a  constant  supply  of  this 

Int  in  n  nfit"T     ''^'^'''''T.  ^'j'^^^'-^  "«^^  plantation  shonid  be  in  progres;,  w li ile 
that  in  profit  is  bearing  and  declining,  and  that  it  should  be  located  a^  a  d  stance 

T.  '^'  "!  ^'■der  to  be  out  of  the  reach  of  infection.  ciistance 

cesslt'i  vonh'nF, "'"'''  "^'  P'-^.'P'^S'-^^i'.'S  tl'o  poach,  may  be  relied  on  as  the  suc- 
cess lul  lesiilt  ot  many  y'^ars  experienc,-.  Although  it  is  attended  with  some 
labour,  and  requires  considerable  attention.  let  it  be  remembered  "  thaTt he  pr^Se 

urn  in  the  gaiden  ot  Lden  :  '  for,  even  at  that  early  period,  when  the  soil  exi^ti  J 
in  Its  virgin  purity,  it  was  the  condition  that  he  should 

"  Dress  the  garden,  ami  keop  it," 

and  we  may  venture  to  say,  that  since  that  time,  the  price  has  never  been  abated. 

MANAGEMENT  DURING  THE  FIKST  YEAK. 

wiH.''n  P*;-;^ '^J^-^/^'i^f '  SO""  ;^f<cr  they  are  extricated  from  the  pulp,  should  be  covered 
with  earth  to  the  depth  ot  four  inches,  and  remain  in  tha   condition  t  I   the v  are 
equired  for  sowing,  the  following  spring.     Towards  the  e  ,    o?  Ma  c    Tr  as 
soon  as  the  ground  is  deprived  of  Imst,  lei  them  be  sown  in  good  garden  mo  ild 
two  niches  deep,  and  if  possible,  in  the  place  where  the  trees  ar'e       e^  ded  to  st     d' 
A     soon  as  the  young  plants  have  risen  high  enough  to  throw  out  braices 
which  will  usually  take  place  by  the  first  of  July,  the  ground  shLTd  bc^c  an^j 
ov-er  with  a  hoe,  in  order  to  destroy  the  weeds,  and  the  s  de-s  Ss  n  m  be  ^ 
a    tir^b?' T'"  f "]'  --^l>^-^-'hserved  iiot'to  injure  the  1  re 'wis  ad 
at  the  base  of  each  shoot;  lor,  on  the  preservation  of  these  leaves  dene  id  the 
health  and  vigorous  growth  of  the  young  trees.     On  Au^nist  iS  or  a^soon  n! 

uiL  irees  SI  oiild  ne  nudded  or  inoculated,  within  one  inch   or  even  below  fho 
surface  of  the  ground.     The  buds  may  be  known  to  be  ready  for  i   ser  kn    by 
he  shield,  or  portion  of  the  bark  to  which  they  arc  attached   easly  m,t  1^^   h 
ho  wood.     J.et  the  shoots,  from  which  the  bfids  are  to  be  pro      e^^^^^^^^^ 

qst::^r;e!^:;Ta^t=tK^ 

th^^;  tl!e  9e.r^^  -  =it  a±^tSES 

01  late  hour  ol  a  fair  one.     When  they  are  to  be  transported  at  a  distance. Xey 


PEACH-TREE. 


23i 


may  be  packed  in  moistened  moss;  or  if  shortly  to  bo  used,  they  may  be  nut 

b     aL7«l1herir'"'/^r"'^^^/;  ''\'T''''  ^''^^^  ^'-'''l  ^0  used  as^soonL  poL! 

to  rereive^Jhem    ^At    hoT      H  '"]'''  T  "^''^''''"^^  '^'  "'«  ^^^"^^  be  made  toady 

a  H  VS h^r  on  ^o  ,.1,1     i  P^'    ^-T'   ''"  ^^^  >»««""^ti"".  which  should  be  smooth, 

a  IrUf  i  1  lo  -nh   ""^    ''^'•'>^,'^'*i«'|'  ••'«  «tock,  make  an  incision  abo.U  an  inch  and 

woo:;:.:;\^'[f;;;;.:?'^:,^^i;i-|i;;,^--  '"-^'^  the  bark,  but  not  into  the 

hy  («),   m   the   adjoining   figure.     This 

hemg  done,  proceed  quickly  and  take  off 

a  bud  by  holduig  a  shoot  in  one  hand 

with  the  thickest  end  from  you,  and  with 

the  knife  m  the  other  hand,  enter  it  about 

three-fourths  of  an  inch  below  tlie  bud, 

cuttuig  nearly  half  way  into  the  wood  of 

the  shoot,  continuing  it  with  one  clean 

slanting  cut,  about   three-fourths  of  an 

inch  above  the  bud,  sufhcientiy  deep  to 

take  off  part  of  the  wood  along  Avith  it, 

the  whole  to  be  about  an  inch  and  a  half 

long,  as  represented  by  (4)  ;  then  directly  =  •  ,  --^^r^- 

^n'i'ln'l?  '*1""1''  ""''?  ("'^"^'■'  '"■  P"'"^  «^"  t'»<^  knife,  slip  off  the  woody  part  remain 
ing  on  the  bud,  and  observe  whether  the  eye  or  germ  of  the  bud  rem?bls  noSt 

h^LT'  ''t  ^T}'''^  "'  '''<   ^^"d  -"o"'*'^'-  »n"st  le  prepared       Thl 

H?o  J  rTV'^'f?  'Y  'f '"^  1""'^  "'■  ^'^«  '^"^l  "••  ^''i^'^l  between  you     ips   and  with 
the  rta   ha  t  of  the  knife,  or  a  piece  of  ivory  or  bone  formed  for  t he  nunose   Jen 
arate  the  bark  ol  the  stock  (a)  for  the  admission  of  the  bud     vl  icb  rnus  X 
closely  inserted  between  the  wood  and  bark  in  the  aport.ne    ^     Tl  en  c  t  o^ 

"ss  c^i/"nhe  tt;  'T''  ^-'"^-"-^^t'-.  b"d,  even  w!,h  the  i^p^r  hoi  'oiU  1  m- 
cioss-cut  ot  the  letter  I,  m  order  to  let  it  completely  into  its  place  and  ex-irt Iv 
om  the  upper  edge  of  the  shield  with  the  bark  of  ti.e  npper  VmSverso  cut  o 
that  the  descending  sap  may  immediately  enter  the  lik  of  ]he  shield  -xid 
Tl  r^  r""'"'"^  matter  between  it  and  the  wood,  so  as  to  effect  a  livi^unro 
J  he  parts  are  noxt  to  be  immediately  bound  round  with  a  water-proof  b-Tssi^n 

mg  upwaids  closely  round  every  part,  except  just  ovi'r  the  eve  of  the  1  nd    n.ul 

'Wthou?'  L'^'''  '?  '"?•''"  "•'•^'^  ^^•^'•^•^'  -'^1  '^'  exclude  tll^.ir  ad  1  ofs\,r 
without  he  use  of  graftmg-wax  or  clay.  In  a  fortnight,  at  farthest  "  ter  er' 
forming  the  operation,  such  buds  as  have  united  maf  be  1  noina  bv  tl  eir  fE 

u^  ui  res  loosened,  aiut  in  a  week  or  two  more,  entirely  removed      In  order  ^n 
guard  against  the  borer,  (.Egeria,)  let  there  be  laid  round  ecli  tree   in  Aimist 
about  a  pint  of  coarse  s...d,  so  as  to  cover  the  roots  and  tlie  tcnleres;  ,  \n  of  h  e 
bark    and  during  the  s.icc.eding  autumn,  the  same  care  shou    Te  oCvei   as 
in  the  early  part  of  the  season,  to  preserve  the  leaves.  ouserveu,  as 

SECOND    YEAR. 

March  1st.  Cut  off  the  tree  in  a  slanting  direction,  about  five  inches  above  tlio 
point  of  inoculation;  and  let  about  a  .[uart  of  the  aine  i.To  sa  id  b.T^^^^^ 
round  the  root  of  the  tree,  as  in  the  iuminer  preceding  July  rt'lo^r  the 
gronnd  of  weeds,  and  treat  the  shoot  from  the  inoculated  1  i  d  p  eciselv  '        e 

Snf  ''T''  ";"'/'''  '''''  y'''"'^  ^^''^''  "'<^  ^^«"^^  ^^^^re  to  preserve  he  oaV^t  I  e 
ba,se  of  each  s,de-s!,oot,  taking  off  from  time  to  time,  as  they  pu    lo itV    a         e 


236 


AMYGDALUS    PERSICA. 


to  proven,  il,,,  ,|y,  (.Kgcil;,)  from  del,„;hi,"g  £/egp       *'''°"  '"^'°"''  '"  ""''' 

THIRD   YEAR. 

cousod,  clu  off  iu  a.\  obi'  i  ,^  ^^eZ^l^'^Z^'^VV''''r  '''  ^^P^'"^'  ''^^^'« 
the  lour  lateral  ones,  reserved  th7vc     h  L  r"^  '''^'''  ^''•''''  '"^"^  ^''•'^^'^ 

I'oosci  thP  ^r,.Mnd\vitl    rslr  mtK-  \     '■*;'".^'"/"'-  P«niia.,ont  branclu's. 

Lo„»„  ,„„  .,.„  „,„„;';;  r.;™':a  zir;.:  ■ ;  ^£r„  ^,:is^z  ,l:^f 

FOURTH  YEAR  AND  SUBSEQUENT  TREATMENT. 


weeJs  %„,' st^if  Nv's"  tIle^n;nI-'"T1'  ""I   '^"^P  '^^  '^"^'■^-  ^'^^  ^«n 

T"!,^    ," ^     . 


lese 
ainst 


V   i 


J*' 


t  r' 


fc'^ 


tact  as  in  grafting  other  kinds  of  fn.ir      T  .  «  nl^r     •  ''  '^^  r*^*"'^^^  f"*'"" 

mg  hguie,)  first  scienlifically  described  by  Mr.  Sov  in  the  tbird  '^'^J33aT3*IE> 

r  ,        ,  •  "^i  '■«.'"  the  hlth  volume  of  the  "  New  E  it-land  Farmer  "  and  ,,   fK 
"Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts  injurious-  to  VeLet'     .7''     Z      ! 

afte,sv.uas,    when    u  was    tirst   noticed   near  Philadelphia,   a!;;!   wL  obscCd 


PEACH-TREE, 


237 


AugTist 
in  order 


when 


gradually  to  spread  from  thence  in  every  direction,  and  ani^oared  in  New  Hanin- 
slnre,  near  the  northern  limit  of  the  peach  region,  in  ahont  the  year  ISor,,  arid 
has  snice  ex  ended  to  the  southern  states,  and  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
l.ic  eggs,  irom  winch  these  borers  are  hatched,"  say.s  Dr.  Harris,  "arc  depos- 
ited, ni  the  course  ol  the  sunnner,  upon  the  trunk  of  the  tree  near  the  root ;  the 
borers  penetrate  the  bark,  and  .levour  the  inn.r  bark  and  sap-wood.  The  seat 
ol  their  operations  ,s  known  by  the  castings  and  gum  which  issue  from  the  holes 
«—  "^     111  the  tree.     When  these  borers  are  nearly  one  y(>ar  old,  they 

make  their  cocoons  citlier  under   the  bark  of  the  trunk  or 
ol  the  root,  or  in  the  earth  and  gum  contiguous  to  the  base  of 
the  trees  ;  .soon  afterwards  they  are  transformed  to  chrysalides, 
and  hnally  come  forth  in  the  winged  state,  and  lay  the  eggs 
l.)r  another  generation  of  borers.     The  last  transformation  takes 
COCOON  AND  PUPA.  J,  *^'^  ^''""*  *'""'^  ^"  October,  most  frequently,  however,  during 
the   montli    of  July,  in    the   state  of  Massachusetts.     Here, 
althougli  there  are  several  broods  produced  by  a  succession  of  hatches,  there  is 
but  one  rotation  ot  metamorphoses  consummated  within  a  year.      Hence  borers 
ot  all  sizes,  will  be  lound  m  the  trees  throughout  the  year,  although  it  seems  to 
be  necessary  that  all  of  them,  wln'ther  more  or  less  advanced,  should  i)ass 
through  one  winter  l)ef()re  they  appear  in  the  win-ed  state.     Ifuder  its  last  fdim 
tins  uKsect  is  a  slender,  dark-blue,  four-winged  moth,  having  a  slight  resemblance 
to  a  wasp  or  .■chneumon  Hy,  to  which  it  is  sometimes  likened.  '  The  two  se.x(>s 
diller  greatly  from  each  other:  so  much  .so,  as  to  have  caused  them  to  be  mistaken 
lor  two  distinct  species.     The  male,  which  is  much  smaller 
than  the  female,  has  all  the  wings  transparent,  but  bordered 
and  veined  with  steel-blue,  which  is  the  general  colour  of  the 
body  111  both  sexes;  the  palpi  or  feelers,  the  edges  of  the  col- 
lar, ot  the  shoulder-covers,  of  the  rings  of  the  abdomen,  and 
of  the  brush  on  the  tail,  are  pale-yellow,  and  there  are  two 
rmgs  ol  the  same  yellow  colour  on  the  shins.     It  expands 
about  one  inch.     The  fore-wings  of  the  female  arc  blue,  and 
opacpie,  the  hmd-wmgs  transparent,  and  bordered  and  veined 
luce  those  of  the  male,  and  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  is  encircled  by  a  broad 
orange-coloured  belt.     It  expands  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more.     This  in.sect  does 
not  confine  its  attacks  to  the  peach-tree.     I  have  repeatedly 
obtained  both  sexes  from  borers  inhabiting  the  excrescences 
which  are  found  on  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  the  cherry-tree; 
and  moreover,  I  have  frequently  taken  them  in  connection 
on  the  trunks  of  cherry  and  of  j)each-trees.     They  sometimes 
deposit  their  eggs  in  the  crotches  of  the  Ijranchcs  of  tlie 
peach-tree,   where   the  borers  will   subsequently  be  found; 
FKMA.tp  1^"^  ^''"^  nijury  sustained  by  their  operations  in  such   parts,' 

•     '^'^-  bears  no  comparison  to  that  resulting  from  their  attacks  at 

the  base  of  the  tree,  which  they  too  often  completely  girdle,  and  thus  cau.se  its 
premature  decay  and  death."*  Hitherto,  various  means  have  been  resorted  to 
lor  repelling  or  destroying  these  vile  otfender.s,  and  many  of  them  have  been  more 
or  less  efleclual,  but  none  have  been  attended  with  c  ipk'te  success,  except  in 
removing  the  earth  from  the  base  of  the  tree,  and  cnisliing  the  boreris  to  death 
and  destroying  the  eggs  and  cocoons.  A  small  quantity  of'  leached  wood-ashes' 
or  of  newly-slaked  lime,  added  to  the  roots  and  then  covered  with  rartli,  has 
proved  advantageous,  not  only  in  warding  off  the  borers,  but  in  promoting  the 
vigour  of  the  trees.     Un  this  subject,  .1  udge  Peters  remarks,  in  the  •'  Memoirs  of  the 

*  See  Hums'  Reiwrt,  p.  233, 


IMAI.E. 


m 


I'm 


ii 


U' 


74 


238 


AMYGDAI.US    PEKSICA. 


It!    i 


Ih  ladclpfiia  Soc'ctjr  for  promoting  Agriculture,"  that  he  ha.l  "C.ilo,!  iu  manv 

u.^s,  m  wh.d,  others  are  said  to  have  succeeded.     .Straw  and  l.a  s  or  mper^ 

surro.u.du,^  the  tree,  frou,  the  root,  at  all  (hstances,  from  six  i  u-l  .rio   h   "    .; 

hlled  with  sa  id,  oil,  tar,  nrpeutine,  sulph::--  acid,  nitrous  mixtures  and  nhnost 
every  kind  ol  coating,  i  ruined  several  trees,  hv  cntting  then  d  >w  an  e 
m.ttiiig  the  s  uup  to  throw  up  new  shoots,  and'hranch  at  pleasure  '  A  e«,  - 
nents  l<ep  the  exudation  iVoni  evaporating  with  freedom  Th  pores  '-w 
c  osed,  or  too  open,  were  alike  injurious.  Teguments  of  straw  or  l.ass  ma  1? 
the  bark  tender;  and  it  thivw  out,  under  the  cov  ring,  sickly  shoots  The  e 
dense  coating  stopp.-.l  tiie  perspiration.  The  oil  invited  mice,  and  o  he  ve/min 
whi.-h  ate  the  hark  thus  prej.ared  for  their  repast,  and  killed  he  .ree  In  a  u'  d 
hedge-rowsand  nearwooJs-I  paved,  raisell  hillocks  of  stone-l  have  s^i  |e 

p    ho  eaiih  11.  the  spiiug,  and  exposed  the  butt  in  the  fall-sometimes  I  have 
ed  the  knife  freely-lrcinently  have  left  the  tree  to  shoot  in  ev.-ry       ect  on-I 
have  scrubbed  the  stocks  or  trunks  with  hard  brushes,  soap-suds     nd     and 
scraped  them  with  pr.>per  instruments;  1  have,  for  a  sea,;.n  o    two,  under  va! 
oi      experiments,  .mused  myself  with  the  persuasion,  that  1  had  d  scoveed  "n 
in lallible  ;;«/,«m,.     1  had   temporary  success,  but  final  disappointment."     -I 
remove  the  card,    a  few  inclu^s  r.nnid  the  t.-ee  in  August  o    Septe  d  e     pour 
u;o-md  the  bu.t,  begim.mg  about  one  foot  above  the  gionnd,  a  qua.    o  'n  ore 
not  being  nice  ab,.ut  the  ,,uantity,)  of  bo,ling-hot  s,t,p-sud.;  or\vater.    "n.is 
K  Us   he  egg  or  worm  lodged  in  the  tender  bark;  and  of  cou,-se  prevc.ts  its    av! 
ai,e    tl...  next  season.     I  ca.ef,illy  search  the  trees,  though  [  seldom  (h.d  wo,-  ns 
I  do  not  perce.ve  any  .iijury  f,-om  this  opc-ation.'    I  have  di.scove.vd  womis  in 
or  near  the  roots  of  the  smallest.stocks  taken  from  the  nursery.     'I'hese  I    re 
qnently  plunge  into  boiling  wate.-,  before  planting.     I  lose  very  few  and  do    ot 
attribute  the  lo.sses  to  the  hot  water."  very  icw,  anu  ao  not 

ners''r/%;^Z'':r'  ^'^'^^.'"^"^^i"^'^^  f"^^rs  severely  from  the  attacks  of  leaf-hop- 

;■  ^  ^('V^''-^  f  7"^'    "'  ''■"'"  "'«-^«  "^  t'i«  true  plant-hce    (A,,ki</rs  )     Thev 

m-  found  beneath  the  leav.vs,  iu^^inall  cavities  produced  by  their  irritai..^  Lmd 

nres    and  are  so  small  that  they  may  readily  escape  notice.      ThJs  •  1,.'      te 

sects  have  very  slender  bodies,  and  narrow  sv.ngs,  which  are  fringed  w.  e 

ha.fs,  an.n.e  close  to  their  barks  when  they  are  at  rest.     Tb..y  air  excee    ,Hv 

active,  ai.<l  appear  to  leap,  rather  than  fly;  when  they  move.^  \lie  pla      lie/ 

likewise  live  under  the  leaves  of  the  peach   causing  ,li4,  by  thei    nui  c     re     to 

become  .ncreased  m  fliick.icss,  to  curl  or  form  hollows  beneath   and  c     .™ 

I.  h        1  he  depredali..iis  of  these  lice  is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  causes    ,f  not 

mn  11   ;•      :r\  "'"^"'  •*'"'  "^>'^''  ''^  "  ^^"S'^t-"*     '^''«  '"^st  efficacious  .T.eans 
poycjl    or  the  destruction  of  the  thrips  and  aphides  are  fumigations  of  ^l- 
i       .'.M       "f  *''■  "'''"'■  ^'"'''    «"b.stances,  and  throwing  mto  the  t.ves,  with  co  - 
pure  wlun'.'      '"'■''  '"""^  '"'"*'""''  "''  ^'^^^^^'^  ^""^  '"^'^'^'^  ^o-ai>su.\s,  and  even 

..Ji'r  ''""''.  "^^'T  Ffich-t.-ee  is  uncturcd  in  an  early  stace  of  its  growth  bv  a 
small,  rough,  dark-brown  b.-etle,  yCnrrulh  mmupha;  llerbsf  \  for  the  i  n-noso 
of  depositing  her  eg.^s,  and  thereby  providing  foi^ier 'future  progeny  I  urn  a 

'st.'rt'rc;'"';^,  \  ^'""^  f-«tles,  a  srl^aU  drop  of  gun.  .nay  I  sS.iLn  V  Vo.;^ 

and  e, use  "if  tn  '.  77  '*'"'"'  *'^  ''^'''  ^^'''''•^''  ^'•"•'^'  ^^-'^i''''  f^""'  i»to  the  fruit, 
and  cause  .t  to  fall  befo.-c  it  is  mature.     For  a  further  account  of  this  insect,  the 


Harris'  Report,  pp.  Is?  et  l'.i2. 


1'his 


the 


PEACH-THKE.  239 

rc.iaor  is  referred  to  our  article  on  the  domestic  cultivutcd  plutn,  under  tlio  head 
oi  "  Insects,  '  ' 

The  scv.:nteon-year  hicust,  (Cicada  scptmdeccm,)  althoMf,di  most  usually  found 
on  Ih.^  oak,  oltrn  resorts  to  other  forest  trees,  when  actuated  hy  necessity,  and 
not  iuitre<iuemly  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  hrau.-hes  of  the  prach-lree,  when  no 
other  convnient  shruh  or  tree  is  at  hand.  i>rueh-trers  (.nee  at(aei<ed  hy  this 
most  prrnieions  insect,  seldom,  if  ever,  recover  from  the  iuflirted  wounds 

Aniong  the  diseases  incident  to  plants,  thi-rc  is  no  one  involved  in  more  mys- 
tery  lliaii  that  strange  disorder  in  the  peach-tree,  eonununly  called  the  "  yellows  " 
It  was  noticed  m  the  neighl.oiirhood  of  IMiilad.'Iphia,  hy  Ju(ls,'e  Peters  in  17»>0 
or  the  year  lollowing.  From  perfeet  veidtir(>,  he  states,  the  leaves  of  his  trees 
tnrnecl  yellow  in  a  k-w  days,  and  their  hodies  hiackened  in  spots.  He  attril.iiled 
the  origin  ot  the  disease  to  s.mie  morhid  alfectioii  of  the  air,  wliieli  he  conceived 
has  the  most  to  do  with  all  vegetation,  as  well  in  its  food  and  sustenance  as 
ui  it.s  decay  and  dissolution.  From  Philadelphia,  the  malady  spread,  hv  de«rees 
to  other  parts  o(  the  country;  and  hy  ISIO,  in  \,.w  Jersey,  there  were  left  hut  a 
lew  peach  orchards  alive,  or  m  a  nourishing  state.  It  is  said  to  have  appeared 
ui  the  vicinity  ot  New  York,  in  al.ont  the  year  ISUl;  ui  (Jonnecticut,  in  IKIS- 
and  111  Massaduisetts,  in  IS^  1.  It  is  also  prevalent  in  the  southern  states  of  tlie 
union,  and  west  ol  ilie  Alleghany  Mountains. 

The  phenomena  attending  the  development  of  this  di.sease,  are  given  in  detail 
m  the  M'coud  niimher  of  the  '-Albany  (Cultivator."  of  1S15,  hy  l\lr   .\oyes  l)ir- 
Img,  of  New  Haven,  from  which  we  make  the  following  condensed  extracts  — 
;' There  are  two  marks  or  sym[.toms,  hy  which  the  presence  of  the;  ilisease'  is 
mdicated.     One  is,  the  shootim,'  out  Inmi  the  body  or  limbs  of  the  tree  of  very 
small,  slender  shoots,  about  tlu^  size  of  a  hen's  quill.     The  leaves  upon  ihes'e 
shoots  are  commonly  destitute  of  green  colour,  as  if  l.lanehed.  or  as  if  grown  in 
a  dark  cellar;  and  like  the  shoots  which  bear  them,  are  of  diminutive  growth 
rarely  exceeding  an  inch  in  length.     These  shoots  do  not  usually  start  from  the 
common,  visible  buds  at  the  points  where  the  leaves  join  the  stem    but  from 
unseen,  latent  buds  in  the  bark  of  the  trunk  or  large  braiiclies.     The  other  symp- 
tom  IS,  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  two  to  four  weeks  before  its  natural  .season  of 
maturity.     Most  generally  also,  the  fruit,  whatever  be  its  natural  colour,  is  m<.re 
or  less  spotted  with  purplish-red  specks.     Jf  shoots,  such  as  are  above  des.Tibed 
appear  upon  a  tree,  or  without  lliem,  if  the  fruit  upon  any  part  of  it  (not  wormy) 
ripens  betore  the  proper  time,  it  may  bo  ccM'tainly  known  that  the  tree  has  the 
yellow.s.      Ihese  are  not  tlic  only  marks  or  symptoms  of  the  disease'  but  they 
are  tho.sc  which  are  the  most  readily  discovered.     The  ordinary  lea'ves  of  the 
tree,  (u-  at  le;ist  those  upon  the  diseased  portion  of  it,  commonly  undergo  a  sli-dit 
change  ot  colour.     Instead  of  a  bright  glossy  green,  they  take  on  a  dull  yellowhli 
tnige.       Ihe  wood  also,  when  the  disease  is  considerably  advanced,   becomes 
unelastic,  so  that  its  branches,  when  moved  by  the  wind,  instead  of  the  graceful 
waving  ol  health,  have  a  stiff  jerking  motion.     *  *  *    it  *     The  fruit   the  first 
scas()n  of  attack,  usually  grows  to  its  proper  size.     Tli.>  second  season, 'it  is  uni- 
lormly  small,  not  more  than  a  half  or  a  (piarter  of  its  usual  size.     \V  hatever  be 
the  natural  colour  ol  the  Iruit,  red,  yellow,  white,  or  green,  it  is  more  or  less 
when  diseased,  coloured  with  purplish-red;  generally  in  specks,  or  coarse  dots! 
Ihe  flesh,  (inile  to  the  stone,  is  often  coloured,  and  most  deeply  around  the  stone 
My  the  coloured  specks,  a  pers(m  may  easily  distinguish  by  the  eye,  diseased 
from  healthy  fruit.     *  #  #  *  *     1,1  ti,e  first'summer  of  disease,  it  i,s  not  always 
that  the  whole  tree  appears  affected.     The  slender  shoots  may  show  tliemselv'es 
oil  one  branch  only,  the  rest  of  the  tree  having  every  appearance  of  health       In 
like  nuumer,  the  IrnU  upon  one  branch  may  ripen  four  weeks  too  soon    imoii 
another  two  weeks  too  soon,  and  upon  '' '  " 


: 


rest  of  the  tree  at  the  natural  l 


imc. 


m^ii 


li 


940 


B 


AMY(U)ALUS  PERHrCA. 


Mi 
Mi 


ffj 


m 


J-' 


:i:^i 


The  Bocond  sooson,  all  tho  fruit  will  ripen  three  or  four  weeks  too  soon  The 
tree  sometiiues  dies  the  next  year  afler  the  apiu-anuiee  cf  the  (li.sei.se,  aruj  .soine- 
tunes  iuiKers  along  with  a  leehle  life  for  two  or  three  years.  *  *  *  *  *  s«»i| 
whether  of  elay  or  sand,  wlietlier  nioi.st  or  dry,  whether  cultivutcd  or  in  u'rass' 
inauur.Mi  or  lunnanured  does  not  appear  to  me,  clearly,  either  to  increase  or 
dinninsh  the  liuhihfy  to  disease.     Trees  staiidiiiir  iu  exposed  and  sheltered  .siiii-i- 

li"  iT'  "^T*  Ti  T  'Vr\  »^•"l"'^""  '""«  =^'"'  '"  VHlleys,  .seem  alike  and  e.,ually 
lahle.     *****     When  the  (hsease  eotiuneuces  in  a  garden  or  orchard  con- 
tanung  a  considerable  niunher  of  trees,  it  does  not  attack  all  at  once.     It  hieaks 
out  in  pn/r/tcs,  which  air  progressively  enlarged,  till  eventually  all  tlie  trees 
hocoine  victims  to  the  malady.     *  *  *  *  *     i  took  a  blossom  from  a  diseased 
tree,  and  applied  tin;  dust  (pollen)  to  t[i(«  blossom  of  a  young  tr.u,  in  n»v  gar- 
den,      liic  tree  thus  exposed  to  mfection,  showed  no  mark  Of  disea.se    either 
m   tliat   or  the  siicceding  year.     *****     i  uwk  .some  buds  from 'a  tree 
having  symptoms  ot  the  yellows,  and  inserted  part  into  jH-ach,  part  into  apri^ 
cot,  and  part  into  almond  stocks.     Some  of  tho  inoculations  /W.-  w.>ll   but  all 
showed  marks  of  disea.se  the  n,  xt  .season.     Th.-  p.>a.;li  and  alm..nd  .v/ock  with 
tlieir  hiKls,  died  tlu;  second  winter  after  inoculation.     One  apricot  stock   lived 
five  years    but  its  peach  top  grew,  in  that  time,  to  bo  only  about  three  feet 
high.     *****     i„  mi  orchard  or  garden,  containing  both  old  and  vounir 
trees,  the  young  trees  will  generally  be  di.sea.sed  first.     *****     Peach-trees 
budded  oil  apricois,  plums,  and  sweet  almonds,  are  liable  to  the  yellows.  *  *  *  *  * 
Most  ol  the  applications  for  llie  cure  of  the  di.sease,  have  been  made  on  (lie  sup- 
position that  It  was  caiiscul  by  ihe  peach-worm.     .Such  are  a.slies,  scalding  water 
charcoal,  lime   salt,  .saltpetre,  (Ish-oil,  and  urine.     All  of  them  have  more  or  less 
agency  in  ex" luding  the  borer,  but  are  not  all  c/Prf„af,  .■veii  for  that  piirtuKse 
feomeo    them  have  .seemed  to  promote,  for  a  time',  the  growth  of  the  trees  and  to 
give  a  deeper  irreen  to  their  leaves;  but  mmv.  tliat  I  have  ever  observed,  have  at 
at  all  checked  the  progress  of  the  yellows."     The  most  elfectual,  and  the;  only 
remedy  lor  this  disease,  hitherto  discovered,  is,  on  the  first  symptoms  of  decay 
to  grub  up  the  trees  by  the  roots,  and  convert  them  at  onc(>  into  fuel. 

1  he  principal  other  accidents  t(5  wliich  the  ])each-tree  is  liable,  arc  the  splitting 
of  the  imbs  at  the  forks  by  excessive  weight,  or  by  high  winds,  and  the  bursting 
ot  the  buds  and  l^vrk  by  severe  frosts  in  open  and  wet  winters  ° 

Properties  and  Uses.      The  wood  of  the  i)each-tree  is  hard,  compact,  of  a 
roseate  hue,  and  is  su.sceptible  of  a  fine  polish;  but  owing  to  its  inferi.'r  size  and 
comparative  .scarcity,  it  is  but  little  used  in  the  arts,  or  for  fuel,  except  in 'coun- 
tries whore  other  kinds  of  wood  are  rare.     Wh(<ii  obtained,  however,  of  suitable 
dimensions,  it  may  be  employed  for  similar  purpo.ses  as  that  of  the  almond      A 
colour  may  also  bo  extracted  from  it  called  rose-pink:     Its  leaves  yield  by  distil- 
atioii.  a  volatile  oil,  of  a  yellow  colour,  containing  hydrocyanic  acid.     Its  bark 
blossoms,  and  kernels  of  the  fruit,  ahso  possess  the  same  poisonous  property' 
i-rom  the  quantity  of  gum  and  sugar  contained  in  the  delicious  pulp,  the  peach 
IS  nutritious,  and  is  employed  as  a  desert,  both  fresh  and  preserved.     From  the 
malic  acid  contained  in  its  juice,  it  is  slightly  irfrigerant,  and  if  eaten  in  moder- 
ate quaiitities   It  IS  generally  considered  as  wholesome:  but  if  taken  too  freelv 
It  IS  liable  to  dhsorder  the  bowels.     When  stewed  with  sugar,  it  may  be  given  a.s 
a  mild  laxative  to  convalescents.     The  Iccrnels  may  be  used  for  the  same  pur- 
l)oso  as  tho.se  of  the  bitter  almond.     The  leaves  arc  sometimes  employed  bv  the 
cook,  the   iquorist,  and  the  confectioner,  for  liavouring,  and  they  have  al. so  been 
substituted  for  Chinese  tea:  but,  as  fatal  conse.iuences  Jiave  sometimes  followed 
these  uses,  they  should  be  looked  upon  with  precaution. 

The  preservation  of  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  apricots,  and  other  kinds  of  fruit 
m  syrup,  occupy  a  prominent  rank  in  the  industry  and  commerce  of  Franco  and 


PEACII-TIIKE. 


211 


31 


// 


:!»; 


ft  1 


4  *1 


i:; 


t  i 


Genus  PRUNUS,   Tourn. 


Hosaceae. 

ISyat.  Nat. 


Synonymes, 
Frmius,  Cerasus,  Cliamacerasus, 


Icosandria  Monogynia, 

Hi/at.  Lin. 


Of  Authors. 


pro 


^Ztirj^^'T-    •°'""^''  r''^""  °'"  "'''°""'  ''•^^''y'  1»i'e  smooth,  covered  with  a  nruinose  powder      P., 
Vnm  1^1    "'^  compressed,  acute  oa  both  sides,  somewhat  furrowed  at  the  ed^es    otherwise  smoJt 
Sif-lX  C.^:;r,'T;.i'r'  ^-^^-^-^^^  one-nowcred,  evolved  Ct^^oraftrtlle 

)\m  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  mostly  deciduous,  low  trees 
■  or  shrubs,  bearing  edible  fruit,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North 
America.     Many  of  them  are  spiny  in  the  wild  state,  and  all  have 
showy  tiowers.     The  epidermis  of  the  bark  of  the  plum,  as  well 
as  that  of  the  birch  and  cherry,  is  readily  divisible  transversely, 
ibP  trop      Th/^      "'''^  frequently  be  seen  divided,  in  this  manner,  into  rings  o, 
the  tree.     There  are  upwards  ot  thirty  species  enumerated  in  catalogues-  but  it 
IS  a  ques  ion  whether  one-half  of  them  are  not  mere  varieties.     To^Sgenu 
formerly  belonged  the  Apricot,  {Arw.cniaca  vuliraris,  of  Tournefort  De  Candol  e' 
Loudon,  and  others,)  and  for  the  convenience  of  classification   vvelaveretSe^^ 
the  Linn^an  name      This  tree  is  i.I  general  cultivation  throughout   he  temperate 
regions  of  the  globe,  and  is  distinguished,  at  first  sight,  from^he  olmoi  d   rS 
ThPrf.?  n""''  ^r  Its  heart-shaped,  smooth,  shinin|  leaves,  and  white    iLve    l 
There  aie  several  wild  varieties,  bearing  flowers  of  different  shades  of  pink,  and 
are  chiefly  cultivated  for  ornamept.     The  great  beauty  of  both  the  wild  and  t  le 
cultivated  sorts  of  the  apricot  is,  that  in  high  latitudes,  they  generally  come  i   to 
b  oom  before  most  other  trees.     The  most  noted  specie's  of  this  genus^proner,  a  c 
the  domestic  cultivated  plum   (Prunus  domestica) ;  the  sloe,  or  black  thon    of 
Europe    (Prunus  spinosa)  ;  the  engrafted,  or  bullice  plum   (Prunus  insit   ia) 
he  beach-plum    (Prunus  maritima) ;  and  the  moose  or  American  wild  ph  nV 
0^  mus  amencana.       The  latter  is  said  t.  be  the  only  species  indigeno^is  to 
^olth  America  which  has  a  flat  stone,  grovcd  en  both  margins.     The  other  spe- 
cies native  of  this  country,  are  somewhat  intermediate  in  their  fruit,  between   he 
cieiry  and  the  plum  the  stone  being  slightly  compressed,  and  the  glaucous  bloom 
wan  ing,  except  m  the  Prunus  maritima;  yet  they  are  evidently  P/«.,.,  and 3 
a  ernes,  in   he  opinioi;.  of  Torrey  and  Gray,  and  cannot  witfi  propriety  be  sepa- 
rated from  this  genus.     The  beach-plum  abounds  along  the  sandy  sea-coast  of 
the  United  States,  from  Maine  to  Alabama.     The  moose-plum  o^ccurs  on  the 

Text's  1ndT-'";rt  T  ^I'^-^VV^^.^^'  i"  hedges,  and  on  prairies,  from  Canada  to 
lexas,  and  is  often  cu  tivated  with  success.  Both  of  these  species  are  said  to 
escape  the  attacks  of  the  curculio,  as  no  warts  or  excrescences  are  found  upon 
them,  eyen  when  growing  m  the  immediate  vicinity  of  infested  foreign  trees 
Hence  it  has  been  suggested  that  they  might  be  propagated  to  advantage  from 
the  stone,  for  the  purpose  of  grafting  or  budding  other  fruits  upon 


but  it 


Prumis  armeniaca, 
THE  COMiMON  APRICOT-TREE. 


Prunus  arvieniaca, 

Armeniaca  vulgaris, 

Abricotier, 
Aprikosenhaiim, 
Albicocco,  Albcrcocco, 
Ai-inellJni,  Pesco  americano, 
Mihaco,  ■  ' 

Albaricoquero,  Albaricocal, 
Apricot, 


Synony. 


itnes. 


LiNN^us,  Species  Planiarum. 
JJe  CAN-noLi.E,  Prodromus. 
j  Don,  Miller's  Dictionary 

Franc'"'  ^''''"'''•■'"'"  Britannicum. 
Germany. 

[  Italy. 

Spain 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


to  have  Iwci,  dcrivej  from  Z^rn7      i         '"'''"''"■  '•■"-''•^''  "■■"'"■^  ^'j 


vi:^;?-;;^:'^;.,  S^  ^;::-,]iC;|^^  ^es  a.,..  ,.  Ar.,,..,  i„  p.  ,,,  ,„,„„„,  ,,„,,,„„  ,^,,^,.,^^^_^_^^  ^^^  ^ 


iMJiuu  derive  it  from 


Specific  Characters.    Flowers  sessile. 


?3.  393,  309,  et 


Leaves  heart-shaped  or  ovate.-Z>e  CandoUe,  Prodromus. 

Description. 

HE  Common  Apricot,  in 
^  fovonrable      situations, 
^^^^jp    usually  attains  a  lieight 
i,r!f).  o  1  — 1         ''-'"  ^~     °^  twenty  or  thirty  (vat 

Ed  '  ^^/:,^r''f^''''^^"^^'  «"'-'^-hator4ular 
iieaa  1  he  branches  are  furnished  with  numer- 
als buds,  and  are  clothed  with  large,  ear  - 
shaped,  smooth,  shining  leaves.  Th?  flowe  s 
winch  are  white,  put  forth  before  the  leaves  and 
are  very  oi-namental,  especially  at  a  season^vhen 

Nii;£:^mtfy:S^[\  appearance  at 

acme  at  the  other,  and  d^.LI^^t^]:::^:^^  ^ ^the^  ^a^t^ll^ 

the  "li^u?  s^S;™"'-     ^^«^^«-^^  ^^/>Wc«^/...,  the  leaves  of  which  are  oval,  and 

le^e^-  an^laJ^'f'^.t.'^"''"^"^^^-^"'^^'^^^^--^-''-.  ^^^h  broad,  heart-shaped 

3.  P.  A.  FOL.ts  VAKiEGATis       Varierrafed-kaved  Apricot-tree 
l^ave^-    rrnmS^f  ^a^S^lStS'-^  , '^  ^^^^^  ^hat  the  Chinese 

Catteas;,s/tli^  „....,- C.;^-^,;:;';--^^ 


h.i] . 


ii 


244 


PRUNUS    ARMENIACA. 


Iff 


'published  in  1582,  it  is  affirmed,  that' the  apricot  was  l,rough"t 
J^ngland  by  Wolfe,  a  French  priest,  gardener  to  Henry  VIII.,  in 


iii 


rally  supposed  to  have  originated  in  Armenia,  but  Regnicr  and  Sickler  assign  it 
a  parallel  b.nween  the  Niger  and  Mount  Atlas.  Pallas^considers  it  to  bo  a  nat  ve 
of  the  whole  of  the  Caucasus ;  and  Thunberg  describes  it  as  a  ve  y  arge  spr' S 
mg,  branchy  tree,  ni  Japan.  Roth  in  Caucasus  and  China  it  is  mLe  fSquent  on 
mountains  than  on  p  ams,  which  affords  a  proof  of  its  great  hardils     ^ 

This    ree  was  cultivated  by  the  Romans,  and  is  described  by  Plinv  and 

Dioscondes.     It  is  said  to  have  been  brought  from  Greece  to  MarLi  les  by  t  e 

locfcan  CO  onists,  some  time  in  the  middle  ages.     It  appears  from  Turne 's 

.    memL^:;l;ce;:'' V:S.7l!!^S  'I  't^^^^-\  1^62 ;  aiZn  Haclduyt's'^'S.! 

from  Italy  to 

1524. 

.l,7!!'^'"*''"'^"f '°r  ?^  •*''*'  'T"'^*  "'^'^  ^'^^  Unl'ed  States  probably  dates  back  to 
t  Au'  Kof'b  I.W  ^''"  settlements.  It  is  at  present  almLt  as  liversally  cid' 
tivatcd  in  both  Europe  and  America  for  a  fruit-tree,  as  the  peach;  and  is  more 

nZrJU'i  ''  ^  T'. "'  '^'Y^r^i'''^  ^'^'-^^  ^'^^-^^  ^'•««'  «"  ^^^«"»t  «f  ««  n^ore  vig! 
beamif-ul  leaves.  ''^ndsomer  general  shape,  independently  of  its  more 

n/ThP  n^vflT'  'K'-  .  ^7^  f'""  ^''''  ^''"^'^''^  ^'^«  appearance  of  maturity  so  soon 
as  the  apricot.  A  standard  ten  or  twelve  years  planted,  in  good  loamy,  rich 
err  '  n  !  ^T  ^°,r  r'g'^t  of  twenty  feet,  with  a  head  twenty-five  feet  in  diam- 
eter, piesenting  al  he  appearance  of  a  tree  of  twenty  or  thirty  years'  growth. 
Hence  the  value  ol  tins  tree  m  planting  the  grounds  of  a  small  villa,  whefe  unity 
of  expression  and  immediate  effect  is  desired.  This  tree  requires  vJry  nearly  the 
ame  SOI  and  mode  of  cu  ture  as  the  nectarine  and  domestii  plum,  and  is  sifbject 
to  the  attacks  of  many  of  the  same  insects,  and  frequently  loses  it.s  fruit  befoii  it 
arrives  at  maturity.     The  trees  arc  generally  budded  on  stocks  of  the  plum   and 

cnl  vnto;f  ^'"'T'^f  '"^  '''T'.^  ^S^""^^  ^^''^"«-  l^here  are  several  varieties 
cult  vated  especially  for  heir  fruit,  among  which  the  Breda,  with  its  brilliant 
S  P  •      /''  the  Moorpark,  and  the  Blotched-leaved  Roman,  stand  pre-eminent 

thl  ^l.if  ?''  \^'T^'  'V^^'  ^^^'"S"  *''""^t'  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between 

the  peach  and  apricot,  which  is  ifiuch  esteemed  by  some 

jopcrtks  and  Uses.  The  fruit  of  the  Apricot,  Hke  that  of  the  peach  and 
plum,  IS  wholesonie  and  delicious,  when  taken  in  moderate  quantities,  but  it 
cannot  be  mdulged  in  to  excess,  with  impunity.  When  fully  ripe  it  may  be 
used  as  a  dessert  at  table,  or  may  be  dried,  or  preserved  in  sirup,  like  the  peach 
nrj!T'  ^>'V  n."^^"'^!!  ''^''''  '^  ''  ^^■''^'^'  '^'^d  "^'■'•'•^d  to  E.^ypt,  as  an  article 
?virrl  Zn  Tf  ■  ",  ^'''"^•'  r*"^  "^''/"•'  ''"P^'^y  ''  ^■^'^•^ons\y  in  the  arts.  From  the 
wild  t  ce,  the  pu  p  ,s  of  little  value,  but  it  has  a  large  kernel,  from  which  they 
extract  an  oil.  I  hey  preserve  this  fruit  wet  in  all  its  flavour;  and  they  make 
lozenges  of  the  clarihed  juice,  which  afford  an  agreeable  bt.erage,  when  diluted 


Prinnis  domcstica, 
THE  DOMESTIC   CULTIVATED   PLUM-TREE. 


Synonynics. 


Prunus  domestka, 

Prunier  domestique, 

Gemeine  Pflauine,  Pflaumenbaura, 

i  i-utio,  Susmo,  Subiiio  domestico. 

Ciruelo, 

Aincxieira, 

Plum-tree, 


Llnn^us,  Species  Plantarum. 
JJe  Candolle,  Prodro.nus. 
(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

i' RANGE. 

Germanv, 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Portugal. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


ante^ll^e!^''^"  ^"-'■'^'-'  '^^^^-'^  -  «"«>.  O.h.a.t.  Companion ;  Lo„.,„„.  Ar.„retu™  Britannlcun,,  vi,    ,  .  „  P 

"SuSt^trflaf^^S^Sl^i:-  -->y  -"-,.    Leaves  lanceo.ate-ovate,  concave  on 


Description. 


sHFi  Prunus  domos- 
tica  usually  grows 
to  a  height  of  fif. 
'-.  r      '■— .        -*.^.-^...=w»«3  teen  or  twenty  feet, 
and  from  six  to  ten  niches  in  diameter.     I 
somewhat  resembles  the  common  sloe,  (Pru- 
nus spinosa  )  but  larger  in  all  its  parts  and 
IS  without  thorns      The  bark  is  black,  and 
the  leaves  are  of  a  dark-green.     The  roots  « 

middle  of  April,  ani  nea^Ty  a  nl  .terTt  H  T''  V^''  ^'"^^1  ^'^^^^«'  ^^  ^^e 
Massachuse  ts.  They  are  mo  Z  so'ntnrf  ^  '"'  "'  ^  'T^''  ^"^  ""^  ^^^^o"'  i" 
filaments,  with  yellowil  a  Xe  s^  T ,  ^i  ']"*^-  ^''"'^'"  ^'^"^  *^^^«"ty  to  thirty 
are  somet  mes  twa  T he  dr  0^1^  .Inho^^^^  1^''  ''  T''''^^^  ^'"^>^  «"«  ^^^^^  there 
fleshy,  glabrous,  and  coverXltht  iZn'^""^'  ''  ''''  ""''''  -'  «blong-ovate, 

thetrtlccuiti^irpir  --^-  -?  -^b-varieties  of 

are  only  dissimilar  in  name      T^i  tTl  catalogues,  many  of  which,  perhaps, 

and  all'its  variations  as'w eil  /  U'buiracTnllT"  ^'iTr  ^'^^^^'"'  ^P«^' ^ 
sloe.  On  this  point,  however  bota nisis  In  ir  '  "'^'^'^'^ted  from  the  common 
to  our  purpose  to  under  akef;  rJfun  i  r  '""^T'  ^''"^  •'''  '*  ^^^'^  ^e  irrelevant 
notice    hos^e  wl  iVJ    W^^^^^^  "^f''"}.  ''''^^'  ^  ^'^^'^^^^>  ^^e  shall  here  only 

been  cultivated  iuhel  for  oZn^ent  "  distinctness  of  character,  and  havl 

^'i  or  th^^sr^'^^  £^f  ;i,,  ^r';!ti^""'"r/  f^-*^^^  -  ^^^^ 

bear  some  resemblance  to  those  of    ?n\'  '^  ^'''''''''^  ^'""^'^  "^  this  variety 

intenru^diate  betweeni^.:;;;:?;!;';:;,;!^'^;;;^'^^^-     ''  ^^^^^^  ^'^  ^ 

4^oftheE;:^Shr^;;Sl!:«.,?;^^^^^ 

'  '  ^  "'^  ^  rencn,  and  Cr/-«//e  Kunigspjlaiime, 


fit 


I.*  ' 


h;.'  ^1 


i;>' 


r       I 

ft  1%^ 

I  Sri 


246 


PRUNUS  DOMESTICA. 


wife  of  Francis  I.     hS The  So   ff„;,, 'T     ,"'''°.''''''°''  '"">  '■''•'">=°  ''V  'I"-' 

PJlaumenbanm,  German      Th  ,  vnriM,,        '  ■S^"f ''(">'"""«*'""»  <"  /«*»/.«■ 

native  of  ^'orlll  America     utT^ilhf  ?'  "  ""PPO^od  by  some  to  bo  .i 

vation.  It  wel  dSe  vcs  c  It,  ro  ,?nX  1  '"  'V  '=°"""'>'  "'  "  ^'"«  "f  "-I'i- 
early  ftowcrin..  Xc  ,  tal  c.  I  ?.„  L  ,  "'"''"u'  "™'  °"  ""='^'"""  »f  i's  very 
ge„Jra„y;  co,?4'e'°!Vr!us  tbrcToT'e  ft^re'd  tiros?  '""'-^^-'"^  ™™«-. 

mviX;r:oT^iL''FVe„c'Jr"'"''"    '"'""'■'*  "  ^'""'-'""'  «'"»-"■--■  ^'■"■ 

Fre„d,-.%h™v™Sy"^?jttvc?'*'''",'^5'"'-?'<''  *''■"«'"■  '""/  "f  •"„ 

in  France,  tW,e„";;:;Va^rr^f  the  t™t'rrs'",X-e^^^^^^^^^^ 

na? pl^ntes""™'  '^^  ^^"''°""-    *''•  •"*»-  ^-'^Xhl-Llds'^IIf'Sflci- 

variety  i°s  aTtr^elfolSrS  of an'^fYr  ''""^'"'-     T'-  f""'  "f  thi., 
and  i/disli,,gnrsl  cd  for  itrJemnHAM  ^      i*"'  "'P"""*  '"""'l''  "">  '«». 

and  ripe  from  the  tiee  ""'"k""/  «weet  atid  agreeable  Havonr,  when  fresh 

Thisvarre.;:rnrthe''pInSrc,dtrvato^¥  -^['""-r'  "  ^^"^'"-  ^'»"'"■• 

gronah,  and  pyramidal  head      i;  kvZ        i'       """  excellent  quality,  vigorous 
deserves  cultivation  •  '^  ''^''^^'  ^'^  ^^'"^^  ^^^'•«'->  and  particularly 

someflo\v;;s'°' K',^e'roo;sof?hi.  ^'"'f -^^-^«"'«^  ^^'"«-^-^,  with  large,  hand- 
no.ish.en,  th/i^^-f;^  ll^ JSint^  ^SS  ^ll^.Sl^^"-  «^ 

diffused  i.  fs  o  Iw tcalitv  L'h?"'  ^"'''''^?  "PP^^^^  '"^  be  more  widely 
to  the  south  of  r£  Cau  Isu^^ho  Him^  l''"'  ^'  'f  '^''^'^^'^^  ^«  ''^  indigenoul 
In  England,  and  nr  some  p^^^^^^^  ^^  ^.«  '^^^"^  P*^"«  «f  i^'^^'ope. 

hedges?  but  never  trulv  wi         Tl  i!  f'""^^''  "  ''  s^'netimcs  found  in 

vated  for  ornament  or  the     fruh    n  X.hoV''^  """"^  "^  ^^^  ^'^"'"'^^'^'^  ^'•'^  -"'ti" 

pe'ods  onhS'serm'entt  '  w!.l  v'ah,  "f f  ^'  f""'''  '^'^^  '^^'^  '^  *'-  -^hest 
nated  in  this  countrT  i  nonrwl  .  i,  '  n  1""^  "iterosting  varieties  have  origi- 
conspicuous.  iT  ;Lr"rfeT  s'ld  fn  ^"^'""f  "'  ^^-'^'"8^'^"  P'-m  stan'^ls 
New  York,  about  tlfe  eTd  of  the  In'^f  .  /  "^^  'f'"  ^'''.'^'^^^^  i»  ^  n-.arkct  in 
years,  till,  during  a  violent  sL  n  ol  .nn  I  T,'  ^'  '""'"'"^'^  b^''''^"  f^""  ^^^^••"l 
earth  by 'ligh,„i^,„  a^id  los  mvo  1  'n  '  ''  ^"^''-^.^ruiilc  was  severed  to  the 
»r„..i:  .(...„5.  .    "^'  """'^  ^'^istioyed.      I  he  part  remammg  in  the  ground   after- 


wards  threS  t,p  Svera,  'i^^^  sh^,  Xrwr"!^  ■l^ellV^^ml^ln; 


and 


,  and  is  too 
nee  by  the 
^e  in  Eng- 

^ian  Pliim- 
r  Indischer 
i  from  the 
o\v  sepals, 
ne  to  be  a 
e  of  culti- 
)f  its  very 
■  varieties, 

ree;  Pru- 

tif  of  the 
1  Orleans, 
English, 
the  offici- 

lit  of  this 

the  base, 

hen  fresh 

Bonum. 
as  larger 
ids. 
nown. 
s  variety 
vigorous 
ticularly 

?e,  hand- 
dance  of 


e  widely 
ligenous 
Europe, 
bund  in 
re  culti- 
abitablo 
sia,  and 
1  'I'opo- 
^ngland 

earliest 
re  origi- 
staiids 
irket  in 
several 
I  to  the 
1,  after- 
in,  and 


,  DOMESTIC  CtJLTIVATED  PLUM-TREE.  247 

^mI  K:riS;::;ay,^ri?.:;;^iy^,-;7  --  .^^  sent  to  England  in  1819, 
don  Horticultural  Society  i      H^>     L  D  Sf     "'?'  'r  v''  ^'-''^  ^^"^  ^°  ^'^«  ^on^ 
,    Soil,  ;Sitnaeion,  Propalat  ln\w      Tho.uf''  "f -^^'^  ^ '^'■'^• 
loamy  soiK  someVha    0^1/^0,^  and  a     X     ^'"'V'''^^  ^  ^^'^'^ 

op<;'i.  and  exposed  .0  the  s^uf  ut  choro  'r  '"^''V^M"  ^'^^^^  ^''^  a  situation 
It  IS  almost  invariably  propaXa  od  v  r  0 L  ''/'\'r''^''^''  °'  ""''''^^rn  winds, 
ormod  on  stocks  of  the  S  >t  fSe  ^rofvi  ^  ^  '''  ?'"^'^'"^'  ""'^  '«  S^"^'-''^"^  V^r- 
jntonded  for  d^varfs,  on  the  Mi  Xlle  Jl  n  'n  '^  "'■"'  '''''"'  ''"  P''"^"'^  a"""' 
irom  seeds,  or  by  laj^crs.  Tl.e  Cner  sho  i  h  ^^''\'''''^^\'  T^  either  be  raised 
r.pe,  mixed  will,  saud,  and  tur  To'  ?  l''^  t  f  "^''''^  '^''"^'^  ^'^«  ^'•"'^  ^^  ^I'^-'^'l 
winter,  and  being  sown  in  J\Hrch  arVZ  '  ^'j'"''''  ^"^"''^  "'  ^''^  course  of  the 
tl.oy  will  come  u?  in  the  ilay  o  In"  ^^1^;,^  't  ^^  '^  -'^'--"^ly  open, 
iyy  havmg  a  humid  climate  plants  of  i^^"  •  '^'^f^^'»>  "r  any  other  coun- 
obtaincd,  hy  pegging  down  ti,e  Sots  oo'ir'^V'"'^^  ^'  very  expeditiously 
from  tl.e  stools;  and  covered  with  ^oiMoeS^^^  ^^-«  --" 

1  alt.      The  entn-e  shoot  bein-  thus  coveroc    n   ,1     ."i  '  "!' ''"  ""^'^  '^"^  ^-^ 

duce  a  vertical  shoot,  a  foot  or  morel  leni  ^  T"''  '^^''^  ^'""^  ^^'"  P^-^" 
soason;  and  each  of  the  shoots,  w  "en  Z^^  Z^'^l^^  /"  /'"^  ^^'^'1  andShe 
lollowmg,  just  before  the  falling  of  1  cK^^^^^  '?"''  !'^  ''^«  ^"t"nm 

dance  o  roots.  The  branches  whic  wrrrfaid  1^'  t  T  '^T  ''^'^  '^^^""- 
should  be  cutoff  close  to  the  stooT      ThL  ,t    i     ,  P'"'"^"^^  ''>^''^«  "^''oots 

13-  ropean  nurseries,  where  «tockTare  raeri  '1^'  ^'"'"'"'^  "^  "^'-^"^^  «^'  ^'"^ 
the  general  clemand  of  the  trade  ''Numo  on.;,  f'  ;i"'-^''t>ti«s,  to  supply 
varieties  of  the  common  plum  '  sav^sT,  ?  n  1  are  the  cull. vatcd  fruit-bearmg 
be  increased  ad  i»fi>u,u,^;^A  iul  aho"hiXl'"'  Af  '^'^•'  '^'^'  ^'''^^  '"^SlU 
tics,  with  fruits  totally  different  fom  'tl  ose  of  ,^  V^oh^U.  that  numerous  vaHc- 
cured  by  cultivating  the  ^V,  U  Vmo  In  tnn  ■  ^''^,f'''-'».^l  "^P^cics,  might  be  pro- 
";  indeed,  these  are  any,  ung  m    c  Z^  'r'p 'T'"'  ""^^  ^'^  P"'^^«c^"s; 

two  forms,  which  every  dcscPipt^on  of  tJon  Z  ""'  .V'  ^^"■"^•^ti^a.     There  are 

are  yet  wanting  in  the  genus^  Pnnms  as  f T  ''*'f  "  "'  T'''''-  "^t«'  ^^''i*^'' 
branches  pendent,  and  the  otl.o    w  t    i         ',     ^'"^"^"^  \mM\ox\:  the  one  is  with 

be  no  donl.  but  that  ^ td^  ^ZXr  ff  h vbriS"  v.r" '  '^^''T''-  ,  ^^^'-^  -" 
■soms,  and  fruit,  might  J)e  produced  bvf^PnlV;.  V"^  '"  ^''^"'  '^^^^•^^^>  '''^s- 
tbe  pollen  of  the  almond   tlu   Sch      '        .    '  ^^  "^^ 

some  maybe  disposed  to\assi,n\  mtl^  valu^^t*^  ^^1  ' ''  '^'''''V  ^'^•"^'  ^'^°"?'' 
must  not  he  forgotten  that  aIuK.staltirecdt  rated  n^  1  Productions,  yet^it 

most  kinds  ^  ;t'iM?u  ^  "  n  J^  K;'"^/';:  ^'["7"'^  ''"  ^^'"^"-  ^^  ^^^^  -  ^^- 
■sap  IS  in  a  .lowiu.ard  motion,  and  w  '  !^  o  c  ne  '  Y"-"\ ''''  ^■^^'""-  ^^'^^^'^  ^'"^ 
^nll  take  place,  than  if  pruned  m  the  wintTo'  CimJ  '^^"'"^^^^'^'^  «^"  tl>«  ^v^ound 

or  S\r J:,tZ?;^l^,|'--;^.:^-;;r^-  ^  I^-^ed  upon  by  various  msects 

tnmk  or  roots,  m  a  similar  nianl^;  s  bey  do  ^1^ T  '<  "T?'  ''''''  '^  '"^^  ^^^ 
worm  or  slmiy  caterpillar,   ( /^Av/;,™  Z    3        r^'^  and  the  slug- 

upper  surtace  of  tluwiaves  of  the  XrC  we  ^  "'V^  '^'''^.^'^  '-'^^^^  ""  tJ'^ 
tlie  pear,  ealin-  away  their  subst'    ce  V.V  "f"",'  ^'"'"'^  "'  ""^  '^''^'''•V  and 

beneath  untouched.*  u  by  f  ;  ,S  '^"^  '^^^'i"?  only  the  veins  and  the  skin 
Pimn, ..  the  Curculio  ne.nL:;^,  f  ^.i  l-^  J'''=^!  "'f'^^ -i^-'>  attacks  th^ 


P'.n..theCurculione.r,h:.,C.i;L=;j'S;X^^^^ 


) 


*  Spf  IIarn\'  Repurt.  p.  n^l. 


248 


raUNUS  DOMESTICA. 


to  whicli  allusion  is  made  under  the  head  of  "Inspff«  "  in  «„        r  ,  u 

w,1h„„t  motion,  and  Lmingly  1  fc  CS3      I,   sl.Vri!;:,  Tl'!^  remaining  for  „  ,imc 
eggs,  it  mos  it,  sltort,  cnrved  stout  wine     TSi^.  tt",' '"""IT  '">""?  ''? 

oxcept  tl?at  i!  I,„s  a  distiLrro.tnd  d!   Jl.tTrown  h^ad  "iS '"??'"'"'""''' 
observations  made  by  Dr.  Harris  and  olliS-7  fiL,  ,l.„  i  ,    "fP"''*'  ''°"l  ^omo 

nf  M,^^  I  •,     ^"c.^-^geria  exiliosa,  or  peach-tree  horer      VVhen  the  ..r.,h« 

»:itrpin:'rz;,rbt^i^s!,Sv^.E^;"„TaTr^n::rH^^^^ 

.steatned,  to  l<iil  tbo  enclosed  grnbs,  they^itlo,  Id  lio^iven  as  foSo  switt"     Tl^ 

pa«,r^.2s,  aJJ-:.re;li'rCe7,itrt,"^^ 
.|^'nTe';t;';eT;!;t';;;Sor:'^^^ 

this  tree,  tts  wood  ,s  sometimes  rotten  at  tl,e  liearl.     In  Franee  and  Ge  manv  i 

al  inst'rtS;;  °"?, '7l '""""'  -"'-"n^'"-.  -1  «-  m™mfae,„rers  of  Z's  - 
cat  nstrutnents.     1  lie  leaves  are  sometimes  given  to  cattle  for  foraee     The  nse 

°s  ve  I'known  T 'Kr"°"°'7  ""  "=""'■  ''"»  '"'  -"""'"S  '»'"-'*  P«igs 
IS  well  Itnown     In  trance,  plums  are  principally  used  dVy  or  nreservod  iV,d 

ente  extensively  into  commerce.  The  kinds  nsnally  en.pl Jyed  iC  nreservh  I 
n  !  S  ""f  °.''''  "";  P"'™  d'Ast,  the  Perdrigoi.  blan,-,  t  ,rnrme  dK  and 
.he  &te.  Catherine,     In  >™rm  countries,  plums'or  prunes  are  SonlSs  by 

*  See  Harris'  Reiiort,  pp.  06,  07,  08,  jjI,  352. 


DOMESTIC  CULTIVATED  PLUM-TKEE.  ^  19 

prunes  are  prepared  from  tlic  k.  Pnr  li,  r  "^  ^""'  °"  '-alternate  days.  Table 
Catherine;  ^ho'se  employedi.    Sic-  e  f?o  ^''Z  ''\T'''  ^"^''  ^"^  Ste 

have  a  very  sweet  and  agreeable  tas"  anTtti  .  /."•  •^"'''""'-  '^'''«  ^^^^r 
*;csh,  rape  plums,  taken  in  moderate  mmnttil"  '^"''  ^''-  somewhat  austere, 
wholesome;  but  in  lar^e  nnan  ifipftL?  ''''/^'''  regaraed  as  nutritive  and 

immature,  they  still  moro'S' "x     /^  and  when 

employed  as  an  agreeable    mid  lax.tiJo   f '^'^l^-., /^he  medicinal  prunes  are 

convalescence  froi^ebrileanSl^S/lSK^i.llllr  ^'^^"  '"^'"^ 


com- 


Pn/nits  c/iirti.t)/. 


f'-'   If 


lA 


miA 


THE  CHICASAW  PLUM-TREE. 


S'l/noni/mes, 


Cerasiis  chicain. 


I'runus  chicasa, 

Priiriier  dcs  Chicasas, 
riiiinsa  rHiuiiiieiibniiin. 
Clikasaw  Plmn-nvc. 


Dk  Camiot.i.r,  Prodromiis. 
Dox,  Miller's  Diciionnry. 
Lm-DDN,  ArboixHiiiii  iJiiinnnioiiin. 
I'l-Rsii,  Flora  Aiiicricri'  .Si'ptonirlonnlis 

TORRKV  AM)  (illAY,   Floni   (if  Ps'ulth  AllllTica 

Ai'nriioN,  Biiil.s  of  Aiiieiica. 
Fhance. 

GEIiMANY. 

Ijhitai.v  and  Anoi.o-America. 


i'»ffr„r,>,.,,.     Audubon,  BIr.I.  of  America,  i„  pi.  liii ;  „„,!  u,,,.  Ugurcs  I,clow. 

Fruu  nearly  globi.e.  s,„.^ll,  yJ^Z^t^^^^Xu^Zll^j:::''-    '''^'  ^'''""'  "^  '""^  '^  ^^^  ^l^^'' 


Description. 


'runiis   cliic- 
roe 

^,  It,  indigenous  to  Arkansas,  wostorn 
Louisiana,  and  Texas,  and  naturalized 
east  ot  the  Mississippi  as  far  north  as  Vir- 


IqhT'*^  lis:!,  is  a  thorm 
h  lJ_^  shrub,  from  threi 
Efi^^ll  to     six     (cet     ii 


;iMia.      Accord 


11) 


g    to    Michaux,'  it   was 


brought  to  the  Atlantic  soutliern  states 
and  cnhivated  by  the  Chicasaw  fndiaus- 
and  lience  it  is  commonly  called  the  Chic- 
nsaw  phim.  It  \vas  introduced  into  Bri- 
tain m  ISOC,  and  jilants  of  it  are  growing 
in  many  of  the  European  collections.  The 
flowers,  which  put  Ibrtli  in  April  and  IMav 
are  succeeded  by  a  yellow,  or  yellowish- 
red  Iruit,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  of  a 
roundish  form,  half  of  an  inch  or  ir.  ■  ,   i,, 

quite  astringent  and  sour.  '^'  quality,  sometimes  being 

FwvV/y.     There  is  at  least  one  variety  of  this  sneries    the   P    .    . 
winch  may  read   v  be  distinani«),o,l  u.r  d   \  ^pecles,  tlie  r.  c.  nonorahs. 

Innvn.   ...i ;.  „..:L:...^1  ,'"§"''''''''  ''7  ^^^  tomciitoso  Or  pubescout  pedicels  and 


caves,  and  is  conjectured  bv  some   to  hn    L  '  f  "'  P'^l^^^ceut  pedicels  and 

ultivated  tree.     We     peciL  ami  va  letv  ?  "'''^"i"'*  ''"'''  ""^  *''"  naturalized  or 
:rafting,  or  inoculation  ^hf^  shlar  ma  me.  Ts    f  '^?^''^'''^^  ^^^  «''^'1-S  by 

-n..c  ten  inches  in  ^^^J:-^-^^^^,  ^nd 'malulStt^.;^;;; 


;  I 


Genus   CERASUS,   Juss. 


Rosacea; . 


Synonymes. 

Cerasus,  Laumerasus,  Prunus, 

Cerisier, 

Kirschbaum, 

Ciliegio,  Ceriegio, 

Cerezo,  Cerezezo, 

Cercjcira, 

Wisclinaija, 

Cherry-tree, 


Icosanilria  Monogynia. 
%«/.  Lin. 


Of  Authors. 


France. 
Gkr.manv. 
Itai.v. 
Spain. 

PoRTUHAL. 
KUSSIA. 

Britain  and  Anulo-America. 


sion  amon-  bolaiiists  in  nil  fl,n         ""^^'^'^«-     ^  '"^re  is  nincl.  confii- 
ti.ose  .hid.  aro'll^Ve^^    NoXaI^oI-^  '^^''^  ''  •'^Sards 
clierrios,  and  all  their  varioiios  r  ,lVi    ?  i  ;     V'^  f."iii'Jion  garden 
,  „     ,  to  Linn.-cus,  and  no'trlv     iV Z        .       '^  ^'""  ^'•''""  ''""''^  aec"'-Jing 

dollo   have  been  referred    o  to\^Z^^\^^^^^  '''^'  "'"«  of  I)e  Ca„! 

wh.cfi  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Lo,  do  a,-e  o  u\  '^,'1  ^ '"""/  '^^'■^^^"•^'  ^'^t»»  of 
former  being  the  ,«,c'm/.v  of  the  pinch  nM^'n  ""'^  f"™'  ''^  ^"'^  W''^^^;  «!'« 
blade,  English  eherry  (Cerasns  svl^es,\S\  coriespondnig  with  the  small,  wild, 
and  corresponding  with  the  common  f,^  '  "'"*,  ^''^  ''''''''■'  ^'"^  l"^'-'^»ch  rlrlsier 
vulgaris.)  ^To  tl^eso  two  sp  iToe  c'nZ^ '  "7 '5  ^  ^--"''«''  (t'erasus 
added  two  others,  the  Cerasus  iil'.n,  S'^'\'^7'«'  ''»  the  "Flore  Fran.;aise,"  has 
niers;  and  the  Cerasus  ZnJ'  i  'l '"'  ^""^'^crs  as  including  the  o-J  ^ 
hard  cherries.     Th     as  tt\   ';'  '"''^^  ''«  ''"^^'"^1^«  the  b4,Tealtv 

Mr.  Loudon,  he  thought  p^p^rS^Xmlnh^^  '7^^"'  "f'^'^"''>  ^^-^'-^  'o 
of  the  article  '' Cerasu.s.'^n  tl  e  -  Si  /^^  "^)rboretum,"  that  of  the  author 
and  satisfactory,  referring  altlie  .n  i    "  ^.^^'^"icV'  as  much  more  simple 

tlie  sa.no  specie^as  Linnlu;  s,  ti  n?  "Sy,"'"^^^  "^  ^'^  g-'den  cherry^to 
and  for  Prunus  cerasus,  rw«f  "f./r  A  "  ''V'™!  Cerasvs  syhcstrls ; 
geniis  particularly  deser;ing  of  cnlti  S^^^^^^  '"''^  ^f'^''^^  ^^^^  of  this 

the  Yung-To,  or  Chinese  doiiblo  c  ,  n-v  n' '  "'"'^"^^^t  or  for  their  timber,  are 
us  double,  white  flowers,  sit  t  ^m^^^^^^^^  distinguished  for 

(Cerasus  pseudo-cerasus  )  noted  (Its  ea    I  fl     '  ''"  S''"''^'''  ^^'^^^  cherry-tree, 
Puddum  cherry-tree,  (Celus     u  dum  ) ?  ,^Hvn?'r"1  ''''^  V'-V-E^^^^:  the 
twenty  or  thirty  feet,  and  celebratrl  f;l      f       ^'^''J''^\"rowingtoaheigh 
and   for   the   usef.a  proportie    of    t     w  oi     7«-^°l""'-^J  ""wers,  edible^fruit, 
(Cerasus  capricida,)!,atL  of  NepaXn^^  ?'  goat-killing  bird  cherry 

would  probably  retain  its  verdure'in^na  r^rt^r^f  r'''^^'"'''"^'''"?"  ^'•^^'  ^^'^^^^ 

'^'■" "    ''^    'asus  nadus  )  ,ho  Cm    H^  V  '"^  '""""'  ''"''  ^'^«  true  bird 

•/  •"■^"  H'unu  hi  several  conn  '     " 

)r  perlnmed  cherry,  and  is  muc 


cherry- 


as 


admired  lor  the  beauty  of 


II 


m 

'if'. 


Its 


262 


CERASUS. 


ovcrgrecii  Iroc,  k^o^vn  at  onco  f mm  a  n.L.  ""  ':l"r''=<''''asi«N,)  a  beautiful 
smooth.  yolIowish-«rcvn,  shblng  ^v  ^  1'.,?;^^"  "'  '^'^  ^'^'T'  ^'^  "'^  '■'"•«'^'' 
sho..t«.  It  is  loss  hardy  than  the  Portugat  nn^  cheTr^r  '''''"''f'  "'"^  >'"""^' 
largo,  cvor-rocn  tree,  growinsj  to  a  hoi.^h?  Vr t  (Ccrasus  hisitariica,)  a 

which,  in  EiiglarKl.'>     0    m  -nt  v  ki&  t'""  l^raucho    of 

almost  ovoryv^hen,  tr-ated  afa  g  L  ,  t  "'  1,  l^  %'  ^'"^^'  ;"'!"'  ^-rmany  is 
spoccs  worthy  ot'  cnhnr..  re  thf  M  ")  '  'nV^  Z^.'"''"^'  ^''^  ^"^^''  Anu,-ri,-au 
"Hhgenous  to  Canada  and  the  Al  c  In,  ^Zn^^^^^^^  ^^  T''''  »  S"*^')  <^  <^i"  ••^I'rub, 
^ng  /lowers,  uith  purplish  a nthm  "whioV  o^t^^^^  ^fmgm^lml  for  its  ploas^ 
the  leaves;  the  Ccrasl.s  .n.,lis    a  tre.     ron      '  ^  1''"'"'  "P^"'  I'^iore 

native  of  the  subalpiue  hills   uc  a-  the  sm  IJ     '.>    to.  twe.ity  feet  in  height,  a 

near  its  mouth;  anil  the  ( Sasus  e.tVX  ta  t/n      7"-  '"'^'r^'''^'  ^^«  ^^«»^« 
bose,  astringent  fruit    -huI  r;,i       ^'V^'^^^'ita,  known  by  it.s  wh  te  flowers  clo- 

ns  varielics,  and  ,he  Ccrasus  carolintann  ""'"■  °'"'""'  "'Biniana' and 


BiJ-    ft. 


-If 


Wii' 


Cerasus  sylvcstris, 


THE  WILD  CHERRY-TREE,  OR  GEAN. 


Synonymcs, 


Prunus  avtuia. 

Cerasus  avium, 

<^i  rnsiis  .ii/lvrstris, 

M.irisier,  Moris,,  grosse  noirr,  Giiignier, 

hiissiT  Kirsclibauin, 

Ciregiolo,  Ciripgiolo, 

Genn,  Bigarrraii,  Corone,  C...  oon,  Small ) 
Black  Chcrry-lnv,  Black  II,     l.ml.lure 
Cherry^ree,  B  ack  Heart  Cherry-trf.,  \ 
Black  Mazzanl  Cherry-tree  ' 


LiNWjtus,  Spoil, 
De  Candoi.i.k,  Pi, 
Loudon,  Arboruiu 

France. 

Okhmanv, 
Italy. 

Britain. 


Plantarum. 

•iroiniis. 

i'  Britaankuni. 


Merry-ircn, 
Merries,  (the  fruit,) 


Peasants  of  Ciiesiiiiie,  (Enu  ) 
Norfolk,  (Enu.)  ^        '^ 


^^^^HE  Cerasus  sylves- 
s*^    ifM  fris,    in    favourable 
1^  iJjtS   -itiiations,  olten  ac- 
sivtu^:..      -    "^  'l"''*es  a   lieight  of 
sixty   oi    sev.aty  k«et,    in    fifty  or   sixty 
years,  with  a  trunk  of  proporti  uate  size 
and  sufficiently  lar.e  fo^r  tile  g.   S  pur! 
poses  of  constructiou.     In  the  p.  .gress  of 
us  growth   to  maturity,   the  j'.rm  of  its 
head  js  pyramidal,  the  branches  springing  ^'//^y 
Irom  the  main  stem,  at  regular  intervalst  \^^ 
or  at  the  commencement   of  the  annual   ^ 


A- 


thefuryot  tlie  wihls.     Its  Ibliage 

r^^'i^l^':!Zn^'^:^^^  --'-que  .rr^ct;   yet  ^.„ 

the  landscape,  and  contrast  weLT-Cse  it^^^^^  '°'''"'"  '^  ^ives  great  richness  to 
browns  whirl,  predominate  a  that  eafon  '  STnw  '''  T'\'  ^'^^  5^^""^^«  -"^ 
pro/Msion  in  April  or  IVIay  from  the  rTnt,  ^i^^^^^^^-  ^^'I'lch  are  produced  in 
the  almond  ani  the  scark^'t  om.  Th  fS  Z^elZT'  "'"i^^  ^'"  ^^'^'^  ^'^-«  ^^ 
o{_ff  rn,  is  usually  of  a  very  deep  darl  m  '  I  i  i  ".'"  ^'"^"^  ^^  ^^e  name 
.t  IS  of  a  bnght-red';  its  pulp'and^mc^lrsmain '^,':;^;,;^^^^^  but^sometimes 

"f  the  iruH,  austere  an.  .f.r  beJbre  it  comes^o'S;^;^:;^^;;-^^,;^^ 


mi 


f  I 


254 


CERASUS    SYLVESTRI8. 


with  a  peculiar  flavour,  when  porfortlv  rino      mm  ,       . 

m  Its  foru.,  firmly  a.lhJring  to  U.'  S  '  f,?;,  js^  «  '' I  r"'  ''"'''  ''  '^'"'  "^  "^'^'*' 

sizo^of  tilt,  fruit,  which  riprus  iu  Juuc  or  jX  ^  '"'«"  '"  I""I«"-tion  to  the 

Loudon's ''Arboretum  HritannS-''!  '  ^«>'vchu  Du  llamel,"  and  in 

ml  or  black,  early  or  lat^  i.d  L     l/Zr/      "  /"'^"•"it  of  this  group  is 

four  to  tlie  pound.  '""'*''  ""^  to/jacco-lawcl  guiirnicr,  or  Jm//,  of 

thf  E^nch"^  t;;:^;;^;,,  .Srt:^rta^./:::f  ^r^-'r-/  ^ ^-  ^^ 

tier,  but  is  loss  lirni  in  its  „^.;,/'^''«'y  ^"'"^^^''^^t  resembles  that  of  the  bigarreau- 

]::^r.^^^^!^S^U.if:'S!£^^^  ni.arr.au,..  of  the 

The  trees  of  this  race  arc  i.l  i,H  .1        n^.  '         .\'  "'"'  R<'"erally  heart-shaped, 
which,  is  that  beautifu    d  H    lel^  ;^^^^^^  "-"  ^['^  "-ir  fruit,  anL.g 

ica,  />«,,W6.  frnirh  W/nfc  ^emincvlwr,  and  in  Jlngland  and  Amer- 

nrst  mention  of  thiJ  tree     s  crrow  n     '  r        ''V"'"'^  ^"  '"^  ^'"  '"  "'•''^''"      'I'lie 

"llcrbal,"  p,d.lished    n  I'or   i  ^wlu    /h^';! '  ".  "';'"''^^'^'  ''^  ''>^  ^'"'•^"•'  '"  ''*« 
cherry,  with  fruit  of  "  an  I  -t  sh  i,  ^1     i    i      ^^-^'f  "•'i'-  Y  mentions  the  black  wild 

champs,  in  the  '' Nouveau  H  '   '   '''^^^^^^^^  •  ^-  '"'*«^'«"r 'l-.s  1-ong- 

undoubtedly  indigennnr  o  F  ince  ve'f  if         ''"''    ^''""S'' ^''^  wil<l  cherry  is 
It^ily;  and  that  eveiMn  France  mfl^^^^^^^^  "ot  appear  to  have  been  so  to 

in  the  forests;  while  tie  (V  asns  v  L  li  '"  'y'^.'"'^t'-'s>  «r  merisicr,  is  found 

rontly  wild  state  in  a  ly    0,^'.    fe^  '^^  "^^''^r  found  in  an  appa- 

From  this  he  conclude7tIm       ItL  i-d^  l7r^'-'^  '"""=^"   ''al-'tatioi/s." 

it  probably  had  escaped  te  no  «e;>nho  on '''"'''■  ^"f  ''^"^'i'^'-'^^^l  i"  l^'rance, 
ered  the  tree,  they  would  have  scbt  IhHn'v'l  ""''  ''"^"  '!■  ^''^^  ^''-^^  '^'^'^'^v: 
nearly  juiceless  fruit.  Thi  species  m-ow.  wW  .  .'"i,  ""  ,'/'  ^"""'  ^^"^^^^•■^'  ^"»' 
two  thousand  nine  hundred  •iSsevernvn?  '''  V'""  '"'''  ""  ^^^"""^  vl^l.na,  at 

lower,  as  the  climate  h^r^^^^^'^r^t:^'''^'::^  ''  "aV"^'  ^"^  "°^ 
walden,  where,  it  is  said,  no  other  kind!  of  stone  fV.i  n'^'''  '^'?'''  '^^  ^''»"^- 
maturity,  at  an  elevation  of  three  thou  and  ni.n  ^^''U'row,  it  arrives  at 

The  largest  specimen  of  the  rprn«nl     T    T"  ''^"'^"'<1  "•»!  .sixty-four  f.-et. 
England,  standml  oT  he  nmirer  fov   '>^^^^«''-'\«n  accord,  is  in  CJIouccstershire 

of  ?he  Earl  of  H..!^  vb  "  S  is  S"h^  iiv  'V  V^""'!"-  \""^'  '•"  "^^^  ^^'^'^^ 
upwards  of  three  feet  in  diameter  "^'^^^J^'''^^  ^^^^^  ^^  J^'igl't,   with  a  trunk 

better  than  most  o  her  trees  iuTrv  cl™^^  ?  '*'"]'^  "''^i^-  ^^  ^^i''  thrive 
in  chalk,  with  a  thin  layer  of  earXl  oterT  '  '""'  ''"^'^-  '""•^'  '''"^'""'S-  ^^cn 
Du  Hamel,  that  this  species  succeesnnn-  '''7  '^T  '•'*^-  ^^  ^^^«  ^"'"^1  by 
altogether  failed.  It  harbee  Ser  stK\?"^^  f"'^'  ^^''^'''^  "^''^r  ^roos  had 
water,  the  tree  always  decavs  Thk  tS  if'  '^h*^»«^«r  ""^  roots  extend  to 
elevations,  as  may  rlv^i lyYe  sulosed    L^^^  "".  "^^''^^'-^i'^^  '-^"d  other 

latitudes;  "but  it  does  not  attainTtfmhni    '  "'^'!f''*'"»S  ^'^  l'i?b  northern 

orchards,  and  ^^  surLuSi^^iSl^^^J^:?  l!?  S^tr  a^ 


'  t. 


WILD  CHERKY-TREE. 


2BB 


i'ropafra/ion  and  Culture      Tlw.  r\.„."  i 

'or  grafting  upon,  or  Unv^Jn^o^^^U^^':^^^  "'l'"^  ^^T"  ^^'-^^ 
always  pr„prigat..,l  from  m^.'.Is  ;\  „'/.,.  rof  J  '"■'"'"'"  ''"'^'''  '''"''""«' 
Slickers,  stooh  .uigl.t  ho  iWrrno.l'u  ',rol  iIo>  .  ''""T  ."^  ""  ^''^'""'^'"ce  of 
of  tho  roots  might  ho  employ. d  u    si      n.      ''  "^  tl  '''"'"!  "•■'  ^""i"^'' 

raised  from  seeds,  Mr.  f-oildo^  o,  >nn  .u  s  .  ,T:?i'-  ^^'"i"  ^'IT'  "^«  '"  ''« 
whe_„  ripe,  and  either  he  sow,,  i,,Hn  X  t    ^    -'    '  "'''^''"'       '        '"'  ^"''''"■"' 

ol.  "".r  heing  eater,  hy  hirds  o^^nTX^wi:;.'^"'')  ""'  ''T'''''^  ''"'^  ^'«^ 
v^n.ter;  or  what  is  preferahle,  they ZiV  K  ved  w  m'  ;'"'""'^'  "'^"  ^••""»"  «'"» 
sai.d,  and  kept  i,i  a\shed  or  celhi^  eiLrtZu^  nT  r"'''  ^'""■'  "'^'''  '"''k  of 
arnves  for  sowing.     As  soon  as     ,e  «  o  L  i J^^^^^^^^^^^  '"'  '''«  ti'ne 

spring,  they  .nay'he  sown  in  I  ^1  a,K  t  d  I  ?^  ^."^  '"  ^''^  ^^'"^'''-  "^ 
ourths  of  an  inch,  with  light  n.onld  ir^  t "'  ,  n.  1  ''' '  "'  "T*'"'^  '"  ''"•^«- 
<lo  not  spr.)nt  while  in  tire  heap;  I  eca  ,  e  ,n  ke",'.^"  "^''7^^  ^''^^  the  seeds 
;m.l  the  .seeds  of  some  other  frui Is  theXrVv  exn.n  Is  i  Tr?^*^"''^'  '''«  ^^'^••"' 
t  me  that  it  protrudes  its  radicle-  nn.l  ZZ  S  f  f'"  y'^lons  at  tho  same 

tl»c  prohahility  is,  that  the  «mr  L^tH  s  w    I  noJTi  '^''r  "^"1^*  ^'^''''  «"^^i»'^. 

sowing,  arc  nnavoidal.ly  cm-red  w  t     s  i     wT.pL       "''''  ^"^  ^'"^  c^iy'^doths,    , 
exposed  to  the  light.     The  ,slr onies   1^^^^^^  ^'Z^'  '/^"^I'-j^  "!^^"d«l  them  to'  be 
eighteen  inches  oV  more  in  lu-i?d  "  an,rm^^^^^^^^  '1 'J''  ^"''  «'^'^««».  will  be 

and  transplanted  int.,  nursery  liae"     and      f  e      l     T  ^""""^  ^""""^  the  others, 
tliey  may  he  grafted  or  bndded  #        '  '  '   ^'''^  '^^^«  «'«°J  there  u  year, 

:;r.mmg:^:;i^ri:^ll;;L;i\;^,^r^s^  n!f  t^;r^";-^  ^-  ^  -ry  nttie 

•slioor,  or  an  over-rampant  hrancl,      W  enovt  .         '''  "'^  ^^  ''^^'"'  '^''^'^'"g 

performed  in  the  .nonth  of  Angus   or  Sentemhe         '  .  1''"?''  "'^^^^^ary,  let  it  be 
leaves  are  fully  expanded,  '' a  inlc  wiiierho^^^ 

treatise  on  '  IJritish' Fores  Tree  '  '.Tm^L'^  *'  Sr"^' :  ««y«  Mr.  S'elby,  in  his 
deciduous  trees,"  for,  it  has  bee,  VouS^r^x  erienee  ?I^'r'''^f  '"  ''^^''^  '"  ^^^ 
sunuTier  season,  they  are  not  liable  to  ble,Vo  exnr.  '  '^'""  P?"^^*  ''^  '*'« 
begins  to  elaborate,  new  wood  is  fonned  nt  fhl  .j^  r"',""  ^'"'"'  ''^'^'^  ^«  «''«  ^^-^P 
by  the  time  of  the 'fall  of  the  1  'i  c  inlur  is  wi?l  ^^  '''r  ^""""'^''^  P'^^^^^'  ^"'^ 
out  01  danger  of  decay,  from  c  od"  ,  n  nf  ^  '"^  ^^  '•^^'^^■'^red  as  to  be 
weather.  ^'  "'"^  ioUgment  of  wet,   or  the  influences  of  the 

According  to  .some  experiments  made  bv  Mr  SVlh,r  »^  ♦       1 
when  ot  considerable  size,  better  flm,i  the  LVn      il7'       ^''1  ^""T  transplanting 
Iroui  twenty  to  thirty  fee   in  hei-^l  tsom/X.n-^f.  T*"''"^  '""''  '"^'^^^^  Pl^"t« 
and  others  from  sced.i     As  i,i  the  c4cTn]U  J     h   ''f  ^''^'-''-^ted  from  suckers, 
sixe,  they  suffered  a  check  by  t  1  '^^^^^^^^^  '^'V-''  ^"^  ^'^'""^^d'  «^^  I^^rge 

in  the  course  of  two,  or  at  riost,'  Xee  seL,,"        ""  ^'"'  '^''^  generally  recovered 

orlS^J'i^Zm  sIS^:^:;[±i^^  sCdom  .tacked  by  insects 
cies  of  Geornetrida,^  and  the  ex^emitins^nf  *  ^  '"^  caterpillars  of  several  spe- 
;;P'>'V'y  a  large,  bikck  loi,^  ( A^  e  asV  brib? /'TL'  ""''  '^^'^^^  l^^^^^d 
tbo  cherry,  like  ,imst  other  cultiv  ted  ?riv  '  '^  fmit-bcanng  varieties  of 

insects,  than  those  in  a  wild  slat^  '''  '''""  '^''''  ^"^J«<^^  '^  ^^ry  from 

o^^7:tj::t^i^  ::f,^i:'^-'^  f^'V'^^  ^^  -^  ^  -ddish  co,. 

worked,  and  i.s  suscejtibfe  of  a  fine  nol  sh^  w'l.r'  '"'^fi^'^^.^  ^oft  to  be  easily 
^Peemc  gravity  of  ^ater,  and  Z^'^,  ^^L^S'^i^^^^l^J^fill^^^;^: 

*  See  Lutulon-s  Arboretum  Britannicum,  ii.,  p.  700 


JWK.1^6 


1.*  I  i 


',[^ 


(.  ■ 


f 


256 


CERASUS    SYLVESTRIS. 


pounds,  and  in  seasonnig,  it  loses  about  one-sixteenth  part  of  its  bulk.     In  France 
where  mahogany  is  comparatively  scarce,  it  is  much  sought  after  by  cabinet- 
makers, turners,  and  the  manufacturers  of  musical  instruments.     In  order  to 
heighten  Its  colour  and  increase  the  depth  of  its  tone,  it  is  steeped  from   wentv- 
four  to  thirty-six  hours  in  lime-water,  and  after  being  taken  out    i^imS 
ately  polished.      This  process,  they  say,  prevents  the  colour  from  fad  n'^  when 
exposed  to  the  action  of  the  light;  and  the  wood,  when  thus  treated'is  s.ld 
strongly  to  resemble  the  more  inferior  kinds  of  mahogany.     Its  vlue  however 
accorduig  to  the  experience  of  Mr.  Selby,  is  not  restricted  to  the  u  es  mXo?  [ 
by  those  artisans,  but  it  is  equally  applicable  to  the  general  purpose   S"    avpen- 
try;  and  where  exposure  to  the  atmosphere  or  the  Alternation  of  moistui^  mid 
dryness  is  required,  it  is  superior  to  most  other  timber,  and  is  scarcely  nferior  to 
the  best  oak,  or  its  rival,  the  larch.*     In  France,  wiue^casks  are  mode  of  th^ 
wood,  and  the  wine  kept  in  them  is  said  to  be  of  'an  improved  flavour      Whore 
O^e  tree  is  treated  as  a  coppice,  its  shoots,  from  their  power  of  resisting  decay 
make  excellent  hop-poles,  vine-props,  and  hoops  for  ca:  L,  and  when  .s  ifficieSlv 
large,  they  may  be  employed  for  posts  and  riils,  for  constructing  rui"l  Ses^ 

hIo  ^r^       'T  '''?'  ''  ^''T  '^^"  ^"'^^"  ^'''  ^"t,  but  if  it  be  kept  for  two  or 
three  j^ars,  and  is  then  employed  for  fuel,  it  will 'consume  away  like  tinder 
without  producing  either  flame  or  heat.  ^  ' 

As  a  tree   the  gean  is  not  only  valuable  for  its  timber,  but  for  the  food  and 

ZTuZ  T'"'\"5°^,'^^  ^«.  ^^"•^^'■^"^  «P««i««  of  birds.  This  is  one  reason  why 
the  cultivation  of  this  tree  is  so  generally  encouraged  in  the  forests  of  Britain 
Belgmm  and  France  ;  as  it  not  only  increases  the  number  of  birds  by  supp  yh  g 
hem  with  nourishment,  but  is  the  means  of  destroying  countless  insLts,  ^vhich 
these  important  and  useful  creatures  devour.  In  alf  ornamental  plan'tadons 
hedge-rows,  and  avenues,  cherry-trees  are  desirable  objects  of  cult  ire,  on  t  S 
account,  as  well  as  for  the  great  beauty  of  their  floweis  and  fruit,  which  are 
produced  m  the  greatest  profusion  in  their  respective  seasons  of  the  year 

In  f  ranee,  too,  this  tree  is  highly  prized  for  the  food  it  supplies  to  the  poor- 
chcr^J^Z7Z^""'^'^''^  ^'"^•^^"  ""'  ^^^^'  commanding  the  pi-eservation  of  all 
n  rr    T  '^^^   ^'''■''^'' '"  «"»«ea"ence  of  whichrthey  became  so  numer- 

ous, that  here  V  s  no  longer  room  for  the  underwood  to  grow;  when  as  usual 
going  to  the  other  extreme,  most  of  them  were  cut  down.  "  This  measure  was 
f"fi  'i '"''f, ""  ^v""*  calamity  to  the  poor,  who,  during  several  months  of  the 
,1  1  r^'  '\'^'''i  l-"'''^^^  ""'  indirectly,  on  the  produce  of  the  merisier.  Soup 
made  of  the  dried  fruit,  with  a  little  bread  and  butter,  was  the  common  nout 
^^  iutf  wood-cutters  and  charcoal-burners  o'f  the  forest,  during  « 
winter  This  fir.u  is  much  used  at  present,  to  make  jelly  or  rob  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  lupmirs,  such  as  cherry  brandy,  ratafia,-^^^  Khschwaser  an 
the  flni^'r  "'"^\"-^  in  Germany  and  Switzerland, 'is  also  made  of  k  and 
he  famous  liqueur  3Iaraschino  is  the  product  of  a  small  acid  cherry  that  abo  ids 
HI  the  north  of  Italy,  at  Trieste,  and  in  Dalmatia. 

*  See  Selby's  British  Forest  Trees,  p.  60. 


In  France, 
ay  cabinet- 
n  order  to 
im  twenty- 
is  jmmedi- 
ling,  when 
ed,  is  said 
,  however, 
made  of  it 
of  carpen- 
isture  and 
inferior  to 
'de  of  this 
r.     Where 
ing  decay, 
ufficiently 
'al  fences, 
for  two  or 
ke  tinder, 

food  and 
ason  why 
f  Britain, 
supplying 
;ts,  which 
antations, 
e,  on  this 
liiicli  are 
r. 

the  poor; 
ion  of  all 
o  nu  mor- 
as usual, 
re,  it  was 
hs  of  the 
r.  Soup, 
on  nour- 
iring  the 
id  in  the 
asset-,  an 
'  it ;  and 
abo    ids 


Cerasus  vulgaris, 
THE   COMMON   CHERRY-TREE. 

Synonymes, 


LmK.SDs,  Species  Plantarum. 
De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 
i^ouDON,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 


Prvnus  cerasus, 
Cerasus  caproniana, 
Cerasus  mi/sraris, 

'^^!-''",'  ^.';°"'^'''  Cerisier  de  Paris  Ceri-  ^ 
f''\^o^.^rnorenci,  Cerisier  a'Ss 

,"■'^■1^'  ^«""^h  or  Flemish  Cherrv-  ) 

tree,  Morello,  May  Duke,  ^   j  Britain. 

Derivations.    The  snecifir  nam. 

ana  .e  «,i.  ,.e,  J'- ^-o.aBnU„„.ca,  „o.,,  0.na.a.t3.Co.^^^ 

Specijic  Characters.     Branches   spreadin<r      p,  •  '  ' 

o^ate-lanceolate,  smooth,  iold:d'Tog&.-5S."  ^"'^"""^  "™^«'^'  —hat  stalked.    Lea.es 

Description. 

I  HE  Common 
Cherry  -  tree 
is   of   much 
-J  •iim.oLi- — ^     ffiS^^t/^ig  less    ma^ni-    \ 

n  tint'"f  '^'  ^r "^^'"^  ^P«^i««'  ^k  r^ 
m  pont  of  general  appearance,  may  be/ 

ncluded    under     hree   forms  -iXgeN 

trees  vyith  stor     .ranches,  and  shooS 

proceedmg  from  the  main  stem  hor 

s|!^^^?^i^vsa  // 

-;r  fe^^sih-iss'hf  ^£? -f  ^^^^       "^-:^: 

varieties  are  the  smallest,  a  nd  o  le  dZesrl  '  1 '''  f  '^  «'«nder-brancS 
largest  on  the  large  trees  tL  fr,  ;^  clarkest  shade ;  the  flowers  are  also  tho 
more  or  less  flavoured  and  a  mosfaHvr""^^f ''''"f'  ^""  "^  ^  wateiyhuce 
separates  easily  from  the  flesh  al^^^^^^  f  "^^'^^'^  '^^'d-  The  skin  of  the^fruk 
commonly  red,  but  in  nimerts^^riett  f  ?'"'  ''"^'*^  ^^°'"  ^'^^  ^^one.  It  L 
colour  and  dark-purple  or  black  P'"'"''  ^"^°  ^"  ^^'^des  between  that 

cuit;:^^;;-  b:s^^^Sm^;^^;;;.!Ss^  °r  ^"^'^  «^  ^-^^^ '-.  ^y  long 

new  names,  ai;e  constantly  beip/nSlTo  4  ""^^^  r^«««.  o? 

ent,  at  .a.  three^und.d.  As  iFi^  impo.s?fe-j  ;^':;;;.;;::;;tt^s 


258 


CERASUS    VULGARIS. 


f»Mi 

'  J'   . 

'M 

'1' 

ill 


I     > 


the  second  seres  of  the  "  Transartions"  nf    hJ!  ,        i,        "rst  volume  ol 

uess  or  acidUy,  and  ll.c  clVof  .hJj.'Tco       "1"""™°^^  °'  '"'  """I'.  it>^  -vect- 

abolnthesa,,,-.  norlod  ?'     ''"''  "'"^'y'  P^'^Pl^^'^-'-e^  «««!•,  and  ripens  at 

m^r,^?^e:iS^;St''n-H'^  t  """"'r  »^r^-'-P-^>  amber-coloured 
It  ripens  irs  fr  .     hy    iToV     *      Jn^   if.^^  '"^''  J'"?^'  ^^^^''^^'  ^^'"'^  P"'P- 

the  iarliest  of  the  llgl't-coloured  soJts         ^        '"'"''''  '"'^  ''  """Sarded  as  one  of 

darl.p„rpl,.  ,„,|p,  and  ri,Xf 'oall^',,'7,','lV  ""  ""'  "'"'  "  '""'  '"'"='■ 

pulp,  and  ripens  f™  ,„e  ^n'S  iZ'?„rddlc"of'j;d,^:  '""°'  »"*--'--<l 

lady  as  S^lvJ  nUSO^'^rma;"!,'  F"'"""^  ™r'>''  ""»"="«■•  "^^  "-  -"« 
yellow  and  red  frnitwl,!,  ,      *^        "'°™'  ''»'  '"=  ""'B"  "i^'=.  I"=art-shaped,  pale- 

J..y  ata.l;lt;ieT^['.t.r[,,rr'r;;s;s;i'  p-'-' "-"  ---  '°-."- 


COMMON  CHEERY-TKEE. 

.t'SeM"rta'Sr%<^,f™V™  "'°  '»^'-"™<^''  country  ,„  EnrfandT 

groat  excellence,  bears'  pie  tif.flV   '    n  J    ^'  'f ''>^  -^^f^^red.     It  is  a  cher  v  of 

/'.    Bignrreau  or  GraMoii   -.  v^,„  i       ""'"M  wnloly  apart. 

t.c„  arly  for  the  Lond^  '7,  adle,     ^fan'T''  T"^  ""■■^''  ™l'i™'<=<l  f".it  par 
by  Its  large,  obtuse  licarl-sliancd   ,vl  i  !  ""  "'""I''?"'  ''rarer,  and  may  bo  famivn 

Hublon,  Es,„i,e,  ir,'l^^"",VdoeVr,oU,r'"'  ''!,'"  •"■''""■  '">'-  "»ly  by  r   A 

the   ..test  of  all  tJie  pale-cokm'el  ^L'^t'Jiu'  "^  '''" .^^"nans.     Th,.  var  et y    « 

this  variety  are  geSly  smaller'tTurnf  ^"T"""''  ^^'^^'^-y-iree.     The  leaves  of 

approach  the  margin,  almos  buwS  .^t  '  '''"\  ^'^"^  ^''^'"^^  ^^"^^''t'''  as  tliey 
»  the  last-named  variety.  'P  Ic  It  nVl  ^"^"chyma,  which  is  tliicker  Inn 
'•om  hanging  loosely  and\endent^T^f,'"^'''""  '''"  ''^^^^<^«  «rect,  or  a    leas 

do  not  hang  loose,  bnt  fonn  a  rec^ni.,,^';?/"^''''' f'^P^^"'^  ^^''^^'y,  and  the  petals 

-.or.,ttl,oU,,,.edsUacc^rt;;i\:\r 
more  LtpargCu'.''"-     "'"^  "^  "'*-  '™"  "-  M.t"  SlKrurE^of'a' 


260 


CERASUS  VULGARIS. 


near  vt^LuZ^  5L  fr^M.f  "^^'''''^^  Vt''''^  ^^^''^'^  «"S'"-t«d  at  Choisy, 
from  the  beginnl/^ninae  S' Jul  "  "  "*''"^^*^  '^^"■^'•'  ^"^  ^'P^^  ^'^  ^^it 

tri;  rSi^t/ofr  mS^'Ss;^  ins':^::^- J'^  ^^'t'  -^^^^^  ^^  ^^'^ 

rity  from  the  middle  to  the  eml  of  Julv      H  mfv  LT''"''  '"/^  '"'"/"'  ^*  "^^^'"- 
dark-^cl  fruU,  w.th  a  rieh   tende?,^;^';  reddisJ^pSj^""^^  '^  ^'^  ^^^^^'  «^^'^^^' 

arnve  ati  .irrt.^";:;;!,,:  ;;;,t;r,;u,:'  c"d"ofV,;i7'  ""'■  """'*  """•■""" 

ana  a  iL  prod, 'cu"o  i'oaror  ^'  "'  ^'"«  ''"''"'  "P"S'"  "'  ''^  g'"^"", 

abmidantly  on  the  oic-vearid  wood      1,1  r^"''"'  Tf';'"*  "■''°'  ""''  ''™''' 
rPfl  fr„if    f^r       •-""-  "'"^  y^'ir  om  wooa.     It  is  distmgiiishcd  bv   ts  Hobosp   (UrV 

//.    Z,«^e  Duke;  A?i<ylaise  tardive,  of  the    Fronnli      Ti^io         •  *      • 

omamema;:-""'''"^  '"'"=•"■''  "'"  P-"""-'-!  by  Loudon,  as  being  purely 
3.  C.  V.  FLORE  SEMiPLE.vo.     Scmi-doMc  Cmnmoit  Chcmi-tm 

Situations  where  the  other  cannot  be  hZd^froH        t;  ''"^'^'^  '  **"  '^'^^"^'"8  '"^ 

Cerasns  mahalob.     "  The  1  owor  \lf^lr}^\-  ,     commonly  grafted  on  the 

continues   Mr,    Loudon     ''oraecou   to?  iT^^  "'  '?  P'»>^^'*'"l«g'f=^l  P^im  of  vieu.," 
Goethe-sdoctru.eofv,^etalTemri^pls^^^^  ^"'^^'^   '^--'  '"'-^-^i"^ 

bnt  at  present,  h  .s  said  To'brv^^J^are  m  cX't'io'ns''"'""  '^"^  ^^  '^'"""^^'■"^^' 
0.  (..  V.  FOMrs  VAiuEGATis.      Yarierrnted-leaved  Common  Cherrv-tnp 

desirable  ,„„„  .ree,  to  stand  si,,g,;^^!■:'£d';"lr^o;lXial^  foi^gh.V.'S 


Pte 


COMMON   CHERRY-TREE. 


261 


a|t!SeL^^r^!J^:^;^^^^^  \-  ^"  ''*t,  and  ten  or 

authors  as  a' tree  of '£/,«  o/^in  "^vh,;;!?;;","  "^f^.«^  ^^^  ^'^  -^--t 
part  of  Europe,  sovoral  modern  mcrsd/Trih?^^^-  ■  ''  ^'"il  5^ '"digonous  to  any 
ot  exist  m  Italy  till  after  thovSythic  T'T  ^  ''"^  ''''''''  ^''^^  ^^  did 
nng  of  Pont.is,  sixty-eight  years  before  tlTertri^;""^  '^?l'  ^"^''  ^ithridates, 
twen  y-six  years  after  LiicullusnlaHtprl  ?.'''"  '"'"'■'•  ^^"^  ^^^^  "^  that,  '^  In 
cherries,  even  as  for  as  Brita  bevo  uUle  ll'^'T^^^^  '^^  1'^^^^'  "ther  landL  had 
cherries  as  being  cultivated  inluZlt^'"^  He  mentions  eight  kinds  of 

which  was  A.  D.  TO.  -  The  reddeS  c  iJrie  ''  s.v  .T'^'f  '"'  "  ^^^^^"^'^'  Hi^^^^-J^/' 
blackest,  actia ;  the  Ca3cilian  arrrouu^  ThP  T^  ''  "are  called  a;>;.o„/a;  [he 
taste,  but  are  so  tender  that  they  mus  be  ea  on  w  '"  ''^'^'''''  ^^'"^«  ^  P'^a^ant 
endure  carriage."     The  Duracino  Phlrri  ^'^^'''"  gatnered,  as  they  will  not 

ardy  and  Por^iguese  cherr,"s"were'most  "dmir'ed^'r?  ^''^'^^^^  *  ^"t  the  Pic 
grew  on  dwarf  trees  •  and  nno  I.;,.?!  admired.      The  Macedonian  cherries 

which  never  appear:^  n^^TiJ    f  a^^  '^  '''''  above-namei  anther 

mentions  a  cherry  that  was  grafted  in  hi,  nv  '  ^T"'  ^'^d'  ^"^^  black.  He 
s  ance  gave  it  the  name  of  l^ea  \\Z  Z  '  T  ""  ^""^  ''^"^'^'  ^^^ich  circum- 
ble  bitter  flavour.  <^  The  c  e  ly-tr  « '-  coSue  A''''''^^'^  f'?  '''^^''"S  ^'^  '^greel 
grow  in  Egypt,  with  all  the  caiVand  at  e  inn  nf'  ^?;''^  ''^^'^i'  be  made  to 
Rosier,  LucuUus  brought  into  Itairih  f  ^  '"'''"'  According  to  Abbe 
species  which  were  the  orS  of  Tl  t  llT  ^'.'P^'-'«r  varieties  of  cherry:  t  le 
time,  indigenous  to  Italy,  an  o  U  e  foiSts  of  1!'  ^"'^'^t^''^"'  ^'''^^^  before  his 
neglected  by  the  Roman  .     It  is  a  firmed  hv  1.^   T'"'  ''^"",S''  *'^«'^  ^'"''^  ^^ras 

Heibal,     published  in  ir,97,  firures  t  dnnh  „        i  ,     f^erard,  m  h  s 

cherry;    ,nd,   of  the  fn,it-be.^n„rkinl  .T'"^  ''  «<^m'-tlouble  variety  of 

among  which  he  mention  the"^' -1,^0  o^V  ^1-'''''^  ""™^^«"«  ^''^•••'^ties 
ish  cherries."  At  present  the  common  ^l'-  ^""^  ^''''  "  ^^^anders  or  Kent - 
fruit-tree,  th:-oughouUhe  tern     mcTeg^^^^  extensively  cultivated  as  a 

thrive  m  very  high  latitudes,  nor  withSZe  tronTcs  I  1'''*  ^^'"^''  '  ^"^  ^'  ^"'^^  "«t 
elevations.  It  is  foniid  in  Russi^-  s  fnr  1  ^  ^  ""'?'  "™'^'^  at  considerable 
Its  fruit  in  Norway  and  EnVt  I  ollnin  T^  ""'.  ^^^'^"^^'  "^•5°  ^^  ^^i" ;  and  ripens 
the  north  of  AfncI,  and  01?  ei  i  ^Cds  m'tl  '"T^  '''°-  ''  ''  '^'^  ^^^ 
attain  so  large  0  -■  «  jn  tbo  In  J  ,,L  1  .  ^  ^'^"^  Mediterranean,  but  it  does  nor 
The  introducu.     >  "tl le  coi   ™      '''""''  "^  }"  ^''^ber  latitudes.  "°' 

the  earliest  periods  of  tliei^  e  t  men  r'^S^r'^^'of  H  '''If'  ^^^^'^^'  "^^'^^  ^ack  to 
known  to  exist  in  this  conntrv  nrn  1  n  ^•'^"''^^'^  t''^^^  "^  this  species 

Yonkers  New  York,  aiul  Tpo^nrPle:  a  1' C^to,  %f  ■;•  'm  ^^  ^^''-^  m 
of  Mr.  Hobert  Rogers.  Those  of  ihTutl'.  1  '  ^''"'^''  ^^'•''*"d'  "'i  the  estate 
over  t^vo  ■uiudred  years  '^'"''  ^^''^'^  '''■'•«  ^^i^^  to  have  been  planted 

sySjf  (:S:)^'"^"^"''^"'  '^•^-     ^''-  --«  as  recommended  for  the  Cerasus 

b.^::^ft/h:3r:in!;:^  nrb;rs:;^^sr?  '^  "^^  ^^^''^"'-'^^  ^-^le  to 

fr.^Mree,  ,ts  branches  are  freqnentiv  brol  on  Z^       '"''"'  '"^''' ""'  i^^^''  but,  as  a 

:!;:t;nde^^r;r^~^ 

-tdarly.nd^fp.ki.5^1rr;-tE^,^^^ 


o,*Jl^  S^S'^^J-^-  '»>at  the  Julian  an,,  n,.. 


■  chr.r\i 


-,  me-iiiioned  by  I'lmy,  ^ere  vari- 


Wva^. 

^fl    ' 

f 

1; 

262 


CERASUS  VULOARIS. 


I? 


k 


■  U  }  ■ 


1^         [ 


that  11,0  decay  oiiginales  w   h    he  Voo    nUl^  "'""'"' '"  '",'PP°*'  »^  •""")'  do. 
the  hole.  o,u'of  slLr  mischief,  or  loTtZ^mLm    ST  Tk""''''  °''  ""king 

ls;rs-f-i-^-r;!fei;-E^^ 

vate^l  plum,  is  also  known  to  be  t|  ;,  c /nso  of     p  ^  ^"  '^^"  domestic'culti- 

the  small  branches  of  th.,  clicny    from  wh.Vh  ^    '"'''''^  excrescences  found  on 
Professor   Peck,   /My//./..r«,  1   cm/,;    ^n  cncumstance,  it  Avas  called  by 

which  serve  a.  flu.  ^esklcnl  of  t  >n' I  ^'^^''''y-^^eevil.  These  excrescences 
punctures  made  uMhe  ee  L-l/e  Wt  If '  "'',  ^'""^"'V^*'  ^^  P^"^"<^«^  '^7  ^ 
diverted  from  its  re-^,,lar  course   nnfJ^  '  and   accordnig  to  Peck,  "  the  sap  is 

very  much  increased1,hic^esstI?ec„H.^^^'^  ^'^  ^'''^  ^^'^''  ^^'^ich   s 

ular,  and  is  formed  into  iS T.m  s  w  I,  .  ""'1'  '^Z'  '^™"'"=  ^^'^^'"^^  i^reg- 
face.  The  wood,  b.side^  oiU  Ki, !/  ,^"acked,  uneven,  granulated  sur- 
passed, and  the  l.•.acl1"b^V^tl  ^  'J,!  rtdVos '' ^  "  ^"'^  "".^'^  ^«- 
apj)Iy  -n  the  present  case  as  those  rccom  L^^^^^^  ,i  "^  '''"'''  '"'^^'^"^^  ^^i" 
thp  domestic  cultivated  plum-tree     ''''=°"""' ''^^^  ^^^  t'^e  excrescences  found  on 

'■Kcport,''a.  iH'ing'-of.^ls^^lhciwLfr  '•'''  ""  I'^'^'^'^^^  '"«^«t'  "^  l'i« 
which  are  dirty  yeflow  or  pf-  v  7.1         i        Tl  ,"^'^'^1'^  ^''^^  ^wo  first  pairs  of  le-s 

which  .-0  ^^^i}^i:^u:^:^uX^z^X:^''^  ^^^  -^^  -'^'^  ^r'"^, 

vex,  and  rumpled  or  uneven  on  the  iZovtut  li  -i  ..  ^''  ^''^  ^"'"'^^^I'^t  con- 
generally.  They  arc  transparent  re/icthUt^  1  the  wings  of  the  sa-.v-flies 
bow,  and  have  a  smoky  tinSr/orn  h  f  Hon  "'^^"Soable  colours  of  the  rain- 
ot  the  first  pair;  the  /ein^al-e    Z  f.isl^     ^  io\  ^V'^  '-^^^'"^^  '^'^  "^'^ddle 

rather  more  than  one  fifth  of  ^an  i  ic  i  1  n.,.  \^"'X  f  '''"  ^''^'^''^'^  measures 
the  year  ]82S,  I  observed  tl  oso\  w  fl  °     '  '^''"  "^  ^'"^  "'''^'^  '«  ^'nailer.     In 

of  May;  but  Ihey  ^s^  a^^^^^^^^^^  1^'""-^--^  -^  the  10th 

Soon  afterwards  some  of  them  bocriutTlnv  ''^  ^^'''^  "'^  ^^'^^''^  ^^  June, 

business  and  disappear,  wuTun  th^^'  pi"   ?^  t^,^^^^  "^^hem  finish  this 

singly,  within  little  semicircular  incisions  tbnn<^lwii  •  '•""/■  ""^^^  ''^^'^  P'^^^^d, 
rally  on  the  lower  side  of  it  *  i  i  *  *'""  \!'\  ''%^'^'"  <^^  "'«  '^af,  and  gene- 
the  eggs  bcsin  to  hatch    n.ul  tl,n  ,..  i  "®  lourtecnth  day  afterwards 

the  ^>th  of  Jime   o   1  e  20th^  ^  ug-worrns  continue  to  cornc  forth  f  o m 

!ate  in  the  spring.     AtTst   the  s^;,  '  "r  '"f  ""'  "l^  ^'''  ''^^'«  '^^PP^ared  early  o 
o.|t  of  their  'skin^  arid  covers    Lfacls  Tvllh '-.'^        '''"Y  '''T'  ^'^'^'^  '^'^^ 
They  have  twenty  very  short  Ic's   or  .  nnl!  «bve-coloured,  sticky  coat, 

except  the  fourth  and  the  hi  t  Thp  L?^!''  '  "'^"''  ""^'^l  «^S'n<"'it  of  the  body, 
an  inch  in  length,  whe  fully  .roTvn  Ti  o  hi"?  ^7  '"^Tl  "i"e-twentieths  of 
small,  and  is  entirely  concealed  unde  the  f  ro  "' '  "//^  da't"^''^'^'"'^  ^"'""r,  is 
est  before,  and  taper  behind  and  in  fnn/^^""'  ""^  ^''^  '^''^>'-  '^'''^^  ^re  larg- 
They  have  the  faiulty  o^^  ^^^^^^^^  'f?"''/'*^  ".inute  tadpoles, 

rest  with  the  tail  a  liule  tume     fn     V.o  '''"' "^  *^'  '^"^^5^'  ""''^  generally 

upper  sides  of  the  leaves  of  1  e  nl^in  1  "^^'S^sUng  slugs  live  mostly  on  the 

tl^ereof,  leaving  ol^  the  vein  't:rttSrr''\r''*  '"^  '''''y  ''''  «"»-^-"^' 
twenty  or  thirty  of  Uiem  may  be  see  on  si  /'V'^'r  ""*°"''  '«^-  Sometimes 
they  were  so  abundant  in  some  narts  of  M-t  l^  '^'^'  ^'1'^'  '"  ^''^  y^^"'  1^^'^, 
^overed  with  them,  and  t..  ^.i^^?!^^!-!;;;;-?  l!;:i^  ^^^^ 


COMMON   CHERRY-TEEE. 

..pon  i. ;  but  ,hey  nevH  Sh  °hrh".°co«  w/"  i'  ""*"'■  "'^>'  "<'  -™  f-dtg 
tlie  leaf.     After  this  is  cast  off  ih™  f„  i        '  ''^'"?''  '■™»ins  stretched  out  upon 

olive  colour,  but  have  a  Cea^;  yX  v    SfLSi '?"'  ?""'>'  "PP^— ■  a'™ 
cliango  also    n  form   nnrl  hnnr^J^  '  ^"^irely  free  from  vise  ditv.     Thpv 

marll  between  ^^nnT^^'^Z'y^X'iT'^nT '  ■""'  *7  ''^"^  ""^  *' 

they  leave  the  trees  and   1  avin.tv.rlf        ?n       ^  ^"^^^  'i*'"'^^  after  this  change 
the  depth  of  from  c^l^Tck^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ''  the  ground,  they  burro^to 

soil.  By  moving  their  body  tire-inh  Z"-1  *f '  ^V^""^  '°  ^''^  "^^ure  of  the 
all  sides,  and  an*oblong-ov Jl  ravitri/thusTorri  7  ^T"''^  "^"^^^^  Pressed  on 
a  st^.cky  and  glossy  substance,  to^  which  he  grainf  1  ^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^d  with 
Within  these  little  earthen  cells  or  cocoons  tho?,n  °^rT^''  ^'^'^^'y  ^'^^'^'''■ 
place ;  and,  in  sixteen  days  after  U  c  desmit  ofiho  ^^'  "^  ''"  chrysalides  takes 
transformations,  break  open  their  cells  an  1  rl  i  f  "q-^^°"»«.  they  finish  their 
where  they  appear  in  the  ilV  form      Tl-n'''^  ^^'^c  surface  of  the  ground 

middle  of  5u/y'and  the  fir  7o  August  "ndtv  t^if  ^  'T  '°^^'^  ^•^^--"  "'- 
slug- worms.  The  latter  como  to  their  J  ownf  i  u  "-S^^'^\^  «««o'^d  brood  of 
tcmber  and  October,  and  remain  tliere  tU  Ibo  Vn  ?°  "'^^  ''^^  g'"^""^^'  "^  «cp- 
changed  to  flies,  and  leave  t  ci'./;  "te  ,  nrto?  T^  'P''"^,'  ''^''''  ^^ey  a?e 
however,  do  not  finish  their  transfo  nti  nf!^^^^  I  ,  seems  that  all  of  them, 
remain  unchanged  in  the  -roin  d  tHI      o  S  ^''  '"''''    '«™«  '^^«  ^""^1  to 

of  the  last  hatch  in  any  one  yea  iuld  IT"?  f".'  ^'"  '^''''  ^^  ^'^  ^he  slugs 
former  brood,  would  sfiU  cnS  in  t  1  ear  tVc'n nf  ^"'m'^^^^  ^"°"S'''  ^^«"^^^ 
the  natural  enemies  to  these  insectrnro  m,/o  '  ^  C""'""'«  ^he  species."  Among 
which  destroy  many  of  thl  X'ir  o  ols  a^fd  iT"  ^t';?"7""^"»  ''^"i"^^^ ' 
and  bmls  prey  upon  them,  both  in  Zlarv^t'^^^^^^^^ 

essor  Peck  has  described  a  minute  ciLmortflvn'  '"'V'^'l'S"?  ''^^^^^-  l'^«- 
tlie  eggs  of  the  sing-fly,  and  de  os  s  in  onH  ^^'  ■^^']"'y'^'''^)  which  punctures 
nt.nute  eggs,  in  due^i,ie,  rod  ,1  little  n^^^^^^^  t"!?'^  T^  "^  ^^^  ''^^"-  I'^ese 
eggs  of  the  slug-flies,  devour  the  r  contents  nm^n%'^^'^'  '"  '^''^  shells  of  the 
al.des,  and  then  to  flies,  like  tie  A'    't'-''^^^^^^^ 

myriads  of  the  (gas  of  shcr  flipJ  l.^.  ,  \''"'!  ^'y  ^^ese  atoms  of  existence 

of  the  order  of  Prov  de  ce  whSi  m  ven t  ^^^^^^T^"  -^nirable  illustration 
aire  species,  by  apn.Muti  g  a  ^o  £  Zltk^'T'^'  ^T'  ^^"^?  ^^^^run  with 
hme,  sifted  or  thrown  on  the  trees  ni>st  1  W?,  "",  ^''''''}-  ^^^es  or  qu.ck- 
m  checking  their  depreciations  ardi^  I  ^  ^^^^  '^'J^s,  has  proved  efiV.  tual 
(a  solntion'of  whale-oilsoa.Tnd  wate  \  wT'''?  '  ''"'''I'  ""^^'^'•«^'  ^^"^«dy, 
The  common  cherry,  as  well  as  fh^  neacb  t2    "  ^''""'^  '^  ^'  ^"^"^"^^  •^'f^^^'^al 

^^^'iSs"!^  is  of  a  reddish 

=1:-^-!  -  - -^-^         ^r-ii-! 

sufficiently  tender  to  be  caX  wro.f^h?  forty-five  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.  It  is 
readily  coloured.  In  those  nn^-Jn??'  ""^  Z'"^'''  ^''e  openness  of  its  grain  it  is 
times  'employed  iu  theTa  mf^ctur  'Ti^'S' th  %^''«--"i^;^  --''7-  >'  is  -m  " 
minor  works.  The  fruit  of  life  mv  alZ ud  ?  r  """'  '^V^V''*"'^'  '-•"''  <^»her 
sons,  has  ever  been  found  n  ore  temn'.u  i  H  "  ^\^^Y«"''f«  ^od  with  most  per- 
^uit  w^l  loosen  and  hnrUh"s;^a";;f.;:!i;iT!!t"!"lZ'->^  -y«.  "^is 
t-^>  cilect.       xle  relates  that  some  -thors  havo^lmieir  thrrcheJiS^S 


264 


CEUASUS  VULGARIS. 


$?s!3>w^^:^,^:S;^S:;^,f;^^  dew,  and  the  stones  being 

their  leet.  Tlie  Imrd^flefhed  cSi^are  eo  ?,1  io^  ''^^''"^  ^"^^'»  '^'^  g^"^  i" 
eaten  too  freely;  but  tlie  soft-fleshed  kSssuch^st.r''^'''  '"digestible" wl,en 
sufficiently  Avholesome  to  be  given  in  fever?  whL  m  "^"'•'^•'o«.  are  esteemed 
d.ty.  The  soft-fleshed  kinds^Je  often  dried  bv  1  ein  ''  ''  ''  ^.''"^^"^^  ^«  P"'"" 
sun,  or  in  an  oven  of  moderate  waiS  h  Rine^ch.  "f  '''^"''^  «»  boards  to  the 
brandy;  and  preserves,  marmaladcsTzen.?  ^nn?l  ,  ""'^"'"^^  ^"'  favouring 

tionary  are  manufactnred  froni  them  fn  '  H  1'''?"'  "' '"'  J^i"d«  ol'confec- 
'vhich  is  occasionally  used  for  e,  d"  ons  n  u?  L  ''■''''!'''''^  ^^om  the  kernels, 
etc  ,  to  impart  to  thenar  the  ilJo^oUu^r  a  Inds'"''  ^^  ^^^^"^^'  s^gar-phnns 
uK!;trt^;i:;^  'S^t^^il^^^^^^^^^^^ris  .brms  a  very  beau- 
shades  of  green;  and  s  gr.Lfu  n^h^^T'  '''■'  ^""'^asted  with  the  LiX 
variety  in  summer.  ^       ^"^  '''^^  ^"'^  variegated  balls,  give  a  pleasing 


l<  In. 


ii 


Cerasus  boreaVis, 

THE  NORTHERN  CHERRY-TREE. 

Synonymes, 


Cerasus  boreaUs, 

Cerasus  pennsylvanka, 
Cerisier  du  Canada, 
Canadischer  Kir.schbaum, 
-American  Bird  Cherry-tree 
wT."  d''"'"^''  "'■''  Ci'crry-'tree; 


MiciiAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
Uk  Candom.e,  Prddroimis. 
Loudon,  Arboretuiu  Britaimiciim. 

FkancI*''"  """■'  ^^"'"'''  "'■  ^'""''  A"""^"*:'^- 
Oku  .MA  NY. 

BlUTAIN.  ' 

Nkw  Engf.and. 


W.ld   Ked   Cherry,  Bml^6herry,  Choke  )  ^"' '""'"'■*'"'• 
Cherry-tree,  j  Other  parts  of  Anqlo-America. 

Engraving,.    Michaix, North  American  Sylva  nl   90 ■  In,„l,n    a  , 
Spe,f.  a„ers.     Leaves  ovaUobhL  '     t  n'in        1     T      "       """""  "  "^'  ''''  "'  '"  "^^^  -- 
Fruh  „rf''  "^'^""'-''•-     ^'---^'^  -^iS"  Sceiri.?rnoTi  ^"''"r^^'  ^^r^^-^oulaie,  and  almost 
irutt  nearly  ovate,  small;  us  flesh  red.-Z^e  c'S; ^!^rl^!"^  "'^'^''J'  '"  '  corymbose  manner. 

Description. 

m^m^m    Cerasus 

C.1    MB  ^^^'^^^^^      is 

^    IJ^^  a  handsome 

feii^f^^  small     tree. 
growing   to   a   height   of  twenty  oi' 
thirty  lect,  with  a  trunk  six  or  ci^lit 
inches  m  diameter,  and  covered  wltii 
a  smooth  brownish  bark,  Avhicli  de- 
taches itself  laterally.     Its  leaves  arc 
Irom   two   to   six    inches   long,    and 
somewhat  resemble  those  of  the  com- 
!^«'V^'"^^"^-     Its  tlowers  put  forth 
in  May  or  June,  and  occur  in  small, 
will  c  hunches,  which  give  birth  to  a 
small,  red,  intensely-acid  fruit,  that 
arrives  at  maturity  in  .Tuly.      It  is 

hrSii:r.i:^:^,t;;^  ss^'n^i^'^s  r^-  t'""^^^  ^'-  --^>'^'  -^^ 

Geography,  ^v,  The  norther  nhn.  ";^>"^'"i.'y  m^^^^'^  to  another  tree. 
tbundland'to-''the  nort  Sn  ,  a  ts "f  the  V^H  ""m  "'  ^^^«•""^«"  ^^"'1  I'om  New- 
Virginia.  It  was  introd  ed  nto  B  ai^^  ^1S22'"''T''  '"^^  "^  ^'''  ^°"^'^  ^' 
m  Messrs.  Loddiges^  ^uboretnn  and  X.  V  '  ''"'^  n  ='''''^"^=  ""^  P'^^sent 
Hke  the  paper  birch,  is  lenTa  abirfor  .n-l  ^^'^''^P''''^"  collections.  This  tree, 
vated  fieldi,  or  in  such  parts  oftLKs.fJ^u.Tl'P^''^  '"  '^'^  ^"'ti' 

or  design.  Of  all  trees  of  iCt  ArHcV  ..  n  '"  ^""'^  V''  ^^  ^^^^'^^^'^ 
Cerasus  vulgaris  as  the  piesem  eci^T  ,tl  In  .f  'o^^^^^ly  allied  to  the 
a  suitable  stock  to  graft  t  uit  r  or  v  unon  ^"'l'^''"'^  it  has  been  recommended  as 
hard,  fine-grained  and  of  i  m  li.  f .  ^  i  ^  '*"  ''^"'''*  "'  ''"«  ^''^^  is  exceedingly 
grows,  forbids  i  s  ;,se1.?  L'f.   1  l\'.^"':'.J^"^  ^'^«  "^^^"^r  size  to  which  it  usuauJ 


use  in  the  mec! 
34 


lanic  arts 


usually 


'■'"    .  IS 


'!    ;r 


( «•- ; 


li, 


f 


Ccrasus  mahakb, 
THE  MAHALEB,  OR  PERFUMED  CHERRY-TREE. 


Prunus  mahakb, 
Cerasus  ihnhakb, 

rerfumed  Cherry-tree, 


LixxvEus,  Species  Plantarum. 
(  Ue  CA\noi,i,E,  Prodroiiius. 
j  Do.v,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
f  Loi;don,  Arboroluia  Uritannicuni 

rllANCK. 

Gerbianv. 

Italy. 

Brita::.  and  Angi.o-America. 


«^'"-."«'--  '^^"'"^  "'  ^^^"■^'-.  -.  P'.  2,  Loudon,  Ar.K,re.u.  Brltannic.n,  vi„  p,.  „„.  „„,  .,, 


Description . 


!:Vu-J^  Cerasus    malialeb    is  a 

M  ll'^  ''findNome  small  tree,  with  a 

M?s-yU^  7^'^^''  '''^'■'^'  '^»J  numerous 
habifTrTris  scldfuf^r^  l^ranches.  In  its  natural 
but  iu  a  s  aTe  o  t      iva  io,1;? ?  '^'T^ .^^^^  >"  '^ei^'l.t; 

attains  double  tl"t  St  ^t"  witrx'  tnu^TT''''' 
circumfcreiipo      Ti...  1       "."'  "'I"  '^  iiiuik  lour  feet  ui 

11.0  ctrmou  apr  CO  b^'^r?''"'^  T^'^'^'"^'^  '^'«-  "^ 
flowers  put  for  in  An  ^,  ?]  t  ""  P^'^  ^••««»-  '^^'^^ 
by  black  fruit  much  smli^t^',  '^'"^  ^^'^  succeeded    

lartary;  and,  according  to  Pallas  it  irovv^^/n  .        ?'  ^  "^^^f"'^"^  and  in  Crim 
where  it  differs  from  the  EurmS  va?[etv,     h      "^^T  ""''  ^^"""t  Caucasus, 

eaves  at  the  same  time,  and  th^ltteruTS^^  ^^^'^  .^^°-«r«  ••^"ci 

tree  ,s  very  common  in  the  mo.uitainotjs  dfst?irr^  T^  ''''"'' ''^'r'"^^'«-  ^^'be 
rally  cultivated  in  Endand  for  he  nnrL.  /  ^  ^^^nco,  and  is  very  gene- 
into  the  last-named  co^n  ry  in  1714^  bTwas  I-n'"''"f '  I^  ^"^«  i"trod^,ced 
remarks  that,  '' the  cunning  French  perSUrfn.^r^^^^^  ^""§^  ^''^''''^  ^^  Gerard 
bke  tr.  Img  toys,  of  the  fruit,  whSi^tlerseM  '^'"^'"'^  ^""^  «"«'i 

some  old  sweet  compound  or  other,  and  here    ell  l^n^"^'  """^''^^  "^^^  ^^'''h 

Unaed  StatJ^,  .  uncertan!:  llTCn/ ^  ^^^  SnS ^r  J^^ 


WI*»imWeCi*ia'£^r^aiiHiiuta 


PERFI    lED   CHERRY-TREE. 


207 


■'*pw:ios  grows.  ^   •I'l'imui    ...,;  utniusl  magintudc  to  which  this 


Soil,  Sit  lilt  f  ion,  ijv. 


.-S'fc^,::;t"':i;!,';!''''"!:::',='-7«7".i,,iv. 


Ill 


:ui(l  iiiikwl  cliiilk.v, 
tlic  wind,  it  may 


any  poor  soil,  lluU^s  not  u>o  Z'^ovo '/ul  fh"'mn7'^ 
nnd  a    ,t  forms  a  low,  hnshy  S^,',  w|  e    i    c,   ah  ."'"^  '^"*' 
be  planted  in  an  exposed  sitn-it  ,.,      VV.  '    °'^ ''    '■®^"*' 

seels,  the  f-.i,  ;«  soCas  Cas  rile  oJ  in'.'"'  '"/'"'''*  '  ^"  '"'  •'--'»  ''or;. 
fF'  m  t:  ,  .arne  manner  a^m  rS  SimeEl  7"'V"  '^'"•'  '"'  ^'"'  <<'""^^i"K 
ti'o.        iy  also  be  propa-ated   ii     i  moil      i  ."  ' "^  ^"""""ii  cherry.     ThZ 

stool,  uker,  ofF  with  I  few  1  uttaZd  •w"'"'.'^^  ''^y'^'"'^-  ''^  "^"l^'^  <'^<""  <  « 
roots.     In  France,  it  is  cxtens  ve  y    us  'd  4  "l"  '7  '^'"''"i-  ''on.  the 

cMit  kmds  of  cherries,  for  which,  h  ^no  onlv  ,  o  V''''"''  '"  H''^''  «''<■  diUbr- 
vory  poor  soil,  but  of  coming  into  sap  a  o m  "^o-  1  ^^1"'''""."'  ^"'"^^''"f?  "'»  a 
^vhlch  memis  the  grafting  sc^on  is  p  oiZd  h1  o^  '<■"'''  ^ '""  ^''^  «^''"'  by 
upon  It.  Yet,  as  in  the  ca-  of  oth or  ""frf  ^n.  1  "^-'^'^'^  "'"  l''^^"'«  ^""'i  l«d 
.With  a  tall,  robust-growing  tree  tl  e  n,  n.'  .n  i^  i  "'  *'  ^^"""''^  ^^''''^'l'  ^^'H  unite 
sn.s  sylvestris,  attains  a  larger  size  than   r.'  t^^'  '"'''"  ^'■^^'■"-■''  ""  ^''^  <^S 

Proprrti.es  mid  Uses.     The  wood     r  l,n  n     ^'"''"'  ""  "«  "^^'"  roots. 
J'-d.  <      .pact,  and  is  susVept^  of"i'     .^"^';;;-»t^^^^      '^^  "'-  reddish-gray, 
power.      odour,  bin  less  ,so,  and  more  aL  eo-i  lo   w,     ^\''"'  ^'""'''^  '^  possesses  a 
"on  ,j  weighs  nearly  sixty  pounds  to  a  cub.^fiot  ^"'r"''  ■•>''  '"  ^^'.'i^^''  last  condi- 
alter  by  cabinet-makers.  „   account  of  h.  A^,  '  ^'■^"''■'''  '^  '^  •"'"■''  nought 

111  thin  veneers,  becan      in    h!    !.  ,•'/'''«' '"'^^'  ^^"'1  '^  -^old  by  theni    -r  ee 
chinks,  are  less  per^  .til  e.^'l     t^Vi^^^" ."^  ^^-'^'.^   ^l^  le^t,  tlle'^.^; 
la-cie,  It  is  mucl/soug'ht  after  by      rne^^af/d   b     L''''''''^r'''  ^'"^  '^^'^^y  "'"  «tc. 
ami  tobacco-pipes.     It  ,s  also  higl  ly  pizj^  L     nM   n^  "''  snulf-boxes 

which  It  sends  out  when  buriiin-      Thn  In  '    "  '''^''•'^"•^  ^''  "'«  fragrance 

partic.ilarly  when  dried,-a^-e  gSily  ea  enZ^ 

cooks  lor  giving  flavour  to  ganie.    X     ol/^n^u    r^  '"■?;'  "'"^  "'"^  '^'^^  hy 
caves,  are  powerfully  sreiited    the  fo  Ll  t  '^  '""^'  ^'''^  ^he  Avood  and 

insupportable  in  a  close  rJom   evin  w  len  t  Zf  '"  '""•^''  ^"'  '''^  '«  ''«  »l'"o 
time.     The  kernels  of  the  fruit  LT  en^L'7hv^^^^  ''"'^^  ''"^  «  «'""-t 

Britain  and  America,  this  spec  es  L  nrmZ.1i  ^  I^.^^'''^^^  to  sc'iit  soap,     hi 
as  an  ornamental  shrub  or  low  tree     P""''^^"''^  cultivated  as  u  hedge-plant,  o 


M 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Cerasus  virginiana, 
THE   VIRGINIAN   CHERRY-TKEE. 

Synonymes. 


Primus  serotina, 
Cerasus  virginiana, 

Cerasus  serotina, 

Cerisier  de  Virginie, 

Virginisfher  Kirschbaum, 

Cihegio  di  Virginia, 

Virginiaa  Bird  Cherry-tree, 

Wild  Cherry-tree,  Black  Cherry-tree, 


Ehrhart,  Beitrage  znr  Natiirkund 
MiCHAur,  North  American  Sylva 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Bntannicum' 

p.".r,f  S,SS  °' """"  ^■»"»- 

Franck. 
Germany. 
Italy. 
Britain. 
Anglo- America. 


Description. 
%  HE    Cerasus    virgin 


wiTr'S  ^^"^'  '^^^^^^  the  soil 
M-.JJ  _(^  ^"d  climate  are   the 


^,  KUGTsHtt^^Si^  most  coneenial  to  if<i 

growtli   sometnncs  attains  a  height  of  e  ^hty 

?eerrn  d"'^'':^  ^''\l  ^""'^  ^  trun/three  or S 

according  to  the  circumstances  under  which 

rJTr  u  ^"  ^"§'^"d  ^»d  the  North  Amert 

can  British  provinces,  it  seldom  exceeds  tSrl 

or  forty  feet  in  height,  v/ith  a  trunk  ten  or 

welve  inches  in  diameter:  and  in  the  nehrh 

feet      Thf  Jn  °^'^  '°  .^  ^^^gh*  «f  ^bout  five 
leet       ihe   general   surface   of   the   bark   is 

?r>  ^V^"'  it  is  blackish  and  rough,  de  ad 
ing  Itself  in  narrow  semi-circular,  hard,    S 
pates,  which  adhere  for  a  time  to  the  tree 
previous  to  dropping  off.     The  trunk  is  usu' 

S;s'^  t:^:z^:!'^^t:'^:!^:j-^^'-  ^-^  ^  spreading 

richness  which  gives  so  much  beauty  o  he  ifanle  a,,?'"  ''  ^''?'">^  ^^at  massy 
leaves  are  usually  from  two  to  four  inches  Ion .rtnntJ??  """^  ^^''^'  ^''^^S'  ^he 
of  a  beautiful,  smooth,  shining  eroen   with    w.  '^'  '''"'■>'  "'"^'i  Pointed,  and 

at  the  base.     The  flowers  are  ^vhite'  nml  n         ""  '""^''^  ''"^"  reddish  glands 

ear,„anof.„„e.     The  .J  ■.';r„\r  r=R\":  ?„"4°trl^et:V/': 


!f 


VfRGIMAN    CHERRY-TREE. 


2G9 


8  etvi.  pi.  114,  and 


S^I^Srll^t^^C;^^  bitter  to  t.e  taste, 

the  northern  stales  and  Canado  beforo  Au^^.T\ ^^  '^'l  ^'''  «^  J""«'  ^"^  not  in 
nonrishment  to  several  .pede^'of  bTrds  ^       ^'^'P^'"'^''''  ^'^""  '^  ^^'^^^s  great 

serotina,  of  Ehrhart.)  They  ai^^poar  to  }\l^  i  '^  """"^  ^'^  'f"^'  ''^''"'V  (Prunus 
others  who  mistook  tlie  litfer  for  the  ohnlp^^'"  c«»fo"ncled  by  Michiux  and 
't  under  the  name  of  C W.  Il^L  and  consequently  described 

belong  to  the  same  species,  this  is  to  ns  n  mntt  '  f  '"^^  v'"'"'^^  ^^^^^  ^bey  both 
comparing  the  two  trees  in  a  st^tl  ofV?,h  l  "^•''"'"^  ''"^^  consequence  By 
anything  hke  a  specific  i^Lunc  o^L  ^^  M  'TonV""  '^  '•''^"''  *°  ^'-«^- 
cons  itute  a  race.  The  serratures  ind  tbo  fnft  rl  "  '^y''  ^^*^^  sufficient  to 
the  leaves,  are,  imdoubtedly,  val^  '^nd  n?  ''l'''  ^"  'i^"  ""^^^  ^^-^^^  ^^ 
European  bird  cherry,  (Cerasus  nad  ..\  l  T  '"'.''^  ^''^  ^^"^''•^^  ^^ith  the 

paced  upon  its  foliage, Vh'i  under  c;?ltivZ^n°'^''"^'  dependence  is  to  be 
alhed  to  the  species  under  con  rdeAtioH?t^'  ''"'^  '"  '^"^^^'  ''  ''  ««  "^arly 
dromus,"  seems  to  doubt  if  irie  real^^^  d^  n..  Tf  ^"'  ^"  Candolle's  "  Pro- 
to  be  correct,  the  variations  of  the  Oerasus  vl    •   ^^"^^"'"g /he  above  remarks 

1.  C.  V.  PRECOX.  Earlu-fZi/l^  f^  •  •  ""'J''^''^  are  as  follows  :- 
nus  virginiana,  of  Lh^S  gir^"" -''^  Cherry-tree;  Choke  Cherry;  Pru- 
serotlnU  Pu^sh;  S^^;..?  rfoFKr'  °^:^:«^^«>^- ^^^  Gray ;  ^A-.;!. 
species  in  having  broadly^oval  Pn;^;  7k  ..  ^*'''  """""^^y  d^fl^^'s  from  the 
sub-cordate  at  th?  base,  7ery  sharX  '.nd'oFten^  acuminated,  being  sometimes 
hairy  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  benSthpilTi"^^^  ,'"'"'?'"'  ''^"^  generally 
globose,  of  a  glossy  scarlet-red   S^  rpe  ^wi^  ^'%"^^^^^  the  fruit  sub- 

astringent,  that  it  dries  the  mouth  nn^.?.'  .  ,  ?  ''?'^  P'easant,  but  so  very 
when  swalfowed.  In  the  norX  n\fnfp  ^^^^f  *  ^'^^  ^be  juice  of  spruce  cones^ 
several  weeks  earlier  than  t^Sc  che r  v'l'roP^'r'^"'  ^l""'^"^  ^'^P^^^  ^'^  ^^uit 

2.  0.  V.  CAPOLLiv,  De  Candollp  V  //^  n^ '  ,^1^"'^^  *^^  »»"ie  ;;?wo.r. 
and  known  by  its  laneeS  erVatS'''^^^^^^^^^  Cherry-tree,  native  of  Mexico, 
nearly  in  size,' those  of  the  4  nSilfsrH't  '''''?'  r'"^'^^"'^  "^  ^"™'  and 
like  the  Cerasus  virginiana  That  thnrp^  v^  ?  /''^,  '""'^'^^^  *'^^  ^^PPears  so  imich 
ety  of  this  species,  b^i^^f  a'larjer  and  mnt  ,  ^'"''  ^°"^'  °^  "^  ^^'"g  ^^^^  a  vari- 
Geo^rapL   Soil   d-c      Thp^  Pn  ^  bixunant  growth. 

abund.?nce^  a^ng  theYtla.S  pSs'o?  A^^pf '"''f  ''  f?""''  "^  ^''^^^^^  or  less 
It  especially  abounds  in  Upper  Canada  tml  h?'  '■°'?  ^^'^''^  ^°  ""d^«"'«  l^ay. 
and  probably  is  nowhereTore  StX  1  mini""?  ^'^ '"^'^^ 
than  in  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Termes see  ^^  t  -^  V  """i"  ^""^  developed 
C^'eorgia,  and  the  Carolinas,  wherTthe  snmrie  s  n  p  f"'  ?"l^«^^"time  parti  of 
soil  IS  generally  dry  and  skndy  k  is  b  t  snn.fn  '"*^f  ^^^  ^^t'  and  where  the 
of  rivers,  where  the  ground  irveVv  wet  t  i?fnT^^P'''''f '"^.'  ^""^  °»  ^^^  banks 
nv  the  upper  parts  of  these  stlS  whe  e  the  c  Imnr"'"^  '"  '^^  dimensions;  but 
soil  IS  more  fcrtile  it  becomprmA  J  climate  is  more  temperate,  and  the 

states  of  Pennsylvanl,'?Sa"aTdNra^  '"^  ^^""^^^  ^han  m  th: 

introdacrro  I?n^g."id^!rngren  ^^7'  ''T'^'^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  -re 

under  the  name  of "'' VirgiS  cL  rv-bav ''  M  ''T  ^^  ^'^'^'^^'^on,  in  1629, 
Bruish  collections,  and  is  crowin"  i^ii^'  i  I  '^'  ""^  P'^''^'"'  ^^''y  common  in 
The  largest  recorded  speSm^eTrinL  and  [^nt  r'^^',  ^V^^'f  "^  '^'  ^«"^'»«"f- 
IS  about  fifty  years  old,  and  fortrfeet  h  hpiihf  ""^  P^^T  ^'''^'  '"  ^^'"^J^'  ^^bich 

ni  Switzerland,  there  is  also  anoU  er  t  ee  oHh k  J"  •'''  ^""cT'  ^"''^"'^  '^^  ««»«^a> 
sions.  'tiiouier  tiee  ot  this  species,  of  about  the  same  dimen- 


270 


CERASUS   VIRGINIANA. 


*      ■,"!■' 
u      'it  ■ 


Insects.     It  ha.s  often  been  remar'cTfl.n    vl     ,^'"'' ^">^"«- 
more  subject  to  the  attacks  o?  catrpmars   thU^^^^  ""^  '^'^  ^^''^  cherry  are 

liosc  which  are  regarded  as  its   S  en^mv  .  p T  ^[^"y.^^her  tree.     Among 
lars,  Clisiocampaamencana  of  Ha^rk      Th^'         r""  American  lackey-caterpil- 
are  placed  around  tfie  ends  of  the  b  anchef  fnr5''  ^'"^'^.fhich  they  are  hatched, 
let,  consisting  of  three  or  fon      undreS  eis  h  T X  """'"^r  ^l*"^  °^  ""^  «■•  ^race^ 
ing  close  together,  on  their  endrSSriV      fu™ ''/'^*''*  «y'"'ders  stand- 
water-proof  varnish.      The  cator'ni  hr«  7  ^  7'1''  ""  ^^''""^  ^"^^  of  broAvnish 
eaves.     The  first  signs  of  the'r  aedvi^v  nn  ""'  ^'"5  V'^  '^'^  ""^^Wing  of  tl  e 
lar  web  or  tent,  some^what  res:"nb  inra'spEs  we^./'/rlJT  '^'^  '^"'^  ^^g- 
ot    he  branches,  a  little  below  the  ?hisLr  of  p.^  '  r^ ,    ^^. '^"^^^^^'^  the  fo?ks 
tents  m  making  which,  they  all  work   oLethorfll      y"'^?,'  *''"  ^^elter  of  these 
at  all  times,  when  not  engaged  in  eadL     Wn ,       *^^f''P''^''^^.«  remain  concealed 
oaf  to  leaf,  they  spin  from^  their  mo  g^s  a  sSerl^f™"'./'^'^;"  'T^'  ^"^  ^^om 
to  conduct  them  back  to  their  tenfTand  ^^IZt       f'''^  ^^''^"^^  '^^ich  is  a  clue 
after  another,  their  pathways  in  timpVo       ^  ^"^  ^°''^^'  ^"'^  ^^^urn  in  files,  one 

to  render  their  footif^g  s^'  iurinTthrfte'ou'er '"^"^^'■  ^'J'^'  ^^'^'^'^  ^^r^"' 
various  directions,  to  and  from    hpi?J         ^^equent  and  periodical  journeys  in 

si^eand  age,  they^Llarge  ^^Tt  r^t  rr,mll"t '^^""•.  ^^  ^^^^  "-reaL  In 
layers  or  webs,  till  at  length  i  attL  a  dhmPt!  r'/''^'",  '™'  ^"  *'^"^'  ^^^^  new 
come  out  together,  at  certain  hours  to  feed.nd  'fl  "^/'' ""'  '""  ''''^''-  ^hey 
regular  meals  are  finished;  duriW  bad  wettC  '"'''"  .^*  '^"'^«'  ^^^en  their 
venture  from  their  shelter  at  a  When  fn  hf '  "'"''7'  "^"^  ^^«t'  ^"^  do  not 
inches  in  length.  They  may  be  krown  h/  -  g'^^^rn,  they  measure  about  two 
extending  along  the  top  7t^ie  back  fmm  ohp'p  ^^''f  l'^'"^^'  ^''^  ^  ^^hi^'^h  line 
which,  in  a  yellow  ground  are  nnmp-nn  .  !  "?  ]*"  ^^'^  ''^^'^''  ««  each  side  of 
a  broad,  longitudinal,  hiZkZrZZl^T^^^^^^^  ^'"««'  that  form 

each  ring,  in  the  middle  of  each  of  whTch  T.  n  ..  u^m  ^"^  ^^^'''^  ^P^^^,  one  on 
narrow,  wavy  yellow  line,  and  'over  sHIl  fh  f  '''"^  'P'^^'"  ^^^^'"^  this,  is  a 
intermingled,  black  and  ye  low  l[rs  xv^i  ih  rP  In  t^'"'  ^^"^g^ted  with 'fine, 
colour  of  the  under  side  of  the  bSy  '  on  the  ton  of  fh '  ^T  "'  l!^'^  general  duskj; 
blackish,  hairy  wart,  and  the  whole  K  is  LX  '^T*^  ""g' ^^  ^  «m'^l'> 

short  hairs,  rather  longer  and  tSer  unon  H^  ^/P'^?"^'^  ^^^thed  with  soft 
ago  of  about  seven  weeks,  they  Wirto  n  ft  H  / '''"  elsewhere.  At  the 
other,  wander  about  for  a  while  a.H^fin  n  ^  *''^  *''^^''  separate  from  each 
or  other  place  of  shelter,  an^ma^uLcoif  "th  '"'""^7^  "^  ^^^'^  -«-'- 
oval  form,  composed  of  thin  and  vPrv^nn.oT  ^'''^  ^''^  °^  ^  regular,  oblong- 
which  are  fillek  with  a  I^^L^fT^^^^^^  7'^'  "^^^"^'  t'^«  "^^shes  ff 

insects  have  spun,  the  chrysaSes  burs  thei°sk  n?f '  "'T'''''  ^^^^  ^^^'^  the 
wet  and  moistened  ends  of  the  cocoons  and  annearint'^  '^'^''  T^>^  'trough  the 
1  hese  moths  are  of  a  rusty  or  reddish  brown  7^  ^''^  '"''"^^'^  «>•  filler  form, 

gray  on  the  middle  and  ba^se  ofTe  fo  iTnL  th-V^f"?^       ^'''  intermixed  with 
oblique,  straight,  dirty-white  lines.     Th^v  el^^^  besides  are  crossed  by  two 
to  one  inch  and  a  half,  or  a  littlp  mnvf^     i^         ^'°™  ''"^  "^^h  and  a  quarter 
numbers,  in  July,  flying  abou     and  nfti  ^"'^  .^PP'^';  "^  Massachusetts,  in  great 
period  they  lay  Vheir' e|gs   °Sany  ofihe  catr3  ^'T'  ^^  "'S'^^'  '^t  wS 
finish  their  transformations,  by  reLon  oAv^XT     '''  ^^■'^r^'"'  ^'^  ""^ble  to 
miable  to  leave  with  the  rest'ofihe  sTrm  burSr/l'^P^'^^''^^  ^'^"^^  ^^^'^'^  '-^re 
Most  of  these  will  be  found  to  havTSn  nre^SV^'^'l'-^",' ^^^thin  the  tent, 
upon  the  fat  within  their  bodies    and  finX^Ph     P^""  ^^  ^'^'^^  '"''^ggots  living 
.hneumon  wasps,  which,  m  due  tim^^  Si  tl^KJ^r^  ^^i 


VIRGINIAN   CHERRV-TREE. 


271 


eds,  which 

cherry  are 
3.     Among 
y-caterpil- 
c  hatched, 
?  or  brace- 
lers  stand- 
brownish, 
"g  of  the 
ttic  angu- 
the  forks 
r  of  these 
concealed 
and  from 
I  is  a  cUie 
files,  one 
ch  serves 
iirneys  in 
crease  in 
ivith  new 
3.     They 
len  their 
id  do  not 
bout  two 
itish  hno 
h  side  of 
hat  form 
I,  one  on 
-his,  is  a 
ith  fine, 
il  dusky 
a  small, 
ith  soft, 
At  the 
m  each 
crevice 
oblong- 
shes  of 
fter  the 
igh  the 
r  form. 
;d  with 
by  two 
uarter, 
1  great 
which 
ible  to 
3h  are 
e  tent, 
living 
anged 
ir  vic- 


nms,  and  escape  mto  the  air.  The  American  lackey  caterpillar-moth  selects  the 
Virgnuan  cherry  ,n  preference  to  all  other  trees,  and  next  to  tir  tf.e  apple  a 
further  account  of  which  will  be  found  in  our  article  on  that  tree  *'  ^^    ' 

sevTreV  fromlV  atnTS  t!'"^  '*'"  l^'%  ^^"'"'^^'^  '^''''y'  ^""^  P'^ach-tree,  suffer 
Iw  M.  Q  th^.  attacks  of  borers,  which  are  transformed  to  the  beetles  called 

nln^l  ;?''^'  1"  ^'f  ^"^r^'^^'i  Entomology,"  Buprestls  dharicala.  They  are 
us  a  ly  fo  ind  under  the  bark,  and  sometimes  in  the  solid  wood  of  the  trunks 
and  branches  of  the  trees,  where  tliey  undergo  their  transformations.  The  bee! 
rnyV^'lfV^'"'''  ^'■^  ^^PP^r-coloured,  sometimes  brassy  above,  and  hicldv 
covered  with  ittle  punctures.  They  measure  from  seven  to  nine-ten  hs  of  anTnch 
lu  length,  and  may  be  found  sunning  themselves  upon  the  limbs  Stle  trees  dur 
ing  the  months  of  June,  July,  and  August. 

Properties  and  U^ns.     The  wood  of  the  Virginian  cherry-tree  is  of  a  dull  lic^ht 
red  tint,  which  deepens  with  age.     It  is  corrfpact,  fine-grained   takes  a  brilian 
pohsh,  and  when  perfectly  seasoned,  is  not  liable  to  warp.      n  America   it    s 
extensively  used  by  cabinet-makers,  for  almost  every  species  of  fiun  tu  e  Cnd 
when  chosen  near  the  ramification  of  the  trunk,  it  rivals  mahoga.  y   n  bea!uy 
The  wood  ,s  generally  preferred  to  that  of  the  black  walnut,  (Juglais  nigra  ^ 
the  dun  colour  of  which,  in  time,  becomes  nearly  black.     It  is  also  sometimes 
employed  in  the  parts  of  the  country  where  it  abounds,  in  ship-buildTanS 
making  the  felloes  of  wheels.     The  bark  of  the  branches  and  Sf  the  roots  is  coN 
lec  ed  by  herb-venders,  and  brought  to  market  in  pieces  or  fragmems  several 
mches  long,  and  from  half  an  inch  to  two  inches  in  diameter.     fZ  dryinfi 
becomes  somewhat  curved  laterally.     That  of  the  root  is  regarded  as  the  best  is 
destitute  of  epidermis,  o.   .  reddish-brown  colour,  brittle,  easily  pidveiized  and 
presents,  when  broken,  a  grayish  surface.      When  fresh,  the  odo  ir 's  pri'isskf 
which  IS  lost,  in  a  measure,  in  drying,  but  regained  by  maceratioir  The  ta    e  i^ 
aromatic,  prussic,  and  bitter.     It  is,  undoubfedly,  a  useful  tonic,  and  appears  to 
possess,  m  some  degree,  narcotic  and  antispasmodic  properties.      Dr    Barton 
uiform.  us  that  the  leaves  of  this  tree  are  poismious  to  certain  animals  as  calves 
and  even  the  berries  intoxicate  different  kinds  of  birds.     The  fruit  is  eLXed 
to  make  a  cordial,  by  infusion  in  rum  or  brandy,  with  the  addition  of  sS^ 
..  .uPh  Tt^!;iri  ^'■^'"'''"  ^h^'-'^y.is  planted  solely  as  an  ornamental  tree;  and 
;ho  IH  L  .r       ''T?  ^  Pi"''  "^  ""''ry  collection.     In  America,  its  growth 
should  be  encouraged  along  the  road-sides,  and  in  the  woods,  in  order  to  attract 
and  aflx)rd  nounstiment  to  frugivorous  birds. 

*  See  Harris'  Report,  pp.  266,  267,  268  et  269. 


f'f 


i^Hsn 


I       i- 


Cerasus  caroliniatia, 
THE  CAROLINIAN  CHERRY-TREE. 

S]/nonyme3. 


Cerasus  raroliniana, 

Cerisier  ilii  Caroline, 
Kirschbautn  von  Carolina, 
Ciliegio  (li  Carolina, 
Carolinian  Bird  Cherry-tree, 
Carolinian  Cherry,  Wild  Orange, 


MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum 

Franc  J  *""  ^'"'^'  *^'"'''''  "^  ^orth  America. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain. 

United  States. 


^:t  e^erSer^E;,  ^-l^^^i;^  '^ll^J^S '  ^^l^^^^^'^  >anceo,a,e-oblo„g,  mucro- 
shortcr  than  the  leaves.    Fruh  nsarlj:  globose,  mucronatt-il  cS'  P.ZS  """'"'  '''''  "^^ 


Description. 

?TTE       Cerasus 
caroliniana,  in 
its  natural  hab- 
r -— ^  ujt.-wMf/=(!73ia  itat,  usually  at- 
tains a  height  of  twenty  to  fifty  feet 
and  ramifies  at  a  short  distance  from 
tfie   ground    forming  a   tufted  head. 
Ihe  bark  of  the  trunk  is  of  a  dun  col- 
our, and  IS  commonly  without  furrows 
or  cracks.     The   leaves   are   Smooth 
and  shining  on  their  upper  surfaces, 
and  are  about  three  inches  long.     The 
flowers  are  white,  and  numerous,  be- 
ing arranged  in  little  bunches,  from 
one  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  loi'g 
which   sprmg  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  in  the  month  of  March  or  April 

during  the  greater  part  of1lTe^ond  yea?  s^thi  ^^0"^'^       "ff  '^''  ^^^"^^^^^ 
time,  both  with  flowers  and  fruit  ^      '  ^'^^  ''  ^^*^^"'  ^^  ^^^  same 

cont;irr;"Bat;S-  :^^^rf^^^  ^^P--  ^«  ^e  principally 

Georgia,  and  Florida!     0,\he  ma  n  hnrft  is    e'ffn^'?  ''T  '^  '^'  ^^'''^^^^ 
at  a  distance  of  eight  or  teriS^frorn' to  JJT  ^""''''isrowing  wild,  even 

Europe  by  Catesby^vho  se.U  sS  to  Mmor  in  ir.o  '^  T'  ?''^  "^^^^  ^"^^^'^  to 
mahogany."     The  largest  reSpdini  ^^^?i  ""'^'''  ^'^^  "''^"^^  «f  "  bastard 


nenca. 


I,  and  the  figures 

iblong,  mucro- 
3nies,  that  are 


CAHOLtNUN   CHERKV-TREE. 

the  mechanic  arts.     Tfio  hnrt  nf  «j.« 

from  it,  Michaux  ob:.^^"^ ^^:,;'^V^^^  a  strong  prussic  odot.r;  and 
leaves,  according  to  Klliot  are3v    ^  '  'r  ''^"*'''  '"^y  ^«  obtained.     The 

are  tempted  to  ^oed  CTy  npo^Ylfe  n  n 'ri'„  J"''.';'"'/  ^^^^^^^^'"^  -»'«  ^hat 
after  by  bees  than  all  others  oVthc  ol^m  .  t)  ^\  ^  ^^T""'^  ^""^  '"^''c  so"gl»t 
be  considered  as  one  of  the  no  t  e^  i'fuTrJo,  K;^"""^f '  ^"'^  *'"  »^««  "'ay 
and  ,s  generally  there  selected  by  le  i  ha  Lt-uU '^^  Productions  of  the  south, 
not  only  on  this  account    but  iJr-  Z  '  *.",P''^"t  near  their  dwellings 

impenetrable  shade.  I  m'ay  be  o.n^  to  1  fZ''  '',"'^  'T'^''y'  ^"'l  ^^^'ds  «• 
that  it  would  succeed  if  ^gLlXS  the  iCuSl  l'  '"1  ".!^"'  ^''''  '''^^'^^'^ 
It  requires  a  deep,  free,  dry' soil,  uniTXltereSirion!'  ^^'^'^"^  ^"^''"^'^'^■) 


•l 


rrounded 
branches 
the  same 

incipally 
'arolinas, 
ild,  even 
nown  to 
'  bastard 
Infield,  in 
d  twelve 


led,  and 
ts  use  in 


i 


¥, 


r 


Genus    CRAT^GUS,    Lindl. 


Uosacea;, 


Synonymes. 


Cratagus,  Mespilus, 

Nodier,  Aubenine,  Alizier. 
Alispel,  ' 

Craiego,  Spino, 
Tliorn,  Hawthorn, 


Icosandria  Pi-Peniagynia. 
I'yti.  Lin. 


Of  Authobs, 

France. 

Gehman?. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo-America. 


,.f  3."'"-    ^""  --  ^™-^-  '^  ""i-"  r-  the  GroC,  W„,  ,t.en,t,. ,  i„  reference  to  the  hardne,,  and  strength  of 

^i":?£ES  iS,^rrs^d! ^si^-^^j^.i^r'^-  ^'^^•-^•^ ^-f  ''^'--'<=  ---with 

terminal  corymhs—Lomlon,  Arboretum  ^  "^ '  '"  "•"''  '=''''==*'  'deciduous.     Flowers  tn 

^  m  mc  garaens  and  shrubberies  of  Europe  and  America  not  nno 

uZ?.'""f'''\?''''^''  ^"'"P'-'^^^  ^^i'h  that  onie  Cratgus' 
FuZn  A  "^  "^'".l  spur/  shrubs  or  low  trees,  mostly  nS  of 
I'.uiope,  Asia,  northern  Africa,  and  of  North  America      All  tho 

u;-.o-?a1ftsTrroLrs^eS.etn^S'  "^  ^^'^^  ^^F^  ^^^^ 
pleasure  of  the  c.iltivatorei^her  as  sm  ,1  ^hnn  [  ^  "''""^  """r^"  Z'"'"'"^^'  ^^  »''« 
trees,  or  as  beautiful  gardt^;,osn  ^shrtibs  Tl^elr  llT''  ,'^'^^«^^\'"Sly  picturesque 
and  characteristic,  being  neS  so  low  -vs  to  con vp J't?  ^T'\  "  ""'"^''l^^  "«^^^' 
nor  so  rapid  and  robust  Ss  to  be  cor^rerafc  ^eTuf  ratblin'/^lW^^^^^^ 
are  remarkably  neat  y  cut,  and  finelv  tuftpH  ■   ^^;'""  "^'^"^^""g-      i  heir  leaves 

the  double-flowered  hawtiror     \s  tL  Hio'^J'"^''""^;  ^"'^  '"  ^T""  '^'^^^«'  ^«  *" 

soil  that  is  not  deep  and  freT  anXie  [  Vat  or  th^.       '  »ot  grow  vigorously  in  a 

form  all  his  piaZ, fol^:  Tr  °b  J  e°tXrl'^nTfl^^^^  ■"■  1""™"-'!  ?'=">"'■•" 
that  he  could  not  fliid  a  ae,  us  t  S  »„^  M  .L^J  i  .""^'"-Kardens,  ,t  ,s  ptohable 
or  the  CratBgus.*  *  """'  '"">  ™  "any  resources  as  that 

*  See  Loudon's  Arboretum  Britanniciim,  ii.,  p.  814, 


CRAT^GUS. 


275 


»s  and  strength  of 


don,  the  number  of  sorts  Tas  bee  mnro  f  'i""''.  T!"'"^'  «^''^«'-ding  to  Mr.  Lou- 
tions  of  the  London  Ilort  c,  Itura  Sor.o^""  ^^'m'"^'  ''V"^>^  ^'"-'^''8^  tf.e  exe  - 
At  least  eighty  woll-,„arl  od  sSes  ud  ^'.^^^^  '''":•  -^'"^^^^'^o-s,  of  FI„ckney. 
a^.ont  the  same  number  at  So'me  ford  Ha7rS,'^''V,'' '*''''"  ^?''^^^'""'^'  '-^"^ 
Monckton,  and  j.t  the  scat  of  PVnrll.;  i    u       '  "' .?taff»rdshire,  made  by  (Jonoral 

lin.^  The'best  eollect.on  h  Scofl^rd.l'rih'e '''!"'."'  '"^1  T^"""^*''  '^^  '^•'b- 
ni  Lawson's  nursery.  The  Veatost  m.mhnr  Ir  ^^^'^'"^•"•g'^  botanic  garden,  and 
's  said  to  be  in  the  IVpin^^  de Tlxen^bo  „  T'^l '"  n"'  ^"'^^"'  '"  ^''^"'^^ 
m  the  nurseries  of  MM  AudXrf  nf  'p«l^'  ^""^* ':""'^ctions  are  also  found 
Holhvylier.  The  best  collt  Uo„  1  ?elg  umTVt  u''  U  '"''■  "^""^-"•'  ^^^ 
and  the  finest  in  Germany  are  those  mtnpf  .  '  V""^'^''"^'  "'''''  »russols; 
and  in  the  (iottingen  botanic  garden  PnlLr  r"*"  "I"-««"««.  ^t  Hamburg 
botan.c  garden  at  Warsaw  and  in  te  a  bo  em  of  r''  IV'T'  '"^"'^^*  '»  '^^ 
weidz,nearCracow,  in  Poland-  and-^t^hTn^^^^  «t  Niedz- 

An^ong  the  American  nurser^s'and  col  ec^.TrlfJ'^'"  "^ '''^'''''^  '"  «"-'«• 
m  the  Bartram  botanic  garden  and  at  be  Wnn^      h         ^''P''^"»<'ns  are  to  be  found 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  m;!  it,' U  '  prlvennys  f^^^^^^ 
of  this  genus  at  length;  we  therefore  confinon  ""  d<^scr.bmg  all  the  species 

which  are  the  mostlalluble  for  bed'  «   a  ^^^  ''  a  brief  notice  of 'those 

ritS;letr;o^3^?!ifH^^^ 

fine  specimens  exist,  in  Kng  S  o^an  e  eln  fn  cT^^'^  ^'''•')  '''''  »«  '-^"''^i".  ^^d 
crs  of  some  varieties  a.e  double  i,f  other  bn'b?  "^-  '^"''^  ""■  ^^l^  ^'''-  ^^^''^  «"v^- 
•s  yellow,  and  in  others  black'  ''Tl  e  1  aw  for  n  '''^'""'1 '"''1^^  ''''  ^'^"''  '"  '^^^ 
Jnterestmg  object  by  itself,  but  produ' osTnZ  int^'.''^^^^  ""^  ""'>^  '-^i 

trast,  as  things  may  be,  when  g^oxZ^^UlZt^^^!^^^^^^^^^  "••  ^«"- 

ing  over  rocks,  with  deep  shadows  under  iri  I  '    .  ^^"^  ''^'^'"  ^^^'^  '^  hang- 

in  the  most  fantastic  fonn  ,  arif  o  1  '  f  nt^^^^^  o""  shooting  from  , heir  sides 
We  have  seen  it  contrasting  fts  tendS  'e' V  !nT'f  ""^  t"^!^  '^''°'  ''«'°^-- 
brighter  and  deeper  masses  of  the  iX  and  Z'nM  ''' ^,^^ ":'''''  ^^^^^^^  with  the 
nnder  the  shelter,  thou-h  not  1  .  le  J.ni.  •  ^'''-  ^^  "^  ''^'^^^  S'^^"  i^  growing 
idea  of  beauty  protecte"f  bv  stroL  ,  n  '  ""^  'T""  '^'^^'^'j'  "^^'^=  embodying  the 
the  busy  niilL'heel  over^v  IcT^t  "bbs"^^^^^  "-  "^^ion  o? 

growing  grandly  on'  the  green  of  the  vUaTe  srbn' 1  ir""'"^"  ?^^  ^'^^*^  ^^'^^  ^' 
attraction  to  the  youi.g  urchins  who  nlSf  in  ?l  '  •''''  ^'"''u^  °^^"'  °^  &«"«'•«! 
perhaps,  the  only  thing  rem  imW  to  b^  '"  "^^  ^i""^'!^'''  ^^^°"t  its  roots;  and, 

as  a  man.   We  hLe  seeVuTaged tm"o^^^^  ^"'^^'^  ^'f  ^^^''^o'-boy  r^^turns 

woodland  cottage;  its  foUa^flJZnZZ^^  ^^^^^ 

'When  lliR  milkmaid  .sinjroth  Mytho. 
AiK   ihp  mower  whets  his  .-.cythe 
AiK  every  slieplieril  tells  his  l.ilo' 
Uiiiler  the  hawthorn  in  the  dale  ;' 

ieaves  deeply  e„,,  a„d  so  oios^y':^s^r^^:!:z!^:;i:':^:!c^j^z 


276 


CRATJEOVS. 


hoary  asport.     Tl,.>y  are  Irss  graceful  in  (heir  mode  of  growth,  some  of  them 

L'rni;''  r/?.""^  '""'"'-'•;  ^r  "'/""  ''""'"'•■'^  -•'  '■•^^^-^  "'"1  -'^  "-"fra- 
grant, an.l  tlu.ir  larg,,  (m.t  r.-iKlors  thnii  striking  ol.jccts  in  autumn.     Tli..  snc- 

c.os  most  worlhy  ol  n,  turo  anu.ng  tins  group,  arc  the  azarol.,  ((  .  a4   ,1^) 

ds   ngn.shrd  lor  its  globose,  scarlet  fruit,  which  is  eaten  in  Ita  y;  tli..  sweet^ 

the  Ml,  ((  .  tanacelilojia,)  known  l.v  its  g Ohose,  vellowisli-irrccn  frnit  •  n.wl  fJ,n 
aroma  thorn,  ((;.  aro.m.,)  eelel.rated  for'.s  nglA,l.ang;^;,Kl  S'  w  tl  h 
s,^d  m  the  markets  ol  Montpcllier,  in  France,  under  the  name  of  iV^.i^-^'lLx 

The  American  t/mrm  arc  species  with  leaves  but  little  lobed,  usually  broad 
sh  mug,  unequally  toothed,  often  having  exceedn.gly  long  spines,  and  I  avh.g 
fnnt  ol  an  intermediate  s.ze.     They  arc  not  regarded  as  qui  o  so 'handsome  as 
the  species  of  the  pvecedmg  groups;  but  the  following,  nevertheless,  have    uflU 
ecntly  ornamental  features,  to  be  well  worthy  of  cultivation  :-The  cock-sn  r 

C 'mm;[^\TMyo"u^  /'^^  r^  ''^r"'  "[  '''  ^'^^''^^'^''^ '  "'^^  ^l«tted-frnited  thorn 

y^-  P"»ctata);  the  Washmgton  or  heart-leaved  thorn    (().  cordalaV   Douclas' 

horn,  (    .  douglasn,)  distinguished  for  its  dark,  handsome  leaves  ani  fruit    and 

V  r;s"m  I  be.mir.7'''  ^S"- '"'"T^^'^'^^'^'^  S^^^^^'"''  P-^^»'«"«  shoots  ad 
very  small,  beantilul  vermilion-coloured  fruit. 

La.stly,  the  cverffrca,  thorns,  including  the  Mexican  thorn,  (CratECffus  moxi- 

w^tb'  nnio  St'  '''Vt'^'T'^  ^'""\  ^'-  Py--»'''^0  The  forme\  is  a^nal  tree, 
w   h  Jance-shapcd,  bright-green  leaves,  and  large,  round,  yellow  fruit-  and  the 

i'.su^  ^n.??  f'T'^'V^  '''\'-  ""'"^  r^'^  ^^'''''  '■'  ^'^^  «°-^'»  «f  ^^»rope  knd  Can! 
Zn,!\u  ^  1  ""^  ^''"  cultivated  for  its  flame-coloured  berries,  vvh  ch  remain 
upon  the  plant  during  most  of  the  winter. 


Cratrrg-us  punctata, 

THE  DOTTED-FHUITED  THORN. 

Synonymcs. 


Crateegits  punrtnta, 

Nudier  a  fruits  pointillds, 

uodfcio  Mispcl, 

Dolted-fruited  Thorn,  Thorn-bush, 


Dk  CANnnrr.K,  Prodrotnus. 
LouDo.v,  Arboretum  liritanniciim. 

FR.»Nru  ■'''"  ""*^'  ^"'''"'''  "^  ^°"*'  America. 

f'KRMANV. 

BmrAI.N  AND  A.VUr.O-AMERICA. 


Description, 
jnr]  rrafipgiis  punctata  is  a 


\\\\&  ;""■"-"   ^'■*''''   Sro\vin^.   to  a 
mLJ  _^  '."-''gilt  of  twelve  to  twonty- 

thn  Tm r    sSS^t/^li  'ivc  foot,  ill  swamps,  and  on 

the  borders  of  woods  throughout  fl.o  Unit.fd  Stales 
is    particularly  abundant  in  Virginia  and      aroij'': 
and  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1740  wbero  i^is 
generally  tonnd  in  collections.     Its  wood  iL  very  Ir  rd 
and  IS  employed  by  the  fndians  of  the  weJt  coa  t  of 


America,    to   make   wedges 


for   .splitting 


Its 


eaves  arc  light-green,  n^embrauaclio^s  'i^ul;:?  thie^r 

lea^nttrr^;'i;:;rr;:'^^^^^ 

Varieties.     In  the'lJriti  h  ,wdZ     .  e^^^^^^  '^^^'j'^  ^^*"'  ^I'o  leaves, 

nated  as  follows :-  s'^r^^^s,  there  aie  three  forms  of  this  species,  desig- 

to  th^SgK  thirly  ^t,  SS^^i::f  ^"'-^  1^  ?-^'"^  ^-'  ^--"g 

2.    O.    p.    RUBR^  STIUCTV      I  n  Iflnn  U     I    r^        ^^''^"  "^'''   ''^'^'^  ^^"^  '^^^  Spiucs. 


Cratctgiis  crns-galli, 
THE  COCK-SPUR  THORN. 

Synonymes. 


Cratagus  erus-galli, 

Neflicr  pied  dp  roc, 

Gliiiizcndf  MIsih-I, 

LazzeriK.lo  rosso,  Lazzeruolo  spinoso. 

Cock-spur  Thorn, 


LiNN;RtTs,  Sjwies  Plantnnim. 

LounoN,  Arimretmii  Uritannicum. 

foRRKY  ANu  Grav,  Flora  or  North  America. 

1'  RAN('E. 
OKRMA.Ny. 

Itai.v. 

Britain  and  Anolo-Amehica. 


^^y^"'^i>^s'C'''^:i^^  --y --le,  „ossy.  «,„hn,us,  ,.nin. 

8carlet.-i)«  C««r/o//c,  Prwr/roww.  ^     lanceolate,  and  somewhat  serrated.    Styles  2.    Fruit 


Description, 


nlE  Cratcegns  cnis- 
Kiilli  is  a  boantifiil 
low  tree,  often  grow- 
ing   to  a   height   of 


^^^'-'''''^/V 


■  m 

III-  s^^t^A  iiig    10  a   Height   of 

fifteen  or  twenty  feet,  lonnd  in  woods  and  hedges     , 

from  t  londa  to  Canada,  and  as  far  west  asE  I 

uu\u.    ^^  introduced  into  Britain  in  1691,  \ 
and  has  been  more  generally  cnltivated  in  tha    < 
country  than  any  other  American  specie       Tr    ^ 
warm,  sheltered  situations,  if  is  someUmes  sub 
evergreen,  retanung  its  leaves  and  fruit  through- 

sbln  1  "'!]''"'•  •  ^'^  ^'■^"^''««  ^^«  armed  with 
si  arp  slender  spmes,  two  or  three  inches  long 
The  leaves  are  usually  obtuse,  of  a  shinmf 
deep-green  above,  and  paler  and  dull  benei"^.' 
The  fiowers  appear  in  April  and  May,  and  arc 
succeeded  by  small,  somewhat  pyriform  carlet 
frim,  which   ripens  in  September  and  October 

lowmg  Wties  :-  "'^"^  "^'^  ^^"'^'^"  ^--^»>«.  -d-  this  species,  the  five  fol- 
ovate^vS^!X:^d,  S^[^^^'  ^^'-^^"'  ^-«'  »'-  ^-ves  of  which  are 

of  this-^aSr^riCg,  J^';^^'z^^'^-Tr  ^^'r-  ^'^^'--•^ 

tending  to  wedge-shaped  ^^      P"""'  lanceolate,  and  the  lower  part 

headed  tree.  ^  ^  variety,  and  like  it,  forms  a  beautiful  low,  flat- 

4    C.  c.  LINEARIS.     Parallel.sided.leaved  Cock-wur  Thnr.,      rp.  . 
be  .|,„ow,.   y,y  „.  ,i„ea.,„„ceo,ate  leaves,  .l.'oS  l^,  aL^^dZ^J 


m 


COCK-SPUR    THORN. 


urea  lielow. 


279 


to.  mtoso  branchlets  ov:{hu,:  .^^^^^^^^^  dusting,,  shod  by  its  somewhat 

bea„tif„|  mi„iat„r.  garden  fsmruoo  n!,nL '"'."""'. '"^^  **'"«'"  '"*'*''"'  ^^  '»"»«  ^ 

Lo,,don  Society  of  Arts ''  cr;^^!:.^.  '"'"'""  "'  "'^'  "Transactions  of  tho 
roots,  -^\n^^\l\nn^Ln;rS^^^^:^^  """'l"i  "^'  ■^"''"'"'^  ^''""'-^  '>""> 
"Purchase  the  desired  n.i.XrTJ'  /  '  "''?  "'"*  ^'"cnni  with  success  •— 

"P  -Hi    trim    ^^^T'Z^t^':^'X':i^'1r  "'-«y"--'''i.  take  them 
-l^ta.ned.     Plant  these  c,.tti^gs    '^ovvs t     '-/van'r  '"""^r  '"'"]"«^  ^^'"   b*^ 
>nches  from  each  other  in  the  row      Thevlthrr    ,""'1"'""'/"'^  "^'""'  <"'''"■ 
JVM'l  |.la,ited  with  tho  ton  one  thnril,  «f  ^      *^      ^"  *'°  "'"'"^  '^^*"»''  '"«'''<•«  I«m,k 
«a.sto.,ed.  otherwise  thVwil?noscted^  'l'"  V^  ^''.^  T"'"^-  ^"^  ^^^' 

tho  cuttings.  The  thick  en  1  m«  ?.!.  ,,.  1  "^^'r'!  's  the  best  time  to  plant 
this  r.jode'are,  f.rst,  in  case  a,  ^c  has^lis  d  fn'^ri"""'  ?''"  advantages  of 
ably  large  prickles,  of  vigoroLTrowth  -  /  '"''^''  *"  ''"•"'  ^i"'  remark- 
miuisite  toiiake  a 'good  ^l^Z^iZ^ZTS.  Tl  ''^''\  'i-ahHcation 
roots,  than  any  other  way.     Sccon(llv  i.f  C  !  ^''"'""  """'^  ''*"°"«'-,  from 

hotter  plant  than  can  i.i  sixTca  s  be  ra  ed  f^^^^^^^^^^  may  raise  from  roots  a 
quantity  of  roots."  ^  ^'^'^"  ^'^*^'"  ''^^v«'  and  with  double  the 


iil:^: 

if 

CratcBgus  cnrdata, 
THE  HEART-LEAVED     OR   WASHINGTON   THORN. 

Synonymes. 


Cratagus  cordata, 


'  De  Candolle,  Prodromus. 
LooDON,  Arboretum  Britaunicum. 
Neflier  a  feuilles  en  cceur,  ^  iTJt^Z  ^"^  ^"*'''  ^^^°''^  "^  N°"l»  America. 

Herzbiattrige  Mispel,  rltl 

Heart-leaved  Thorn/Washington  Thorn,    BHrx^^.o  A.^.o-Ameh-c. 

ante^.'Xbe^v;^'"'"  ^'"='""='"  ««''^'"'  P''  "^i  ^   ^-^o..  Arboretum  Bri.annicum,  ii.,  fi,.  590  in  p.  R61,  et  vi.  p..  ,37 , 
^^.a^r^ef  ?J^  :^S^i;^S^^;  SS^i,!°^-'  ^^^^---    ^-'°'-  -"^  -,yxes  with ' 


Descriptmi. 


HE   Cratgegus 

cordata   is    a 

handsome  low 
— ».^        c«v.«-v««^^«a  tree  or  shrub, 
hlteen  or  twenty  feet  in  height,  found 
m  greater  or  less  abundance  in  rocky 
places,  and  on  the  banks  of  streams 
which  issue  from  the  Alleghanies,  from 
Canada  to  Georgia.     Its  head  is  close 
and  compact,  with  branches  armed  with 
very  long,  slender,  sharp  spines.     Its 
leav^is  are  of  a  deep,  shining  green,  and 
v-ary,  exceedingly,  in  size,  according  to 
the  age  and  vigour  of  the  tree.     They 
are  usually  from  one  to  two  inches  in 
lengtii,  and  are  often  deeply,  and  near- 
ly equally  three-lobed,  Uke  those  of  the 
red-flow  ered  maple,   being  sometimes 
of  a  slightly  rhombic  form,  and  a  little  tapering  at  the  base      Thn  fl  u  •  , 

appear  by  the  end  of  June  or  the  beginning  of  T.l^  .r.  ^    T      1  '''*''''  '""^'^'^ 
terminal  corymbs  and  are  succpedPfl  W^.Trl^       ii  7 '    '"^  Produced  in  numerous 

pie  fruit.     11ns  spe'iesTas  Et  UvaL^^^^  ^,^§^'~V-r 

several  fine  specimens  are  growing  orrhH^htnffif.V*'!^'^'".^^^^'  ^^^^^^ 


Genus  AMELANCHIER,   Medic. 


Rosacea; . 

^'jal.  Nut. 


Icosandria  Di-Pentaj^ynia. 

Syst.  Lin. 


Synonymes. 
Amdanchier,  Mespilus,  Aronia,  CratcBgus,  Pyrus, 


Of  Authors. 


Flowers  in  racemes.-i„i;„,^,S„"£''-     '^"'''  l"'""!""!-     l»»vra  s.^pU,  irraie,  Jecidu™ 

the  trie  like  „  whfte  heet  abouuhe  nMHlJ  and  numerous  flowers,  which  cover 
even  i„  IVfarch.  I,s  fruit  is  round  sofe,-.l.l„''"j  "■ ''■  '"  ^""f  "'"<'  ^■'''^"h 
whieli,  it  drops  off,  or  is  ealenbv  birds  '  ??„,w'l''"''  "P™'  '?.■'"'>'■  ^'"»'  ^fte^ 
grafting  on  llle  hawthorn  or  the  quince  ^      P'opagaied  from  seeds  or  by 

Serl"a:,t!ra°tS"Xtt^,  Si?  ST S  "^^Tb"' ^-'-P^'  <«-P"- 
Britain  for  an  indefinite  neriod      A«  n^  ^''^  ^"'^  ^^^  ^^^»  cultivated  in 

place  in  every  colIeSf?oTtt  tort^^  '^'■"^'  ''  ^^^^  Reserves  a 

its  large  leaves,  large  v'Sflowerrr;!^^^^^  appearance  of  its  branches, 
accompany  its  fruit^  There  are  several  vnr^^rf'?!?'''^'''"*  "^^y^^«'  ^^hich 
what  is  called  the  '' Dutcrmedl-ir  -7.  LT'^T  .?^  ?''  '^"'""''  «"^«"g  ^^hich, 
is  not  eaten  till  in  a  sSe  on.Sient  de.l^^^^^^^  '''"  ^'''-  ^^^  ^""^  '^^^«^er 
palates;  though,  as  Du  Home  Zerves  it  L^nrnh^K, '' ''  """'^  "^^^"^'^  ^«  ««^^ 
sic,"  than  one  of  real  utility      '"''^''^'''  ^^  ^«  probably  more  "un  fruit  de  fantai- 

36 


iSl 


:i 


'in  I 

! 


Amelanchier  canadensis, 
THE   CANADIAN  AMELANCHIER. 


Synonymes. 


Mespihs  canadensis, 
Mespiltis  arhorea, 
Amelanchier  c.  butryapium, 

Amelanchier  hotryapium, 

Grand    Amelanchier,     Amelanchier    de 

SSes""""    '''    ^^°''^'    AluierlFKANcE. 
Iraubenbirne, 
Amelanchier  di  Canada, 
Canadian     Medlar,     Snowy     Mespilus, 

bnowy-blossomed  Amelanchier, 
Wi^d  Pear-tree  Sngar  Plsm,  June  Berry, 
Shad-blow,  Shad-flower, 


LiNNjEus,  Species  Plantarum. 
MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva 
ToRREY  AND  Gray,  Flora  of  North  America 
De  Candoi,i,e,  Prodromus  -America. 

Hooker,  Flora  Boreali-Americana 
I.OUD0N,  Arboretum  Britannicum  ' 


Germany. 
Italy. 

Britain. 
Anglo-America. 


«o«,.  .nd,cate.  .he  .ea.o„  at  which  the  shad  '^tni  tt^ite?;rt^hr.irorwrc,fftt,t.^^  ^  ""ts  E 

Engravings     Mirhnnv  M^-ii,  «  „    ■        o,  """' "I'"-"  n  somelimes  abounds. 

'lts.'-!rS;.,r;:rr^-'''"P"-'^  cuspidate,  somewhat  vi.lo.s  when  young,  afterwards  gla- 


Description. 

|HE  Amelanchier  cana- 
densis, in  favourable 
situations,  sometimes 
t,7- ''?■'.  ■  sswt^seWH  attains  a  height  of  thir- 
.1  ?  "J:  ^"'^  '^'^^  ^  ^^^'"eter  of  ten  or 
twelve  inches.    Its  leaves  are  from  two  to  three 

Shan?  i'"!'  "'^T^;*^'  °^  ^  lengthened  o^al 
shape,  finely  toothed,  and,  when  beginning  to 
open  are  covered  with  a  thick,  silvfry  dofvn 
^hich  disappears  with  their'  grovnh  and 
leaves  them  perfectly  smooth  orf  bouf'sides 
The  fowers,  which  are  white,  and  rather 
arge  are  disposed  in  long  panic  es  at  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  branches,  and  expand  in  the 
Carolinas  and  Georgia  in  February  and  March 

a'nd  Mav'  "l'h"r  ^".'  "T'"^"  ^^^^^  '»  "p^il 

e^et^eTln?n^S;rtu,;^:tat'td^  of™'dtrTl^"V'^"7^  «^/"  -'^  -  ^••- 
covered  with  a  bloom.  It  matLs  at  the  so.S i?, 7  '"'"?  ^""^  ''?«'  «"d  is 
one  to  two  months  later  in  the  Ire  no  tLrn  rtil^'wr"'''  '  •'""^'  ^"^  ^'^^ 
fruit,  the  largest  tree  rarely  yields  more  han  haK  p^*,^;'      '''"""^'-     ^^  '^'' 


return  Briian- 


CANADIAN   AMELANCHIEB.  gS'? 

Am^rSrtyp^s^rr^n,^^^^^^^  ^«'-en  the  European  and 

belong.     Indeed,  the  two  trees  so  closelv  1      ^.",^«'''"'"«  ^o  which  species  they 
been  regarded  by  some  bo  anTsts^s  S  '•'''^'"ble  each  other,  that  thev  have 

several  races,  hoVeve  ,  which  ap^'ear  to  f^I'lTr  '^''  f^l  'P''''''     ^here  are 
described  as  follows:—  ^^        '°  ^  suificiently  distinct,  and  may  be 

'^Pa  f'BF''"'"'^^^^^  Canadian  Amelan- 

occurring  e^ithe^'rubby  or'SJetm^ witl^Z^^^^^^^^     ^f  ^'^^'^'^  Amelanchier, 
3.  A.  c.  ALNiFOLiA,  Torrev  anH  Prlfr    '  7A    roundish-oval  leaves. 

shrubby  or  arborescen"  Tts   eL  esJ;e  routdish'lf  ?'^f '«"  ^"^^l-nchier,  also 
at^ac^i  end,  and  only  serrate  near  the  summll''       P''""''  ^'""^  "^^"^^  ^'  '^'^^^ 

roundish':o;aTlelvl';'Ee'i^a  .^^'--^ '^'"'^-<^-^-^  ^-^elanchier,  with  small, 

shrubby^^^wmrn  Jrr ^ov^af  of^b^ong^^^^^^^^        .^"-'^-  ^-^-Z"--.  a 
even  when  young.  ooiong  leaves,  which  are  mostly  glabrous, 

America,  from  Georgia  to  Hudsoi  ?'Baf  .n^  ?.  v  '^r  °'''  ^-^^*^'"  ^^  Anglo- 
It  IS  most  multiplied  on  the  ferU le  bank,  of  '"  ^eYfoundlantl  to  Oregon, 
although  it  sometimes  occurs  in  Wri  '^V'^'''  ^"'^  '"  swampy  grounds 
This  species  was  in"  oduced  n  o  lin^kin  b7  f  'r  k'  n^r,  ^'^^  ^^'^  's  lis  ^  d: 
It  IS  common  in  the  Europeargarde^s  and  colipii'''^  ^"^  ^^My^^.  in  1746. 
height  of  more  than  twenty  feet^  and  L  mnrh  i  .  "''/'^''■'  ''  ^^^«  ^^q»ir«d  a 
profusion  of  flowers,  and  in  autumn  for  hp  fi  'T^  '"."^^^'i^  «P""g.  ^r  its 
assume  before  they  fkll.  ^"'"^""^  ^or  the  fine  dark-red,  which  its  leaves 

Properties  and   Uses.      The  wood   of  tl.«   n       a- 
throughout,  exhibiting  no  difference  of  nnn^   Canadian  amelanchier  is  white 
traversed  by  small  red  vesse  fwSi  Ler  o^  '  '""^'PS'"  '^^^"^  longitudinally 
|n  the  red  birch   (Betula  nigra.V     W      "^t^^^^^^^^  run  together,  a^ 


in  the  red  birch   (Betula  n7gVaS"From'i;rTnfi  •^'''"-  °^'^^^«"'l  run  together,  as 
It  IS  applied  to  no  particulafusi  in  the  a  Th^V"?'""*^.  '^^""^  of  durability, 

'"^ '  -        i  by  the  natives    n   t  n^l./J  !£""^_ '«  ?^  ^"  agreeable  swel 


taste,  and  is  used  bVtlie  naTives  Jn   h"  ^''%    ^^^^'  ^""^  '«  '^  -"  agreeable IwVel 
article  of  food.       ^        "^'''''''  "'  "-^^  "°"'^^^»  regions  where  it  abounds,  alan 


19 


J 


M  1 


Genus    PFRUS,   Lindl. 


h?. 


Rosacecc. 

Si/il.  Nat. 


Iscondria  Di-Peniaprynia. 

Hijat.  Lin. 


Synoni/mes. 


Pyrus,  Pyraster,  Malus,  Sorhus,       )  ^ 

Ana,  Aruniu,  Cralagus,  Mespilus,  j  °*"  -Authors. 

Generic  Characters.    Camels  5  or  ■>     T      s;o<.,t„  o  ,■  ■ 

pinnate,  aec.uous.    L.^.  ^^^^^^X^^;i.:^.;^:^l^%^-  '^^'^  - 

fHK  genus  Pyrus  is  composed  of  low  trees  and  shrubs,  mostly  decid- 

'  f  hem"  "eTm  f  r^T^^'  ^"^^'-  "^^  «^  ^^^^'^  Aniericr  iome 
!L  u-  f  ,}■  'n  '^'S^'  estmiation  for  their  fruit;  while  others 
are  cultivated  ch.efly  for  their  flowers.     Under  this  head   modern 

"c.'""  \vitrsr!.nf  '"  -"^'/""^^  P^^"^'  ^^'•^'-'  -d  Sorts' 
Crata^gtis/A^onS  and  oZ  s      T.^^  ^'"'"'''''^  "^^'"^^^d  "nder  Mespilus 

atrrep  wif h  Mr  1^1  ,  .^  ^^''^"g  ">«  generic  characters  from  the  fruit   we 

allomliiig  only  to  tliosc  mrls  of  nh  ?f/°lV„  fr"clif,cation.  In  consniuonco  of 
contains°specL,  SI  d  as,  c  ann  e  ™1  t,f  "?■ '  >""f,'  ""  "'  P"'""  '=<'"sli"»«<l, 
other ;  a  circ,,,4ta,,c„  ,1    c|t  ctarlyflt^ow  \S  graft  on  each 

found  necessary  to  remodel  all  of  the  eenen    ns  wpII  ncVl^        •  '^'^ 

new  and  characteristic  names  to  the  spedes  i: '  hbom  M^,?rV "'  '""T\\  '''"'' 

cavity.-charace,.,  which  arc  by  ..^n^t.rc^staira.  d  t  oT-'-^.X'  Seed" 
M.  l„r,m,,  ,n  a  tnemo.r  to  tho  Freeh  Academy  of  Science,;  oil  rel£e"S 

*  See  Loudon's  Arboretum  Britannicum,  ii.,  p.  879. 


PYRUS. 


285 


nan  name  of  the 
31K)sed  10  bear  to 


ves  simple  or 
tm. 


stlydccid- 
;a.     Some 
lilc  others 
J,  modern 
d  Sorbus, 
Mespilus, 
!  fruit,  we 
!  with  tlie 
1,  tliat,  in 
'  view,  in 
tcr  of  the 
f  to  draw 
[uence  of 
nstitiited, 
t  on  each 

kinds  of 
should  be 

on  each 
lat  twin- 
eciduous 
obtained 
It  will  be 
ly  cases, 
ble  as  it 
le,  when 
nplilica- 

r,  which 
icerning 
vn  their 
nllosity, 
set  in  a 
effaced, 
ifference 


the  pear.     These^coTcretions  t  a S  "'"  '"^^"  "^'^  ^'^^'  ^" 

which  by  degrees  beconie  X^cVw  f     n  r  ^''«.?Fg'"^ga<ion  of  little  globules, 

itcd  in  molecules,  from  wl^h  K  J       ^'  .'"^^'gestible  matter,  confusedly  depos- 

.  This  genus,  accl^^S mg    f  D  T'.  Se  T'f  TT''''''  ^'^''^'''''^  anlcolSnr. 

eight  sections  all  the  spccL  of  which  ,n  *}  ^'°"''""'  "^''^^  ^"  ^^^^^'^^^^  ""^er 

grafting  or  budding  on  te  wild  vrri'^^^^  propagated  from  seeds,  and  by 

most  n.iportant  species  contTi^m^d  fn  t  ''''''  n '.^'''°"-     ^^'^^  ^^^^ions  a2id  the 

po.nemore%rless^op-shS  orsub^^^^^^^^^^  P'^'"'"'  ^^'^  ^'«^'"«^  styles; 

pie  umbelled  nedireli.  nnJ     '    \  ^V"-g'«'^o«^>  without  a  cavity  at  the  base-  sim- 

l.ends  all  tt 'pt;t  P^c^   rirsT^altr^^^^  "^'r'^'     ^^'^  -ction  compr". 

Its  varieties,  h  includes ^ the  Chinese  nonrn>'''  ''''  '^^T  ««"^"^""is,  and  all 
Dr.  Lindlcy,  differs  from  tlfcon^^i^^an  ne^;  .'./h^'""'  T'''''''^  7^^^'''  ^^^ording  to 
iarger,  more  lucid,  and  ^m^^^Z^^^I^V^'^^^ '''''^  r?'"^  J''^'''^'^ 
and  very  gritty  fruit;  and  a  calvx  df  sHtn  oYr  i'  ^  *'.  '^PPle-«l'aped,  warted, 
mental,  and  perfectly  hardy  lu  4  .  t  f tr/  T"''  '"^'^,"-  '^^^'  ''''  ^'  ^^na^ 
the  Bollwyllir  pear,  (Pyrus'  bo IhvvlleH.  ^  '  ''  T "''^'''-  ^'  ^'^-^  ^"^hides 
rough  leaves,  reLmwLg^  L  of  the  .nn  e  '  1^.!?  f'\'^'l™^iy,  with  large, 
frim,  unfit  to  eat;  the  riotched  Icaved^^^^^^^ 

growing  to  an  eleVation  of  nme  or  UvXe  'tb^^'"',  7'"^^^  "'"^^^^^  "^  ^^'P-'^h 
sea  and  approaches  to  Py  u    bollwy  e  hna    w  JI^l  ''^'  ^''^'^  '^'^'^ 

of  bemg  serrated,  and  its  flowers  ^rrmmn!  leaves  are  crenated  instead 

pear,  (Pyrus  variolosa,)  hkewTsc  a  nati?o^^  numerous;  and  the  variable-leaved 
minated,  crenate,  glabrous  eavS  in  t.  i  i  u  ^  '  ^'^''^'"gi"slied  by  ovate,  acn- 
when  young,  clothed  wthyelloVishroil^^  ^^'ated  on  long^^etiolels,  but 

medible  until  it  becomes  som^c^vhat  decaTd^^^^^^^^^  ^Th''"     ^''  ^'''V'  ^^^^  ^°  ^e 
long  time  on  the  tree,  sometimS  eveTtiM  tho  J        ^"^  P'^P'^^  ^^''^^ 
sprmg.     It  forms  a  ve  y  hand  ome  tree       Lr,L     7^?  ""K^'^'  ^"  ^'^^  Allowing 
IS  well  worthy  of  a  pla^e  in  everTcolStion  '  '^'  ''  '^^^^''^^'^  '""^'^  S'-"^^^^  -^^ 

s^rJ^tL:!TT^t^  pi:^2ti^it'^'  'r  -'y'r'  --  -  '- 

having  a  concavity  at  its  base  ZvorJ  ,n  L^  ,  ''  '^T""'''^^  "''^  generally 
glands.  This  sectL  includes  aH  the  a  .nl-^"'i'  '^  '"?P''  1^'a ves' without 
mahis  and  varieties,  it  comSeni    1^^^  "'"''''  ""''^  ^''^^''  '^'^  ^yn.s 

crab,  (Pyrus  specta'bilis,)  dl  1,^1  hable^  C^^  «^  <^^'^i»««e 

flowers,  the  buds  of  which  before  tlevpvnn^.  1  semi-double,  pale,  rose-coloured 
a.id  pistils  are  much  more  numerou  iLn  ^^1"'?,  "^  "  '^''^•'"^;  ^^'^  ^^.amens 
times  exceeding  forty  and  the  h tlnr  . vli,?.  "^  '"''  'P^"«' '  *'»«  ^rmer  some- 

ularly  round,  -igul Jr,  LI  ^he    L^^^^l^^^^i;  "  The  fruit  is  small,  irreg- 

coionr,  but  without  flavour,  and  is  onlVtit  n  ^  '"'''""  "J?"'  '^  ""^  ^  y«"o«^ 
From  the  beauty  of  its  flowers  in  nn  if.  '''\'"  ^,«tate  of  incipient  decay. 

bloom,  it  IS  well^wort  ly  oFcu  ivation  LiSTtf'  '"^T  ^V''^^  othe/tree.are  In 
should  be  without  it.  ^""'vation,  and  no  garden,  whether  large  or  small, 

hose  pome;''S;;';1K!^^  from  two  to  three  styles •  glo- 

leaves,  whi  .ly  TonTenTo  e  benenr  "V'^f'  ""^  ^''^"^''^'^  PcduncleL  simple 
hcnds'the  .hfte  beTm  tTee  X  ^'"^'^•.    ^^^'  ^^^*^«"  --P- 

which  var  .  -uo.h  m  a  state  nf  IZL       '^  a    ^  '^^  varieties  of  Europe  and  Asia 
amoug  amateurs  andVotli  j^ts     ^  a\'^^^^^^  ^"-'^  ^^nfiton 

beam  has  some  valuable  properties  1 1  „  ll  ,  """  «'-"«"^^»'al  tree,  the  white 
contineut  for  cogs  to  the  wheels  o^V.^.M^rj^  '^""•^'^rsally  employed  on  the 

ippropnr 


moderate  size  ot  the  tree,  and 'the  definite  shape  of 


:Cty 

its 


286 


PYBOS. 


;!l 


Hll'  '- 

:  1 

^S 

|| 

^^E"  -i 

|| 

iiil 

summit  and  thus  bnanng  the  character  of  art,  it  is  adapted  for  particular  sitni 
tions  where  the  violent  contrast  exhibited  by\rees  of  pSresnurforms  ™ 
be  infiarmon.o.is.  In  summer,  when  clothed  with  .eaves  tfo  ma  elm  nait 
green  mass,  till  ,t  ,s  ruffled  by  the  breeze,  when,  like  the  abe™  it  s3nrv 
assumes  a  mealy  whiteness.  From  its  hkrdy  nature,  i  will  wiL  and  tie 
fierces  and  the  coldest  winds,  and  yet  will  never  fail  to  grow  elt  ai  d  n  od,  ce 
a  regular  head;  and  for  this  reason,  it  is  well  adapted  for  sheltedL  ou^s  and 
gardens  where  the  situations  are  much  exposed  "^'it^nug  nouses  and 

tJn  JX?'""""'"'  «'^f  ^^tenzed  by  flat,  spreading  petals,  with  short  claws-  from 
two  to  five  connected  glabrous  stybs ;  pome  top-shaped  at  the  base  anH  trn^ 
cate  at  the  tip,  with  but  little  juice  sepals  deciduous  ;  leaves  a^ngLdWTthlE^ 
glabrous  when  adult ;  flowers  in  corymbs,  with  the  peduncles  bShed  In  fh  s 
sec  ion  IS  included  the  griping.fruited  or  common  wild  service^iee  (Pyrus  torn 
nahs,)  native  of  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  of  western  Asia ;  and  in   ts  eene 

[lie  di'Si;^."'"'  ''  '°"^'^"'"^  "''^  *"^^^'  ^^-^'y  — blei  Ihe  trefs  of 
5.  Eriolobm,  characterized  by  flat,  spreading  petals,  with  short  claws    nnrl 

Ta  rv'.n'r  ""'''  T'^'^  '^'  ''"^  "^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  in  n umbel-,  Ton g  at  tL  bale '  very 
of  t7;  ..  «o«^ewhat  connected;  pome  globose,  glabrous,'crovvned  with  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  which  are  tomentose  upon  both  surfaces  •  leaves  nalmate  v  iXT 
and  glabrous ;  flowers  upon  unbranched  pedicels,  disposed  in  ™bs^  This 
section  includes  the  three-lobed-leaved  peir-tree,  Pyrus  trilobataW  native  of 
Mount  Lebanon,  which  grows  to  the  height  of  twent/feet.  '^ 

b.  isorbus    characterized  by  flat,  spreading  petals;  from  two  to  five  stvles- 
gobose,  or  top-shaped  pome;  impari-pinnate,  or  pinnately-cu  raves     and  flow 
ers  occurring  in  branched  corymbs.     The  ti-ees  comprehended  in  this  divisbT 
are  natives  of  northern  and  western  Asia,  Europe,    he  Himalayaraiid  North 
America,  and  like  those  of  the  section  Aria,  arc  much  coXmded    and  W 
a  great  variety  of  names.     Besides  the  mountain  asi   or  fo  vT  's  serv  ce-tree 
(Pyrus  aucupana,)  and  its  varieties,  this  section  includes  the  auric  edservce 
natSTJ^r  "'"'^  '  "rV^tr^  ^'^SYpt;  the  pinnatifid-leaved  service     Pyrnl! 
natihda  )  indigenous  to  Gothland,  Thuringia,  and  Britain;  and  the  true  sevi^e- 
t  ee,  (Pyrus  sorbus,)  a  native,  of  Europe,  western  Asia,' and  nrthern  Africa 

d/SoteIn  rodT'^^'  ^"'  '''''''^'''  '-  '^'^^  ^•^^  •-•^-^  -^  theTa^esil^f 
7.  Admorachis,  characterized  bv  spreading  notnk  ptpJi  „Mti.  „  „i  i 

and  perhaps  will  be  classified  with  the  common  hlwthorn,  (Crat^xycantha^ 
as  he  trees  in  the  two  divisions  will  probably  prove  to  graft  recniorXS 
each  other.  Among  the  trees  of  this  section,  are  mcluded  the  Tbutus  le-^v^ 
aroma,  (Pyrus  arbutifolia,)  and  its  varieties,  ^Wlich  consS  of  dec-id  lo  ;  ^^^^ 
natives  of  North  America,  growing  to  a  height  of  four  or  five  fcet  and  hs  in' 
guished  for  their  prolific  flowers,  and  red,  dark-purple,  or  black  fruit  '  Te  do wnv" 
branched  aroma,  (Pyrus  pubens,)  and  the  large-leaved'aronia.  (Pyn^'.  amlif^a^■ 
ovlVeo;Sou'"  "''""  °'  ''"'^  ^"^^^^^'  ^'^'^  well  Vserve  a'^lac'liJ 

:Wos'^S3!f'li^r^S;i^^"P:!^  —  petals;  two 


Pyrus  communis, 
THE  COMMON  PEAR-TREE. 

^ynonymcs . 


Pyrus  communis, 

Poirier, 

Gemeine  Birne,  Bimenbaum, 

rero,  ' 

Pereira, 

Gruschka, 

Pear-trufi, 


iLiNN«us,  Species  Plantarum. 
Ue  Candolle,  Prodromus. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicura. 

tHANCE. 

Germany. 

Italy  and  Spain. 

Portugal. 

Russia. 

Bkitain  and  Anglo-America. 


Description. 


Ry  .uiturc'H  «ll  r.nni„«  I„.,hI  pre  «re,l        ' 
111  evurclmngiiig  tomposiiioii  mixed." 


HE  Common 


^TPB  i^ear-trco,  in 
^)_JJ_(^  a  wild  .state, 


.  f-j — r-^  H«,-»!lii;S)SS  'las  a  pyra- 
midal shaped  head,  Avith  tllornv 
branches,  at  first  erect,  and  after- 
wards  pendulous  or  curved  down- 
wards. When  cultivated  under  fa- 
vourable circumstances,  it  will  some- 
times attain  a  height  of  fifty  or  sixty 

m^r^ousr  dtSd^ptptar  Sir  '"1-;  7'-,-ts,  which  are  not 
except  in  shallow  and  n*ih  soH     'nlot^^^^  ^"^  ^""'l  ^^^^'^^  ramifications, 

and  in  different  parts  of  the  g  obe      In  E  T''^^^^^  ^"  '^^ff^^^"*  soils 

North  America,  they  are  genemHy^recn      S    i,f?'^  '"  '''"  temperate  regions  of 
vary  in  size;  but  in  the  woo  knr  Lf'  slightly  tomentose,  and  do  not  greatlv 

of  the  wild  War-trees  arrcomlr;^^;,:^!;;;  do  '''''  ''?''''  ''  ^"^^' '  ^^osj 
m  their  size  and  forms,  as  toTcl  do  w  f  T  '^j^T'.^"^  """"'y  '"^  exceedingly 
"  sage-leaved,"  and  the  "  narroSavecPvn  Hoh'''"'?  ■' '"  u  '^^^^ow-lee^^ed,"  the 
as  species.  The  blossoms  of  tho  poar  wIHl'h  n^'  "^^'if'  ^^  "f  "i^'  ^'"^  ^^^^^^ed 
appear  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Bt^tai !  ^  1  in  th  '''"'L''''  ^"^  «^  ^  P"re  white, 
the  middle  of  April  •  in  Swer L,  lv!V  '  m  ^'  "^  southern  counties  of  Ohio,  by 
Perth  Amboy,  i^New  Jerse;"thrimi.^7'^^  ^^^  ^'»«  2()th  of  May    a^ 

weeks  earlien  The  fruit  ?,7a  w  1.1  .,n  •  ^7^  ^"'^  ^*  ^'^^P'^^'  ^"  Italy,'six 
;l.e  size  of  the  ordinary  Cultivated  ^ri  Is'  "andlHls""'  I'""  ^  ^'^^  ^'^'  '' 
For  a  compari.son  of  this  fruit  with  ihnnlJ:  .^  f  ""■  ^"l*"^  ^"^  ™fit  to  eat. 
t-on^of  the^atter,  under  the  lu'S  oP' l^r^ns'nlriu??''  ''  ''^'"'^  ^°  °"^  ^^^"^"P" 


F«n>//.,,,     De  Candolic  describes  two^forms 


of  the  wild  species,  comparatively 


288 


PYRUS   COMMUNIS. 


'<•  I  I 


?nr]  wh?..  V  1  ^'-  ^'°"'^''"  ^'^^.'^"'^  ''''''''^^  •'*^'^'-«'  t^»«  '^«"Jt  Of  cultivation, 

and  whch  he  considers  as  more  or  less  accidental  or  temporary.  To  these  wo 
have  subjoined  a  group  of  wild  pears,  with  hoary  leaves,  which  may  be  rcL-ardld 
as  varieties  or  races,  though  commonly  treated  as  species  —  rt^arueu 

1.  P.  c.  ACHRAs.      7%e  Splny-leavcd  Pear-tree.     This  variety  may  be  known 
by  Its  spuiy,  ovate  acuminate,  entire  leaves,  with  long  petioles/  The  leaves  and 

wUl/i^s^lTp/Lg.^^  ^^'^^"^'  '-'''''  '--"-  ^-  ^'^--'^  glabrour'^Pome 

2.  P.  c.  pvRASTEu.      The  Wild   Acerh-fruited  Pear-tree,  distinguished  by  its 
spiny  branches,  roundish,  acute,  sharply-serrated  leaves,  glabrous  even  when 
young,  as  is  the  tube  of  the  calyx.     Pome  rounded  at  the' base,  gr  ty,  sour  bi 
ter,  and  harsh  to  the  taste.  '  ''"">'  '*""'^'  '^"• 

3.  P.  c.  FOLiis  VARiEGATis.      Varicgated-leoved  Pear-tree. 

«f  i  ' u-  '"'*''''''"  ^^•^I^^A.To-  Variegated-fndted  Pear-tree,  the  skin  of  the  fruit 
of  which  IS  variegated  with  yellow  and  white 

^w,I\  ""■  ','''«^"^«^,^'^JA-  P«  ^onguinolc  Pear-tree,  the  flesh  of  the  fruit  of 
which  IS  red  or  reddish ;  and,  though  small  and  gritty,  is  edible  when  ripe 

FrPni"  %LT'  ^Ta,  ^«"^^«f  r^ ^^  Pear-tree;  Poirier  do  V Arminie,  of  the 
*  rench,  distinguished  for  its  double  flowers. 

7.  P.  c.  jAspiDA.  TheJas'per-harked  Pear-tree;  Bon  Chretien  d  bois  iaspe  of 
the  French,  having  the  bark  of  the  wood  striped  with  yellow  "^^   ' 

n,,^/  ■  ''■  ^^V"^'  ■  '^^■''''  '^^"'^^^^^  cultivated  Pear-tree,  from  which  originated  the 
numerous  sub-varieties  growing  in  gardens,  with  edible  fruit.     Their  number  at 

K"  wT"'u'^  'f^''^*  •'^""'""'^'  ^"^  ''  i«  t«  be  regretted  that  the  specia  ity 
of  this  work  will  not  permit  us  to  treat  of  them  in  ditail,  after  the  manner  of 
describing  the  different  varieties  of  the  common  cherry  '"i»ner  oi 

9.  P.  c  SALviFOLiA,  (P.  salvifoim,  De  Candolle,)  Sage-leaved  or  Awelian  Pear- 
tree,  with  thick  branches;  tomentose  buds;  entire  lanceolate  leaves,  tomento  e 
all  over  when  young,  but  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  when  adult.  '  It    fru  his 

ibout  fei:?tnT;at:.'"^  -^^'^-^ '''''- ''  °^^"^^  ^^^•^  -^'^  -^  -'^--«^- 

10.  P.  c    NIVALIS    (P.  nivalis,  De  Candolle.)     Snoxvy-leaved  Pear-tree    with 
leaves  oval,  entire,  obtuse,  whi^e  and  silky  beneath;  corymbs  term!  a?-  fru 
globose,  very  acid,  except  when  ripe,  and  beginning  to  decay,  when  it  bocomcs 
sweet.     It  is  a  native  of  the  Austrian  Alps  ^'  D^^comcs 

Thi"hnd.'"nr'n"'°'"-  \^-  ^^^'^'/«^'«'  De  Candolle.)  Willoxvleaved  Pear-tree. 
Ihe  buds  of  this  variety  are  whitely  tomentose;  the  leaves  linear-lanceolate 
acute,  entire,  hoary,  particularly  upon  the  under  surface,  with  the'rSs  three 
times  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  the  flowers  occur  upon  short  pedicels,  disposed  in 
corymbs.  It  is  a  native  of  Siberia,  Caucasus,  and  Persil,  and  is  general  y 
accompanied  by  the  Crataegus  oxycantha,  and  Prunus  spinosa.  ^  ^ 

Pear  ^-'J' Z^r^'^'T'''^^  ^f-  Z^^VS^^^'S^rmis,  De  Candolle,)  Almond-shaped 
P^ar-tree,  the  branches  of  which  are  spiny;  the  buds  tomentose;  the  leaves 
oblong,  acute,  entire,  tomentose  all  over  when  young,  but  glabrous  on  the  unner 
surface  when  adult,  with  disks  six  times  longer  than  the^tioles  he  flowers 
occur  in  corymbs.  It  grows  wild  in  rough  places  in  Provence,  Dauphiny  mid 
Languedoc,  in  France,  and  when  cultivated,  forms  a  tree  with  k  very  irregular 
picturesque  head,  with  many  of  the  side-branches  sweeping  the  ground 

Geography  mid  History.     The  common  pear-tree  is  ii  ligcnous  to*  Euronc 

rSun^d    Tl  "''  "r^'^r^'  ^"'^.^^  ^i^'"^'  '^"^  "«^  »"  Af.ic!  nor  Amelia    ^ll 

s  found  wild  in  most  of  the  counties  of  Britain,  as  far  north  as  Forfarshire;  on 

the  conunent  of  Europe,  from  Sweden  to  the  Mediterranean;  and  in  Asia,  as  far 

on  nSin?'r  '"^  -^^r  •     ^' ''  '•^"."^^  ^°""^  °"  ^  dry  soil,  knd  more  fioquenUy 
on  plams  than  on  hills  or  mountains;  and  solitary,  or  in  small  groups,  rather 


cultivation, 
I'o  these  we 
be  regarded 

'  be  known 

leaves  and 

3US.     Pome 

shed  by  its 
even  when 
(,  sour,  bil- 


of  the  fruit 

he  fruit  of 
I  ripe. 
mie,  of  the 

isjaspe,  of 

giuated  the 
number  at 
!  speciality 
manner  of 

^liati  Pear- 
tomentose 
Its  fruit  is 

cultivated. 

-tree,  with 
inal;  fruit 
it  becomes 

Pear-tree. 
lanceolate, 
lisks  three 
isposed  in 

generally 

iid-shaped 
he  leaves 
the  upper 
le  flowers 
hiny,  and 
irregular, 

»  Europe, 
erica.  It 
shire;  on 
sia,  as  far 
rcquently 
ps,  rather 


COMMON   PEAR-TREE. 


289 


^l^J^S^tel^fr iti^^tr  t^f  ^'  f^'  '-'^  ---^  '-'» 
remarked  that  this  tree,  as  well  a"    he  '/ll/       i  T  '^  *'^^^  ^'''^^ 

open  air,  wherever  the  oak  will  thHve      ^  ^  ^'''  ''''">^'  '"'"  8^«^^  '»  ^'>« 

anJin  '^^"'^^V^!:!  !'"  ^'-\^'  g7>-i"S  abundantly  in  Syria,  Kgypt 
about   the   time     larSX'    ,S  ';:i?„'^^^^^^  ''r""S''t  into  Ital/from^he.se  pffi 
althougli  there  is  but  liuK  do  bt   hn    M.t       '"''"'^"^  "f  ^''«  last-name.I  country, 
long  before  that  time      L>o  g  t  c   re     wK'n''"^  -veral  kinds  of  this  fruii 
orchard  of  Laertes,  the  father  of  Ulvsses  Jo   '      .V"'"""  '^^-^^^''-''^'^s  ^^  forming  the 
of  the  productiveness  of  o  d  Ir  freoT-  and  V  rJ'l'  ''""'''■■   '1^'»'""P'' vastus  s^'eaks 
be  received  from  (Jato.     PHny  described  tl^o  vVr  5     '"'"^"I'^^  ^""'«  P^^^-^^  ^1^'"«'» 
as  being  exceedingly  nume  ons    md  s  iv    .1.1?      f '  '"  cultivation,  in  his  time, 
the  expressed  juice"  ^  ''  Sran^re    m.d  no  '     '^^  f  fermented  liquor  was  made  o f 
wine,  on  whicl  account  the  irysfcans  -xre  car  n,f  1^'   I  '"^'  -^'^  ^'''^''''^'^  «'" 
patients ;  but  when  sodden  in  wine  and  wn tor  h5     ""  ^''^^  ^'^^  ^''«»^  ^o  their 
Again,  he  observes,-'' Alh^^^arsvhTttror^r?^'''^''^''^^^  ""^  wholesome." 
in  good  health,  and  the  sieirarrdeH  rcrfmm^^^  ."'  '\^"'^  "^^^^'  '^^^^  ^^  those 
well  boiled  or  baked,  they  are  e,ceechnd/n^^nrn;"^  them;  and  yet,  if  they  are 
when  sodden  or  baked  with  houov  f  of  n  P'^^'^'  t,  and  moderately  wholesome ; 
Pownell,  the  c-dtivated  p  ar  ^^^^^^^^  the  stomach."     According  to 

rusts,  sometime  during  the  mSe  Ss    1,1  wrf  f '''"f  .^T  '^'^  ^^'^c^^^^  cdo- 
duced  into  Britain  by  the  Romans  bm'nf^^  ^'""'''  ^^^t  it  was  intro- 

by  all  the  early  writer^s  oTtl  a  Zmtrv  wo  f^.vn  P'''"'''  ^'^''""^'^  '' ''  "i^ntioned 
of  Mr.  Loudon,  that  all  the  trSs  lowing  fn  v"T\     ^'  '''''  ^'^«  «P'»i«" 

a=,  Jvh!?^  SSSviV^  ^-  ^wI^^M^^Sr iJ- 
of  these  views,  Mr.  Loud^  states  that   '       TnJ  "' '''  '\'''-     '"  corroboration 
there  is  a  pear-tree,  of  the  k  nd  k„o  vn  ..   L^k     "^''f  "^  "'•«'  ^'  ^^^^^  Baseford, 
was  upwards  of  a  century  o         I    iJ  for  v  ^en?il7'  ^'TT'  ^T'''^'^'  '"  ^^^f, 
in  diameter,  and  a  trunk  two  feet  th  eo  inoL         r^  ''  '"^''^^  ''^  ''^^'^^^  tifty-four  fee 
the  produce  of  this  tree,  on  an  average   wt  fifS'v  n'T'"";     ^''"""^  ^^^^^  ^o  1S26, 
year  1823,  it  bore  one  hundred  and  L'ven  noil^of  f '''  °?  P'^''^  '^  y^'^*--     '"  the 
dred  and  twenty  pears-  and  in^^^Ti^^!,'      f'' P''^'' ^""taining  four  liu„- 

hundred  and  seventy-ni^o  pea  s  e.eh  '  thZl'"f  ""'  J'""'^^^^  P^^'^«  "f  two 
pounds  each  peck;  making  a  ^itirofn  Z^\     '■  7  "r  gathered,  weighed  twenty 
tree  grows  older,  the  fruirblom Is  arger  and  filfo;  "^  "^^^  '"  ""^  ^^^^^^     ^«  thl 
one  hundred  pears  less  to  fill  the  pfcl  Tot    j^t /irJl?/' ''^"^ 
The  increase  in  the  size  of  the  fruit  is  InS  ^"^  tvventy-six  years  ago. 

tree  stands  being  frequently  t^frsse'dthh^  ''  ^'"  ^^'^  "^  -'"^'»  tlxe 

pnl;nSrlS^^^-t^^^'^  ^-^iri-  '-  ^--^  «^  HerCrd," 
glebe  land  of  the  parish  of  HoTLace/that  nw  '''''  ^''"^^'"g  «»  the 

heads  with  perry  ii\  the  same  year  W^le^lhe  branct.o"  TZ^'^^''^  ^^^^^"  '>«8^- 
nal  state,  became  long  and  lieavv  tho  r  ow  ^"'"*^*\^«  "f  this  tree,  in  its  origi- 
ground,  and,  taking  fresh  roonr^.o  '^'"^  ""''"^^  successively  fell  to  the 

branch' became  a  new"trera,cf  in7ts  turn  nS"'  '"l"'''.  ^'^^^  ^""^'^^^  ^t,  each 
covering  at  that  time  nearirhaJf  of  an  acr^^f  H.r^  .^^^^^^^^  ^^"^«  ^'^Y^ 

the  present  state  of  this  celebrated  tree  "observe    Mr   T       ,""  ^'l"'''^"'  '"^  '^'"""^ 


. 


i 


290 


rVRUS    COMMUNIS. 


IPT* ' 


Ml      M 


much  further,  had  nature  been  left  to  !,or  own  operations.     It  is  now  not  a  n.,«r 
er  tlje  s.ze  .t  once  boasted;  but  it  looks  healthy  and  viRorou     Zuvhen  ?sa^" 
t,  It  was  covered  wuh  hixuriunt  blossoms.     The  orieiiril  tr .  .1/  1\T 
ing;  and  there  are  young  shoots  which  are  onlv  vo    arm  .tie  .  Tu""' 

which  seem  nearly  ready  to  take  roo   Tn    t      iC  VZTn^  '•""  f'",'"'^'  ^"^ 
covered  the  vicara^,  garci;n,  ifit  hXin  iuo.ilrU^r^nf  h'"^  id 'X.  n^e 
been  in  its  greatest  perfection  about  1776  or  1777      There  i^  another   1      fJ 
same  kind  m  the  neighbonrhood,-yy.v./-«;v/,  1%  18,  18^6  "  '  ''"'  "^ '^'^ 

ui^^^*  Aess  x  iJi^^Sd  hi^u^- -:^7^^^^^^  To? 

hat  part  o     he  country,  is  generally  considered  as  the  best  varietv  to  t  hn  tfo 
standing   in    the   neighbourhood  of  Jedburgh  Abbev  and   in   fini  1«  f,"'''^''''^^' 

The  introduction  of  this  fruit-tree  into  the  North  American  colonies  nrnhnhl,r 
dates  back  to  the  early  periods  of  their  settlements.  There  arrarpresenteS^ 
ngm  this  country,  many  aged  trees,  celebrated  for  the  improved  Excellence  of 
their  fruit  among  which  may  be  mentioned  a  venerrHe  0  Zree  standing  nfthl 
corner  of  the  Third  avenue  and  Thirteenth  street,  in  the  city  of  Nmv  Y^rk  It 
is  said  to  have  been  planted  in  about  t!ie  year  1( I16,  by  Peter  Stuvvesim  the, 
governor  of  New  Netherlands,  and  has  been  a  living  wLess  of  JSm  i^es 
Zn  r  r\  ^^fr-'SSl««  through  which  this  city  has  passed,  for  a  per  od  of  S 
rtho  1!K  ^?r-     "^''^'""^'^ '''  ^'•""'^  ^-^"d  larger  branches  are  Sly  n  aHc'd 

\L?J,  (■  \    r    :  >^       .  '  ■'^'*^')  '^  ^^  covered  with  a  profusion  of  flowers      It  is 

^oil  and  Situation.     The  common  pear-tree  naturally  renuires  a  drv  .nil   nn.l 

'remand  fe;;r'??/°  ^r  '^  ^  ^''^-^  ^^^^^^'-'^l  beVrortTv^' ^should  be 
deep  and  fertile.     It  has  been  remarked  that  a  somewhat  clavev  soil  is  more 

quence  of  the  resistance  it  offers  to  the  larva)  of  insects,  which  a  adU  s  fmft 
leave..,  and  wood  and  which  usually  burrow  below  the  surface  to  transform 
The  same  remark,  it  is  said,  holds  true  with  regard  to  the  apple'  th  Z  ntahi 
ash,  (Pyrus  aucupana,)  and  other  trees  of  this  genus.  "  In  reL^ec  to  siunt  kn  " 
Mr.  Loudon  observes,  "where  the  pear-tree  is  grown  for  ti2r  or  its  effec  in 
landscape  scenery  it  may  either  be  planted  at  reg'dar  distances  as  in  an  orHinr  1 
m  lines  in  a  hedge-row,  or  in  .scattered  groups.     The?e  aS  few  tiees  bet  e^ 

toZJV  ^^'"^f^^^^^  "^  hedge-rows  tlilin  tie  fastigia  e-gro^^ 'g  varTetfes  of 
he  pear,  because  their  roots  descend  pernendicularlv   -md  mn   f  nUr^ 
nuerfere  with  the  plough ;  and  the  he'ads^'^tler  fas^^^ 
known  from  experience,  do  very  little  injury  to  pasture.     If  therefore  fas  fc^i',' 
growing  trees,  producing  excellent  sorts  of  fru  t   were  nhnted  in    .11  ZF 
very  great  benefit  would  result  to  the  proprietdrs'o7to  tlf  m  b  l  "  ^    '  ^ 

Propagation  and  C^dture.     The  wild  pear  may  be  contirfued  by  seed ;  but  the 

*  See  Loudon's  Arboretum  Britannicum,  ii.,  p.  888. 


not  a  qiiar- 
wlicti  I  saw 
Uill  romain- 
groiitid,  but 
)lof('ly  havo 
<ai(l  to  have 
r  tree  of  the 

0  what  was 
les  VI.,  (of 
s  probably 
'  which,  ill 
to  plant  for 
nr  yards  in 

poar-trees, 
known  to 

/^hich  wcro 
most  part, 
have  been 

ix  hundred 

3,  probably 
!sent  exist- 
cellence  of 
ling  at  the 
York.  It 
isant,  then 
ic  changes 

1  of  nearly 
ly  marked 
iiit,  and  at 
'ers.     It  is 

at  a  yard 

r  soil,  and 
should  be 
1  is  more 
in  conse- 
c  its  fruit, 
ransform. 
mountain 
ituation," 
s  effect  in 
I  orchard, 
:'es  better 
irieties  of 
•re,  never 
ling,  it  is 
astigiate- 
liedges,  a 

;  but  the 


COMMON   PEAR-THEK. 


291 


other  trees.     For  the  poorer  so  iv      "f ''•"'"  ''"'"""'  ''^'"^  ^''"'"'"  ''<"  ^^V'oral 

the  medlar,  and  soverKl^,  of  ;rT,  L,f '^^^^^^^^^^  -stocks  of  the  wild  pear, 

best,  on  account  of  their'hadil  nf  M  ,^'''''';  "'"'''>^'  "'"'^  """"?'"  ^^  ^e 
good  soils,  or  where  the  near  isTob.'.  r  ul  i  "'"'  /'"'"  *''^P"'-''^"cc,  that,  on 
tree  and  the  fruit  wil   grow  argor  w L  m^  "^."  '"'''-'^-'  »>""'  ^he 

orous-growing  variety  Such  Zrl.  )  ""  "'"'^'^  '«  ''  seedhng-pcar  of  some  vig- 
than  the  wild  tnies   thoud   t  nv  fon^l  """7  ^'''^  '''""''^  ''"'"''  '"'«  ''^•'"•'"g 

If  grafted  on  the  lo'k  Sf  uZuni  7"  '"  n  "'''7  ""^  '""^'^^'^y  "''  »''''  ^^ees^ 
or  any  species  of\s„fiuJ'Trnr^^^  "''f""'.'  '''^  "'"■■"'  ""'  mnnntain  ash, 
en  ^JenLille.  a  , no  ^  much  •  ZteTnrnr^  be  obtamed,  which  u.ay  be  trained 
IS  Aso  becoming  common    nthrit^SS^  ^'^"^"P^.  «'»l 

well  on  the  common  hawthorn  but  i f    ?.  crrlr!  V''^^'"  ^•""'^^  remarkably 

not  form  a  very  saf "^u  ^  '  b  «  Vll    K  ""'  "^'ic  H.uh^r  ground,  it  does 

increases  faster^than  tSof  the  stock  f^^r'n'  'f  !''«  |^i«"^«'«r  of  the  scion 
When  the  graft,  however  is  n  ade  cTo  ol'f,  ''^'^'«  ^"/"^  ^lown  otf  by  the  wind, 
face,  the  stock  swells  in  neadvS  .nn  ^  F''""'''  .^''  '^''"'^"^'j^  '^'^'"^^  if«  s»r- 

little  danger  of  he  tree  bc.n7blmv  ^Z  I^'""^"'"":?"  ««  "'«  «^i"",  and  there  is  but 
erable  ag^e.  Whenever  tl  e  IrafZ  ;ar7of  Ttrl  f  "?'  "^[''^"'^'I'S  ^«  ^  '^""^i^" 
distance  below  the  surface  ot^  the  soil     L  ^''''  '""^'  ^''^^  ^""^'^  ""^  ««mc 

roots,  which  acquire    in  Zi  the  soil,  the  scion  or  upper  part  throws  out  new 

primitive  stock  S;.allvbecon,e  T  "  ^'^T  "']^  ''^'^"«"''  '^'^'  '^'^'^  oH  the 
{he  future  tree  ^^'.^^h  f^ ''  ns  h^if  ^^  ""?  '''T  ^""^  ^''«  nourishment  of 
oecupyiug  a  soil  not  wel  aZted 'to  tho  r  '™'f'  ''"^^.^'''^^  advantage  to  trees 
should  assist  in  the  operation  Khofl  '^"S'^^'^y  «''  V'S«"r>  i"  which  case,  art 
"Revue  Horticole  'Xa.  shfid   ''^/"""T'?,^,,"^^'^""^'-'  ^^'^i^^h  we  quote  from  the 

New  Yc>rk:_^At\le  liSf  nlanti^^^^  ''-''''''y^  ^'  Newburgh 

(o^v  inches  below  tl  e  su  ^ce  oft  soif  •  vl  '''^^^  ^'''^'  '^""'^  '^«  "'^^''^^^  a 
at  the  time  when  tl.o  ,W„    r  '  *^^"  '^''  '^""'^^  V^-^rs  afterwards   **** 

the  oarrsV;dTbfretrS;'tl"UVo7;?h7'^  ""'^'^  '^  "•^"^"y  "'  J"'^. 
ing  of  the  graft;  after  wh  elf  ste^MnciltSf'  n 'k  '"  '^^V  '^''^^^  ^'^«  ^^^^^''" 

quarter  of  the  bark  shoui  ue  or  b  r  moTi  T, '  V"''"''T^  '.  ^"^S"^*^'"  ^'''-^^  ^ 
ately  covered  with  the  richest  soiPoZZn-M  '''''""'^'  ''^""'^^  ^'«  "^"'^^i- 

fresh  loam,  well  mixed  a  e  i,f  niv  onh  L         I '"'""'^^^^  ^«  three-fourths  of 

one  or  two  shovel  fUoTVlsfuxt  rnVJ'^  )v"'  '"'^  '''"  ^'^'"^I''^^'  application; 
out  a  large  quantitv  of  roots  Ivl^fT  J  ''f'^'^^'}  '"  cause  the  tree  to  throw 
tl>o  life  of  tile  trSc/iiri  g  a'c^,^  d^r.tr  ti\l^ '  "o:";r  "i^^"-' -*'>  --tain 
remarks,  that,  "generally  sneaking  if  .Vni"  '"'  '"^J'^*'^'  ^'-  ^^owuing 

severaliuchcs  lower  thaHtTool?  dangerous  practice  to  plant  a  trel 

stock  and  graft.  M^nrt  ee  wo  d  In?.  [f7^''  '?  "r  '"  '"^^  '^''  ""'""  "^  'he 
unless  speedily  re-estab[isl[ed  o.7tTe  Lew  ^io  '  'Buttk""^'''  '"^''  ^'■"'^'"^^"^' 
lent  mode  of  grafting  that  obvinfo<rn  f  m.,  wr  .  this  suggests  a  very  excel- 
oonsidered  the  mos  %e  ffct  of  a  r^ill  ^^'^^^f.^'^y- ^"^  ^''ich  may  iudeed  be 
rool,  mstead  of  the  wE  s  oek  irTuS  Jl^^^  of  grafting  on  ;,/..,.  of  the 
and  grafting  considerably  teow  tl\c  (?ce  Th'i"'  ''"'^'^  ''"'^'  ''.  '^''  ^''«^' 
extent  by  many  American  nurservmon   [n         i  u^  "'''''  practised  to  some 

carried  turther  wi.rs TccL     as    rre  Von7"''%"^  '^"  "^^''"'  ^"^^^  ^'  '^^Sht  be 
haps,  generally  take  pTce  ^itrou!  assS^^^    ''  ^""^'^  ^^  "^^"'^^^  --"^'  P- 


I 


292 


PYRUS   COMMirNW. 


By      .   ii 


thos..  „(•  a  |.o„r..r  soil  n.ay  !»•  mu-\ZsVr^^^  '•'"':  »'"' 

aro  found  to  succeed  even  at  a  disfmr..  ,.C  «  I  ,•    ^  r     '"""  '"  ""'  ground, 

abiirulant  crops.  '""'''  **'  *'""  '*'  ^'^'^  '''•'I  "I-art,  uiul  produco 

nnd';;i;;dT\.at,lii''of  Ustiwlh'  'tel.'''""""^'  '^  '""^"  ^^""  ^''^  '"^^ 
rroin  iMKls  at  the  extrem  .y  oHir  ^t  v     r's    lio.';,'"'  "T  '•"["'"""'/  Produced 

J  l.c  rate  of  grovvlh  of  the  cultivated  near-tree    in  l^-if\i      is  rn^J  .  rLl   . 
average,  as  Iroui  two  to  three  feet  per  a muun   for   he   i  ;V   iv  V^T  '    "  "^^ 

HiiiiiiiiiiSifpi 

Iruit,  and  (he  discolouratioti  of  tlie  hark  of  one  or  ,  „,.•  •     r\       v    I  ''V,,         ,  . 
the  immediate  death  of  the  nn,T.Xp.n?1      r  ^^  '""  '""^'^'  '""owed  by 

-^1 ^  -^z-  -  -  '/-       .1  "!^  P'\'t  affected,     t  rom  a  communication  in  the  fifth 


volume  of  the  "New  llticd^nd   a/,  nnV     i.    ..  cornmumcation  in  the  fifth 

in  Massachttsetts,  i  Ippoar;  t   ll      m',!  I  '''  ''"''  '  f  ^'.  ''?^^^"'  °''  ^^^^^'^'Y' 
named  by  ProfesU    Vek   AV  A  /        '"^'^'^,^,  '^  ^'"^"^^^^  ''7  tl'C  larv:e  of  an  insect 

..,0  an„,i„,  .,p,,;,:::;,,t;''  :;;■;  ,7;,:..  J^^^^:^!:,:ncr'  "■™-'' 


root  of  a 


bud. 


'-->  consumes 


ig  the  course 
,1        n       ■    ' — "'  "  ...11V.U  11  passes,  and  part  of 

or ,»;,,.»  nod,  circular  b,M™:r„r;a",Sf"[,„r""";i^^^  '"r"  t""""" 

neoole;,,,  ,„„  „ear..vood..  coJ,.o,i^  .irpW^l'^ii/'jLT^.rrr:™^''';?; 


mil  rccjiiircs 
)ils,  the  (IJM- 
ty  f('<it;  and 
■i,  trniiK'd  iri 

111(1  prodiico 

iVlio  do  not 
y  prodiictMl 
ro  (d'toii  cut 
and  causes 
vood.  For 
and  plum, 
rctnov"  all 
lit. 

L'red,  oil  an 
I  yoars;  in 
lius,  it  will 
n  inclios  in 
Ml  ruble  cir- 
irpasses  it. 
■s  Mr.  Lou- 
wind;  nor 
5  of  insects, 
lere  to  tlie 
icale,  there 
uives;  but 
ntives  and 
Rosacea), 
species  of 
id  in  close 
icni  to  fall 
s?  the  airi- 
i  thinning 
arc  some- 
'  {Dorcus 
ard-nioth, 
the  pear- 
r  those  of 
lit,  beech, 

ic  W/.f'-/,/, 
'?ivcs  and 
lowed  by 

the  fifth 
[ioxbnry, 
111  insect, 

through 
)f  a  bud, 
10  course 
1  part  of 
Iburnum 
Iviiitting- 
nd.     By 


COMMO>f    PKAR-TREB. 


993 


d;!^<~d  ti:;.^::;^!:::^:!;^  o^"Thi:tr'  t-'  i'-  r^'"^'"«  «"P' «- 

of  the  .afr»o^„hor^    ...    1  '^  '"'*''^  >''"''''  ^'*"'"  "'"  iiicreasiuL'  hout 

rg    an     c"      ,J,e/fl±'?"  ""  ^'''""'"'  '^""«P"-""""  '>-'"  the  U-ave^s,  renders  a 

w  u  .     •    l.ll  "^  T^'  ii<><'o.s,sary  to  supply  the  evaporation.     For  tlio 

h^, ; o  d'panuir:!"''''"^^      '-^'r' '•'' ^^''"'" "•"- •'^''"•^'' » >•  ' 

s  Lh,      Th  .    nr   '  """'.'  'y  ^^"•r"'"'^  ""fl  P<'nsh..,s,  d,Min«  the  intense  heat  of  the 
Ues   in  tiJ     ttom'";-  M '"'■''.  '"■"  '^'""«'"    "•  '"'f'"^'  "'"'  ^"'-'-l-n.tly  to  lit  tie  bee" 

.».s  h,  c„,,i,„  „,r  ,1,0  bi„s„,i  i„„irw,„;;i;,'."s','  ,'^  ■ .  t     :;n':,:;','^;,r; 

ulKntio,,  „|  discnsc;  otherwise  Ihe  mnMy  will  be  „,,,,|i,a  ,„,.   ile  o     ov  n 
the  dispersion  ol  the  insects  ainons  other  trees  •  ' '  I'leielit 

wh'^ir  p:oS^?  ;n:;£rrzi;;,rx^;:  ^x^i-^-;:;  stS'^ 

the  tips  of  the  fore-wiiigs  is  a  bro,ul,  ,h,rl<  h„  i,l  J,  1,^ v  tli    ^pi'^rv  tmK     Tl!e 

.ret^?^:!:^^=i;i„^!:^rrSi:;^;:i-.tr^^^^^ 

our  article  on  the  Ulmus  americana  ■  also  a  species  of  barl   lo  se  (clcZs****  *\ 
occurring  in  considerable  numbers,  in  two  dlderent  fo         ud  sizes  a      .uU.ere  tl 

Ihoso  of  the  largest  size  are  less  than  a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  length  aidTsen  hip 
n  their  form  the  common  oyster-shell,  being  broad  at  the  SiC  o.'d  ind 
mpermg  towards  the  other,  which  is  surmounted  by  a  little  ova  biwn.^li^cn^^^^^^^ 
The  small  ones  which  are  about  half  of  the  length  of  th  large' ^4  are  of  a 
very  long  oval  shape,  or  almost  four-sided,  rounded  at  the  ends  wit  >  one  ex t rem 
ity  covered  by  a  minute,  oval,  dark-coloured  scale.     Fo    a  Cripion  ot  the 

he!;7o    t:  If, '"^""""'"^?"'  ^''^  '''"^"^  '''  '^^'^'^  '^  '»>«  remark      d 
lucui  ot     Insects,"  m  our  article  on  the  orange. 

sm  th\wMo%f  ^'^'l  Pf  ^-.tr^^«  ^^re  particularly  subject  to  the  attacks  of  the  gold- 
smith beetle,  {Areoda  lamgera,  Hams,)  and  the  larvie  of  the  slug-tlv   (lilnZ- 
c«m^«  m-«.v,)  the  latter  of  which  is  cfescribed  under  the  head  of  ''Ace    ets 
&c.,'   m  our  article  on  the  common  cherry-tree  ^vcciuents, 

jyperties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  common  pear-tree  is  heavv  stron- 
compact  of  a  fine  grain,  and  slightly  tinged  with  red.^  In  conino  with  tli  U  5 
al  the  Rosacea,,  it  is  liable  to  have  its  natural  colour  changed  ly  steep  nl  in 
water,  which,  therefore,  ought  to  be  avoided,  when  intend,.,!  for  frti  X  nur 
poses  in  the  arts.  When  green,  it  weighs  nearly  oighty  ^  n  s  ,  a  c ii Inc  tW) t" 
and  from  forty-nine  to  fifty-three  pounds,  when  dry!    A^coSg  to  Dn  llame!; 

»  See  Harris"  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts,  pp.  75,  7G.        f  H'iJ-    p.  233. 


294 


PYRUS   COMMUNIS. 


S£J 


engraving,  such  as  large  plans  or  d  Lmn  s.  ow  hSi.  l""'  '^'  '""'"^^'^  '^'"^«  ^^ 
purpose.  When  it  can  be  obtained  [nEumnP.t'  ^"'i  '^  '^'J'^'  ^  ^^^^^  g««d 
pattern-makers;  also  for  ioiners'  tools  nnP  '  I  '  '""^^"sed  by  turners  and 
sometimes  made  into  varois  articles  Vw' hi  '  ''^"  '"''^^'j^  '^'^  ^^'-^'^^d,  it  is 
fuel,  the  wood  of  this  tree"s  exce  lont^n  .''''''  '"  ""'^'-^t'on  of  ebony  As 
accompanied  by  an  intenL  h  at     AS;uPL\t"^^^  "^"^  durable 'flame, 

low  dye,  and  may  be  employed  to  imnnr  f  .?r^^^^^  f 

the  most  importaJu  uses  V\he  pea  t^ree  are  Zf  "^"f  '' ^^'''.  ^'"^^^^-  ^^'^ 
When  ripe,  it  is  employed  at  the  table T;  .  i  !  '''^''^^'  '''"'*'  ^'"""^  i<s  fruit, 
served  in  syrup,  and'  orcasronlny  f  :  Sed  hi'tS  "  I^.  "T'  f  r'^'  '^^  P^^' 
Avhere  U  grows,  this  fruit  is  very  Lnerillv  driorl  in  "'°'\°^  *''^  countries 

state,  when  stewed,  it  is  excel  enfeitho/n  ^''"''  ?'  ^"  ^'^^  «"»'  i"  ^''"ch 

or  as  forming  part  of  tl^e  dessert  '  In  t S  ^V  '''^''''}]''  f«r  puddings' and  pies, 
Jished  in  18lK  it  is  st  ted  t  a  pe.  s  ?  F^"''^'""  ^T''.  ^'Agriculture,"  fub^ 
family  use,  by  putting  th^m  into  an  ovci?  ^JT'l  f'  "^'''"^  '^  ^^^^y«>-one,  for 
withdrawn,  either  on  bricks  or  on  r^H 'fi  "V*"^"'^  P'^'''^'  ^^^^'^  ^^e  bread  is 
in  two,  thr^e,  ana  eveTCr  '  m  s  aclord S^^^  "'  '^^^^^^^     '^'^^^  -«  P"^ 

heat  contained  in  the  oven.     The  oiX  tl,    L  '  ''""'  ^^'^  ^°  *^"^  ^^§^^6  of 

see  tliat  the  oven  is  not  so  hot  afto  burn  ?' "'''^'^7 /«  ^^  observed,  are,  to 
so  long  as  to  become  hard  Meltin°  sZrv  P'^'"'.^"^  '\^'  ^^^^  ^'^  ""^  left  in 
for  this  purpose;  and  when  nronpflvS  "^VY^  ""  '"'^^'""^  «^^«'  ^^^^  ^he  best 
dry  place,  for  seVeral  veais  %^olU  ^""'"^i  ^^'^^  '^'^^^  ^«  ^^^pt  in  bags,  in  a 
fruit  sold  in  boxes  at  th^shops  wl  for 'tT' "'"'^''  ''  '^''''  "^^^  ^"^^  P^^P^nng  the 
sidered  the  best.  '  They  nS  be  ll ft r^H '7.^^"'^°'"?'  ''''^'''  ^"^^'^  P'^^fs  are  con- 
taken  to  preserve  their's^m  .  Vfey  ar'e  the ^nn H '^  T  '^"^^^  ''^''  ^"'^  ^'-^^^ 
peeled,  and  placed  on  dishes,  with  tlfe  steti^K,.^^^ 

syrup  runs  from  them,  which  must  bec-irlTll-?         1    «•  "    "'  '^''^^'  ^  ^^"^  «^' 
are  next  placed  on  raised  francs   nn,^  IZ     l^  ^''"'''^  ""^^  '^"^  set  aside.     They 
withdrawn,  or  heatei  to  a  s  mila    dLrU"'^  T  ?7'\  ""^'^^  ^^e  bread  has  been 
which  they  are  taken  out  anHeeped  if/rvnin   sw/pt  *''T  ''r'^'  '^'^"^^^  ^^'^^ 
there  have  been  added  a  little  ci  namo     m."i  '  "^^^^ened  with  sugar,  to  which 
brandy.     The  pears,  when  take    "rof'tlpf'  ^"^  ^  '"'^"  ^"^"^'^^  ^^  ^^^  best 
which  should  not  be  made  qu  te  so  hot  asTf  7J''^.\  "'^  "^"'"  P'^^*^^  ''^  ^'^^  °^«". 
of  alternately  steeping  and  rym^are  rep  US  .  in.  r''  '™'-.  ^he  operations 
putting  the  pears,  for  the  fourth  t imp   inTf.         •       ^'T''  ^"^  ^''^  finished  by 
they  are  quite  dry;  when,  if    ^Se  he"  n^'  ''^'"i  ^"^^  ^'^^'^'S  them  there  tiU 
clear,  pale-brown,\Vith  fn  e  tra  shiceTfle  h    't7''''^  ""T''^'  ^'^^^^  ^^^^^  ^e  of  a 
garnished  with  white  paper  S  ken    in    L  T  ^"'^  ^^""^  ^'l?»  '-arranged  in  boxes, 
will  remain  good,  in  this  sta  e  fn    H.  ^  P'u'^'^''  ^'^  "^^^^^^  i"''  «ale.     Thev 

year.*  AnotLr  pmpose  t:^:^iS  1  r;eir[s\tL'r  •T^''^"'^^ 
IS  extensively  cultivated  for  this  obieet  K  PP  '^'  ''/""'  '"^^^'"S  perry.  It 
Germany,  wLre  the  trees  are  somi'tte  J^^ZTll  """^f^'  '^^^"^  '  ^^^ 
yards  apart,  in  order  to  admit  a  freeTecess  0?  ifh  n.T  "'^ o'''"  «^'  ''"''''y 
the  same  manner  as  cider.  The  pears  shnrM  ?  ?.  "^  ^''i  /^'""y  ^«  "^^^e  in 
fall,  and  should  be  ground  as  ooHtei  ^s  isibfe  ^'h'^  u^T  '^'^  ^^'S"^  ^« 
sufficiently  clear,  when  racked  off  t  mn Un  l^'^T  ,  ^^°"'**  ^''<^  P^^^^y  not  be 
fying  cider,  by  isinglass,  in  tt^^^ '  oS'^f  ^^^^^^^^  "«"^'  "tanner  o'f  clari- 

The  kinds  of  pears  used  for  ^^^.'^^^l^Lt^^S!^^,^:;^  ^^  ^ 

*  See  Nouv,  Cours  d'A^r    vii    r,  1  ir.      it      ,     . 

A^r.,  xii.,  p.  UG  ■  also  Loudon's  Arboretum,  ii.,  p.  883, 


be  employed 
)  that  of  the 
It,  and  when 
ser  kinds  of 

a  very  good 

turners  and 
tained,  it  is 
ebony.     As 
rable  flame, 
afford  a  yel- 
;loths.     But 
m  its  fruit, 
ved,  or  pre- 
le  countries 
n,  in  which 
?s  and  pies, 
ture,"  pub- 
s, — one,  for 
he  bread  is 
ley  are  put 
e  degree  of 
7ed,  are,  to 

not  lei't  in 
re  the  best 

bags,  in  a 
paring  the 
rs  are  con- 
,  and  care 
ttle  water, 

a  kind  of 
le.     They 

I  has  been 
urs;  after 

to  which 
f  the  best 
the  oven, 
operations 
iiished  by 

there  till 

II  be  of  a 
in  boxes, 
?.  They 
t  the  first 
erry.  It 
nee,  and 
1"  twenty 

made  in 

begin  to 
y  not  be 
of  clari- 

L  barrel, 
as  have 


COMMON   PEAR-TREE. 


295 


Ps:^"'r^^e;;^l-V;U^^^  the;  Barl..d,"  the  <<  Huf^cap,'' 

by  the  Romans,  as  an  antidote  to  the  eS  of  el^Z""'  ^  '"'''  ''T  ^^^^^deSd 
up  to  the  present  time,  perry  is  said  to  hP  tf?o  i  .  ^  poisonous  mushrooms;  and 
for  the  same  purpose.  '  In  Britain  and  F^^n!  ''  '"'"''fe  '^'^'  "^'^  ^^  employed 
mixture  of  crab-apples  and  pea  s  which  "Miri  ^.f'""^''  '^"'"  '^  "^^^^^  ^^^"^  ^ 
Pears,  in  general,  Vroduceflatidcncv  and  rnn  o  '"?!'  ^'^"^^'''V^  called  p/y„.//,. 
achs  ;  but  when  tl/ey  are  quhe  rinc  a\id  c^^^^  "^'^  ""^'^  ^""^  weak  stom- 

noxious,  unless  eateii  to  excess  ""  "'""'^  J"^*^^'  ^^^^^  ^^^'^om  prove 

^^^^^v:.^;'^^;^''^  SouS  ;;-v^^°"^•°v'-  ^--  - 

open,  dry  situation,  for  about  ten  dws  thnLt  'f"  ^f  ^'''P^  '"  '^'^^Ps,  i"  an 

lastly  packed  up  close  from  t^^e  ^JarT^ZZo  " iL%'T  ^^-\'«"5'' ^h-  --^ 
greatest  perfection,  small  earthen  iars  mav  bo  fo]^.;  i  I  ^°  H^^P  ^''^  ^"""^^  '»  its 
wh.clj  should  be  packed  sepiratS^  HlL'n tat  I'-Tff  f  '''"'  'i'^''  P^"^' 

tied  down  with  oiled  i)aner  or  skin  nni^^  oat  chaff  or  wheaten  bran,  then 
These  jars  should  then^  be  pacLed  i  '  a  ctr  ?l'  f'^  ''^'''  '''''^'  ^^'^^  ^'  P'tch. 
with  their  bottoms  upwards   whore  fhov  «.?n  I'l       '^'  •"'  '""^'^  ^^'^^^^  ^^^'^'^  P^ace, 

From  their  picturesque  forms  a   weiZ.srelnT""/?^    IT^''"^  ^''  "-• 
several  varieties  of  the  pear-t^ee  are  annmnr?n^    k-^  °^ '''"!'  ^^"''«"'«  ^»d  ir"it, 
Those  particularly  worthy  of  cultmefo^Z.        f^'""''  V,^  ^^"dscape  gardening 
of  first-rate  excellence,  ai/the  '  Be  rrl  Di^^^^^^^^^^^       rf  ''•^"  .^-^,  ^'^^  P^'^^'^i^g  f^it 
the  "  Elcho,"  and  the  "  Swnn'«  Fell"  I-    ''^     Benvie,''  the  "  Golden  K nan  " 

Lady,"  and^'Pot  Meg,"  rorSSlarE?  ^"'•/-"^^'^'  f°™«  i  the  "  Buslfed 
"Glout  Morceau,"  the  ''Bezi  de  la  Mono  i  "?a ''^  Z  ^""""^  '^^  «^ns,"  the 
the  "  Monarch," 'tho  ''SeS  "  the  <^AnH:  '^^^,  ^T.'«^"'"  the  "  Dunnore." 
considerations.  '     "'''     ^"^"^^^^s/'  and  the ''Bartlett,"  for  other 


Pyriis  malus, 
THE   COMMON   APPLE-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Pyrns  mains, 

Pomier  commiin, 

Gemeiner  ApCelbaum, 

Melo, 

Manzano, 

Maceira, 

lablon, 

jipple-tree, 


(  LiNN^us,  Species  Plaiitarum. 

j  Ue  Candolle,  Prodromus. 

(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum 

rRANCE. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Portugal. 

Russia. 

Britain  and  AwaLo- America, 


Descriplioji. 

"The  fra-rant  stores,  the  wide  projected  heaiia 
Of  apples,  which  the  lusty  handed  yea  "''"' 
Inmirnerous  ,,'or  the  hluahiii?  orchard  shakes  • 
A  varinns  .spirit,  fre.li,  delicious,  keen  ' 

nwcils  >„  their  gelid  |x,res;  and  active,  points 
The  piercing  cider  for  the  thirsty  tonsiie." 

Thomson. 


sta  e,  when  young,  is  generally  more 
or  less  furnished  with  spines,  wliich 
gradually  disappear,  as  it  advances  in 
age;  when  growing  wild,  however,  in 
a  very  fertile  soil,  this  tree,  as  well  as 
the  crab,  and  the  common  hawthorn 
sometimes  occurs  without  thorn-s      TTnri«..  r  , ,       . 

attains  a  height  of  thirty  or  for  y  fe^  t  th'^trm^f  circumstances,  it  usually 
inches  m  diameter.  The  trunk  is  natuTa  v  Vn]  a  ^'°'?  T  ^°°^  ^'^  ^^S'^teen 
young  generally  take  a  horizomal  diSon  ^bn  w '  '  Ti^  /''"  ^^"ch««-  when 
pendulous.     The  diameter  of  the  h  nd  Ts  oftn  \  ""^'S  ''^'>^  '^'""^P  «''  become 

tree,-its  growth,  in  this  re  pect  bein^  ou,  e  diffn'^'  r '""  \'^^  '^^'S''^  «^  »'»« 
which  is  lofty  and  upright,  while^lm  ff  H  o  n,  'f  ^''^'^/'''^t  of  the  pear, 

leaves  of  the  apple  are  comi;  Vwlr  i  iprStion  ^  '^^'^ 

ously  serrated,  and  somewhat  mcfre  ha.rv    nd  ih     "'  '""  ^T^''^'  '"^^^  «bvi- 

tlic  pear.  Their  vascular  system  to^sVe  I  dTffo!  ""^^••"f^t'^  tl^^n  those  of 
and  very  close  in  the  pear.  Hence  the  TeTvcs  of  hT.'.'"^  ''''''^  "^  ^''«  ^-^PP'e, 
more  permanent  than  those  of  he  forrne^  Th^  '"'n  ^"?  "^"^h  stouter  ind 
the  20th  of  November,  five  weeks  late^nt'  N.n  ^  'f^^  ^^^"'  "^  England,  by 
York.  The  blossoms  of  the  apn L  are  tiLWlM'  '"f  ""  "'«"tl^  earlie*^-  at  Nel 
those  of  the  pear  are  of  a  pure  wliitn   nff  '  ''"^'  ^"^  ^'^  fragrant;  while 

Naples  by  the"  2()tli  of  Mar  I  a  mCl\  l^r'm  F^-,  V''^  "^"^''^  '-^PP^-  -' 
Perth  Amboy;  but  not  in  Swed^ntfoie  H  flJ  W   ut"'w^rf^"?'r"i'^^^^  ^' 

u!  .lunc.      liie  fruit  of  the  apple 


COMMON   APPLE-TREE. 


297 


ini. 


licum,  vi.,  pi,  173 
s  in  corymbs. 


t  usually 
eigliteen 
Gs,  when 
I"  become 
lit  of  the 
he  pear, 
g-     The 
sss  obvi- 
tliose  of 
le  apple, 
Iter,  and 
land,  by 
at  New 
.;  while 
)pcar  at 
later  at 
le  apple 


"ly  Sca^^e^^t^  Jh?  £s  :?r ';  T^r  r  ^^^^^^-  ^^«  ^pp^^  i«  g-r. 

texture,  less  astringenrii  ^Lre  add^  ha^tfe  "'  ''''/P''^  ^  ^^^'^^ 

may  vary  ni  shape,  size  cobnr  tist  i.    k    ^  f'  ^^ereas,  the  latter,  which 
and  lengthened  oi  t'at  the  base  '  The^nni;^  ""'^'^T'  ^^  8^"^^^"^  ^'0"vex, 
It  to  the  peduncle,  ten  of  wSi  ./.        ?^^  ''f  '^^"''^^  ''^'"^^^s  passing  through 
i"g  towa/ds  the  calyx    and  t     saW  thS  tho^f '^?r''^  '"'^""^  the^apsules,  tend 
The  pear  also  has  ihese      read?  W  i  /'""  "^""""^y^  ^^^en  these  are  broken 

which  prevails  in  riany  o   the'^^r     jes'anf  esneV?'l,'""'"^^^  S"">^  -^""r 

of  the  two  fruits  are  likewise  differentlv  shanrrF  n  ^  "'  T'l"^  P''^'^"  '^'^^  ^«''« 
and  ponucd  at  both  ends;  wlXhi  the  ne^?  fhn,  ^'^°^*^"^  ^he  apple  are  narrow, 
and  drawing  to  a  point  at\he  oenliVof  the  fnuj^  '''  '^'^''''  ^'^""^  ^^^^^iorly, 

by   the   British   and  AngloAScanr  '?nIHvnf^^^^ 

French,  "pommiers  doux/' or^' nommiors  T  i^^^^^^^       apple-trees,"   a.id   by   the 
only  derived  from  the  wild  appleTcmb  of  pT^^'k     f^''^  ^^  ^''^"^  ^'e  not 
ria  and  Astrachan      As  it  is  m fprl,?^^     '  m  ^"'^^P^'  but  from  the  crabs  of  Sibe- 
sorts  to  the  wild  forrn^  ro,rwlShT:t^;eV^^^ 
very  doubtful  to  us  whetherle  wild  cr-^brn^^^^ 

Asia,  and  of  North  America,  a  fsi^^cificaHv  distin;^'^''  i""''^'''"  ''^"^  ''^''^'^ 
only  as  varieties  of  the  PyrusmalusAVVnlV''^  u^^''  considered  them 
to  this  mode  of  classification  Ts  it  dpvi.lt  f  ""T  ^^'^  objections  will  be  made 
authority.  Those,  howeTe?'  who  differ  Snm''"'  ''^'^' ''  ^^"^idered  as  established 
in  recognizing  the  nan^Ifas  given  b^Der.H  n  T'T'  '^'''  ^""^  "«  difficulty 
be  enabled  to^know  undeV  wlKead^ty^:rfde:cr^b"^'  "^'  ^^'"^'  ^"^  ^^"' 
tree;  Pm^a::^^^^^JZ^'-;^^^P^^  or  Com.non  European  Crab, 
apfdbaxnn,  of  the  Giermans  aS  i/.^  !T  •  ^""7^^^^  ^^  ^be  French;  Holz- 
a  native  of  woods  and  wav'-J^Ses  tn  Fnfnnf '  f  '^^  ^^"  '^"■^-  ^'^'^^  ^^n  is 
acute,  crenatcd  leaves,  gSous  e'ven  w  J  '  '^''^-  ^^  ^'"°^^^"  '^^  ^^^  o^^t^. 

The  llowers  occur  in  cSviZ  ?nd  Z  v^"""^',^'''  ''  ^^^^  *"be  of  the  calyx^ 
«ub-varieties,  with  sour  1  u  rcc^mmonlv  cTlfo^  ■  ?  ^'  S'"^°''^'  '''^^^  ^^  ma^ny 
mcs  d  ridre  in  France  '  ''^"""""'^  ^'^"cd  c«/./-  «;,;,/e,.  m  Britain,  and  ;.o«i 

dolle,  Torrey  and  Gray,  and  Loudon  •  Mains 
<^^^a,oi  MichauxrPomm/..  sllJgt'Z 

be  trench;  and  Amcrikanischer  Holzanfd- 
^««//^  of  the  Germans.  This  variety  is  Tna. 
nye  of  North  America,  from  Canada^to  Lmds- 

a  a,  and  was  mtroduccd  into  Britain  in  1724 
where  it  is  common  in  collections,  and  has  also 
been  naturalized.     It  is  found  i i\  fertile  soils 
m  cool,  moist  places,  near  the  borders  of  wood  ' 
where  it  usually  grows  to  a  height  of  fiiteen  to 
eighteen  feet,  with  a  trunk  six  or  seven  inches 
m  diameter,  and  under  very  favourable  cir 
cumstances,  it  sometimes  attains  nearly  double 
these  dimensions.     In  some  parts  of  m-itain 
as  at  White  Knights,  and  at  Pepper  Ha  row 

Sirwn^nt''"'"^^  ^' /'-'^^  ^^^^^^^^^  naturalized  fn 
the  woods;    and  plants  of  various  ages  are 

found  Wild,  which  have  sprung  up  from  seeds! 


III 


n 


^'  U  'I 


S98 


PYRWS    MALUS. 


fiiitif;;" 


race      The  leaves  are  broadly  ovate  rounrlp/lfn''^  ^"''^^"'"^  "^  ^^e  species  or 
on  the  upper  surface,  and  when  fuf;  deveSeS   .rP  ]■'?'  ^Vbangnlatef  smooth 
young,  they  have  a  bitter,  and  sliXlv  aromfn.  .    f  "^'^^T^^V  toothed.     While 
that,  with  the  addition  of  sug^r     fey  Lur^  ^  '^'''^  '^*^^r"  ^ichaux  thinks 
ers,  which  put  forth  in  March   Apri7andM.?/        an  agreeable  tea.     The  flow- 
change  to  a  purplish  hue  befor7they  ?all    %'hpl'  '"'"''  ^'  ^''''  ^"^^  Sr^<^^^ny 
corymbs,  with  smooth  peduncles;  a Jd    during tL\'f  """'^  '"'^''  ""^  ''''^'  ^^ 
fume  the  whole  air  with  the  scent  of  vinIPfr^Pvr^°°"'L"^  "^'^^^'i'  they  per- 
an  mch  to  an  inch  and  a  halt'rdiamee    of  a  £n  ^'"\' ''  ^^''^  orbiculate,  ffom 
occurs  in  September,  and  gradLnrbecom/s  mmiZf  "^  '"'P^'  ^^hich 

lucent,  with  age.  It  is  of  a  firm  tovt^frT  T  ^^"''''''  ''"^  somewhat  trans- 
been  employed'in  themanifLfu.^ofS'ardrth^  '1^'  "^^.  ^^^^^^  ««'"«^i'"- 
he  add.tton  of  sugar  equivalent  to  it  oZ'wotl  tZ^'f^^  "^  P''^-'^''^^^'  ^^^h 
been  made  of  uniting  this  tree,  by  grafUne  ZuluL  ..^"^^««f»' experiments  have 
but  the  time  is  so  long  in  brinsinfk  to  nnl  .^"^'^"'g'  ^^'th  the  common  apple; 
can  be  derived  from  such  a  mion  n  T.f  h  "'  '^''^  ""^  Particular  advantage 
and  valuable  varieties  might  be  obtainer  frnl  "  !l'§S^^t«d,  however,  that  new 
flowers  with  the  pollen  of  he  vieomu  ^^^^^  '^''^'  P^^^^^^d  by  fertilizing  the 
crabs.     Setting  aLe  all  o  it  coS;?Z  'Tl  K^f  '^T*^  «^  ^^e  Siberian 

acter  of  its  leaves,  the  fragrance  of  i?.h?n.'  ^ree,  from  the  beautiful  char- 

their  appearance,  ^nd  the  deei  .reen   and  deZf'  '7f'''  T^'  '^'  ^^'«"«««  oi 

-,-^.>//«;orLTrndollt'C^^^^^^^^  ^-^   ^^r^-^-/    Pyrns 

variety  ,s  also  a  native  of  No  th  America  i.fn,7'l  f  ""^n"'  ^"'^  ^'^^^••«-  ™^ 
lana ;  flowers  in  March  and  AprH  m'rdtfe  from  H^'""  ^'^"f  y'^ania  to  Louis- 
narrower  leaves,  much  smaller  and  1™  ^r  V  P^^^^ding  race,  in  having 
branches,  and  in  being  sub-everereen   wllh  i       '  ^^^^-^"'^"'ed  and  speckled 

Bntam  m  1758 ;  and,  according  to  fc  KnU^somc  oft",,-  '  T"'  '""■■"1™'=<1  ""o 
Inm  were  produced  from  oultivlted  01,01^.;  £,,,,lTi  lu  '".""f  ™"«'cs  raised  by 
He  found  that  the  nrosenv  forr^eSS  1  fecundated  with  the  blossoms  of  this  tree 

.':ey  produced  earLt'^rCe'l™  d^flav'^oS  tr"?r?"'r  "'""'''•  ="'"  ''"' 
acuminate,  serrated    and  ^hhrnnc     tr   "^^''"'^e,^  '""t-     The  leaves  are  ovate 

calyx  glabrous;  the  stylls^ra't  tSe^P^'s/'"' W  ^'"^^^^^^^       ^^e  tube  of  Ui^ 
The  fruit  is  sub-globose,  of  a  yefowish  coiof;  """/T"'  "'  '""§  ^'  ^^^  ^^amens. 
5.  P.  M.  BACCATA.      The  BenTuZf     v  7  /'  ^"'^  ''^  ""^  ^"^'ere  taste. 

differs  from  tlL  pSi  g'^n  in  t^^  ^''^f  ^  ^^.^  I^ahuria,  and  ^ly 

ety  originated  tie  culti^a?ed  ''cherry  C  aV''^r'snrrV'^  ^^'■"^'"  '^'^  ^-^i- 

J^nc^es,  bearing  an  abundance  ofl^.^  ^^l^^^^^^J^^^ 

and  Lo,iro?casiSly  tt^eTful^^^^^^^^  ""Vi  '"''^^  ^'  ^^  ^-dolle 
oval,  serrated,  and  tome.Lse  beneath  teflowf.^^^^^  ^"'"P"'  ^'^  ^^^^^^  ^^e 
the  sexes  dioecious  by  defect      he  rnlvv  *  '  "^  "l^^y  ^"stanceo,  solitary; 

iength  of  the  sepals;  Jnd  /he  sVles  are'gbbrou?''"'    ""  ^^'^^^  '"--'  «f  ^f^e 

CandolIe'nd^LoilT^h^^fottfSto^^^^^^^^^  ^^''"^  «-^''--"--'  ^^  De 
leaves  are  oval-oblong,  acute,  JSllTdVil^f;  Srd:"pireti\Xw^^^^^^  tl!: 


)ut  thirty  feet 
the  species  or 
iilate,  smooth 
Ihed.     While 
chaux  thinks 
•     The  flow- 
nd  gradually 
md  occur  in 
•n,  they  per- 
iculate,  from 
I  ripe,  which 
nvhat  trans- 
s  sometimes 
serves,  with 
i meats  have 
imon  apple ; 
c  advantage 
■r,  that  new 
rtilizing  the 
the  Siberian 
utiful  char- 
lateness  of 
t,  is  a  most 

ee;  Pyrm 
ers.  This 
a  to  Louis- 
i,  in  having 
d  speckled 
ether  with 

»*;  Pynis 
duced  into 
s  raised  by 
)f  this  tree. 
s,  and  that 
are  ovate, 
ibe  of  the 
3  stamens. 

^;  Pyrns 
and  only 
this  vari- 
drooping 
arge 


COMMON  APPLE-TREE. 


)!  a 


Candolle 

3aves  are 

solitary; 

r,  of  the 

a,  of  De 
lan.  Its 
'^here  the 


f ",  ;!'':,.™"„^l'™chy  head,  ^i^'^XJ^}/"^?^-'' _  <^'-K.  a 


nerves  are 

midrib.  Fium  mis  race  oriffimfp,!  tj',„  ""V.-"  ""  i"""^  sugnny  aownv  on  the 
mednim-sized  tree,  with  a  Erhi  h  ^'^^^"^''^••^'ed  "Red  Astrach.n  Crab ''a 
a  fine  bloom,  like  Ihat  of  thrpiS.^!f^^^^  b^armg  a  bright-red  fruit,  covered^vith 
rent  Crab,"  of  Moscow  ,  tSl  '  .  ,"*^  ^^ite  Astrachan,"  or  "  TranTna 
branches  tending  rpw:;:ds^  w":n"yrng"f„cl V^^  A^^T^'^^'  --'""'?«" 
Its  fruit  IS  of  a  wax  colour  a!mosM,nni'       .  ^ft^^v^ards  becoming  pendulous 

From  the  preceding  fo  L  U  mav  be TS"''  ^"'^  '"^i''"'^^  ^^"^  a  fine  bloom 
tivated  for  tlie  dessert  or  the  kSn    h       ^v,^'"''""'^^'  ^^at  all  the  apples  cul- 
from  seedlings,  or  from  Ir^lZnllhor^'^^^^^^^^  by  Sections 

varieties,  at  present  known   amoumt;  lo      ^  ^e  number  of  varieties  and  sub- 
of  whicl.  have  been  collecKZ  gard"^  S"^'  ""''^'^  bundled 

and  distinct  sorts  are  being  added  evervvonrH"  Horticultural  society, 

Sro''  r^.'^^  ••^P""^^  becoming  2rrmultinlior'r-  ^'^'^  ^^^^^'^^^  are  lo 
within  oinr  limits,  to  present  an  arcmmt  nf  T  ^  "^'  '^  '^  impossible  for  us 
names.  This  branch  if  know'edi  h  "ever  fn'"'  °'  "^'^"  ^^  enumerate  the'; 
practical  horticulture ;  and  one  offhe  ^S  'alua b?/  ^  """'^  ^'^P"^^'^"^  ^^^^"re  in 
and  societies  for  the  encouragemcn  of  ovnl  !  -^  ''^'J*'^^'  *«  ^^bich  individuals 
attention,  would  be  to  dimS?lPonT  ""'"''  "'  ^'''fi^ation,  can  direc  the  r 
themselves  to  the  best  sortTalot.''"  ^^^barrassmg  list  of  varieties,  by  eonfin'ng 

Geography  and  History.     The  Pvrn«  ,^oi 
spontaneously  in  almost  every  mrt^orti''t!''  '""^'^  «^  '^s  varieties,  grows 
torrid  and  frigid  zones,  and  ^some  of    t  " 7'^f  "•  b^misphere,  except'  m  the 
«iroughout  western  Asia,  China    5aDan^^'  .ft  "^  *'^^  °^^^»-     It  is  foimd 
,^rPYV^J^^^'^«^*^b'.landj  i.^   the  north"? 

and  central  Russia,  to  55°  or  60°      T  o  p^nLf  r   ""'^^^ 

Siberia  where  its  place  is  abiindant  v  simnL/ f  "I^^'i,^^''^"^^^'-'  ^^  ^^anting  in 
P-  m.  baccata.  I„  Britain,  Ireland  nndivfi  a^  ^^-^  ^-  '"^  Prunifolia,  and  the 
occurs  wild,  in  hedges,  and  on  he  m.rl^V"''';^^^'  ^be  common  apple- tree 
frn.t  both  in  the  ter^perate  and  transS  "  np  7?''^u  ,  ^'  ''  cultivated  for  its 
southern  parts  of  India,  on  the  H^Syi'^nd  ii^^?,^^ '^^'"fPberes,  ^^^  ^^  the 

inat  the  apple-tree  is  a  mtivo  ^r  iu     '  "  China  and  Japan, 

authority  of  tli^  earlies  writers  in  '  I  oil  w'> "  P''^^'  "^  ^^e  wor^d,  we  have  the 
ancient  Greece  and  Rome.  S  prop he^Ioe!  C h''  T"  f  ?^  '^''  naturalists  of 
of  the  products  of  the  earth,  by  a  loWdro^> ''b  '  ^^''"""^  '^"^  destruction 
bold  in  high  estimation,  and'am'ong'rem;S;:;.i"ertraV;i:.'"       "^^^^^  ^^'^ 

.        ,  Joel  i.  12. 

Apples  are  also  mentionrd  h^r  n^u      i 

tbe  «^^lcs,  accordi.lg"rPl•7,,L^rerl^":'V;"'^^  '-^"^  ^'''""^^"a;  and 
^7Jir'"'^'''  brouglit,  in  anSent  tim  buf St"; '^^"'^  '^'  country  whence 
Medica,"  was  more  probably  applied  teihP.  ^^hers  conjecture  that  the  term 
are  supposed  to  have  been  introdS  f  om  Mo  "  ''"1''^*^  P^^^b,  both  of  which 
iica,  from  Epirus,  were  what  wfcal  l?!f  u  "''''  ^^""'f  ^-  '^hat  the  JB^/./  «- 
are  described  by  Pliny,  as  a  fruit  wi  th-fc^^.f ■  ^""  ^^  "'^  doubt;  as  they 
off;  and  besides,  he  mentions  "  crabs  "Vndw.  r  '"' ,  ''^^  ^^"  ^'-^^''y  be  pared 
for  their  harsh  sourness  tliev  hnlo  f.',  'wddrngs,"  as  being  smaller  ^  and 

them."  The  cultivated  a^  l^ow  ^r' nroT  ^7"^'  "^^  ^'^'^^^  cuS  given 
Rome  ni  his  time:  for  he  slates  tZ  '' U.? '  ,vn  J  '"''  ""'  ^^"^''y  '-abundant  ai 
the  city,  winch  yielded  more  profit  than  ^'Zu7.  ''''''^  l'^'^'  '"  the  villas  near 
the  invention  of  grafting."  "Vhere  are  ^Se^  ^-.^  ."'"'^  '''"•^^"'^^  ^^^out 
t)lcd  the  countries  Hum  Avhich  thev  came    aL  on,       7    '' •' '''^^^  bave  enno- 

.    ^^ime,  and  our  best  varieties  will  honour 


n^ 


300 


PYRUS    MALUS. 


^^^^:!S::^'TJph2i^  t'^."^'^'^^  ^"- ^^^'-.  Cestius,  Man. 
quince  grafted  upon  an  app  c  s  ick  wh/.h  ST^  rPP'^f'"  ^^^^  came  from  a 
called  Appianu,  after  Appi S  of  the'l  on  e  of  rhn^  1''"  ^"*"'^'^'  ^"^  '^^'^ 

however,  that  Pliny  l-s^•cIkted    o  X  paSa^^^^  '^  '''"'■^^^^'^' 

apple,  (such  as  changing  the  fruit  to  Z  coin  .  iV  1 1  i  f  ^''  '^""cerning  the 
mulberry;  and  the  tree  In  the  Tv  h,  rtinP.  on.T  °^  u^^'^'i'  ^J  S^^^^'^'^S  it  on  the 
manner  of  fruits,"  which  a  e  regarded  wn^nT^^' r  ^''^^^'^  ^"^  '^'^^n  ^^ith  all 
sibilities,)  it  would  s.em  that^^^^^^^^  impos 

ments  of  any  kind  nut  whn f  l.  ^  \  confidence  could  be  placed  in  his  stafe- 
-hose  life  /as  s;'ent  o\  ;:t  L  ^o  "rnS^d  If''"!'  ^'-^-thority  of  11% 
Ins  perseverance  in  search  of  t mtir*  Tn^M  '  r  '!■'''''  ^'^^''^  ^^^^^«  ^^used  by 
ilies  upon  one  anotherare  nlso   Inf        f  f ''^.^^^^ 

Evely.r,  of  mor;  re  t  S^of staTes  thT  he^.  w"^'  ""ii'r'r'^  ^^"^  ^^^^  «"r 
upon  the  orange.  Columella  a  nract  rn  tj  \  '"  "'''  ''"'^'  ^  '"^^^  engrafted 
before  Pliny,  det.cribes  tln^e  metLds  o^^^^^^^^^^  ^V^"  ^^'"''^^  ^^'"^  V^^^s 

he  calls  the  "  ancients  "  besidoVrfnn.  h  ^.I'^^l  "^!  '^^"t'ed  down  to  him,  by  whom 
ing,  or  gramnglTm^Z^^^^^^^^^^^  f^T  «T'  ""'"'^  '  '"ode  of^inarch 

all  .sorts  of  trees.'^  ft^woud  a^ea^  Lwlver  tll'.t  ^1^/^'  T^'r  ^^  f^-^^^^  "P«" 
period  m  which  he  flourished  w\scaZnrZT'!  ''^^'■'  ""^  S^aftrng,  at  the 
no.  „e„,„„e<,  ,y  M„ses,  u^^.t  to:cr„T?olrteE'X'",r;'°"'  "'  "  '^ 

"  **,***,  '!•""  "^nnie  into  the  land,  and  shall 
have  planted  all  manner  of  trees  ;■'      ' 

tty'wroYe  ?"'°'  "^^  "^"^^^•-  '^^^'-"8^  forming  a  part  of  the  subjects  on  which 

Somersetshire  in  particula      heuL  gE.kL       "^?"''  ^""^  ^^  »he  H^dni  of 
=  ' Avellonia  "  or  ipple  orchard  previo^rtoZ  ^^  '^''  '^'^'  «^ 

the  Ilird  century  this  fruit  Ii'nd  I. nn7  "^i  ''"■''''''  °^  ^''^  Romans.  Before 
that,  according  t^o'  Sohnu  thefo  ZTelZ'J.Tr^''^'  ^t"^'  ^"^  so  wide^^^ 
Thule."  TheSnanufactue  of  winrfon^^Sinnln  "'''"'  "^  ^\^"  ^'^^  "  ^^'^™^ 
Norfolk,  at  the  beginning  of  thrxm  h  cent^.r  J^  ?'  ''^F''''''  *°  l^^^*^  ^^^^'^''^d  in 
that,  in  the  sixth  year  of  KinT/ohn  120?\  1^^).  f  !'  \' ''^*'^  '^>^  Bloomfield, 
hold  his  lordship  of  Redham  Ld  sikeslv  i  Nor'fo^^^  ^^"^  ^^""^  ^° 

annual  payment  of  two  hundred  pearmah^'  ^^d  fo,^  '.^  ^"\'^  sergeantry,  the 
mams,  mto  the  exchequer,  at  the  feast  nf  S  M  '^fS^'^^f^s  of  wmc  of  pear- 
was  introduced  into  Britain  bv  the  Normnn«  /'''''"'•  ^''"  "^'^'^'"^  "^  cider 
from  Spain,  where  it  is  no  loTge  pmc  iTed  '  Thi".'  1'  ^'  ''• '^'  ^'^^'^'"^'^  ^''«  ^" 
been  first  known,  however,  in  Aft-Lr  fmm  U^  i?  '^""''  ''  «"PPo«cd  to  have 

can  fathers,   Tertullian  a' d  AuSino    nnH  ^    "^""'"'.'""^^^ 
ginians  into  Biscay,   a  pmvincemiSc]?vt ntf  '''''^^'^"'^  ^7  the  Cartha- 
became  the  substitute  in  olhS  countries      ^         '''  ^'"''  ""  ^^'^'^'^  ^^««"»t  it 

ivI^^^conlS^liJXXIJ::^^:!;;^^?!^;;?;^  P-'^^^'n-roduced  mto  Britain 
French.     Thus  the  "  NonpS  "^^cLrdr  fn^  T^''  P"""^  ^'  ^^'•'•"Ptcd 

France  by  a  Jesuit,  in  the  time  of  Qneon  ^f  "^^^erbahsts,  was  brought  from 
On  the  other  hand  the  celel^ated ^ Go ldi!'p^'  '"'/''''  P'""^^^  '"  Oxfordshire, 
origm ;  and  is  noti.d  as  suc^  b^^relSl^Ij/ffi^  authoif  ^li  S:^£^;; 

^SlSlSi^trihT^SSl^nllS^?^^^  Theoecasion., 


Cestius,  Man- 
'■  came  from  a 
ice,  and  were 
be  confessed, 
inccrniiig  the 
fting  it  on  the 
aden  with  all 
ogical  impos 
I  in  his  stafe- 
ity  of  a  man, 
as  caused  by 
lifferent  fam- 
md  even  our 
3se  engrafted 
some  years 
im,  by  whom 
de  of  inarch- 
graffed  upon 
fting,  at  the 
tion,  as  it  is 


ts  on  which 

■  apple  was 
e  Haedui  of 
'  the  title  of 
ns.     Before 
so  widely, 
le  "Ultima 
occurred  in 
Bloomfield, 
as  found  to 
eantry,  the 
nc  of  pear- 
ig  of  cider 
led  the  art 
cd  to  have 
3  two  Afri- 
le  Cartha- 
account  it 

ito  Britain 
corrupted 
light  from 
cfordshire. 
of  British 
?cribed  by 

le  occasional 
•St  siigo;este(l 
it,  is  said  to 


COMMON   APPLE-TREE. 


^r^t^Z:^::r^,r^r'  ''"^'"  "^--^"«  a-Angleterre"  a^d 
England  until  towards 'tlHio  of  ir'x^T,?'  ^^^^^^'^  ^^^^^  HtTlc  known  in 
Leonard  ^..a.chal,  in  the  sixteomrvp.  r  nfV  ''• ''"^].'''>'-  f'"l'«r  states  that  one 
from  over  sea,  and  plant,.!  the  \t  Ph  .n'',  'T  '^^  "^"'^  V'"-»  broug  hem 
pippins  because  the   rees  were  riiUi  r  lumstead,  m  Sussex.     They  weFe  ca  M 

Cl.aW  sr  SaCS^K^^tli'r^  '^  ^-  P'--^  in  the  reign  of 
sZ:inr-  ''f  ''^-^^  "'^  ^'"^  ^vho ;;     ,  .,?;'".?:;;   :-?  -«••  discovered,  auTthey 

^omersct  and  Devon  on  the  couth  '  .i         '"   "'''"'  ^^  ''^^   channe     L/l 

dant  crop  oftcor  than  once  i ,        c  v '■•.rs    ,1  ■'^""''°"',  '"''''="'  '-'"P""  a"  ai„ m 

tnat  period,  numerous  other  orchanlV...,     i"^, '^'^'''''''--  ^"^  within  and  since 
country,  equaling,  and  everi  s"    pasS.J   ho'.    ''"  P'""^*^^  i"  ^^^^"""«  pa      of  the 

i>ew  if  ok,  which  have  been  planted  -,1,,  ,>f  i  ^  ^"'  °^  ^'le  county  of  Ulster 

twenty  thousand  trees.     Au.e   c'    u  i     '         ''"V^  >''^^'^'  '-^"^  are  said  to  contain 
of  apples,  which  enter  ex  en  ivX  ho     1^^  ^''^^°  ^^^^^^'^^  ^•^^'"''^W   v^^^^^^^^^^ 
commerce  and  are  eagerly  so  H  f  ' '      i       l    '■■  ^''''S"  ^''^  ^^^'^  ^^«  li^r  domestic 
globe.     The  most  celebrated  a  d  m!   Ir        "''''   '^'"''y  ^'^'''^cd  countr\/of  H^^^ 
ping  and  for  winter  use  is  s'^i    <      '       .  "''''"^'  ^''^  ^^^^^  variety  extant  for  ll. 
-od   more  than  a  cenl.iVa.^i      ,a    'Z  t"i  ''^  ^P*^"^-'-'-  produS'  fro  ^^a' 
I";  ['  ^^n;  •«  w^'l'  Icnown  l,y  the  'anS  "  JNVwr^'".'.  "  ^^","S  ^«'^"d>  near  ^"w 
stood  on  the  estate  owned  at  present  l>vM,TT'\l'PP'''-       '^^''^  o  iginal  tree 
a  long  tune  its  fruit  was  calkd  '(',  /sLm  M      ''  i- ^^^^^e,  of  that  town,  and  for 


If 


*  See  Library  of  Entertaining  Know!..,!gn,  article, 


Apple.'' 


302 


PVRUS   MALUS. 


LI   ( 


raanifcsl  symp.oras  of  decline;  and  it  i  b",eved7v  mtnv  .h,°,'7l  7'  *1",  '" 
amved,  in  whieh  nature  is  l„  le^inate  lheirexis™-e  'L  S  I'e  ,1  '"'1°'^  'T 
are  about  to  pass  iulo  dccrcpiiude  and  final  docav     '  '^"""  ""^''' 

fr,»^  the  ^^Kfolr'oTlrrooif  Z^'^ Cfi^'r'  '"''^f  •  ^Y-'r"' 
mated  to  b"  fiL  yea  ,^^  '  ^  "=  '  S'™.  ^r™'a""ously  from  seed,  and  isVsti- 

.re^o^r;;;;^!';^^^:^^^ 

bushels.  '  P       "  ""^  °'-  ^''^'''''  amounted  to  nearly  two  hundred 

tbaTtptS-o'^Tsl^S^dt^lreytfiir.^ 

£  po,.ds  ,0 '::!;  ^;s;:?,re„™eruS,r;a      -^r^- -; 

and  a  spread  of  brancl.es'^of  CiyS,  feef  '  ""''  "'"  '""  '"  '"""'="". 

wifhXtrtratl?:fstfr:rfSrkj',T,e"z'ro7^^ 

supposed  was  eaten  bv  Fvp  in  p.'     i  '   ,        "'*  ^^  ^vh^ch,  as  lias  long  been 

gi/s''of,heS:ersla'„>^^rviaL  aMU^'D^ut'^^T^^^^^^^^^^ 

rides,  which  it  was  one  of  tl.o  inh^  .tl^r  u  ^^^]^^^-     ^  "«  golden  fruits  of  the  Hespe- 

dragon  wh  ch  guLded  thm   we  e  beL"^^^^^^  P'"^"^'^' '"  ^^P'^«  °f  ^he  sleepless 

legs,  as LubsiilSr  as  ee7':;,rlMl™''''° „!!'!=  '""''  '"  ','•  ">  "''™W<> 

tfa;t^rrbrtr|;srk?S?^^^^ 

spirit   Loke   took  awav  En   In  J  T  themselves  growing  old.     The  evi 

Where  , Hey  e„„M  .rbViry^ir^or'T:-;^^^^^^^^ 

which"bJS  rr;,f ev^?;?;,ii:,?;  «7l^,\"' Fi"^^^^^^^^ 

^         ^'-'"^' ^'"^^"^^  supposed  to  be  one  hundred  years  of  age, 


t  the  trees 
r,  begin  to 
period  has 
rent  stock, 

is  obvious 
ndividuals 
which  WG 
Massachu- 
i\\  ancient 
!,  in  Hart- 
yllys,  pre- 
ired  years 
y  boughs, 

oth  apple- 
id  is  esti- 
et,  with  a 
'-five  feet, 
size.  In 
es  four  or 
which,  it 
I ;  so  that 
I  hundred 

one  year, 
1777.  It 
need  sev- 
age  four- 
tree  was 

Hereford, 
liameter, 

ounce  ted 
3ng  been 
iiytholo- 
0  Hespe- 
sleepless 

Hercu- 
les Avere 
the  river 
s  to  ren- 
ercules; 
sheep  in 
esemble 

consid- 
Edda," 
e  power 
le  gods, 
'he  evil 

forest, 
alicious 

iscription 


COMMON   APPI,E-TREE. 


303 


^t'eMSS'-a^Tborit  r","-  '^^"  8"<" "--» "w  and  -..Z- 

the  affairs  of  ,ho  „„r,h;  „X™  ,  ™^  ,',  "°  '""^^  ''"'''  "'o  «me  aH™,"l"^j 
courses,  and  bocamo  tl,c  nrcv  of  ,1,^™?*  ™° .'°  '"'"'  »''"  "i™,  fell  i  o  ovn 
.ers  ge„i„g  „,,e  and  wow^veryd,;    Ed  ,h  "?«"'  '""  S'"'^  ""J  "g  ma 

;-  J..p„oset  r  "roC'o    J'-  ^J^T.^e  oa^  ""f ;'™'  •-••"'-  '»«  »>-'c.o. 
usefulness  of  the  friiif      in  /  ^  "^"^ !  '"id  a  so  on  account  nf  ,, "'^"^'"^ 

in  ,!r,an,  fron,  ^^^^lSrTSSl:t^•  ''-^S™  cS-IS 

H:e''^p^''a!!,-;°:;fr?-rat» 

ceremomes  are  therefore  co.n.ected  wi  h  r  1     ^^''  ^""^''^"^-     ^^"7  old  ritis'and 

he  orchard  districts  even  at  "ho 'p'rerent  day  ""a^IT  '' ^'^"'^    '''  practed  in 

hbation  of  cider  and  toast,  for  a  fruitf..   S     ^P'^^'  '^^s  were  sprinkled  with  a 

am   new  apples  were  blesW  b/     e^^^r  ,sTSn°St  V''^^'/  V""  °^  ''bristma^^ay 
nations  were  a  so  practised  with  Vt.   ^       •        •^^'  -^^mes'  day,  July  2'5fh      n;,;' 

girl  was  a  token  ol  loT  ^a  Jinbo^of  v'  '"'^  '''^'''-  '1''-'"^ -'Ipple  t^." 
bobbing  for  apples  on  All-Hallow  K,  i  ^.V**'  '^  '«  "modern.  The  cKt  n? 
common  over  all  Kn-Zd   is  .tHl  ''"'^,""  "^'^  ''^''^'"t's  day,  which  was  Sim    ? 

"P  imle  apples,  andSVg  t  m'S^loint"^^^^^^^  «' Ireland'^ThrZ^n ^ 
phshments  of  the  Troubadours  ""  ^^'"^^  ^^'^'^^^^^  ^vere  favourite  accom? 

/^o«/  o«rf  Situation.     The  annln  tro«   * 
dnctiveness,  requires  a  sii   Z?  "T^s  ea^'i'"  '''  ^^'^^^^^  P^^^^^'^^i^"  and  pro- 

that  the  above-named'princip  L  wi    ifoffS  ''.  •  ^'}'^'  ^^«"  ^"""d  by  eTpf Hence 
States.     Within  the  last  few  ye^rs  niuclH??;?  ^^e  various  parts  of  theSS 
ation  of  soils  to  particular  plams  ^nd  h  I  ^     ^'''  ^'.'"  '^'°^^"  "P«n  the  adap 
hat  the  apple-tree  requires^alka  in'  and  ZTir^'^'^'J^  ^^  ^"^  established  fac^t 
sable  condition  to  the  perfection  of  ts  fruk  ^  I  I  ^  '"^'^7  ^''^^'^^'  ««  ^n  indispen- 
ened  chemists  that  the  acids  genoratfdn  nil n  ^"'^V'''''^^" '^J^  «^^eraU^ 
bne  or  earthy  bases,  and  cannot  £  ?>     i^"/^  ""'^  ''^'^^^ys  in  union  with  alka 
deciduous  trees  require  a  con  sSnM    P'^^^l^^^d  without  their  presence   tla.n^l 
j;;ices  in  their  leav'es  "nd  tr  te^'  Tp^o^r  r'"'  f"'  ^^^  '^'-^bSon:  the 
the  scarcity  or  abundance  of  tha7subst?nr>?      ?^  °''  "-iherwise,  in  proportion  to 
all  clays  contain  potash,  and     fat  mnr  «         "  ^-^'^  '°''-     '^  '«  ^el   known  tha° 
carbonate  of  lime,' and  also  com  n  -     ^'""^  P^:!nc<Pally  composed  of  civ  and 
'me.     Hence  the  presence  of  S..  ^^^^f^'  ^"^'^^^  «"lphate  and  phosSe  nf 
.me,  affords  a  satiLcory  solution  7tI;l;'^'"'''^^  ^^^^^^/particularlf  pS  and 
t.on  of  apples,  even  without  tak?,?J'- *^  adaptation  of  marly  soils  to  the  prod^rr 
sulnhaf*^  "<^!in,p  t.1.     •      ,       taking  mto  account  the  r-rt  whi^K  >v       ,  produc- 
^      iime  play  m  their  formation.*  '         '^         ^*^"  P^sphale  and 

*  See  Journ.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc.  of  England,  vol.  iv.,,  p.  380. 


\-  n 


304 


PYRUS   MALUS. 


n 


f    'I  ( 

ft    HJ 


hi 


should  be  ^ot  or  OS "  S.Iat  L^'^'^r^  to  orchards,  the  surface,  in  general, 
extremes  ofTeat  and  rold.d!'''''''l^^  '"'"''  '"'"^  ^I'olter^d  from  L 

ties,  which  a  e^'o^  eon  1\/  Uc  Lv.hoTl^^^^^^^  ''''T^'.'^'  ^''"^  "^^"Pt  accHvi- 
cattle,  have  been  mo^e  'ieHa  '  if  the'  vX^l  Zt  '  "  T'''''^''^  ''^'-^^^ 
elevated,  exposed  situations    as   vc      if    n  V  r'  '     ^"^•"^^  '^P^"'  "^  ^^'Z 

aHlce  .mfavourable  to  thrper'fertion    f  n  J  ^  mm'  'r*^  ^J^«P-«"»k  valleys,  are 

porature  and  the  vi,,le  ce'^of  the  wi  ,k  n  l  f  ,  ^ '"'  ^"/'""■'  '■■•"'"  ^lie  lo'v  tern- 
fogs  and  lato  veri.al  f  osts  n    t  In  Z    .  ""  '^^"^''i' />•"'"  »•'«  liability  to  cold 

night,  utterly  de  tro^  e  in  s  n'^'"  ,/ "'j.^^  ^'^  '"  '^'"«\«'".  "ft^".  in  one  fatal 
in  a  single  nfght,  maVpro;     S^  .t^T  ^'"'\  'V''^y  ^"»'»"'>' 

situation,  or,  if  not  fata    sn/nH,  nth^in  ''"'^"  "o^^^r-buds,  in  th..  latter 

them  unfit  to  withsta  d\  fcolZ  ,  o'"'"'"'''  '"  ""P""'  ^'"^ir  vitality,  and  render 
and  put  forth  the  fSvi  1  snril  t  o  S'^^  '  ""'l' «''«"'^l  they  escape 

in  planting  an  orcS  thc'cfo  f'  if  i  '  ^-^  ^T''^^  l''"^*^''^^'  ^^""^  unfair. 
America,  L  site  should  norbecTi   '''"'"'  '^  '"  ''^'  """^''^^"^  P'-^-^^^  "^^"g^^" 

"  In  lowly  vale,  fast  by  a  ricor  side,' 

the  east  than  to  tlTwe  Plantinc.  Z'  ''''"  .^"'■"''^  ?^™'^'  "^'^''""'S  ''^thcr  to 
tion,  is  thought  to  L  advin  .™?  .  n  -?  ',"\^  1'°"''"'^  ^"'^*  ■'^""^''^'-ly  direc- 
est  benefit  from  the  smi  li.ft  h  i  '  .  ,  fi'  "'^  ^^'^  '■"^^'^  ">^^y  d^''-'^^  tl^«  great- 
States,  more  espec  ally  f  the  localit  In fn  ?  """^  '"'''T/  '''^''""^  ^^^  »'^«  ^'"i^-^^ 
northern  exposure  has  moved  tnhn  l  i  ?  ''^'""  ^^ '^^'^'^  "^^^i^^  "^  ^^aler,  a 
than  slopes  inclinTng  t:^vS1i'somI^^^         "^«^*^  '^^'•'-"  ''^  P-ducing  fruit, 

be  p;:Std'?;lfS'Tv:r^  ^^^^^  T^^-^'"^'  -^^  •-^^  ^^^  --^i-,  may 

ers.     li  is  a  prevaH^^nc.  oninkfn^n  T^    "i'  "",  '»r"^^"°."'  ^"^^  ^^  '^""ings  and  lay- 
those  which  Lc7ai    3  C  tL  se  ^^^  of"  the  w!l  f^  V")!^^^  "^^^  ^^■^'^'°'^'-  ''''^ 
Knight  recommends  that  thrpiS  si  ould  bo  r 't  ''""f '  ^^  '  ,"'•  ^'''^''^^  '-^"^  Mr. 
pressed.     The  mode  practised  ^^.L  r  iT        ,'''"'"  ^'■''"'  *'^^  ^'•"'^  before  it  is 
are  raised  on  a  moreSSve  '   '  '  1       '^'"^""'''^     where  fruit-tree  stocks 
the  crabs  when  they  are  St  rine  ^n    /I  f '^.T'"''  '\''  "'  '^'■''''^'"'  '^  '^  S^^'^^r 
pass  them  between'two  Zc'd  roller     .ndt b on T  '"''''  "^  ".^''':^P  ^-^  ^«^'  ''^  ^« 
thus  converted  into  an  infer  or  IMnlnf^T         i    l""  P''"^"'  ''"'  the   nice,  which  is 
from  the  pomace  by  mac ent'on    n  wntor     '  ^"^i^.^^'^'-^^f  ^s  to  sepirato'the  seeds 
persons,  both  in  Europe  am  in  \]Zl   '  H'^'l  '5""^;  .^'  ''  '^''  "P'^'o"  «f  many 
thevare  particula7in  the  se  ec   on  ?rS    ^'  ''  "  "^  l'"'*^  consequence  whether 
of  trees  raised  fro  Jpips  o    tl  ^  amr.nnfr/r"^''f'r  ^''^  ^^'^^  '^'^'  ^•'-l'-"'' 
from  each  other.     But  let  i   be  co  SroFt  ?n^'^'.''  ''*'^^/  ^'^'^  "^^  P'^^^^"^  ^''''^^  '^"^ 
they  may  not  always  tend  to  Setertnte  Z'fJnuV^T  ""''';'"'"  ''^''  P'^^«' 
exchange  of  one  good  a  in  iK.fnr??  '"^'  ^'"'  may  often  result  in  an 

ments  i^n  the  ^.fht^^  Fo  fnstro  X'  "'  "''^  ^7'^''^^^  ^^'^"  '^^'^''^'^  i"ipr«ve- 
fruit  from  the\eed  of  that  wh  H^  ^^  i""""^'  V  i''''^'  ''^P^'^^  '^  obtai,/ early 
reverse;  and  by  par  tj^ of  elon  from'  T^'f'  ''"^  ^''""^  ^'?«^«  ^^  ^^^'^  J'ruit  the 
may  also  expect  to  obta  n  SinS^hTwill''  '°"''  ^'"V'^'Y  ^'  ^^y  fruit,  we 
pond  to  their  origin-areTuinSi/^  f  '  "u  ''^  ^""^.'^^--able  degree,  co^res- 
secure.  Indeed,1f  it  be  tr,^  'tf^t  •  Us  T^U^  ^'  '"  "^J*^"^  ^''^  ^''«  ^"'^■^^'"r  to 
we  employ,  there  certainly  Sn  be  no  Lri mi  '  '^""^•?1'"^"'^'^  ^^'^^^^t  kind  of  pips 
this,  we  conceive,  vviirbe^icie^it  bi ,  ?     tV"  '°^'"^  "'''^'  °^g«"d  fruit;  and 


in  genorni, 
(1  from  tlio 
npt  acclivi- 
;e  of  licavy 
en,  or  very 
'alloys,  are 
le  low  tem- 
lity  to  cold 
n  one  fatal 
ly  autumn, 
i  tlu!  latter 
and  render 
liey  escape 
md  unfair. 
1  of  Anglo- 


itely  sliel- 
:  rather  to 
'rly  direc- 
the  great- 
he  United 
'  water,  a 
:ing  fruit, 

ities,  may 
I  and  lay- 
itocks  arc 
)  and  Mr. 
fore  it  is 
ce  stocks 
to  gather 
rot,  or  to 
which  is 
the  seeds 
of  many 
whether 
the  fruit 
tree  and 
ie  place, 
It  ill  an 
mprove- 
lin  early 
Tuit  the 
Vuit,  we 
,  corres- 
vator  to 
I  of  pips 
lit;  and 
observe, 
d  vigor- 
shallow 
ts  being 


COMMON   Arn.E-TllKK. 

nay  be  drawn,  and  plautrd  tvT'   '^.«  ^'^'^""R'^st  and  the  most  vigorous  nlanfs 
'•"'«  each  oth.T,  iu^a  ^!l]yu^sW^'7  T^'''  ''^'''''  ""^  "'«  ^-r^o  disV^mce 
;  ;•"  produce      The  reniaiu  nV  b,   s^>^^  H    ,'''  '  '''''7'?^'  ""^  ^'""ivated  for  S' 
"5,'  year.     Duri-ig  their  s.v.u.d    ,  .f         ,     ''''  '^""''••I'-ly  managed  in  the  follow 
kopt  perfectly  f,.e?3  fron    w  e  s  by    e  catri"  ''  ^"■"^'"''  ^'"^  e^'^""^  =^  "     d  bo" 
geatly  benefitted   by  a  licht  fn  M..^.    !    ^  Iioeuigs,  and  the  plants  would  ho 
"^  Wed  to  touch  the^  m  'J-Js  It^CS^^  7^;";'-  --.     No  'knile  Zm  t 
which  may  be  n.akiu-  too  stron-  a  d  versL    rf       .<  "'^'"'    "  over-rampant  shoof 
he  more  than  a  foot  from  th  f,  o    ,d     n  f     ?   '"'  ''r^'  ■'""'  ""^  even  then  Tf 
tlie  stem;  for  every  twig  an     eve''  Z^/'.''^^  '""  ''  ''  '"^''"''"'  ^^  Kraft 
and  stem.     When  the  stnns  of  tlu  n^I-    '     ^     "■''"' ''^■''  '''  *'"'  growth  of  the  Voot 
d.ame.e,  at  a  foot  fmn.  the  gro  nS'"       "^id '3  T'J  '''^'''  ""  '"•^•'  ^^^^^^^ 
fo    oi  graitiug  or  inoculation  perfoJmed  '°"''^  ^'  '^"^  "«''  '-^"^  'I'o  opera- 

whici;^^;::;^^"-;;".^;!:;  ;^t  'dt^rT!?^  "^^-'^  «^  ^-^^^  «•.  trees  oom 

;n  U.e  autumn  previous,  or  at  tlio  ^^i^'lll^'^  ;;;  ^jf '^  "'pected  and  m^ii^" 
nont     or  .six  weeks  before  the  season  of  ^    'a  '^''  greatest  perfection.     A 

Jeep  them  buried,  at  length,  in  drt  ear  h   ./       '"'^  '"'J'^"''  ^"^  your  scions  and 
frost,  until  required  for^.se     n  o^rder   L    M  7','"/  "^^''^  reach  of  moistnS  a 
orwardness  of  vegetation.     Select  vo'.  ^^'"  "'">^  ^^^'^^"'^e  over  them  n 

I'ealthy  trees,  jnst  in  their  prim-  orf,.o"'  ^'T  ^'"^  ""''■^ide  branc  les  of 
and  rather  on  their  sunny  side  wlcrl  .  ''.^•■'"R;.^l^o"t  midway  in  their  beach 
digested  by  sun  and  air.  I  the^^s  f  /'r'/^^''"  ^^"^"^^  ^'^^'  heen  pron?  l' 
and  vigorous,  let  the  shoots  co  si     of  t  e  h^^  "''  "''T  ^"'^  ^o  bo  taken  be  you  ^ 

tons  o''^^'^'^'^-'  '''''  ^''^"^  *■••"-»  0  n  0  1  a  hZ'r'  ^^^^"^'''\'  ^^"^  ^<'^''«  '^e  "« 
tops,  or  what  is  still  better,  the  vo  ina  Si  I'-'T"'''""  '"  ^^'^  centre  of  their 
near  the  ground.  <-n-afting  may  also  e  n'rrn  '^'"^'\  ^^Pring  from  their  trunks 
year,  as  well  as  with  those^t' 1^'/;' f"  "'V''^^  '  ^^"^  shoots  of  the  cu  rent 
i"g,  IS  when  the  sap  of  the  stocK  fJ  ^  V  F'"'''^^'-  ^''^  Proper  time  for  S 
trees  a  few  weeks  belb'e  t  y  ,  u  /o  th  tl  eu'le  '"'^"'1'  ^^'''^''  ^^^'^^  !"  cledd^  '  ," 
may  be  grafted  during  sun  nier  as  we  '^'''  ^^"'  re-productive  evergreens 

proper  season,  and  all  thing    arJ  i^M-'ad  .i^ss'ri'W"     ^'"'^^  '"«^^'"S  choice  of  the 
l^rmed  as  quickly  as  possible.     For  5 wa  f    .' 'f   ''«  JPf^^-^t'^"  of  grafting  be  per- 
;    '^^^^^  '"'^  'es  of  the  ground,  or  even  b^ W  Z'      f  '^°'''''  *''«  «'«^ks  tS  within 
t  lose  designed  to  attain  the  r  full  I  ei^ h     J.  ^'^^^'''''^'^e-     i^^or  standard  trees  o? 
abont  midway  in  their  summits   and  toll   ^'■''^' T'  '''""^'''"^  branches,  situated 
r-Iy,  the  scions  may  be  from  one'fo      rof  n'^^P^'^^  '"  ^'"^  ^"»  «»d  air.  '  Crdh  a- 
it  necessity  requir/s,  they  may  LZ.  ch  1^1'^''  '"  T  '"^'^  ''^  diameter;  but 
of  the  scon  is  best ;  b.it  where  the  e   s  a  IrT'*'''  f ""f""'"-     '^^''e  middle  portion 
may  be  used.     Take  off  a  little  of'  the  1.,       ''*^^'  ^^"'^^  ^^e  top  and  bottom-parts 
't  of  such  a  length  as  to  leave  fVom  ulnZ"'  '""^  ^^  ^''^  «cion  first,  and  thin  du 
new  shoots,  always  taking  cLo  cut  off'^thrt!;?'"'  ^"V^^  ^''  the  production  of 
eyes  will  be  sutlicient  fo^^a  standar     t  "    hi?  '"  ""  '!'"'"'«  direction.     Two 
vl'ich  are  mtended  to  be  trainT  I  erllA      ?'"' ""V'^'"  ^''^  better  for  dwarfs 
ho  same  thickness,  in  order  tl  at  the  im     1 ' h   '%"V^  f''°"^'  '^  P^^^i^le,  b'of 
fac.htate  the  flow  of  the  sap,  the    mned^  f  ^^'^  ^''^  ''■^^^'^Y  nnite  and 

young  wood  of  both,  into  cloie  and  no  mane^  ^'"1""  *"  bring  the  bark  ad 

els  of  the  one,  will  be  enabled  to  Sm  u  ie.?"'"??'  \^  ^"''^^''  '"^^^»«  the  ves- 
operation  is  effected  by  several  diflbrenM^  V  '?  ''''''  ^''«««  "^  t^e  other.  This 
^•ates,  and  are  adopted  in  vaiW  co  ,n    iil^^^  "^^  °^  ^^'^'^b  have  their  ad  o! 

of  the  nurserymen.     The  modes  wl  i       ut'.^T'^rS  to  the  preference  or  capr  ce 
>"  grafting  young  apple  stocks,  Trc  wha^a       al  eV'wf  "'f-^'^''^^  '-^^^^--^  " 

39  ''"-  "^^^''^d     n  hip,"  or  "  Splice-graft- 


306 


PYRUS   MAI.US. 


;?: 


lii 


i! 


r  ■ 


l':i 


us .     m 


m 


I 


Mln 


iiLE 


'^ 


ing"  for  scions  less  than  a  linlf  of  nn  inch  in  dinmotcr,  nnrl  •'snddln-Rmfting" 
for  ihosn  which  arc  larger.  (Jraftin^,'  upon  old  stocits  nnd  '"ill-growii  trees  is  usu- 
ully  performed  by  what  is  termed  f/iff-ffraffinq: 

In  mhip-irrnftiyjir,  cut  the  stock  («)  with  a 
sharp  kriifo,   in  an  oblique  direction  without 

starting  or  bruising  the  bark,  and  the  scion  {h) 

in  like  maimer  of  a  corresponding  angle.     And 

then,  witli  as  httle  delay  as  possible,  place  the 

inner  barks  of  the  stock  ana  scion  in  norfect 

contact,  at  least  on  one  .side,  and  binj  them 

fast  together  with  a  riband  of  bass  or  guana, 

as  indicat<Ml  at  (p.)      In  this  part  of  the  process, 

lake  particvlnr  pains  and  see  that  tlie  junction 

of  the  two  barks  is  not  in  the  least  displaced. 

To  protect  the  grafted  part.s  from  drought,  air, 

and  moisture,  a  layer  of  green  cow-dung  and 

fresh  loam,  well  mixed  in  equal  proportions, 

sliould  be  applied,  with  a*  trowel  or  spatula, 

one  inch  thick  on  every  side,  and  a  little  above 

and  below  the  union  of  the  stock  and  the  scion. 

A  mixture  of  three  parts   fine  clay,  and  one 

part  fresh  horse-droppings,  well  incorporated 

together,  may  also  hn  applied  with  success.     A 

bandage  of  moss  or  tow  is  sometimes  wound 

round  the  clay  or  mixture,  to  prevent  it  from 

cracking  by  the  lieat  of  the  sun,  and  from  washing  away  by  rains.    Tn  making  the 

incision  in  the  side  of  the  stock  which  is  to  receive  the  scion,  the  knife  ought,  if 

possible,  to  be  entered  at  the  base  of  a  bud,  and  pass  upwards.     The  reason  of 

this  is,  that  the  vital  principle  is  more  powerful  there;  and  that  the  germs,  both 

of  buds  and  roots,  are,  in  most  plants,  confined  to  the  joints  of  the  stems;  though 

in  some,  as  in  several  varieties  of  the  elm,  they  appear  to  be  distributed  equally 

over  every  part  of  the  stem  and  roots. 

In  performing  saddle- ffraf(ini>;  cut, 
with  a  sharp  drawing-knife  or  other 
instrument,  the  stock  (rf)  so  as  to  leave 
the  top  in  the  form  of  a  wedge.  Split 
the  lower  end  of  the  scion  (e)  and  pare 
each  side  of  the  cleft,  so  as  to  fit,  when 
seated,  exactly  on  the  top  of  the  stock, 
with  the  inner  barks  of  both  in  perfect 
contact.     And  then,  with  a  bass  riband, 

bind  the  parts  strongly  together,  as  at    ekj^m  ■J:'H^  ^ 

(/,)  and  perform  the  operation  of  clay-    E'^^K  iJl'.'M  « 

ing  as  in  the  preceding  method.  In 
three  months  or  more  after  grafting,  re- 
move the  clay,  and  partially  loosen  the 
bass  ribands  which  are  bound  round 
the  grafts,  in  order  that  the  scions  may 
have  more  room  to  expand.  In  a  few 
weeks  more,  when  the  parts  have  been 
partially  inured  to  the  air,  and  when 
there  is  no  danger  of  the  scion  being 
blown  off  by  the  winds,  the  whole  of 


!-f»rafting  " 
rccs  is  usii- 


COMMON   APPLK-TKKE. 


307 


ft 


naking  the 
e  ought,  if 
I  reason  of 
erms,  both 
is;  though 
ed  equally 


^^^:tZ^^  bj^iS^^^^^  Which  a.  ha. 
ll.«y  should  ulwaysV  pi.;    1  '^  ;    ,:!^^;;"^  ^''"  "'"K"..l.us,  walnuts,  A:c., 

rows  four  feet  apart,  with  «rc  n"  S.w^^^.^  T  "'  '"  .^''"  ""rsery  beds,  in 
renmin  until  Hnally  en  ovcd  e  ore  I 'c  I.  r''''"'.'  ''"'^''-.wl'^""'  they  are  to 
sites,  no  side-shoo,.^  should  be  cu t  cS'  ,■  prt  ,;;e';'7^'".,''"'"  "."''^  ^'^^^■""^- 
rernoval  to  open  rows,  anv  ()verLrrown  Irm,  .'  1  "''"'"  ''"'  R'"^'^'-     ^»  ^'C'r 

of  the  lower'.nost  nu\.rclose  to  X^  '"a7  '"^.  «'">",'^'"^<'.  a"d  two  or  three 

OMiy  should  be  n.oderatoly  shorte,  ed  .  dor  tn  '"  •''"'  *'"  -t""^''''-  ^i^c-shoots 
until  a  good  head  is  for.Ld  ^1  six  n  !,  v  "  "^""7 K«  ^»'«  "P^ard  growth 
side-shoots  may  then  bo    elvel  close  ^o     7'"»  '*^''' .^»^"^'^  l»'«  ground.     The 

while  the  head' is  left  to  itHtuir  c,"l  gro'  h  Tt^s  aTr;*'"""''^  '''T^ 
the  sam.i  time,  a  very  bad  nractice  lo  r- m  -.  i  i  .i  ^  ^7^  common,  and  at 
only  two  or  three  twigrat  thf  ton   hv  wl     i/'^'  ^'"  «"'«-«»'"«'« '^^^'y-  leaving 

checked  in  its  growth.^uifn  e7o  '^,  o£„rr'L^  ^^^  " -^^^^  "»"*=' 
becomes  almost  cylindrical   and  tortuonrS.  ^  \  ""^  "'peruig  stem,  it 

plants  in  this  way,  are  iSouSlv  Z  '  r  1  "'"■'^''"-  ^'*'"''^  ^^''"  '^«^' 
and  the  i.nporta.ft'  omce  r    L  «  ^and   th  '^^^         ""'"''^  "^  ^^''^'^  ^^''^^h, 

nature  in  promoting  the  growth  of  the  iJend  .»•'*''•  '"  .""^"^P*'"?  to  assist 
operations/  If  such  persm  ^Cl  vnmi  r.M-  ''r  "'J'"""'"-'''y  interfere  with  her 
roots,  they  would  no  do  I  ,1  in  it  X  ir  b  v^  "^  witnessing  the  growth  of  the 
view  of  promoting  the  grow  ^  '  Zr^'  ''  ^  L  '!'^  J''"!"'  "'  '''^^"^  ^'''''''f^  ^ith  a 
no  less  absurd.     Kvery  leaf   s  n  f  ^nler  n/  f  ^'  ""''  ^  Pr«"'«^ling  would  be 

and  no  i.^erference  wiU '  the  nroS  of  fi/o  "J  ^^'^  "f.r"  '"^^  ^^^'^  '^^'^^^\ 
the  purpose  of  prevent!  g  a  v  sEtranrb  toT""  '''""''^  ^  ^"''^^«^'  ^^^^^P^  ^^^ 
however,  the  t  ee  has  atti  Ll  L  becoming  a  rival  to  the  head.     When 

pnshed  /orwarrstr^gX  tb  veZl'hidirf/^^^r'v".'^  '^'^'  '""-'  ''- 
may  be  finally  cut  away,  as  befSirected  t^l^  7''"''  "  '''?'':"  ""  "'*^  '^^^"^ 
sudicient  substance  and  stre  etrto  nre~  '"'''"'^'  '^  ""^  ^""«  -'«'"«d 

the  head.*  sirenf,tn,  to  preserve  its  erect  position,  and  to  support 

vaSl^rSa:^  ^^  ^w  "r  m^lir'^"  ''^?\^^  ^^^^  -'-^-"  °f  «-  best 
for  the  cider-mill,  tuf  table  o^'  d  e  k  tchoTh't"'/''"'  iTf'"^''  "^  ^''^'^  "^^''^"^ed 
with  the  speciality  of  thi7tVeatisJ  to  no  no '  ''  '"""^/^   '"''"*'«  incompatible 

the  apples  recommeude  n  Scrvmeo  . '  .7"  '"  ^  '''^''."'•■^''  ''•'™'  ""«  ^'^^l^  of 
points  connected  wi  rtt  ma  «nTof  n^^^^  ^'''\  ''"'''■"  ^^^*^  "^^"^  «ther 

must  necessarily  be  o  utted    bu?tS^^  7^'''^'^  ^^'  »»'«  ^'"^'"^^  reason, 

ject,  which  weLre  beg  lea^e  to  introdtfce      ^'''''"'"''  '"""'^''^^  ^^''^'  ^'"«  ^^^^ 

in1har^,^;r^Xg^;-r  Sndin  '•""^^' ^"^  1'^^  '^^^'^b^"  ^-ved 
..c/««  /.  affectedly  thec/faeof  ffe\ufr  ^>-'"''^'  //•  ""  "  ''^"'"^^^  ^^  ^'>  ^'^  « 
ne.;"  thit  is,  when  tlu,  Smal  n^^^^^^ 

arrived,  the  scions  taken  from  U  wil  alsn  b/ f '  "^f  •'""  f  '!''  '^^'''''  ''^^  ^^^' 
growing  upon  stocks    .rotfrresi^^cs  v  Iron^^  ^  i'"'"'"^'  ^'"^«'  'ho"gh 

contend,  that  each  particular  vTrfet^.^nr.nnr  ^ ''*'■  'I'^^oca'es  of  this  theory 
and  its  duration  caifno  be  proS  ^bv^^^^^^^^  P*^?"'^  "^  ^'8'^"^  ^"^  decline: 

they  conceive  to  be  very  rLSliX^^r^&llllrnaS  £;  SI^^^;- 

*  See  Journ.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc.  of  England,  vol.  iv.,  p,  384. 


if 


-'  p 


I 


308 


PYRUS   MAI  US. 


.•«.. 


I   '      11 


thcS'ordSi:r[.\"Ltv"S^  Although 

in  sle  varieties Iha"  IrVle^rTt  'gene'Srs^irsed  ho'"'^"^^  !^  '^  ^"^^'^ 
much  exceeds  two  hundred  vp-,r«  ' '^.s^"^'^^"^  s"PPosed  however,  that  it  never 

from  the  fact,  that  m^  t!d.Z\ho  ToT  ^^^^^  tins  op.nion  has  chiefly  ariseti 
long  since  disanprarcd  from  their  r.^nlT  ^'''^^''^'''^  ^^uropean  vnrieties  have 
while  many  othrn  wLh  we.e  mn?h  f "'''  T'"^  ?"  ""^^  ""^  ^""S^-^  ^'^  fo""d; 
ing,  are  fas^t  approach'  g  to  elinc  o  and  wiM  "'  ''"''  ',' P"''"^  '^'^^^^  "  '^  ^-=^'-- 
the  above  hypothesis  mav  ipm  nln       '.         '  ''  ■'°''"  ""  '°"^'^''  ^^'^t.     Ahhongh 

that  the  warn  o  d  rL^bl^fof  ti^e  a  ilHo""""''  '"  ''•^''^'  ^"'^  ^^'^""'^^  ^'^^  ^^"^'-^^1., 
set  of  scions-  for  manv  ^L^i  If    varieties  in  question,  does  not  apply  to  every 

appear  to  mv'e  been  end  h^  ""^P^'i'  f  '^''"  ''^^  ^^^^^^^^  °'her  ki.ms  of  fruit 
times  of  oiu  forefX  s      F^n^'Pf^^  "^  ^"^^^^^^^^  «^i«"«.  from  the 

whicli  has  Len  dead  for  fortv  veT^'  \'  ^'^^'°^""  ^'CP'"'  ^'^*^  P^'^'"'^"^  ^^^^'^  of 
one  hundred  years  Torn  befo  e  1^0^!  '"!  «"^^^f  *"''>^  cnUivated  for  at  least 
est  perfection  in  the  maH  e  s  hothPn  ?  '  """"^  'V'!"  *°,^'  "^''  ^^^^'^  '»  ^he  high- 
cnce  has  shown  that  innv  r  f'thn  Ti  ^''"^  ^^'■^*'^'^-     furthermore,  experi- 

for  a  time  afteTgraWr'aL  af^^rwan^^  of  deteriorated  varieties,  have  flourished 
but  from  disease      Thus  Si t.^^^^^^^^^^  ''''  appeared  to  die,  not  from  old  age. 

canker  in  piJ^s  arLe  loflom  n^nn  "'''°''  '"l  •^^''?'  ^"^"'^^^  "  ^^''«^»>«r  ^'^^ 
of  more  recent  t  moJ  onnh  n^     ^  mcongruous  grafting;"  and  Miller  and  Knight 

ilar  cause  ilvSeless\re  do  rt\  'T!  P;PP'"^^^^^-"^«  «^-"ke-cl  from  a  s m  1 
is  of  little  momem  in  he%  ctrjf  Jcion  '  \"  ""^f^^^^-^.  that  the  age  of  a  tree 
decline,  an  experienced  nurtrZnnfn  '  ^°''  n'^'"  "^  ^'"'^^  ''  evidently  on  the 
they  should  pro'4  sicldvTmWI  L       l'"^""'^.  "^*  ^""  ^^'«»«  ^rom  it  by  choice,  lest 

tree,  before  it  had  a  fvn  ^t  irnri"'''''"' ^1°"  '^^  ^  ^"'^'«  ^^^^"^  ^'""^  ^  y«""g 
taken  from  the  apple  an  nrohnhrf  P'''^^  of  bearing,  For  every  ciittin| 
the  state  of  the  pS  stocl'  Yf  ^  "^  "'^"^  ^''\'^*  ''^'''  '^'^^  ^'^  ^«^^ted  bf 
Vigour,  but  will  KLt  'before  rtlls"nfssed'if""/'"'^'  ''  "'"-S--  ^^^^ 
of  ripening  wood  •  and  if  tL  nlT i  \!  u  -^  ^-  ^''f°",Sh  its  successive  periods 
never  make  a  healthy  tree  I?  in^A.  "'"r^^^'^'r  ^''''^  ^"^"^  fruit,  but  will 
influence  the  scion  Ur.ftednnrfhi  ^"i  T'%  *J^"^  ^'°^'^^^  «f^^»  ««  "^''^b 
their  fruit  is  essZialKifSl  f  f  '  ?'  ^^^ '^^^it,  ,f  from  no  other  cause,  that 
stocks  and  scions  in  SeLfwon^^  ''"'■"'.  °"  ^he  parent  tree ;  and  both 

or  deteriorate  in   he  charLtcr  o^  hi  r    ^^''''''  or  situations,  often  improve 

and  at  others  more  tk?;  and  di  eised"  TlTt^r  ^''°"^'"«"  '"T  '"^'^hful, 
practical  people,  the  Chinese  hnvflT  •  ?  "^""f  mgenious  and  thoroughly 
graftingscion^upoi  scioi  oneabo^  Zlu^""  been  familiar  with  the  practice  of 
the  agreement  betwer'thes^ock.  ?.?.?'  ^f'""^  deep;  but  in  order  to  secure 
scion^from  its  own  re^p^eclive  Kches     '""''  ''''^  ''''''^'  ^^^'^  ^^^^^^  ^"'^  ^^^^ 

considerS\^Jtt t  tS'ft  .?ttnai;t'bf  "^^  '\  """'^^'^T  ^'^  ^'^^  P^^^^^^  ^«  ^ 
by  grafting.     In  tL  ,  art  of  1;^  ^, ,  ^^  "'^"^  ^°  P"''^^'^  ^^^^^^^  advantages  than 

evefy  fruir.tre  n  stCe  aS  n  '  o'rr^'-/*  "V?^  '^^P^^P^''  ^«  ''^'^^  ^hat 
pie,  the  peach  wil  bear  'he  third  nrf  h"""'  ''  '^^r''^  P'^°.^"^^"  ^'••"^-  ^^^^  ekam- 
tree  from\he  seed  m.S  be  twew'  oT/a"  ^'''  ^m'"  '''"  ^^"^"^^  '^"^  ^^^^  ^PP'^" 
tion.  And  it  is  Remarkable  ?hnt  ..i  '  ^T'  ^'^.'  *°  P^'^^"^«  ^''"it  "^  P^rfec 
bearing  tree  arc  esscnthUv  of  H?n  '  "'"  '''?''  ^'""^  '^'^  ^op  branches  of  a 

from  the  roots  or  Sk  n  ar^he  enrtr'  '^'  ^"V/^'  *''''  •^^^'^'  ^^^"^^  ""^^^«  growing 
tree  was  when  of  the  he  Stof  th^  nnr'f,' f'  "'  «ldcrm  point  of  maturity,  than  the 
description  of  the  profesfof  b  ddin^  '1"'^'  ''''^.  'P''"-     For  a  detailed 

well  ti  most  fruit-be^arircfLest^u^^^^^^^^^^  '"'''"''  '''^^  '^^PP'^  ^''inally 

and  the  peach   under^lhS  Sd'  oP<  S    ^l^^  ^"1^°  "^^  "'^^^'^^  '^'^  ^^'^  --^' 
The  apple,  like  the  pear,  may  be  grai^d  or  inoculated  on  the  common  thorn; 


Although 

0  be  longer 
lat  it  never 
iefly  arisen 
rieties  have 

be  found  ; 
i "  of  bear- 
Although 
ut  remark-, 
ly  to  every 
IS  of  fruit, 
3,  from  the 
It  htock  of 
for  at  least 

1  the  high- 
re,  experi- 
flourished 
n  old  age, 
lether  the 
id  Knight, 
om  a  sim- 
e  of  a  tree 
tly  on  the 
lioicc,  lest 
1  a  young 

■  y  cutting 
fleeted  by 
row  with 
e  periods 
,  but  will 
so  much 
lusc,  that 
and  both 
.  improve 
icalthful, 
oroughly 
actice  of 
to  secure 
md  each 

ised  to  a 
ges  than 
ark,  that 
)r  exam- 
n  apple- 
1  perfec- 
hes  of  a 
growing 
han  the 
detailed 
equally 
!  orange 

I  thorn; 


COMMON    APPLE-TREE. 


30j» 


Jv^:^b:^:;^^S'^nS^^^,:^;;^,  ^hen  intended  to  be  grown  as  a  dwarf 
;>H  of  the  French,)  or  o  ,  paldise'^^^^^^^^^  7'^'  '^''  ,"  ^^^^^  Apple,"  (eonrf  penll 
y  or  grafting  by  approach      ha    is    bv    ,   i;;^  ^'««  ^^  P-'opagated  by /,W 

it.  of  ^the  fru^t  of  tft  rat"LreaTy';T^;''e"st''tl^  ''  'f ^«^-"-  ^'^  ^-l- 
they  are  to  be  cut  off  at  the  gmund  Lid  S,    ,  ^  "''"'''f'  '""^  *°  ^^"«^^  ^^'^ether 
order  to  do  rhis,  the  following  devices  have  lonl  li  "'"  '"  ^'  '^T'"''^'^^  '''''^'^-     I» 
been  attended  with  success.     Any  dme?vmH^.  ,!       "  PJ-'-^-^t'^ed,  and  have  usually 
''onzontal  branch  of  the  t  ee  deliS  In    i  *''^•^°'V';  ""^  ^^'^^^  "^  J""^,  select  a 
f;e  part  near  its  jnnction  w  th  t  ?"trunk   a  rm"  of 'h  V'f "''  ^"^  ^^'"'^^^  ^'<^^ 
alf  of  an  mch  in  breadth,  taking  precau   on   n  ?h/        '  ^"''''  ""^  ^"""^  to  one 
he  space  opera^^d  upon,  ...,v/  L^.ro?Z ^.^r  /      •?"""  '["''^'  '"^  ^"^  «ff.  ^^'thin 
to  obstruct  the  descending  iu  ceHn  the  s  Ln      '  "^""^  ^^  '^"  sap-wood,  in  order 
employed  for  the  same  purpose       ^rmartwo^:;"''^-     '^""''^^'-  ^^P^^ien 
round  the  bark,  with  a  rejeti  ion  of  theoStlo    n^  r^  ^  ^'"PP"  ^^^^^  closely 

It  to  be  incorporated  by\he  growt    ofS   re        S'''^'^;''-'u''^''"^^^ 
prove  msuffieicnt,  or  should  tho  hpn  in    "f,,*"^^^-     ^^^on\d  either  of  these  devices 
the  operations  m'ay  be  r  peated  in    bf  t'"  '^'•'"'^f^  P^^^^^^  ^^^^^'"^  too  quicSv. 
total  removal  of  a  ring  of^ bade  nmd  1    .7''  ^^  "'  '!''  ^ol\o^vmg  season.     The 
year,  than  a  mere  stric?ure  unon  Ft^UU        '^?,^«^"-«d  effect,  sooner,  by  a  whole 
Anally  kUls  the  bark  nude    eah'    aSV'o?""  ""'"?  ^'"  -i-^f  S 
a  so  been  applied  to  yoim-  trees   a.  w 'n  nT?'  ""^/"I'^o"!'-^^'-!!  preparations  have 
niating  their'  growth.^nd^cc^erS^  hS  frilffulnr'  '"'  'H'  P^'^P^^^  '^  ''^^- 
heir  trunks  and  branches,  rubbin  ""?,.,„  wit  '',  '"'*'  ,'"'  ^^^ite-washing 

their  roots  lime,  gypsum  c  iarcoT''n«l  f  7  '  soap-suds,  and  spreading  round 
mella,  '' which  Vou'^^ire  Jet  Aw  olf  for'. t'' '  ""?'  ">"™-»  "rine,"  say^s  cZ- 
of  young  trees.  If  you  app  v  iUo  vL^  .  "'°'"''''  ''  '^""  ^"^d  for  the  shoots 
that  contributes  moVto?nake  hem  bo^,':  y^V^'P^'-'r^'  ^here  is  nothing 
only  produce  a  greater  increase  bfT J  abundance  of  fruit;  nor  does  thif 

of  the  wine,  and  of  the  apples  '''"       '^''  '""'P'''"'  ^''^'  ^^e  taste  and  the  flavour 

st^y^S::r^:S:^:'\^^^:^  -t  m  the  orchard  at  about  the  age  of 
they  will  be  about  an  inch  and  n^  nir  •  T  P'-^P'^^ly  treated  in  the  nursery 
The  particular  age,  howe"  e  .  "tl^cKev^houTd  £  ^'  '"  "^'''^'^  '^  ^'^  «^^- 
tination,  after  they  have  formed  a  Joodhnil  ^V'""'^'^':^  ^"^  ^''«"'  ^"^1  des- 
they  dcniotnnicl.  exceed  the  Xt-naTedize'nd'M  T^  "."P^rtant,  provided 
IS  the  ditliculty  of  taking  them  now  H?ni  '  ^  *''''  objection  to  a  larger  size 
them  from  re/eiving  too^g  eat ,'?, ^  Uuf^'P''''"']  '^  '''''''  ''  ^«  ^o  prevent 
sery,  either  as  soedlings,^or  read!  eiafted  nn^H''  ''  ''"  P"rchased  from'a  nur- 
tliey  should   be  inspected  in   ,|,  J  nr!       '  "'"^  ^"'■^'^  ^^""^^  be  relied  upon 

selected  which  give'^Sl.  ,V4s  nrn^mi  V'  '"',"'"'•■  ^^''"^  ''^  ^^^^'^  =^"d  tliose 
tl^e  most  likely  to  be  goodC  ers  ^7Z  ^f  "  n\'"^  ^"■'^f,  ^"^^  Wealthy  trees,  and 
and  broad,  roundish  Laves,  as  ich  genera  v'^^ai'tr  )""  ^"^flourishing  h^ads, 
abundant  crops.  I„  winter  s,.X  f..f!  n  ^  "^  ^'''^  '^''§^^'  ^''i^it'  and  the  most 
those  the  leaves  of  wh  c  lai^  s.ua  ,  and  7  ^?T'  ^  '^''g^'-  ^"^  ^^"^r  b"d  Ta 
indications  of  the  size  of  tl.^  S  and  .he'n  n  l'  ^"'  ^'^""^'^  ^'^^^'^  '^^^^  favourable 
"o  means  so  with  regard  to  o  ;r  '^^  i^J'^'f  ^'f '  "^'^*^  ''''''  ^'^^^  ^^e  by 
bearers,  and  the  fruit  r,.,l   ,^11.  ^'''^''ties;  as  the  trees  may  bo  oarlv  or  lifl 

they  produce  tl,cir  firs.  IrMi,  Fu'^oVK  nrovo  ^o^'  ?"  ""'>'  "j"  ""o"'"  "''^ 
^°.  °".  8'-' "  Proporho,,  of  one  sor,  S  .'"  ,  "  .™?  '  ,t  h"  tl""'; ,°[  ",'"'' 
.^-.u.„  .„.     J|,„  ,„,„,  .,  i,  ,r„e,  protraef  .l,e  .  ^e'oV'ta  i  g  a  t^r'or  u™" 


^i 


I' 

^;  t 


310 


PYRUS   MALUS. 


nil 


^^^^K)/ 

'm 

'- 

'i 

^^Bkiki'' 

1 

J 

in 


but  it  is  much  better  to  submit  to  two  or  even  three  vpar.?'  rlnln^r  tu^,.  r«.     u 
dred  years  to  have  bad  fruU.     The  most  TrofjrJ::^^^^^^^^ 
after  the  trees  f.ave  shed  their  leaves.     Th'ey  sliould  be  takeVrwith  their  Ht 
e  ml  roots  at  least  two  feet  in  length,  and  planted  as  soon  as  po  sibTe  i.;  ' 

ng  orchards,  the  gro.uj.l,  for  the  space  of  at  least  six  feet  in  Ce ter  shoidd  le 

ime  suDstance.     It  is  of  some  importance  that  the  tree   when  Dianterl    ^hnuU 

f^erv.'nn  T"''  Pr'^'""  ^^'^'^  -g^^  ^°  ^'^  -'">  as  tirat'i'wh  cK  it  greWl,^    e 
uiseiy;  and,  in  order  to  insure  this,  the  soutli  or  north  side  of  each  tree  s  on  Id 

Sre":Sd  bf taken"t""°''''  f  ]'  ^'^"  "'§^^'  ""'  ^^^  ^'  the  thSe  of  sel  cion 
i^are  snouia  be  taken  to  surround  the  roots  with  the  finest  mrt  of  th^  mn„i,i  „. 

to  plant  the  trees  at  precisely  the  same  depth  as  that  at  wl^c    tl  ey  b  "ore  c^r^w 

The  ragged  or  lacerated  ends  of  the  roots  should  be  taken  off  Avitli  tL  kn  fe    ami 

lonisfoV^f ''  ^'"'^^  1^"'^  ^''^r"^  ^^  ^bove,  opened  wide  enou^    ^o^^i'tX 
longest  of  hem.     If  the  ground  at  the  time  of  planting  be  dry  and  water  rinl^ 

i;,',d  "'To  '"'^'"°"  i^^'i^t  ho  r  Sid't?,  cT^'fiii  ^a  ;i^,i 

yea  s  fn  1,fS!f,r  S"'fr°""'  "f  "'"''  *""'"  ""^  '"^""^'^  '"'  'iLc "rS 
the  tree"   wilTS  n»;.i^  '  ^°!"^'  "  "  P™'"'''"  "'■"  ""=  '"-""c^  ^""18  f™m 

mechanical  s,a,e,  and  to  the  i„orga„ic  consU.nlion  of     "  soi    hat Tc  ire  to  Mn 

stockkept  iiuhe  orcl^^rd      Tf.hion      ?^  ''^  ^?""^  """f'  '^"^  '^"'"^  '''  ^'^^  k*"'!  "<' 
surroiinT,!  h    ^,  *.  ■         ^'''',^P  ""'^  ^'"'^  depastured,  each  tree  may  be  closelv 

y  oi  uirce  strong  lough  posts,  firmly  fixed  m  the  ground,  and  united 


for  a  hiiii- 
iiit,  is  soon 
li  tlicir  lat- 
in plniit- 
should  bo 
away,  and 
the  former 
f-mould  or 
)tliLT  alka- 
3d,  should 
rew  in  the 
ree  should 
selection, 
lould,  and 
fore  grew, 
fnife;  and 
admit  the 
tcr  can  be 
trees,  will 
irily  fixed 
illed  with 
ng  mould 
ick  dress- 
that  has 
beneficial 
ce  or  four 
ling  from 
ic  or  ga,s- 
;  is  in  the 
re  to  look 
awtli  and 
too  open 

0  contain 
.  When 
ling  only, 
nit;  and, 
leral  ma- 
',  or  peat 

the  best 
:  or  other 

hey  will 
that  they 
•■  kind  of 
e  closely 
by  thick 
bonld  be 

1  against 
lould  be 
'„  which 
be  indis- 
must  be 
i  united 


COMMON   APPLE-TREE. 


311 


UolZl  ^bound,Ve^Teeste  Sfuf  ''''■     'VT'  ^'^-^--.  -^-e  suita- 

In  answer  to  the  nlm'^Z  nT  V  f^^^^ 
ploughed'/"  wev.u  Id^  SLthau!  T/'^^^' ,  ?  ^hether^rchards  ought  to  be 
trees  of  every  kind  are  imn'  i  'f  ""^  "'"^  ^"^  prevalent  opinion  that  fruit 
stirred  roundM;";^  .^^o rS ri^i  intcTewst  ^""'  Y  .^-' u.g 'thTground 
this  view,  orchards  have  often  been  ti  led  fornon'^  '"''  ''  '^'''  'T''  ^"^  with 
winch  tliere  are  two  striking  obiectios  fir^^t  ''  ^'^'"'  '^"^  ""'^^'-  "«P«>  to 
andwd    not  well  flourish  IdertlT  hade  of  S 

exhaustmg  crops,  they  impovcHsI^hesoi?.h5  ''!•  ^"^^  ''''"'''^'  ^hat  being 
both  m  qnantitV  and  quahtr  Bu  ttlie  or  r  n  ''  ""-^f  ?"J"'"'""«  '^  "•«  ^PP'^ 
^^/^0,whiclUs  extensLly  ^imiva  ed  orf  irLT.;^^ 

the  shade,  and  would,  therefore  d'rive  we H  nn  ?/  ""  ^'"""'  ^^^^^^  P^^f^rs 
exhausting  the  land,  will,  ItT^a  d  bear  IZf 'n,  ^' V'""'" '  ^'^"^'  '"^  ^'^^  ^^om 
snccession,  without  manure  even  nmn  nn  ,       V  ^?''  ^^'^  ""^  "'^■'^  years  in 

that  it  does  not  require  much  tMHn  ATer'i^.Tnr"''  J'  '^^'.  ^^^"  further  stated, 
necessary  to  draw  {he  tops  o  t  of  tfe  g  ound  when 'ri n.' n  ^'""^^^^  '•  ^'''''  ''  ^'  °»Iy 
sumcent  to  produce  the  next  year'f  cro  ^v^^^^^^^^^ 

contniue  from  year  to  year  vnuil  they  d^of  o  d    In     ^JtjV"""^^'  ^""^  ^h"«  ^hey 
render  this  plant  suitable  for  orclwd     Ip  L^^?_  ^'' ^''^^^^ 
while  the  avoidance  of  digging  S  once  selvHp      "^'  ''^!"  'P'"  '^'''  ^'^^'^ 
many  a  wound.     It  also  nossoSo,    1  '   ^^'^  ;'P^''^  ^^"^  roots  of  the  trees 

from  the  atmosphere  which  snrnb  hi  .?  P^^P^^ty  of  absorbing  nitrogen  largelv 
ma.u,c,  and  c^nsecju^uly',^  p  ^^.f  j^trdr^of  ^  thrivnfg  so  w?ll  wilt 
drills  snnilar  to  potatoes,  and  like  them  Zrn.T  *''^^"'^  }^  '«  planted  in 
and  animals.  It  has  been  obse  ted  Im  o  elnnk  ""''i  ^'"^''^y^'^  ^^'  ^o^  for  man 
advance  to  a  certain  point,  and  the.  ce-i^  n  f  '  "",  P'o"ghed,  often  rapidly 
caused  by  planting  the  trees^ooiK^  each  other  .'Id  '  ^'  'I'''  '^^'^^^^'^  'o  be 
hurries  their  roots  towards  each  othe,  nnHi    f  '•  'yP'onghing  between  them, 

powth.     The  chief  objection  to  p"o'^^^^^^^^^^^^  checks  their  future 

I'aying  a  soil  easily  caiied  off  by  wale  sue  Ts  n'ln'  '^"!' '"  "  '''"i^  ^""'^'^y. 
n  time,  become  sensibly  diminisLrwherrio; Ion  'n  f  '^^  ^^'"^  ^""^  ^""^''^  ^^^'j 
remedy  the  evil.  lJ„t  'this  circnmslance  o.  fn  ?  ^'VT'  ^'^  insufficient  to 
not  only  m  an  orchard,  but  for  a^iv  01.10^^  i  ?  ^'""^i'^  *''^  ""'^  ^^  »'io  Plongli, 
ploughing  an  orchard,  care  must  aL  1^0  i^'Y'''  "^  '"^'^  ^  ^•^"^'^on.  "l, 
tlic  roots,  which  would  greaUy  dama^f  t  oT'^""'/'  ^o  too  deep  amongst 
receive.  ^    ^''^  uamage  the  trees  by  the  wounds  they  would 

fo^Jy^to'^rLfaTaifaSit'l^f^  'Y''  ^V^  ^^^^^  ^-^  be  from 
always  rcuKfrnbered^ha  the  ?ootVext  "d7^^^^^^^^^^  T''  ^''  ^'  ^^'""•'l  "« 

mode  may  be  adopted  that  wil  atuS  fo  the  r-7""f  '''"  branches;  or  another 
'  y.  Tins  may  be  eflected  by  pla  n'^vl^ia  mlv^S  fT"'-''''  '""'^  ^""^  P^^^^r- 
distances  which  their  full  growth  wiH  rean  r  .^.  f ^^"'"^  principal  trees,  at  the 
as  standards,  or  as  dwarfs,  .^7;^  LmJ  «  X''  ^  r  ^  '""^  ^"/T^^"  ^^^"^  «i^l'«r 
shal  require  them  to  be  removed      Thri^^nennil^^^^^^^  "^"  P^'^^^P'-^l  «"^« 

peculiar  value;  since,  if  thev  be  dw-^rff  ?n  n  '''''^''  'i'*'"^'  ^^^««'  ^^'"1  bave  a 
n.g,  and  will  ripen  their  fruk  ea  rin\^^^^^^  '"^'^  immediately  come  into  bear- 
g;-eat  facility ;  and  if  it  falls  to  heyou.^d  ^WH  often''"'''  '"/^  ^'  F'^'''''^  ^^'^'^ 
Dwarfs,  too,  may  easily  be  pruned  ^nd  lr',r !  '  'f  ^P*"  ^^"^  ^'''"ig  bruised. 

«'iou«  fruit;    or,\hoyLay^be  roadn^^  thinned  of  their  super- 

supplied  with  nutritious  w^L  ia\h  oU  er  ht?  7^^  '"'^^"^"^^  thing  or 
-dlmgs  or  grafts,  they  wiH  be  -dyt  lll^^^;^ 'i/^^:^^^^^^^^^^ 


See  Journ.  Hoy.  Agr.  Si 


DC.  ofEiiglaml, 


I 


pp.  390,  et  seq. 


312 


PYRUS   MALUS. 


rt^ovr"rmo;\Ttradi;r4r;!:;i^^  -cide„tord.easo,  at  the  time  of 
may  bo  mentioned      e  llu/K^  '^V''^''  planting  of  orchards, 

part  of  the  trees,  a.id  tS  y  eLi   l/em  ^^^  "^  ^'^«  ^""  ''"  '^^'Y 

which  is  larger,  fiiror,  and  bet^crnaZro  /n.  '"^  ^"'■^''  "'"•■"  ^'"i'^  «"^1  t"^' 
inches  in  diameter,  c/mtars  t  /e  tv.sren\[m^^^  '''^'^''','  "n  ^  !'°^"'''^'-  ^'^™'  ^'^'^^ 
in  diameter,  (globes  being  to  lad  other  .1  //'"'^^'"«»-«  »^»"^  than  one  of  an  inch 
apples  are  ni"  to  be  vu  fee  Vv  ?he?r  n  mL  'i"^f  ^^v''^'''  diameters. )  He.ice 
by  their  weight;  for  mo  t  wei Ju  m^^^  ""'^'.''f  ^/  '^'''''  ''''''^  «"d  indeed, 

and  juice  will  follow  healtl    a  ?d  viT,     *     ;^xpected  where  there  is  mosi  juice 
trees  planted  at  wide  intervals  tmS*otlern^^^^^  "^^""^^^o  is  that 

out  the  interference  of  their  rooNand  brn   pLI        }"°'"'  '°''"'  ^"  'P''<^^^'  ^^^^'i- 
greater  quantity  of  fruit      A  tieo  wh  .  .  i  , '  ''•"'^,  ^o^^equently  will  bear  a 

ter,  Will  Lave  twenty-  ve  time    «    In  •I'kP'''"'^^'  ''f  ^'  ^^'y  ^''^  *»  ^lame- 
formed  head  ten  feet  in  diame  er    ^nthnr  t    J!""?  ''''^'''''  ^^  °"^  "^  ^^e  same 
would  produce  as  much  fn.it  as  iynur  V      i''  ^'"'"'''^^^^^^ 
would  occupy  but  httlellirtha^n  ^Z^r^nJi^lZ^t  ''''''  ^''''''^'^  '' 

them,  i ..0 n.o^s^^^m:^:^^rr^:c-.xs^^^^ 


)K 


)K 


^ 


^ 


^ 


:*; 


>K 


m 


)K 


5)< 


)(^ 


5K 


^       ^       ^       ^       ^       ^       ^ 

*  ^  *  )K  ^  JK 


)K 


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)K 


QUINCUNX-FORM. 


^  ^  )l^ 

SQUARE-FORM. 


grom;d,t;rh::\ht'd\raTof  diit ""  ^1"--^--'  -ves  one  eighth  of  the 
every  direction.f     The  vacaX,^^^  ''!?kT/"'  T^^  "^'^^^"^^^  '^P'-^^^  ^^ 

row  of  standards,  may  be  filled  w^l  '^t      '"^''^  *"'  '1'  ''^^  '.'^^  ""'^^  °^'  ^^^^y  other 

*,j!,=*P"«  "f  Mass.  Agr.  Soc,  1801,  p.  85. 

mine  ,he  points  for  ,he  centre  of  ea  h  tree  „  rll"?,,?'  ""^  "'i''^'^'"''  ^^^  '^e  quincunx-form  :_First  deter 
say  fifty  feet.  Take  a  line  one  hun  ed  l^et  i^'lenLth '  withi  ^T"  '''''T  ''  '^'1"^'  ''i-^'^^n-f^pan- 
two  ends  at  two  contisuons  stake.s  ■  then  exieml  il,!  ^     .  V  ',""  '"^'''^  '"  ''^  "li'l'^e,  and  phce  its 

in  two  equal  lengths,  and  the  knot  or  S  «^  1  i,  d  ..t  H,l°nl"'''"<^  ""  '^''  ^*'""''  ''"«  '^'^'^"'"es  s^  etched 
should  be  driven  another  stake.  Repeat  the  Vnmrn.  ^^^t""  '"^  '"^  ""'^^  '"  ""^  "«■'«'  row,  where  there 
and  another  point  will  be  aetcrmiS  n  ,e  „exT  oTw  e°re  Z^  '  '"^""1  '^'^i.'' «''  ■^'•'''^•^■'=  '"  '^e  outer  ow! 
manner,  continue  with  all  the  other  snl  p!  Z.  i  '  '""^^^  "''''*'  '""**'  '^''^o  ^e  inserted  a  stake  In  like 
cross,  and  longitudinal  sights  t il  the  whrl  h^  ^''^'i'"  '/"  T"""  '''"^'  ^"i^''  o'"  ""^  stations  b.  obi  oue 
feet  from  each  of  its  nei4bo  -rs     hi.  .h  completed.     Every  tree  in  such  ar  orchard  wdl  be  fil^v 

this  distance  is  to  fiftj"fce,  n  a   y  a'    evenT,:,''!  ^  "'r''  '"''''''''  '^"'^  "--enSS  ^pa'r      aS 
«aved,  as  mtimated  above.    In  oLr  .o^^Lw  lU Slan^^X™ £  ^^^ ^il^qS^Sirtfi 


he  time  of 
)f  orchards, 
111  on  every 
it,  and  tnat 
form,  three 
of  an  inclj 
i. )     Hence 
nd  indeed, 
Tiosi  juice, 
age  is,  that 
ead,  with- 
nll  bear  a 
in  diame- 
f  the  same 
g  equal,  it 
Ithough  it 

''orm;  but 
t  tliem  in 
i^rs  to  four 
J  between 


¥ 


)K 


^ 


^ 


5K 


th  of  the 
apart  in 
?ry  other 
lowed  to 
ones,  so 
aries  for 
lincunx- 


irst,  deter- 
ss  apart — 
[1  place  its 
■  stretched 
here  tliere 
uuler  row, 
In  like 
y  oblique, 
ill  be  fil'ty 
lart  ;  and 
1(1  will  be 
■fcrm,  tha 


COMMON   APPLE-TREE. 


313 


a'The'^i'o7  e^^ry^^^^  r'ow '^Tr  ''"^?/"  '"  ^''«  ^^^^"^  spaces  which  occnr 
insi^ctton  of  the  digram;  bZ,  ,";,;['  f  ^^.o  clearly^undor'ood^Tan 
-ees.  (n)  .be  permanent  dwarfs,  ani^tthi^ll^^Sy  tfeT"  ^'^  ^'^"^^'^ 

<«• 


distance  of  the  trees  from  p    h      u  ^■"»~^-»~~^~>.>.^^^ 

>•,  37.  which  may  be  am)\[o,\lXh    f  ^®'""  S'^*""-  'he  subioine,!  tihl,.  ho.  ». 

y       apphed  with  advantage  to  other  speciis  oi  eSture  !1  ^°"«"-"<='ed  from  Euclid, 


« ia_ 

o-.i33;:i(i 

0-8(i6i;i6i 
I-732ll7 
2-598 '18 
3-1  (54  10 
4330  20 
519()  21 
0-0()2  2'' 
(i-'J28  2 

7-7y.i:2i 

8-fi()0'25 

9-526  '2<) 

110-392  27 

11-258,28 

12-121  29 

112-990:30 


19-919 
-'0-785 
21-()51i 
22-5171 

23-3831 
1-219: 

|25-1I5J 
25-98lli 


31  2(5-817  .17 

32  27-71348 

33  28-579;  49 
31  29-445  49i 
•35  30-311  50 
3<)  3M77if51 

37  32-04352 

38  32-!T09  '53 

39  33-775 '54 
•10  34-541155 
'11  35-507i5() 
•12  3()-373ii57 
'13  37-239 ''58 
4'!  38-105'59 
45  38-971 '(50 
•If-  l39-837::66 


■10-703 
41-5f)9 
J42  435 
42-808 
13-301 
44-l(57| 
45-033i 
45-8991 
■I  () -7(551 
|47-f)31 
■18-497 
19^3(53 
50^229 
5I^095 
51  •9(12 
57^158 


\     ? 


'^"^'--^^^^^^S^^^S^,^ 


I'.l'M' 


^^K 

ii 

^^B  1    t 

i 

^^Hk^&^M 

am 

^^^HHwj 

H 

1 

PYKUS   MALUS, 

In  pntninff  applc-lrccs,  it  is  alike  important  to  regard  the  eencral  form  of 
Uie.r  heads  as  it  ,s  the  management  of\heir  individlml  branche  A  svLrn 
wh  eh  has  long  been  practised  in  Europe,  and  has  been  adopted  for  m^ivveiS 
m   ho  United  States,  is  to  lead  ont  of  thi  upright  stem,  at  a  g^ven  heiX^  S 

fa  rVill  Mn  .    '"''^'1'  '"''^  ''''''  ^^-^Fi'^i-'S  <«^'r  hmbs,  sittfated  at  pTop'er  intTr 
vals,  till  the  tree  can  bear  no  more  of  them.     The  advantages  resulting  imm.hL 
mode  are,  that  the  boughs  can  be  made  capable  of  v^S rtTai -InTj^^^^ 
age;  the  strength  of  such  branches,  at  the  place  of  tLii    n scrUo     lUot  e  stem 
IS  much  greater  than  of  those  which  grow  at  more  acute  ange"    and  that  the 

rica     with  a  hollow  space  lelt  ;         ,  line  of  its  central  parts  • 

[he    esTnf^H '''.  ^'"'  T  ''■''"^"-  '''''''  ^''«  ^i^^''^^  '-^"d  air   than 
the  lest  of  the  tree  and  consequently  are  not  adapted  to  the  pro- 

t'T^  ^f  ^T-      " .  ^•'"^'"S  ^^'^  ''«^d  of  a  tree  in  the  Atlantic       -.-..««».^ 

SalntTtvonli'l"'''' "■''"'  ^^''^  ^'"'^  recommended  to  diminish  the  weight 
ana  quantity  of  boughs  on  its  east  or  north-east  side,  (the  side  oDoositc  to  tho 
prevailing  winds,)  as  trees  generally  incline  that  way ;  and  to  Sumc4  ' 
venM  fn'"  '  ",  '^^''''''  ''''^'  '"^  '''''''  ^^'«  «""  from  the  truni  ^i   ord  r  t'o  p  e- 

bra  Khe  w  nri,  ?  Kn'S^t  recommends  most  attention  to  be  paid'o  the  lateral 
01  anclies,  which,  it  unchecked  by  occasional  pruning,  arc  apt  to  load  the  tree  too 
h"oniu  n  "  '.fl^'"'''^'!--  ■^^'-  ^'^?^^  ^'-l'«'-,'of  iXew  Jerse^y  entertai  d  a  simT 
rZ7nT  °"'!^  fruit-trees,"  said  he,  "  should  not  have  the  side-shoots  cut 

cose  to  the  stcni,  which  forces  the  growth  the  whole  way  up  the  top     whic 
becomes  so  weighty,  as  to  bend  and  spoil  the  trees.     I  have  found   tbet^e'r  7o  f 
slernorV^  the  s.de-sl..ots  *  *  *  ■*  %    which  will  encoura^  the  growth  o?   1^ 
stem  or  trunk,  till  it  acquires  strength  to  support  a  good  top.''     After  the  head  of 
he  tree  is  properly  formed,  nothing  more  is  necelsary  than  to  cut  out  a  I  the 
branches  that  cross  each  other,.or  ai^  likely  to  be  in  the  ^vay^ 'th^  th^  e  yea 

to  cut  off  o'r  Flo"?"''  !''''  ^"'^"P""  ^""-^^""^  ""^  ^P"r«'  ^'-^re  must  be  obse' ve^d  noi 
bn.  1    1  ™^  "'"'^'  f '  ''^'y  ^^"^"^"^  t°  ^^  fruitful  for  several  seasons.     I 

has  also  been  recommended  to  "  prune  at  a  fork,"  or  at  least  "  at  a  bud  "on  ihl 
ground  that  a  wound  is  best  protected  when  cohered  by  S  fronf  w  thout    and 

fi^m  whfch  TZT^'^'r'  ^.'"  ^"^  °^  "  ^^"^  «^""^P'  b"t  only  over  S 'place 
of  the  Mr  of  nnnH'"\  "''"'I'  ''^"  T^^  f"^^""  "^"^^  ^c  supplied  by  the  extension 
^me      Ti  Itfi.  Pv  """r'V  ^"^  such  a  branch,  even  a  bud  may  become  in 

should  be  snWihfio  T"  f  ^•^'''  ?"  "^""^"f  '^"^^^^^'•'  ^'^  ^^^ificid  covering 
sliould  be  subs  ituted,  by  shaving  the  wounded  surface  close  and  smooth  and 
applying  immediately  a  plaster  composed  of  ^"looui,  anu 

White  Burgundy  pitch, iq' 

Black  pitch, 4 

Resin, !     ."  4 

Bees-wax,     ....  *     *  4 

Tallow, '.'.'.'.'.  8 

Pounded  mastic, '.     '.  1 

Salt-petre, ]     ]  j 

This  mixture  should  be  warmed  over  a  slow  fire  for  three-fourths  of  an  hour- 
and  when  melted,  but  rot  too  hot,  be  put  on  with  a  brush  to  a  denth  nf  nnrl 
sixteenth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  ihiclcLss,  according  lo  Ihe  size  of  t^he'wlnd 


3ral  form  of 
A  system 
many  years 
ght,  a  sories 
">roper  intcr- 
tig  Irom  tliis 
It  an  earlier 
to  the  stem, 
nd  that  the 
0  lessen  the 
rops  around 
It  has  been 


COMMON  APPLE-TREE. 


315 


the  weight 
)ositc  to  the 
:ourage  the 
rder  to  pre- 
canker  and 
'  the  lateral 
the  tree  too 
lied  a  simi- 
i-shoots  cut 
lop;  which 
otter  to  cut 
wth  of  the 
he  head  of 
out  all  the 
hree  years, 
•served  not 
!asons.     It 
d;"  on  the 
hout;  and 
r  the  place 

extension 
become  in 
I  covering 
aooth,  and 


an  hour ; 
th  of  one 
le  wound. 


~f  b^SrC^tMl^f  ^^  --  --  ^^  ^'^-ved  not  to  iniure  7 
part  should  by  no  .neaus  be  rloverinu^'^n  ^^^^'^^r?"^  ^«  "^adetLe  winded 
the  composition  immediately  laSZ,/  i       t^'l'^'d  fast  together/and  a  coat  of 

±     •        "'^  wcc     incurao  V  diseaspfl  •"  n^f  „  i     i        '     "'"& 's,  to  reinovp  pvnrw 
agioiis,  but  because  rottenness  of  i  self  occTi^    ''""''^  '^''  ^'^^^««  may  be  coZ 
tl  er,  from  insects,  and    oth.T  causes      Wt"^!'"  '"^''^'^sed  evils,  from  the  wen 
pnuied  to  the  c^uiclc,  and  propu";"be,S\ol  an"  ba  ^^0" 

o  U     01    a   natural  cover   to  be  made  ^r, hi         ^  1='"'^"'  ^«  ^e  have  pointed 

Slniiliy  screened  from  ll,e  sii  Tl       *  "'  °'  "t""'  '>'<""=  wliicli  are  ken?  .^ 

at  IS,  removing  all  the  branches       wUhi,;  7''^'  ''  ^^"^"^d  "  Jicading  down  '' 

vents  the  production  of  S    A    "L         '"  ""Serous  useless  slmot     and  nrp 

Accidents,  Diseases,  and  Inscc/i      n^l.^        i  "" 

toaccidents,  theattacksof  insects  ;nd  to  li^^'"^""^"'  ""'  ^  standard,  is  more  li.bln 

^™^rir*a;i?^l'„i-c,i^  ue;.:^:!  \^:'itss^  KSe°;  ^;;;;;;:t' 

especially  wh™  planted  deep  „r  i ,  r  St']"","  ''  "I'"  ''"I'  eotTo  "ankJr      ,1';: 
depth,  andcroppid  will,  vep^iaU  '   "   """:'"'='■  '?  annually  Vie  ro,,.  i,  i  "°  e 


iflS 


316 


PVRUS    MALL'S. 


I'm 


i-\  i»i 


i  n , 


«  ' 


i    .!«,. 


ir 


«  (!i. 


iN 


¥r 


on  y  honing,  or  keeping  t  entire^  n  past  re  Tho  1  1"^'^^'/',"  '^*^  8''«""^'  b»t 
soils,  and  u,  moist^iumtions,  a  0  S  '  ^^  be^j  L^"^'"'^  and  brancl.es,  in  some 
wind,  nu.st  be  scraped  off;  and  in  hers  U,e  mi.  uf  '""'"  ^"'^''"'  '''"'^  "^o^s, 
must  be  cnt  ont.     The  fui..ns    /hvS.  '        '"  f '«^o«  '^  apt  to  take  root,  which 

leaves  of  the  pear-tJee  a  ^;ro'dtes:^  ^^'^Ts' c.llltS""'^ j'"^'^  ^'^°  ^^''-^  «"  "'« 
tiiosc  of  the  apple-tree.  l''^''"»««^''  ^^'^at  is  called  7nMciv,  is  not  unfreqnent  on 

^^^^^^^^i^^or't:^^^  -«  «"bject  to  the  attacks 

One  of  the  most  common  enemies  to^bki^  '''  ^''^'^  '''''  ^"'^  o""  "«  remedies, 
is  the  cotton  insect,  or  wooiran  1^  tr/^ll/^'^'^'f  F''''"'''^^'^' '"  ^''"8'^^"^. 
m«//  of  Leach.)  This  insecfwas  firsVdesSiterft  ^^  ^"»"«'"«' '-^"^  J^nosoma 
ins  the  orchards  of  (Germany -bntttarTmS  "'  ^^*^1'««  '"<'*^st- 

17H7,  and  has  since  acquired  in  t  nTco  n  -  t/"  ^'^?^''"^  ^^'"^  '""'^y  ^'  ^^e  year 
"American  blight,"  fro  n  the  ol  ef  th.  T'  '?'^''  l^^P^-^P^^ly.  the  name  of 
Although  it  exists  in  tie  United  States  f  ,  ^""^  l^^en  imported  from  America, 
not  to  be  indigenous,  but  was  bronXtn   .       ^^•^^^'^■"g'y/^"-c;  but  it  is  thought 

It  appears  to^have 'b  en  Eot  ^al  0  bv  the'°l!'"'''V''  ^'f -'''''  ^''^"^  ^^^^e. 
previous  to  either  of  the  abrc  named  rMn  ?"'''  g'!.'''^^"«'-«  f«r  ^  long  time 

iound  in  the  orchards  in  S  v  eiS  of  H  vfl^^''"'^ 

destructive  to  the  trees  in  t le  den "rtmon.  of  r  1      1  '"  ^\«!™^^»dy,  and  is  very 
are  so  small  that  they  can  ot  be  dS^  i«LV     m"^"''    7'"  "^gs  of  this  insect 
They  arc  enveloped  in  a  Zton  lilfe    S  ^     ^  without  the  aid  of  a  microscope, 
insect,  and  are  deposited  in     "et  'so     he"?'  ^T''^'^.  '^^  ^''^  '^°^^5^  «^  ^le 
bark,  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  -round  e.no.    1."' v '/.  '^"^^  "'  ^''"  ^^''"'^«  «f  th« 
from  that  place.     The  vonn-i  wI.e.Tl^    FT"","^  '^  ^^'''''  ""'^  ^''^''^^'-^  springing 
/ine  down,  and  appeLf  i     tile  sn    /^^  of  Z.""^'  'n  ^""'^''"^  ^^"'^  ^  ^''Y  «'^«rt^ 
"lould.     As  the  season  advancS  a.fdil  e  inr.'f'  ^''''  '^  '"'">^  ''"'^  ^P^^'^^  «f 
coats  become  more  distinct,  and  gVwl  l^Xd^il^"' T^  "/  '''''■  '^'''  "^'"'^y 
removed,  adheres  to  the  fingers   when   nnprn;        Y^"     ^ '"'  '^°'''"  ''^  ^^'"^  ^'-^^ilv 
pores  of  the  skin  of  the  abdo  hen      men  t'lh."    ^^^'^7  '''■ '''""  ^^''"^  ^"  ^he 
brood  are  one  tenth  of  an  incl   in  ioM-^tl     nn^     ^.  ^'"''T"'  l''"'  '"'""^«  ^^  ^'^^  ^rst 
head,  antenna),  sucker,  and  si  ns  a  e^fo'  nW''"/'''if"r  '^  ^"^^^^^  o^'  the 
abdomen  of  a  honev-yellow      The  voun^  n  f       ^'  ''V''  .'^'''^''^'''^  ^'''°"r,  and  the 
are  buried  in  masses  Vue  do  vn  IZlTJf!'^'''''^  ^'T"  ^''""^^  ^'^e  summer, 
the  bark  and  of  the  alb  nmm  o'    vnnn  /'v  "«»"«hment  from  the  sap  of 

adult  insects   it  is  said     evor  o^'   young  wood  directly  under  the  bark.     The 

tnne,  they  emif  dro^'of  radlTere^^-i'Cr,/""'^  *"'"^'  ^"^  ^-^  ^-' to 

Although  destitute  of  wings   Zvaro  c^LloA  /  "  '^^•"^'^'t^^s  of  their  bodies. 

their  long  down,  which  is  so  SuifWl  n    1^  ^- ?'''"/        ^«  ^''^^^  by  means  of 

by  the  wmds  of  kutum  1,  and  th  1       e  ev  f  w?I  '^'''1  '^'u  '^''^  ''^^^  ^^«''>^  ^-^-^"ed 

extensive  orchard.     The  numcro  s  n  nc^n  I     f  .f '"''^''^"^  'P'"'"^  throughout  an 

der  shoots  a  cellular  ZZ^ncTS^Z^'''"''^'''^^^^ 

warts  or  excrescences  ar^L  o.^  he  i^lc      1^,1,1^^'"^     "^^'^^  '^  ^^tablished 

the  leaves  turn  yellow  and  drn  off  Vnrlnl?^      ^"' ^^"^^''^'''^' ^^^ 

limb,  the  whole  tree  bcc^ iries  ZeaL]   nnd  .  ^^e  infection  spreads  from  limb  to 

the  London  "  Entomological  k^Sne^',  describes"  bo^'^  ff''*     ^  ™''  >" 

insect,  and  gives  a  metCod  of  df'troying   t  a  'fSlts       '^^^^^ 

.  th    b.,         „^  ,,,  ^^-ou^ng^Sd^'^mrj-lo^rSS^ 

^  *^See  Harn.  Kepon,  p.  193.    A.so  I>H.e.s  Ma.a.ne,  i.,  p.  ,,0  .,  a„a  Rennie's  Insect  M.ee.an  J 


itly,  to  neii- 
ground,  but 
lies,  ill  some 
i  and  moss, 
root,  which 
rows  on  tlie 
frequent  on 

the  attacks 

0  remedies, 
n  I'lngland, 
i  iJriosoma 
1,  as  infest- 
as  the  year 
le  name  of 
n  America. 

is  thought 
m  Europe, 

1  long  time 
ennie,  it  is 
id  is  very 
this  insect 
microscope. 
)dy  of  the 
nks  of  the 
'springing 
'ery  short, 
specks  of 
Bir  downy 
ery  easily 
im  ail  the 

f  the  first 
5d  off,  the 
r,  and  the 

summer, 
he  sap  of 
rk.  The 
n  time  to 
ir  bodies, 
iieans  of 
y  wafted 
ghout  an 

the  ten- 
tablished 
e  sickly, 
1  limb  to 
vriter  in 
'n  of  this 

wander 
rive  one 

a  crack 
ton  soon 

scellanies. 


COMMO.V  APPLE-TKEE. 


317 


appears  in  large  buiicho>;-  h......  I     r      .  ^^^ 

ongitudinal  white  sU-fp^  b  twSn  thrJr.;,!!  '^  'T^'^  ^^i^''  ^^'«  ' 
colour,  while  the  face,\he  an  ennl  Z  T'  ""■{  '^  'igl't-brown 
and  the  legs,  are  ^vhite.  tKS'o  i'  '^''f''^'  «''  ^''^  ^^^'-h, 
tie  more  than  one  half  to  three-four  l.  nf  "\^'"Stli  from  a  liN 
from  the  trunks  of  the  trees  ear  vn  Juno  T^''  ■  ^'  ''''''''  ^rtl' 
night,  during  which  time  only  i(  si  "'.  V"^  '■''  '''^^^ '»  'ho 
from  one  tree  to  another  iLarroflr^'''^'"Ss  in  passi,,g 
In  the  day-time,  it  keeps  a  rest  amon  "^r?"'""'  ^^"^*  ^^'  ^"«^ 

trunk  of  the  tree  itf^''  ^"'"'"^^  ''^''^'^  ^'  penetrres  oi^.t  nr  t    '"''  /"  ''''  '"''^^ 
covers  the  end  nfihn  i  •'""'^'  ^^^'^en  the  beetle  m.-iw^ti  "^^^^P'^ce,  which  is 


*  See  London  Gardonnr's  ATn.v„  • 

"*-""=>  ^lagazine,  ix.,  p.  335 


PPle-tree,  diflering  from  tl 


1  'P6- 

!ie  one  above  men- 


t  See  Harris'  Report,  p.  89. 


31S 


PYRIiS    MALU8. 


I*  L 


IP 


r'll 
if 

e 

I"         u 


ir'i 


Of   hP    im  .In  ?   ^PT^^"'  part.culars.     It  is  one  of  tf.e  kind  in  which  the  body 

ot  the  female  is  not  hirge  enongli  to  cover  her  eggs,  for  the  protection  whereof 

provision  is  made,  consisting,  in  this  species,  of  a  kind  of  menTranem    Si    of 

he  colour  and  consistence  almost  of  paper.     In  antnmn,  and  di   nr^lnte  rtliesc 

of  the  trees.  1  he  larger  ones  measnrc  less  than  a  tenth  of  an  inch  in  length  and 
are  n  the  shape  of  a  common  oyster-shell,  being  broad  at  th.>  hinder  extremiv 
bnt  tapering  towards  the  other,  which  is  ^nrmonnted  by  a  1  tt  e  ova  b  owS 
scale.  The  small  ones,  which  are  not  mi.eh  more  than  half  thrieng.h  of  the 
o  hers,  arc  of  an  oblong-oval  shape,  or  almost  fonr-sided,  with  tl  e3  oimde,^ 
and  one  extrem.ty  is  covered  by  a  dark-colonrcd,  niinnte,  oval  scale  tV  a 
description  of  the  general  habits  of  this  family  of  insects,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
our  article  on  the  orange-tree,  nnder  the  head  of  "  Insecls  "* 

1  he  tender  bnds  and  young  leaves  of  the  apple-tree  are  sometimes  attacked  in 
May  and  Jnne,  by  multitudes  of  small  caterpillars,  described  by  D     Hards 
under  the  name  ot  the  eye-spotted  penthina   (/WA^.w.c.,/r,««.)^lViey  a?e  of 
a  pale  and  dull-brown  colour,  warty  and  slightlv  downy,  with  tl  e  headland  the 

bTthe  Z^Znf7  "^  "  ^' V  '/'"'"'S  '^^'"^"  'l'''^«y  "^^'^•'y  «-i"ire  their  gow^ 
state  ev  in  In  1  i  't  ^^^"'^\^""«,/»»ey  transform,  and  ccnne  iut  in  the  xvinged 
f^^e  wbch  OV&  lliese  caterpillars  live  singly  in  the  buds  or  opening  fbli- 
age  which  hey  fasten  together  and  devour.  The  only  sure  mode  recommended 
0  destroy  tliem  is,  to  cr.ish  the  withered  clusters  of  leaves  coiita  nin"  hem  or 
their  chrysalides,  and  thus  "nip  them  in  the  bud."  Hut  one  of  lie  gSes 
pests  to  the  American  orchards,  as  well  as  to  the  foliage  of  the  elm  and  some 
nmes  of  the  cherry,  plum,  lindon,  and  other  trees,  is  the  canSworm  Trst 
'^ritJV'"^'T'  ^''^'  '''"-^''  '^''  "^^'"«  ofP/Uenavernuir  A  cording  to 

first  harrf;-ot^,rfln'''"7°™  '"^"'^n  ^'^'''  '"^  "^=^'^«  ^''^''''  -PP^arance  afteiMl  e 
firs  hard  fiost  m  the  autumn,  usually  towards  the  end  of  October,  and  thcv  con- 
tinue to  come  forth,  in  greater  or  smaller  numbers,  according  to  he  niilSss  or 
seventy  ol  the  weath-r  after  the  frosts  have  begun.  Their  genera  tiri^l  of  Wsin° 
however,  is  in  the  spring,  beginning  about  tire  middle  of^S/brsomS 
before,  and  at  others,  after  thrs  time;  and  they  continue  to  cone  forth  for  The 
space  of  about  three  weeks.  It  has  been  observed  that  there  a  e  more  females 
Uian  males  among  those  that  appear  in  the  autumn  and  winter,  and  tha  the 
ma  es  are  the  most  abundant  in  the  spring.  The  sluggish  and  wingless  females 
nisl.nctively  make  their  way  towards  the  nearest  trees^and  ereej^^^  o^Ty  ,m  hek 
mniks.  In  a  few  days  afterwards  they  are  followed  by  the  winged  a^.d'^^^^^^^^^^^ 
males,  which  dutter  about  and  accompany  them  in  their  ascent,  during  whih 
the   wo  sexes  pair.     8oon  after  this,  the  females  lay  their  eggs  up ...  the  bn^  ches 

0   i  "tv  to'o'n?  hnX'  ""^  '"  *'"'■  ''''''l  ''r  ''^''''^^  '"  rows,'fl>r.ningXt 
0   sixty  to  one  hundred  eggs  or  more,  which  is  the  number  usually  laid  bv  each 
The  eggs  are  glued  to  each  other,  and  to  the  bark,  by  a  grayish  van  isli    which 
IS  impervious  to  water;  and  the  clusters  are  thus' securely  fLtenedTi;ofoks 
of  the  small  branches,  or  close  to  the  young  twigs  and  buds.     The  eggs  a'ens! 
ally  hatched  between  the  first  and  the  middle  ot'May,  or  about  tJie  tfme  U.at  'he 

The'nnr' ''  \"  ^''''°"^'  ""'"^  '^''  ^'""^  '"^^'''^  «^  the^'apple-tree  b  gi  to  xp  uid 
The  lit  tie  canker-wonns,  upon  making  their  escape  fmrn  the  eggs,  gather  u  on 
he  ender  leaves,  and,  on  the  occurrence  of  cold  and  wet  weaufer  fS  she  Iter 
m  the  bosom  of  a  bud,  or  into  the  flowers,  when  the  latter  appear.  The  leaves 
when  first  attacked,  wi  1  be  found  pierced  with  small  holes,  which  become  iS 
and  more  irregular  as  the  worms  increase  in  si.e,  until  nea  ly  all  the  pXy  Sts 
are  consumed.     A  very  great  difl-erence  of  colour  is  observable  anion/  [liese 

*  See  also  Harris'  Report,  pp.  201  et  203. 


iA''  h 


ich  the  body 
ion  whereof, 
3US  shell,  of 
I'inter,  these 
on  the  bark 
length,  and 
r  extremity, 
.1,  brownish 
•ngth  of  the 
ds  ronnded, 
ale.  For  a 
3  referred  to 

attacked,  in 
Dr.  Harris, 
rhey  are  of 
•ad  and  the 
lieir  growth 

the  winged 
pening  foli- 
;onimended 
ng  them  or 
he  greatest 

and  some- 
worm,  first 
ccording  to 
:e  after  the 

I  they  con- 

nildiiess  or 

e  of  rising, 

sometimes 

rth  for  the 
)re  females 
id  that  the 
3SS  females 
ly  up  their 
and  active 
ing  which, 
e  branches 
ig  clusters 

II  by  each, 
sh,  wiiich 
I  the  forks 
:s  are  nsu- 
le  that  the 
;o  expand, 
ither  npon 
ek  shelter 
he  leaves, 
)me  larger 
iilpy  parts 
ong  these 


COMMON   APPLE-!  nEE. 


319 


-~;^::^^r 't^  s^^r 'r^^ '-  ™ «-  -^  «<-  wh., 

are  then  generally  of  a  blaci  i  or^I,'  ^  ?"  "'«  ^T  «<  t''«  last  rings,  and  t lev 
on  each  side  of  the  bodv  ;  tier  ■  .a  '  Two?;  I"  7".  '"'?'"■'  ^^'»''  »  yUmvish  st  ne 
belly  IS  whitish.  When  fnllv  L^ro  u,.  ^?  '"".''  ''•"'•''^  ^''^'^^  the  head  •  n  the 
the  back,  and  black  on  I  e  fd^be  ow  w't  '".'''^''''''^'^  ^.'eo.ne  ash-colonred  ^ 
Some  are  fon.d  of  a  dull  grSsh-voZw  'm''  /'"  ^'^'^'  y^""^^*^'*''  ""«  re  mir 
;  er  uiterrnpte''.  blackish  lines  h^ifc  ^  ••"""'';•;' of  a  clay-colonr,  wi.hX: 
he  back.     The  head  and  feet  partake  S  ""f  T''  "''  ^'"''  «^"»«  enlon    on 

IS  paler.     When  not  eating,  thev  rern^in    fr  5    'T'  '="'•""•  of  the  body;  the  leNv 
oa  the.r  fore  and  hind  legshn"   Ith    he  eav^  '    W^''  <•/;"'  '''"S"'. '^"J  reli  ^ 

bv    l.r.?' ."'^'/^^  ^^''*^'^  ^i'"^  they  beg  ^l^,,,^'7f=^'^«^^^^^^ 
by  the  trnnks,  but  great  numbers  let  t?  nn  el        ,/        "i"'''.    ^"'"«  "^«P  ^^v^-n 
irom  the  branches,  their  instincts  nro.nnf    t  ,V    """  ^'^^  ^'"^"'  «'e>"ler   breads 
easiest  and  ,nost  direct  course  nossfb'^  A  f.  "'"'".  '*'  ^"^  '«  ^'c  ground  by  the 
d.ately  burrow  into  the  earth,  tH  he    enth  o       'T'''''^'''^  S"-''""^!-  'Iicy  irmne- 

^^r^T''  ''  ^y  '''«  bardness'3f  th      oiP    In".?"  T''^^'  ""'^««  Prevemcd 
undergo  then-  transformations  on  tne  iZf  ,     '  '*"  ''^"^'"  «»««>  'bey  die  or 

cavities  or  cells  in  the  grou  d  L  nnii  I?'  "  *''"  ^"™"'  ^''''V  mike  JiuL 
loose  grains  of  earth  about  them  wi  t  la  S  Sw"^  "j^P^'^tedly,  and  Ihste.ii.ig  « 
tn  r'"'"^*"'"^"^'^^-^'  tbeyared^ged  imo  ,  '  ;"  breads;  a.id,  within  twenty! 
from  these  retreats  in  their  perfect  form  z?^?'''^"''  ''"^  '"  <'"«  time,  emerje 
avages  of  the  canker-worm,  the  o.lvt^in.  f''""  '.".  P"""^'"^^  ^''«  trees  iVom  the 
o  prevent  the  wingless  females  from  .eon  ^'  T"'^  ^"'^"^  necessary  wo.dd  bo 
rhc  expedients  usSally  resir  el  to  ^r  hh  "?  "''  ''''''^'  '''  deposit  their  eggs 
ead,  tui  wood,  or  other  materials  arount.'?''"^'  ""''>  *"  ^''  ^  «'«««  collar  of 
trough  fill(.d  with  oil.     The  an,  bStfn.r.    '"  ^'J'"'"  «^  the  trees,  or  a  circular 

other  viscid  substa.ices,  to  the'  bodies  of  ^nV^ '""'i  ''^'"^^  ^"'^'•'^»  rubb  r  a  j 
partial  success.  '''''*'^'  ^^  the  trees  liave  been  employed   with 

;»gly  wingless,  have  two  litte  scale    or  Jf'  T  ''•'"  '"^^"'^  •^'^'<^'  tbougl/seem- 
large  ashen-gray  wings,  the  up^er  mir  of  wr  i''""'^''  ^"'"'«  ^'^'^  "^^^'^^  bave 
bands   with  a  small  black  spotTearTe  tin   n  n '  "'""  "'""^^^d  ^y  dark  wavy 
he  outer  hind  angle.     The  b  kIv  nftL  ^■'  '^"'^  "^  '"'""te  white  crescent  neir 

bttle  tufts  along  tlfe  back  ami  to  J        '"'''^  ^t"  '"'•'^"  '^"d  blender,  with  a  row  of 
females  are  ofl  hglS.Tv   ha„  thf  .'^^^^      T  '"^'^  ^^'^^  three- e^    1  s      The 
and  are  of  an  oblong-oval  ^slane      DiS     i  l"^  'l^^'"'  ^^die^  are  mLl     hid  e 
various  times  in  the  coii^rse  of  ti.o  I,  broods  of  these  insects  axucTll 

I'^r^y -n6  lay  iUoir  7,'i:  il^  ^  greater  number  Se  to 

''perceived  nearly  all  the  trees  spiled  wlln"  ''P^''.  T^''''"^  "^  February,  he 
firmly  to  the  branches  as  to  reSe  cl^ide  °frr""'  ^^f^  ^'^^''''  ^"Iberiug  so 
leaf  covered  a  small  patch  of  fmm  ^""^'^^rable  force  to  dis  odge  them  F^oh 
well  as  the  leaf,  by  a  gu mm/TiS  sill-Jn  'n"  ''""^^^f  ^=^-^'  ""'ted  together  a 
March  following,  he  visit Tt^.e  same  ool  7'  ^'T'''^^  '«  ^^'^  '""th.''  In'the 
tbree  trees,  from  which  he  took  twSmv  HT^'  .^"^  '"^  ^»  experiment,  clea  ed 
the  trees  he  left  untouched  umil  the %?  of  M^'''^"^  'F''  '^''«  remainder  of 
were  hatched  .om  the  egg,  ^J-^^^^Jl;^^.^^.^^^^ 


J 


I!"     !•   \l 


320 


PYntiN    MAI.US. 


Jostriictioii 

I'm  h,  without  excopti..,,  ripnniM,'        t    /'■'  7f,';^'^'"'  ""•^•'/^'tl>  Mu^;  .■ah 
"•af,  wh.-ro  pn,p,.r  atfution  h:.«  ,1  L..'"!'^',''.    '^  "'"y  ''.«  l""|H-r  here  to  stato, 


ggcst 
striic- 
other 


•'/  the  late  J„dV  I.OVH    and    ;;;:,';'  ff ''  T'  '"  ^^*  '"'"^"^^''l'  ««  ^^^s's u^Z, 
tivc  ^'^t-l.ill.r;.ouIcrb;;\"iy*^  ^^^  ,^I^  to..  ycar«,  this  c^t.... 

'.nsect  which  n.ay  ho  cailo.l  thoSc  t  S^^  '  "  r'"*  "'  /''^''  '""^-  A"«'her 
;'•«,  Harris,)  very  nu.ch  r.Vr.nh  «  ,ho  :  '  '  "•  ^'''''l'  {^^^'^'^ocanvpa  sylvut- 
leaves  of  the  oak,  th.  hickory,  .ZLmrK  2  11'  "'  •"'"''  I^^'^y^  "i-"  the 
other  spocies  of  gregarious  c  it(.ri  i  rs  Zl^l  V  ''"'''  ''^  ""^^  "Pplc-trcc.  Two 
tru,  of  Harris,  also  swaru^ou  I  an  o'  d  or  t  nw'rH '"":'  ^^"^^  ^'y^^^''"  '''"^^^ 
of  -summer,  stripping  whole  brat.  s  nV  r..^'  ^  ^  ''"V/''^'''''  towards  the  eu( 
American  lappcti/uoU.,  ( J^^t  "£  :,1.'"  I!  'T^!^  J^^^  -'-pillar  of  the 


id 

ic 


American  lappct^moU.,  {(J:st:;X.Z>^Z   u'""  J^''  ^^'^n>illar  of  the 
and  makes  the  leaves  of  the  ap  ,1     it   I 'l     J^ 
large  green  caterpillar,  (  ithin^^rrn^,    u  ''',  '^  """'^  ^^^  '"  'he  night.     A 

the  apple-tree  in  '.he  nlo^ul^^Uuly  S'a^^^^^^^^^^^^  i'«  appearLce  on 

IJt'rhorry,  the  cherry,  and  the  plum  *  ^      ' '''  ''^'''*  '''  "I^'^"  ^'^^  currant,  the 

imbers,  that  the  leaves  vanisl/nV.lV':'^"' :.;"'''«'' .^'''grcgate  in  such  vasl 


-un^bers,  that  thel^a^e^  v;    I'SlSe  dlenr^id^V'"''  r^^'^^'^  ^^^ 
often  compl.^tely  defoliated  by  U  em  '  '^""^  ^^  m.d-summer.  the  trees  are 


al 

on 

is 


v—  /""nunt'ua,  01  moucrn  cntomoloaists      ^D  n  l.nt  .         i  ""'"^'"^ ;  ana  f^arpt 
I'ave  been  satisfactorily  pointed  out  b7a  wr  or  i       '  ""l''^  "^^''^^'^ '^*' ^'''^  "^«t 
MagazMie,"  and  a  good  account  of  i    s  KXin  h    i ^.V""'.^""  "  ^"tomologica 
•I'c  Insects  of  Massachusetts  iniuri  .s  to  vf  ^n?-,.^^  ^'-  ^^^^:'^  '"  '"'^  "  ^^^P"^'  "'' 
msect  leave  their  chrysalides  fronXmV;^^^^^^^  The  larva)  of  this 

lime  the  young  apples  become  u"l  et  ThploH  ^  '°  ' '"  ^'^f^  "^  -'"1^.  «''  ^t  the 
of  he  apple,  one  only  iu  each,  by  h  roduci,.  i  ts  In  '^  ""'"^  ''^'  \''  '^S^  '»  ^^e  eye 
of  the  calyx,  which  form  a  tent  above  ft  EX  ,^ ^'P^^'for  between  the  leaves 
oncy  of  the  weather,  or  other  casua  tie  '  ''  As  1'  '  '^.f ''''^''^'  I'  ^'•°'"  ''^^  '"^l^m- 
wnter  above  referred  to,  "  the  littlet  "b'^n.ws  n  H  "'  '/'  '^^  I'atches,"  says  the 
soon  buries  itself  in  its  Lubstance  a  d  if  s  wnn  r"  '''««r^""  °^^''«  «PP'«>  ^nd 
applo,  as  if  to  afford  every  ^dity  o  ,e  JZJ  "'^  ''"f '''  "'''^^  ^''«  '•'"^  "^  th« 
other  part,  and,  consequently,  moeCsilv  pierced  i  i"".'.'"  ''''"'  *'''^"  "'  ^"^ 

by  a.i  unvarying  instinct,  ea  s  in  o  tTe  IEkh       t  \        ^  '"^  S'-^'^^'  controlled 
avo.du.g  the  core  and  pips,  in  no  way  hiffir  l^r  '^^^^  ^"J-  hy  thus 

^ow  progress,  being  little  bigger  tl  a7a  Z^^^^^  ^'  ^"'^t'  ^^  makes  but 

its  operations  have  much  inmvix       It  l^l'J  .  '  ''^'^■r  ^"'■"''^''^'  '^''^  «*^^«  ^"^ 
and  the  position  of  the  hole  at  the  .^\!Z  a^lli^'lS^ii^^S;;-  ^l^JPf^; 

*  See  Harns'  Rc-por,,  pp.  2fil,  269,  273,  270,.  ;^07,  3 12,  332,  et  318. 


lies  lind  been 
fruit;  wliilo 
foliai^c,  each 
loticn  of  tf,c 
'  on  tin;  Vir- 
lerc  to  stale, 
',  it  prevails 

woll  as  tlio 
parts  of  tlio 
'Y  the  nanio 

have  been 
f  the  nests, 
•sc,  iiud  tho 
spring.     l( 
s  suggested 
•is  dfstruc- 
Another 
ipa  sijlvat- 
s  upon  tho 
rce.     Two 
urn  viinis- 
ds  the  end 
lar  of  the 
leptember, 
"iglit.     A 
sarauce  on 
irrant,  the 

1  Europe, 
such  vast 
!  trees  are 

om  being 
ple-wonn 
d  Carpo- 
this  moth 
Tiological 
Report  on 
to  of  this 
or  at  the 
1  the  eye 
ic  leaves 
!  inclem- 
says  tho 
)ple,  and 
id  of  tho 
1  in  any 
>ntrolled 
by  thus 
ikos  but 
size  and 
3  apple; 
arly  so, 


COiMMON   APPLK-TKKE. 


is  convenient  for  a  niMnn<!e  u  i...  ^ 

tlS^^  "'■  ''''  ^^'"'-'^  any  laC  '"^ ^^^  'f'"'  '"  """•""'  "'Innss  m  g  ^n 


almost  luimodiatoly.     Uc  I. '-^ve,    l  n     '       """"^  -^''^y'  ^^''t  quit  he  does      „    M    » 

some  incouvenioLei'  you;  Zdl^uTT'''^  ^"  ""^^'^''  ''••^«''      I    will  pu    vou  tn 

.  i>e\v  England  Farmer"  stv«  t  ...f  Tf  V  ^5^'  ^Massachusetts,    n  vol   vviii    nr  n 
m  the  crofches  of  the  t^J.  ^I'''!'^'  .  '^''^">'  «''!  '^'o'h  is  woun7nL!!I',":.."f  .^'^^ 
41 


1^ 


II      ^^oln,.  Will  conceal  themselves  therein 


322 


PYRUS    MALUS. 


Mil 


and  by  this  means  thousands  of  them  m-i^r  hn  ^k.  •     i 

tunc  whnn  the,  first  bogi.  to  Iclvo         Ss   ,u  t  HiIh  r?"^  ^''''7"'^'  ^''"•^  »''^ 

Properties  and  Uscs^  'Vho  wood  nVfl  n     '         .  ""  f'"''  ^'^  gathered." 
pained    hard,  and  of  a  brow.n  I '.  L    "      ff  th  u' /?  .?  ""1  ''^'''^  '^  «- 
behevod  to  be  of  a  still  finer  and  clo  e     ^-.in  Vl  "'"^  ^''''iv'ated  tree  is 

contrary  to  what  is  usual.     The  weH.t  of    b    w  r  ''  -^  ^^^^^'^  of  cultivation 

aceordinc,  to  the  locality  in  whirit  !rols  I  ""^  ''"'  '^'^^^''^^  ^'^''^i^^^  "'-<=»» 
lorty-eigbt  to  si.ty-six  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot  .'?  Pff  ''V^'  ''  ^^^'-^'s''^  ''•«"» 
one  twelfth  of  its  bulk  in  dryincj.  andX't  ol'.o  i  'V'"'"'  ^'■"'"  '^"'^  '^'S''^''  «" 
of  the  cultivated  varieties  weigh  '^oretrau Tin  nr'.'^  ^'s  weight.  The  wood 
tion  of  about  sixty-six  to  forty-five      T     I  r  'f  ''^'''^  ^^■^'^^'  "'  «''^  Propor- 

much  used  in  turnery,  and  as  cigs'  for  w  o  ls"X'^^'r"l''T  ^'"^^  ^^'^^  *"'•"'' '-'^ 
ound  to  be  durable,  when  kept  d?y ;  b  u  irexootd'';n'H^  ^T'  ^'"''^"^^  '^  "'^^^^ 
turc  and  dryness,  it  did  not  last  inm.  f-^POM?d  to  the  altcrnalions  of  niois- 

alfords  a  yellow  dye ;  a  d  tt  knves  fre  en'r"-'  ^"''T'''''-     '^'''^^  ^^'^'  ^^  •!'*«  fee 
In  France  and  son'o  parts  of  Gem  a,;  the  tbom^       n"'  ''7''  '^'"'^^  ^'^"^  8«-'«- 
^nto  hve  hedges,  the  b'ranches  of  v  n  h'  ac  ordn  7,o"w  ''^f '  "^'  '''^'  '''  '''''-"^^^ 
each  other,  m  order  to  give  them  mo  e  stnT'    5/    Agricola  Avcre  inarched  irjto 
forests  of  France,  its  frui.  is  a  Lreat  resou  c?  ib!^  T"'  'n'''     ^'^  '''"''  ^'^'  ^'>« 
Kiven  m  that  country  to  swine  and  cows      A,  n In.   fV't  '^  '^""■'  "'"^  ''  '''  ^^'«" 
domestic  economy,  recommend  thcmsdves'to  n     .. '        i^'"'  '"'''"''''  '^"'"Poses  in 
ties;  though  some  few  varieties  -  ^^1^0.!       «"''  ^''0"<;f  ^7  very  different  quali- 
In  those  fo^-  the  table,  we  r^  e  su^e tt  f  ^U  ^^  T\^  '''i'^'''^  '«  ^^"  P'"-po.ses. 
and  a  delicate,  aromatic  flavo  r      In      e  Htc  o  /'  "'?^"''''  ""^  l^''^'^'^'''"'  '-^^'^lity- 
ing  and  considerable  acidity  a  e  the  n  h.cim        '^^''''  '''''  '^  '1^'^-^"'^  «f  '^'eep- 
bo.hng  and  for  making  saucrLlitvsT  I  "^^-"'"'''^^ '"'*'''"'' ''^^^'^^ 
-PPlos  for  cider,  are  tlfose  w   i'cl    yieVa  i   ic    or?h'""''V^'"P'''^^^-     '^''"^  ^^«' 
and  It  IS  said  that  cider  made  from  i  -nnt      ^  ^^^"^  greatest  specific  gravity 

strength,  and  will  kee;  bo  tVZn  th^^^  T''^  '^'^^y  ^oU,  iL  nlore 

red  and  yellow  colour  of  the  rin  Is  ronsU  i  '  ^T'  '*"  '^  '""''^Y  ^oil.  The 
and  apples  of  the  various  d 'gr       o     lu^:^  ^^^^^^^  of  cder  fru  it 

of  which  the  rind  is  green  The  n  in  si  o  ll  Z  ^^"^I'^^dly  prelerable  to  those 
somewhat  astringent.  Annies  of  n  s^  .  I  Ji  ■  •  ^T''^'"^'  ^''^  ^^^^^  '''cli,  and 
be  preferred  for  cider  to  Umse  of  a  hi"^^^^^  •'  "T^  1"  ^^"^^'''J^'  ^'^  ^'"'^ys  to 

may  bear  the  greatest  proTorln  1 1  ^'"^ip'V,;;^^'-/'^^'  J-'^^rnul  and  kernel 
weakest  and  the  most  wateJy  juice  ^    ^'  '''"*''  ""^  '^''^'^^  ^«orf's  the 

to  gaii:;;  s  1^  o^.^^^^^z'i.a^^ti,!^:':,  !i::r  -  7''  -^^-^  ^---^ 

order  to  let  them  dry,  and  then  to  pack  them  ncsK  ^"';'"°^^^"  "PPer  room,  in 
away  m  a  cellar;  but  experience  1ms  sho  vmt   nt  H  ,^''''f '  '''"^  ^•"^'^  '''^•'" 

hem  to  wither,  and  loseShei     tla  ^m.    uTtl  o  t  U        '"^         treatment  causes 
bihty.     The  apples  intended  to  l^^ZseivoT  V'^  '''^'Jitional  dura- 

roma.n  on  the  Irees  until  <n,i  e  rine  which  wilf  if  T^  '^''"S  "se,  should 
of  tlie  first  heavy  frost,  l^ley  Zukr  e  iTe  ni ',' 1 ''  ^r '"'^'^  &''  ^'  "'«  coming 
a  fan- day,  and  packed  up  immeSe  y  ^cSk^^^  in  nh  ^  ' '"  '''''  ^^ '^'-^-d.  in 
P  aster,  chatf,  saw-dust,  oUrai  and  coUevod  o  n  V  "'T'"'"  ^^>''^'"'  "^  ^'V  ««"d, 
s.bc.  The  sand  or  saw-dus  Snayrdrfed  ']he  b^n/'^^^^ 
baked  m  an  oven  at  the  time  re.iuirld  m  be  used  T  n  "^'^'""V^''-'  or  may  be 
jng  (rem  packing  apples  in  sand  are  exnhii  ed -inZ  P^^"''"'' advantages  aris- 
b7  the  late  Mr.   Webster,  an thm  of  th^'w^^^^^^ 

Language;"-"  1st,  tlie  sand  keeps   he  appt  f  om   he  n'i  !°''?'^"^  '''^^  ^^"g"^'' 
their  preservation;  2d,  the  sand  chocks  ttn  V  ^"'  ^''''"^''  •«  essential  to 

apples  thus  preser^ing'in  them  thei    i'     f,totJ'^?t'" h''"  ''  r^'^'^^^^'^ou  of  the 
yielded  b>  the  apples  ,s  absorbed  by  t  e     .J        1 1'^^ 

J'   uiL,  .•>anu       ..  tliat  the  apples  are  kept  dry, 


?d,  from  tlie 
red." 

iitc,  is  fine- 
^ted  tree  is 
cultivation 
aries  much 
■eiglis  Ironi 
f  eighth  to 
The  wood 
the  propor- 
>s  formerly 
'osc  it  was 
i.s  of  mois- 
)f  this  tree 
and  goats. 
,  is  formed 
rchcd  iijto 
>nic  of  the 
it  is  al,so 
iirposcs  ill 
out  qiiah- 
pnrj)oses. 
It  acidity, 
i  of  Iv'eep- 
feiided  for 
The  best 
gravity; 
lias  more 
ail.     The 
der  fniit, 
5  to  those 
'ich,  and 
I  ways  to 
d   kernel 
brds  the 

persons, 
room,  in 
ire  them 
t  causes 
al  diira- 
,  should 
coming 
land,  in 
y  sand, 
as  pos- 
niay  be 
[cs  aris- 
ollows, 
^'nglish 
ntial  to 
of  the 
oistnrc 
n  dry, 


COMMON   APPLE-TREE. 


323 


n.,!,'i'r  ''^'^''.i  t'l,*^  ^PP'<'^  fvs  an  eatable  fruit,  arc  very  numerous      Thev  nrr. 
n    onlectionary,  apple-jc.Ily  forms  a  most  beautif.d  med    m  or  m^  c^^^v    /S 

*  See  Noiiv.  Cours  J'Agr.,  xiii.,  p.  14. 


l,ui 


iiii 


hiiudi'A 


324 

which 


PYKUS   MALUS. 


app  es  rcquirca  to  make  a  hossl.oaci  of  rll,      bo™  stated  that  tl,o  quantilv  of 

of  tlic  juice,  there  is  no  surer  w.v  of  Ho,    ''""  -^'^^^y^  '^'^P^'^^s  "pon  the  veH  t 

'IS,  tfiat  such  as  chiefly  drink  cider  irp  m^^    i   '  f  7  '     ^°"»  observation  assures 

r:S;^-  seido.  dran.  ^^Ci~^--- ~J^ 

l;ar  JnS;S,;f,-;,«^^^^^  cannot  be  recommended  as 

't  aflords  an  agreeable  vavTetV  to  the  h/,  K  ''  ^^'  '^  '''^^^«f<^r  «f  its  o W  and  as 
•"considerable  addition  to  his^  Jomesf,>  .  r"^'"^"^  '^"1'^^  ^"^  pursuit  'Sno 
place  in  every  garden  and  in  eve^v    '  l     "''^'"'  V'^  enjoymen\s,  it  deserves  a 

•;;ally  desirable,  as  it  does  ve  y  Ihde  in  in  l^  t  "T"     ^"  ^'^«  '^"«r,  it 'is  rnoTe  espe! 

and,  on  the  authority  of  Mr   T  n  .  i    ^   ^  surrounding  crops  bv  it'  shX 

market-gardens,  partfcli  y  h^  o'lil^";;^.;^  '''''''  ^•-^'  ^'^  nSiettd 

And   indeed,  in  viewing  a  '^,0-^1,?  hn  '    ^  Tf' P™**''^''^^^ 


lYi '' 


chase  apples 
quantity  of 
;enty-four  to 
"  that  liquor, 
1  the  weight 
Y  its  specific 
spies  should 

illent  in  all 
If  in  fevers, 
tion  assures 
have  better 
^ord  Bacon 
5f  age,  and 
and  vigor- 
mended  as 
'vn,  and  as 
its,  and  no 
deserves  a 
tnore  espe- 
it.^.  shade; 
series  and 
'ling  treesi 
overed  in 
rich  and 
i-rcely  less 
•unty  and 


Pi/rus  mmiparia, 
THE  MOUNTAIN  ASH. 

Synonynies. 


Sorbiis  uucuparia, 
Pyrus  auciiparia, 


LiNN.iius,  Species  PlaiUarum. 
""^  Candoi.i.b,  riodroinus. 


Box,  IMiller's  Dietionary. 

Sorbierdesoiseleurs,  Sorbierdes  oiseaux  )  ^'"''"''■'''  ^'^"'''^'''^  Britannicum. 

Aillanie,  Cochesne,  Timier,  '     France. 

Sperberbaum,  Vof?elbeerbaurii, 
sarbo  lazzerola  salvatica  ottobrina.  Sorba  ' 

salvatiua   oltobrina,    Sorbo    salvalioo, 

feorba   della   Ragnaja  del   Palagio  di 

(xiaiifisliazzi,  Sorba  della  Romola, 
Serbal  sylvestre,  Serbal  de  cazadores, 

ur"/f I!'  ^'^'  ^^'''^1  ^sh'  Wild   Sorb,  1 
Wild  Service,  Mountain  Service.  Fowl- 
er s     Service,     Quicken-tree,     Quick 
Beam    Witchen-tree,  Wichen,  Whitch- 
en,  Wlmten,  Wi-gen-tree, 

Rowan-ireo  Kowne-trce,  Roan-tree,  Rod- 
dan,  Roddon,  Rhodon,  Routrv,  Rantrv 

Mountain  A.sh,  Wild  Service-tree, 


Ger.ma.nv. 
*■  Italy. 
Spain. 


England. 


Scotland. 
Anulo-A.mekica. 


those  01  ilie  comiiKin  ash      iiv,„;„..    .',,,,"  ^™»'i"?  on  mountains 


MO,  a.s  u  prolecuori  against  wilclies  and  uvil  spirils  '  ""  ''^"vatives,  bear  rela- 

tf  Anierk'a.  iv. .  nl    rr^]^^:  .  c-.h...   t^  ■..  .    «  _ 


lion  to  the  suiiposeil  power  of'this'trei 
^/Ovifrarhigs.    Audubon.  Birds  of  Ann 


n,T,    "■■" ="■.    '■'""o'on,  Jiirds  of  America,  iv    nl    rei-lviii 

lirtlaiuncuin,  vi.,  pi,  1^3  et  ISl;  and  iha  figufes  Jow? 


;  Sell.y,  British  Forest  Trees,  pp.  7G  etSO;  Loudon,  Arlx,retui„ 
Spcri/c  Characters.     Petals   spreading,  flat.      Styles   "     ->      Pnn,,.-     i  v. 
Leaves  .mpan-pinnate,  serrated,  and  slightly  ;iabrou7pi.nrr'  ^  "^'"  u   ,^"'''  '"^''^  'omentose, 
Prodrumus.  '  "o'^iy  ^laorous.    lowers  in  branched  corymbs.— !>«  Ca«rfo/;e. 

Description. 

"But  what  is  liiffher  beyond  thoujht  tlmn  lliee? 
Freslicr  tlian  Iwrries  of  a  mountain-tree  ?" 

Keats. 

I^^IIR  Mountain  Ash  forms  an 
^"Irp  erect-stemmed  tree,  some- 
^  L|_^  times  growing  to  a  height 
,  ^  le^ji/S^  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet  \v\\h 
^t  trunk  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter.  Wl  en  fu  v 
Sn"f    '^'"^T'  °^  '''  ^■^"g^n^rs,  it  assumes  a  sS 

hat  formal  character,  having  an  orbicular  head    but  "'^ 
n  a  young  state  its  branched  are  disposed  inTmo  e    ' 

LZ'on  tl.^'^n'"'  ''Tr-  :''''  '^-•'^  '^  smooth  and 
pi  sn-biow  .  Ihe  leaves  arc  compo.scd  of  eisht  or 
n  nc  pan-  of  leaflets,  which  are  spear-shaped,  no  ched 

'n  odd'ot'''  T."'^^'  ''  ^'"  r''  ^''^  teVtninatod  by 
an  odd  one.     They  arc  smooth  above,  and  neirlv  so 

beneath,  with  channelled  midribs,  but  no  foot:;taIks 


.J' 


a*'     'H 


326 


I'VlttJS   AUCUPAUIA. 


It    > 
I.  I  I    fS 


'•','  '<*■ 


'' .-, 


, 


1 1 


of  a  sour  or  bitterish  taste.     They  SuaTlv  hoc  '  ''''''^'''  ""'  r''"-P''«''  I'^rrics, 

'•emain  „pou  the  trees  until  the  fo^lo'^7snrH  "   '^ ''^'"  "^  «eptcinber,  and  often 

^p1-..^:r  ™'j-!jr  "^s;^^:f  :yv^  ^"--^- 

continued  by  grafting.    '  ^'^^'""-^'  "'^''^  ^l/««yAA«-«  vl.A,  which  may  be 

■•w^a  upr.ght  brculchek      ^"'-     ^' «^^^'i^'«^-^'----/'-/  il/^^^.A.'..  .1./,  having  ri^id 

;iono  L^  iZdS^^^nci'Siff^sr  4f  ^  7^  r"-xi  ^'  '^^  ^- 

this  race  are  acute,  ahnost  equally  se  .m 3'  Jhh/'        ^^^'"''f'^^-      ^  ''^  leaflets  of 

a  nat.ve  of  (Janada,  Aowfo  u  i  a^,d   Labr\fS  '"^"f'f  "  ''"  ^^''''^''^-     ^'"'""g'^ 

Vmerica,  u  closely  resembles  the   F,  rnnonn    '        *  "\'  '"°'^  "orthern  parts  of 

'•obust-growing  tree,  with  large   leaves  Xininc^^/''^^^'  ^"'^^^  ^^PParcntly/a  more 

young  shoots  are  of  a  dark  ^u  S  coZ    /n      '"'  ""f  'T""'^'  ^^"^^'^»''-     '^'^^^ 

tiiau  those  of  the  common  cultivated  varietv     T,'"''r"  •?'^^''^*"  '^^  '"^'''^  ^'^'^der 

red   approaching  to  the  cofour  of  copnej  aid  b>     I    T  ''  "^  ""  ^^^'"'^  P'^'-P''^^'^- 

globose  form.     This  tree  may  be  p  Jpa^aTJd   Von    s'    l  ^'""^'r  """"''''^^  ''  «^'  ^ 

1-yrus  aucuparia;  and,  from  the  briHinnf^  ■  ?  ^ ''.•'''''  °''  ^7  grafting  on  the 

the  bunches^t  well  desers^a^'^^'^Tn  coUe'ions'"  '"'''  "^^  ^'^^  ^^^'"^^  -«  «f 

Oandoll^amri^X;-;  aS'S^rSt^r';:;;'^' VO^T^-^^^^^^     of  Do 
which  is  indigenous  to  the  mm  L      ^         '  ^^^  "  "'  "^^^I'diaux.     This  varicfv 

to  the  whole  -use  of*;^,' aK  a  Sr  mn^lSS    /'"  ^:'r^?;^'-^-.  parf::;;;^^ 
by  the  young  branches  being  co^SwlwS^ 

small  scarlet  berries.     The  leafletrare  ,  nenUll  •  '?''^"  S'^'^'  ^^"^^  ^y  having 

tipped  with  a  bristle-like  mi.a'o  ""^'l"^^"y '"cisely  scrratv^d,  with  the  teeth 

Europe,  front  Icelan.l  to  ^he  M  di teSanear^;'"'!;'  V"''^'  ''  "^"'^^  P^^^'-^^  of 
s.a  and  .Siberia,  as  far  as  the  iSn  Ocon  /  ^n"l  r  "  ^P""^  "»  ^^^^^-^  '''o"'  R"s- 
thc  north,  to  the  Alpine  parts  o  Caucasus  ^ndll'')  f '  >  '°'^  ^^^^^^'^^  r'-^S'on  of 
sitnations  it  is  a  low  shJubby  b,  s  a'S  in  1 1  In.?''  ^'^^^'f  ^"  ^^"^  ^«™«r 
tl'ird  rank.  It  also  occurs  in  Janin  nn  n  .  i  "'''' .''  'i^"dsome  tree  of  the 
Ocean  ;  and,  as  stated  above  iZol  h  vanetu^'  ""  "  r '•'  '■^'^^"^'^  «^  '''«  ^''^^i'-^^ 
<oa.  In  Hri.ain,  it  is  con.mon  in  woU  and  he  1^  "ubgenous  to  North  Amer- 
mountamous  part  of  the  Ksland.  arwel   a     n  Irfc  every  cool  and 

;^wjtzerland,  it  occu-s  wild  in  the^rods  Vu  1    ,?  ,l?   i  •  1"  ^''''r^'  ^^«'™aMy,  and 
the  mountains  of  Sicily,  Italy,  L  Spa  hi  '"  ''''  '^'S''"'"  ""^  ^^'^^^  regions  of 

made^f^rb/^^l:;^:;;^ -;i;:;^:,;-;;^«  ^^tt!r'T,r"^^  ^"-'  ---  ^« 

ancient  mythology  formed  their  spears  of  ifVwn   i  ^  '1'v"  *''^^'  ^'^'^  Amazons  of 

was  susceptible  of  being  grScnmon  t^^^^^^^  f^   ^'^gil  was  aware  that  it 

attract  the  thrush  and  the  blactbi  f  to  a nv  Er'  '  ""''f  ^'''''  '''  ^'""'^  ^^^«  «'"•«  to 

^red  it  as  a  species  of  ash    and  Mattb  oLr^'  7T  '^  ^''■'''-     1'''"^  <^«"«iJ- 

=ibout  the  middle  of  the  XvltlTluur?  ?';*''  ^■'^'''''^".  Pliysician  who  wrote 

sylvestris.     And  to  comei\;  ^.r"'  7;eefu'!  mls''^  '"  ""^^'^  «^  ^^rbn^ 

tree,  says,  that  "ale  and  beer  bn-.-cd  w  th  t h.     T  '    ''^'^••'  '"  «P«'^'^-"ig  of  this 

parable  drink,  familiar  in  Wale   ''     Tl  ev  fo^  .     r''''  ^T'"  '"'P^''  ^^^  ''^''  '"'•""'- 

the  thrushes;  so  that,  "as  long  as  they  hSnvo    '''"'',''''  '"  ^'^^"'P*'"?  ^'^'^'  f"^' 

their  company."     "  Besides  the  use  of  it  for  ,      T  I  '""T'"'''  ^'"^  ^vill  be  sure  of 

the  wheelwright  com.nends       forbefuL  a    l^a  t'''^^  '"^^       '''^''  ^^^'^'^  *-^^-> 

bows,  next  to  the  yew,  winch  we  ou^^^^lfto^^Z^l^'J'''''^^''  ^'  ^-' 


glory  of  our  o) 


ice 


MOUNTAIN   ASH. 


corymbs,  of 
ilish  berries, 
r,  and  often 


ich  may  be 

aving  rigid 

'f  Do  Can- 
leaflets  of 
Altiiough 
n  parts  of 
ly,  a  more 
ath.  The 
lore  tender 
^  purplish- 
ty,  is  of  a 
iiig  on  the 
■ge  size  of 

pa,  of  De 

is  variety, 
ii'ticniarly 
)reccding, 
)y  having 
the  teeth 


387 


;  parts  of 
fom  Rus- 
rcgion  of 
le  former 
ee  of  the 
ic  Indian 
h  Anier- 
cool  and 
fiiiy,  and 
■gions  of 

iiition  is 
izons  of 
c  tljat  it 

sure  to 

consid- 
0  wrote 

•Sorbns 
?  of  this 

incoiu- 
bait  for 
snro  of 
Is;  &c., 
d  it  for 
ur  once 


.s  aVoid  E  1?  ,!  I, wP"'?'  ""  "f"!}'  '"  "'""'"'  "'"i  P™bably  on  ,ho  globe, 
and  an  a„„.n„f'o' "^JpS  XaT,'!:  r/li^^.^Zr"'  »""  '^  -'^  '"  "---. 

tree  was  h    hig  K  ttm  wi      tho^l^i^^^^^^^^  ''^'''  "  It  is  probable  that  this 

ried  abo  t  Uicm   ,J^  *^'  *^  ^^'"""',  "'•■"  '""'y  "™»"  P""  "'  ""«  tree,  car- 

tnes  of  t  .i>j  f rn,.  ^fwi        '     I   \'"*^"S»  "•        A  hat  a  belief  m  the  snpernatnral  vir- 
V  Ha  'e  of  W.   ton  '   tT?   "'f  ?''^ "  "'  '^^^^^  "«'  ^*^«  ^''g'^^est  donbt.-<'Se 

old  Sally  bocu  doing  ,o  you,  j'n^e.  .^:L  r"\vr;  ^  r^.J"!™!"'' !■ 


ly,  sir,'  replied  he,  'we  all 


328 


PVRUS   AUCUPAHrA. 


know  too  weli  wliat  slip  rin  tin,     oi.    i       i 

which  was  in  very  VooVheaftli,  ll  fs  ck'  rnlZM'"%^  ^""^«^'  ^^^  n,y  cow, 
to  look  ,n  at  the  door  of  the  cov^-housf  ust    .  n^'^;^  ^^^'^  "^^''^  ^^^^  beef,  seen 
grew  worse,  and  so  I  went  and  cu   a  S  TJLn^f   "^"^  ""'"'"^  «»•     '^''^  ««w 
the  branches  all  np  and  down  the  co w  1  o,  s^  ^f n  1  ^'^^""^^'"  •■^■^'O  and  I  nailed 
If  you  Will  take  the  trouble  to  step  in         an  'i  n  .1'  f  f'  ^''m'"^^  ^^^  ^'»«'»  ^here, 
can't  do  nie  any  more  harm,  soSo  .  as      ;\vTi?n  f""  ""^t  ''*  '^'  '^«^^'  ^"^  she 
where     have  nailed  them.     My  poo  ^cow  wUl^  f 1 1  "'"'^"'  ^^'^"S  "^  ^''«  P'^^^e 
tliought     to  myself,  as  the  deluded  man  warnt'  if  '"  '^''^  °^  '^^•••'     Alas  ! 
}s  yet  to  be  done  in  our  country  by   I  ^school  2 T^'  r'1  '''''^'  ''°^^  '""^'^  »''«re 
TJie  author  of  "  Woodland  GlLnUgs  ''  sTs   -r       "^  "'"  ".">oteenth  century." 
among  our  nortliern  neighbours  is  -.  Sn.    ^  '         ^^  monntam  ash,  so  esteemed 
and  witches,  is  propagatri^^y'^h:  ^fsfa'^^^li^T''"'  ''fr'  ^-'8"^  ^^  wizards 
are  used  as  one  of  the  princina    rhnrn «  r         ''  "^'"'^  tl'^lerent  purpose.     Thev 
public  gardens,  where  they  ar^o' ''  n   ^ed  t'  """n"^:  ^''^  ^^^^"'^'^  "^'^"^^  into   ll 
which  they  are  mistresses;  andSa  ^^v  tlnH  ""  ''"  '^''^^'  ^"^  witcheries  of 
;scarlet  fruit,  has  a  most  o.  chantinTZear!  co  wf'  ""TT'T^  ^^  "«  brilliant 
the  months  of  August  and  SepteE  "^  S.  kJ  f ''  ^f^'^^^'^P  ^^th  lamps,  in 
>n  alluding  to  this  W,  say,^,  "  In  foi^er  tin  e.    i      .'  "'  ^'''  ^^^'^^^^^  Sketches," 
«essed  o   the  I^'operty  of  d  i^i.ig  away  witZs%  r^^^^   T  '"''  '"PP^^^^^  ^°  ^e  po's- 
IS  recorded  in  one  of  the  stanzas  of  nvnlf         '''''  'P'"'''"  ""''^  ^'^^  propirfy 

'  ^Tn  I^hf"''  '"''!■«  vain ;  the  hags  relurn'd 
CrfnL  ?,'';'•■'-■'■'  ",'  ■«"''Wful  mood, 
trying  that  wjichos  have  i„,  power 
Where  tliero  is  roaii-tree  wood  ' 

hastily  ariswei-s,  'A  rown-tree,  wh7,'<\ut  nU  f      T"^^^^^^ 
hee,  Witch!'  which  is  nonse.ie,a,id  evident  L        ^^^''-'^«  ,,'^ave  it    'Aroin 
"^ro.;,^  ihee-  had  occurred  but  o,  ce  lii  Sbn  {      ^'^''''^Pt'on-"     If  the  phrase 
adopt  the  above  explanation  ;  ^ ut  as  it      to  btC7'7'  ""^'^^  *^^  ^ispcSsed  to 
suppose  that  it  is  of  Saxon  origin   and  sj^fi.^  found  twice   we  have  reason  to 
sanes  supply  njne  for  niuning^  "nd  .L  old  Jcln?'^     'T  '  ■  ^^'  ^^^°n  «'««- 
or  to  move      Hone,  i.i  his  '^  Religioii     Mvsterts  ?.' "'"^'"/ ''^"^        to  agitate, 
drawingcalled  the  Descent  into  Hdl   hj  wh  lb '    '  ^        ""  ^^^'^'^'^^  of  a'n  old 
roan-tree  cross  in  his  left  hand,  while  with  the  n^Lf'^''"'"" ''  '•^P'-«s«"ted  with  a 
spn-it  from  the  jaws  of  hell.*      t  i    .'enra  Icab  '  t  f  '  '^'  TT'  '"^  ^'"^"^^  ^  ^°""ite 
should  exist  also  in  liidia,  as  may  b^s^e,   by  lei^^^^^^^^  the  same  superstitions 

&c.  And  It  is  iio  less  remarkable  than  tn.JC  h!  A  ?  "''^''^  '^  Jouriial," 
regarded  by  our  native  Indians  as  an  obiPPf  nf  ^n^ei-ican  mountain  ash  s 

nnmemorial,  they  have  nu.de  of^Hngs  ff  the  s  Ji^tTo'/'n"  '"  i  ""'''■  *^'-'^'"  ^'^'^ 
casting  round  it  the  boughs  of  other  reer  ^A  ,?  ^"'"l"  '^^P^^'^d  heroes,  by 
they  will  tell  you  that  its^rancl^    <■  a^:  ontfeS  wltT^  ^'''«'  «"^ 

nor-sires,  who  will  come  at  evenin-  in  tL  .7  '   ^''?  ^''^-''^^  °^  their  war- 

.0  ros,s.  .„e  sea-breeze,  or  .o  be  plaeei  i°'SS  l^^tT'^iJ^XroTS 

*  See  Sylvan  Sketches,  pp.  251  et  252. 


MOUNTAFN  ASH. 


329 


Winds;  but,  where vor  it  is  ivnnfori  t^    .,  • 

a  free  soil  iu  a  niois   cli  „  ue  ofu^r  w^r'  ""  '"T''^'^'  '^  °"g'^^  '^  ^e  planted  in 

dry.     Few  trees  sufibr  mof  Cn    '  .So'^l     "!  "^  '''"^i^"'"'  ''"^  '^  "''^"  ^"^ 
ash.  ''^°'"  ^xt'cmo  heat  and  drought  than  the  mountain 

Propasratinn  and  Cidlurp  'V]u<.  .r.r,  ■ 
propagated  from  seeds,  which  sho  d  Krf'  ""'f  "'^'^  ''^  ^^«  ^'-^"^^ies  may  be 
bomg  eateu  by  birds.'  VVh  ,  g  i-  ^'^'T!  ;\VT,  ",'  ''^'^  '"^  P^«^«"^  '''^'r 
till  the  seeds  are  separated  frorri  I  rmln  nffo  .  ""'?  ^'  '"acerated  in  water 
fown;  but,  as  they  will  re  n^,,  intt  J^l  1'  ''  '^'^  ^"^>^  ^«  immediately 
before  eomiug  up,  ,ho  conuZ  m  1,  ^do2  1  C'° ''''"  ™°"''^^  ^"  ^''^  g'-"""^. 
nes  wall  light  sindy  soil,  ami  sren^d  t  efr  n  ,?^  ""rserymen  is,  to  mix  the  berl 
ten  or  f^velve  inches  in  th  c-l    es?  tl  on    nl  "'?  ^°""V^-8'-o""d,  in  a  layer 

a  depth  of  two  or  three  incht^  a, k'i  a  1owuZ7"  ?''  ''^''"  ^?''  ^^'^'"^■^  °^  «^^»d  ^o 
They  are  then  separated  from  1  e  so  1  V  f  nl"  '"?'""  '"  .^'''^^  ^^^'e  for  a  year, 
soil,  being  covered  to  the  d  '.,»  nf  ^  .  '?'  ''"'^  ^°'^»  '»  beds  of  light,  rich 
be  dropped  nearer  ^jt^S^^^S^^^Jt^^  '' ll"-,,  ''\  '"^^'^  ^' '"''^  - 
"P  with  suflicient  strength  an.l  wi?|  ' 'r^' '  ^^'f  b  will  allow  the  plants  to  come 
•nay  be  sown  late  in  au.  ,n  .  V,  ^-^  '"•'"•''^^"'■^"^^  "^  their  leaves.  They 
come  up  in  the  June  or  jl  ^  ,,  ^j  J.^;^]^  bv  tl^o  "^"'/1"?''  '''''  <^^^"««  ^'-"^ '« 
est  plants  will  be  eighteen  inche  h  iV.'^d'^li^^,*'!^"^''^'''^  'T''''  '^'^  «'••«»§- 
plant  out  in  nursery  lines      TIh'v  w  II  .^l  ^.'^l  '^''ate  from  the  others,  and  to 

years,  and  in  five  years  w HI  ac  .  ?eT  eiirof''^ u^  ^''-  'H  ^'''  ^'^'^^  «r  fou? 
they  will  be  ready  to  plant  Sntlo^.^^^^^^^^  '"""  ^«'^^-     ^^  this  period 

remain,  after  whi4,  th^ey  wi  1  be'  'to  S'Xi7  ''"'V'^'^  f  ^'^'^-^^-^^^y  to 
will  attain  the  height  of  twenty  f.vt  F-u  b  bon  n ''''^''-  ^"^  "^  ^^"  y^^'^-'s  '"oie 
tbough  the  tree  seldom  grows  1.  Ser  fhan  wen  .7  """'T''  ^°  '""^^^«  ^'o^^^'y, 
years.  This  tree  will  not  bea  "  u  n  ^biTt  ir^;f '"  T  J'^'^/y  f^^t  in  a  hundred 
under  its  shade.*  '"PP'ng,  but  grass  and  herbage  will  grow  well 

insects.     The  trmil'  •md  i      »      r    i 
species  of  borers,  anion 'wbH^' f,/'"'^,  '^^""tmn  ash  are  perforated  by  several 
tata  and  .V.;...^/.  ....^^  bo  1     .f  wl      /:;  e' de'se;'.''  1 ''^''^^  '''''''''  ^"^^'^'^  '^^^ 
mon  apple,  and  the  Fu/opean    i.rtJee   unde    t  e'h  'T^'T'^'^^  ""  ^'^«  ^°'«- 
110  further  notice  here  '       ^'  ^''^  '^^^d  ol  "  Insects,"  and  need 

onf K^r^^n,:^';:  ;:;^:;^^:^--f  ^"  -'•;  r^^';  ^^^'  -'^^«  ^%- 

stauied  any  colour,  and  is'  su.  SroH  (l-i ^^?T''\''''  ^\^\'^'  ""P'^^ble  of  being 
ni  Europe  in  the  small  manufactures   snc^^t-V^  It  is  much  used 

wooden  spoons,  &c. :  and  for  musicannst  umem.  i^""^'"'  °^  ^''''''''  ^"^  forks. 
When  of  sulhcient  diniension7i  L  a  '  ' 'T?  '  ""f  ''''"'''''  articles  of  turnery 
wheels,  carpenter  and  l.usba  i  irna  I's  t^o  co-  ^t.^l  o'^'T^S'^^r'  ^^"^  ^''^^^'^  ^^ 
for  a  variety  of  other  Purposes  I,  Vl  tTin  S  r  '^''"'''  ^^  •nachinery,  and 
the  shoots  being  well  ad/infe  'for  n  1.  'i  r  ^^"^^^^^^  excellent  coppice-wood 
bark  is  used  intann inf  C  J  t„ni  '  i  1  ^''  "^'V^'^S  excellent  hoop  ;  and  the", 
tbis  tree  are  eaten,  ^^en    ipe'a  ''a'fn^r.u^^^  Kamtschatka,  the'  berries  of 

tbem;  and  in  various  other  ,a'r  s  of  lo  I'.orn  l '  '^  T'^  '^'''''  ''  ^'^t^'^d  from 
ground  into  flour,  an<l  used  {  s  bS  .?  h"'T'  ^''^''^  ^'''''''  ^^'^  dried  and 
of  great  scarcity.  InfusS  n  wn  '  '^'/'''■^'"  ^T  '''^'^''  "''  ^^beat,  in  times 
re^mbhngpc,-r^  wluSi^ln  jTS  nvJ^es^  the  i  "^  '"'t  ""'''^i"-  ^^^^-^-^ 
vio/e.  In  the  island  of  Juva,  the  nice  of  fhn  J  ^  ^  *'°''  '"^''^  ^'^'^  "  diod-o-ra- 
punch.  In  Germany,  the  fcn^le  s  )'  k  snri.io  "''"'  ^'  "''^"^  '^^^  '^^'^  ^^'^id' for 
of  this  tree,  which  they  hang  i  'the  wooSsEtfc'e'r^''  f ''"''  '''''^'  "'^  ^^^^''-i^^ 
As  an  ornamental  tree,  tlle^nou  Uaras  .      1'   !  i'  l^'.^^-;^*"Ss  '?."^^  fi^'J-i'^res. 


42 


*  See  Loudon's  Arboretum,  pp.  916  et  920. 


•  well  adapted  for  small  gardens'and 


330 


PYIIUS   AUCaPARIA. 


lake  belovv,  a  fevvr  mouutain  ashes  lohn^^'  in  n  Hn       ""  """'""  S'°°^"  o^^^""  ^''^ 
l.avc  a  fine  cffoct.     In  s.immc     U  ^  "hf  ,?rp^n     T  ?"f  "^i^*"?  ^vrith  them, 
.•mtumn,  the  glowin-  bcrr  eTwhiH    hir^  f       ""^  ''*  *''*''^'  ^'"'''iSo,  and,  j, 
fully  wilh  theWr  gree    Sthe  p^^^^^^^^  "P«"  ^''«."^>  contrast  bca'uti- 

i:i  too  largo  a  proponicM    Uey  add  somo  n  '  L  ^'^  ^y^.h«PP%  blended,  and  not 
which  the  sides  of  those  mSmin/ii?,  '"°'^  picturesque  furniture  with 

of  the  mountain  ash  in  al     ftfmioTs  Ts    imtTn'r'''^-       ^'"^  ^reat  advantage 
grows  out  of  shape.  ^'t^'^-itions,  is,  that  it  never  requires  pruning,  and  never 


Genus  CYDONIA,   Tourn. 


RnsacecB. 


Icosandria  Di-Pentajjynia. 

^'i/al.  Lin 


Si/noni/mes, 


Fi/rus,  Surbus,  Cij,hi,iia, 


^'^^'^^^..^a^l^'Cz:-;:;:;::^^^^ 


Of  AuTiians. 

:rncr:!:F&.r'' "'^  "'""'^^'^ '''-^'«'"'  -W""' 
"l^tSrSl^afyri^cr"    ^-P^'«^'-^'»i-luai„.manysceds.    Tes.a  muciiaginous.    Calyx 

^\mifornf  P.^'^""'''  "^f '^'  "''  '"^^''  deciduous  trees  or  shrubs 
'  P.i  ^  r  ,  ""P^  ^"'^  '^''^'  '^''i^'i  '-^re  easily  propagated  bv   av 
e  s    and  by  graftuig  on  the  common  fhorn^   Tife  fpcc  es  mosi 
Zu\  J  «^/V''">-«  .are  theCydonia  vuli^aris,  heroafteTdescriC 
and  the  Cydon.a  japonica,  commonly  la.o^n  by  the  n  me  ^^^^^^ 

J^u:^o^i  nSn:^fiJ^jTr  ^  f "''  .-tive^f'chmrand 

ter,   its  pendent  branch,^.s  a  d  nuSu     flowers^^J^^^^^^^^ 

appearance,  particularly  in  earlvr  snrini  j'V'^'  ^'ve  it  a  r:ch  and  striking 
America,  both  as  a  bush  "ncr^Ln  IL  I  ""'  ripened  tru;t  in  Europe  and 
ripe,  is  unfit  to  eat,  tiSh  i  ns  s^fr  cfr^^^^  '^'T''  ^  ''^'^"•'  Y'^*^^''  «^^"  ^^^en 
to  keep  it  among  tl  e  Shcs  MI./t!,^^  V  ""-'^T  ''^'r!^  '"^"'^  ^""^^  Persons 
speaki^,g  of  this^shlub,  t llrL  fiow^rl'J'ry^fi;:^,' "  "  """"""^  °^  ^^^'"^^'"  ^ 

"  TIpu  (jleam  and  glow  atniil  tliti  wintry  scone 
I.ii;hiiM..  their  ruddy  beacon,  at  tl,«  «,„,         ' 
111  nioli  away  tlio  snow.     Sen  how  il  fails 
w      T  ','0-i"J;«'al  fi-""!  llin  elowin?  nprav  ■ 
Wieaihed  in  deep  crimsoned  iiudd-tiie  lairy  Hrca." 

To  ,1,0  same  natural  family  belong  llie  folk™-ing  gcnora  — 

They  are  natives  of  ch„',a':",':;ii::7ai,r;':t;dT!;;i;'Sa""""^' """  ■•"■""  '"■"• 

*.      '-^W£0?«e««e/',    COnSIS(lll»   of  SPVPn  I    cnn/ii/io   «^  I        •        ,, 

low  trees,  natives  of  Murone  nd  India  %,e  r  r'^'^y,  '^''''^^\t  ^^'^^^^  ^'^rubs  or 
from  the  abundance  of  iute  se  strle^coTi^^^^^^  ,rf.'if'tl'"'^K  ^^'""' .'"  I'^^'-'i^^^'^r, 
on  the  trees  a  greater  part  of  the  win  tor   ?Jn  7  ^''^^  ^^.''''  ''''""'»  '''""^'^^ 

3.  ie./^/,.W.^/.,  a  ge'us  ,1  e  spec  fs  kwhier^  '  P^"''  "^  '"'^>^  '^•^"^^^•°"- 
na...^f  Chi.^,  ;vit.rcren;d.ec{^Sc:oj:^r:l;e    :  J^Sr  '''''  ^'  ^^^"^^' 

^e,t;f -fcei^  o    &Z,r^r!!^-  .^  ^^JS  fbhage,  which  is 


^- 


332 


CYDONIA. 


ta.oTmul'enTfcir"'''  "'""■  """  •""  '»«»-  "^^  V  'I-  Chilian.  ,o  cr. 
ont  from  it,  in  having  IgraS  acid  ta'sr      ^     "'  °'^""'  "'"'""■^'  ^'"  '""''"- 


< 

e 

V 


ti 


Pyrui  njdonid, 
CydoRia  vulgaris, 


Cydon'ui  vulgaris, 

THE  COMMON  QUINCE-TREE. 

Sj/noni/mes. 


LiNN^iTs,  Species  Plaiunrum. 
De  C*«doi.i,i;,  Prodnimus. 
Don,  Milli'i's  Uiclionury. 


nietnbiillo,  Mumbnl'lero, 

Marinelciro, 

Ariniul, 

Quiuce-tree,  Quince  Bush, 


Sl'AIN. 

Portugal. 

IlussiA. 

Britain  and  ANato-AMERicA. 


Descrij/tion. 


ME  Common  Uuince  is  a 
low  tree,  seldom  exceed- 
ing fifteen  or  twenty  feet 
ill  height,  witli  a  crooked 


stem    nnrl  tn-t.,  "^'=^»=*«'««^^, . "'  "uigiu,  wuM  a  crooked      _ 
T^L^u     ?  .  r.^':^""^'"'«  '-anclies.     The  bark  ^^^ 


s  smooth  and  brown,  approaclnng  to  black      TJie 
leaves  are  ronndish  or  ovate;   dnsky-green  ibove 

forth  la  l,ngland  by  the  middle  of  Apr!  and  n  the 
nj.ddle  and  northern  parts  of  the  l^mtd  States  n 
May  and  June,  are  large,  with  the  petals  pale  red  ol 

aro^e  •;PtecJ'^  -> i^.^-ally,  there 

FrLJi;,Xhr^1;ecS^StiSr^;,S^^Tr^'^^^^^^^^  «^  ''- 

mental  purposes,  tllis  variety  and  the  nnnL  T  ,'"  ""^  ^''^  'I^'^^'"^-  ^'«r  o^na- 
ferred  to  the  Portugal  quince  apple-shaped  qumce,  are  much  to  be  pre- 

extension;  because  it  isltmdtt  seedl^S  oS^^^  be  co,.,„,(.j  ,^ 
variety  are  not  quite  true  to  their  kind.  °  P.  f  "^^  "^  both  this  an<l  the  preceding 
shaped  fruit.  ''  ^'"'^'-      ^  '^^^^  "^o^t  frequently  produce  pear- 

3.  C.   V.  ..s.TAN,CA.      r^csUanlan  or  Por,...nl  quince;  Coignassier    '     " 


^'rench.     This  variety  h 


as  broader  leaves,  and  larg'^er  fruit,  than  the 


334 


CVDONIA    VUrOARIS, 


tor'.: 


h-lf 


.1..- />„„  „  „„>  ,„■  H„  ,1,,,,  „,t  .,r,u,Kc ;  "i',;,',  t.  iVl,  oa   n^ri-.r;;';;;";!.;',':;' 


iniicli  solutr.  and  loss  austere 

III        nu      llwlliri.l....i..      i,.       <I .1  <•      1.  J' 


iiat 
inoro 


Ith 


S  COIl- 


•1        'i       .  •; }   111.^1,    ■Mifiiuiu  iiiK)    in    ('(•  III  I  Kit  ril 

n     .'r.oV.7  "■         I  appears  from  the  sniuc  autiior,  tliut  (minces  were  used 

mmmmmm 

:   '/'-  P'^'"s"iS  tlicm  ill  boilmg  honey,  a  practice  in  use  with  this  and  other  fVniJ^ 
}.,«,. I,-.  .     uiiviM     iircaui,  parucuidily  to  those  who  cannot  convenient  I  ir 

Mytlwlog^ud  and  Legendary  Allusions.     Tlie  quince  was  considered  by  the 


QUINCK-TBEE. 


(I  for  Stocks 
rit'tics;  and 
inariualadc', 
nd  l)ecome.s 

originally  a 

t  it  '\H  llllicll 

It  is  coii- 
irly  oil  the 

Hy  some, 
lis  •'  Poina  - 
•arts  of  tli(! 
!  ill  fiiianti- 

s  held  it  ill 
lit  licalth." 
ic'-()raiig(! 
and  others 
icw,  down 
f  a  golden 
lluit  was 
c  upon  the 
^"  coutin- 
ers  of  our 
tliey  come 
were  used 
chambers, 
there  was 
actions  for 
in  honey; 
her  fruits, 
1  qualities 
c  good  for 

0  of  raw 
ic  dropsy, 
veniently 
ice,  cither 

1  tree  was 

Oerard 
ted  often- 
tvhich  we 
ill  proba- 

at  Macs- 
iu  diam- 

iced  into 
[t  is  very 
'  bushes, 
f  it  have 
s  of  the 
ofit. 
d  by  the 


335 


ancients,  to  be  the  emblem  nf  \nxu,  u,^^^'  ,  - 

to.  Venus',  an.l  the  .om  ll^of^'h:  ' 'XTa^ "v^  ^' ''''  ^^''^''^-♦«J 

with  it.  The  nuptial  .^handws  of  I  TvnJ^^''''f  »  "'  '"'''"'*'  ''''''^'  decorated 
the  fruit;  and  the  bri.ln  a/.d  /j  ! ''^i.^V'T  "'"'  «'""ans  were  ndor.ied  with 
ceremony  was  i)erforni.-d.  Ti,,.  leamS  ( •  Jn.  •*  ''"'  '•'  '^  "'  '•"'"  "**  ^''«  nmrriage 
"  f?olden  ai.plei  of  the  Ilesper  les ''  "^^^^^^^  ZZT  '"'"""'"•'  '''"'  'l'"'>««'^  ^^^'"'  '''^ 
«up|.osed.  In  support  of  ll^s  a  g  nne  leCsTb-^;  ?f  '"''''  7"'"'«n'«tors  have 
by  the  ancients;  and  he  as.s.ire^s  |.u  nZ'         '  '"''"',''  '""^  '""^''  ''''''^^ 

statue  of  Hercules,    that  li.-l.l     n     ,V  nn  1      1         "'"  "'''""""''"^^  ^     '^••"»^'' " 


by  HippouKncs  to  Atalanta  were 


r:s  "!"),^"'i  "■;:  'vu,r:r,i;;..  ;•  z:; 


den 


*S«//  r///f/  Sihiiti  OH.     The  (iiiiiw..  nrn/v..  M>i<Jon,     was  the  rpuncc, 

H  Situation  rather  open,  bu         Iref    K '":':^   '"V  ^^  ?"'  '"''^^  ^^^^'^^  '-"-l 


ble  to  fall  before  mature.     The  (iiiest  supr-imnnr  V  "'^"  '""""'  ""^  "■'"'  '«  ''»" 
■      ^  '',.:  N'^'-'inf^'is  ol  quince-trees,  in  IJiiiaii,    ire 

adioiniiis  Doiwk.  ;»  t.«; '   "'."»'"»  'irc 


said  to  be  i;,und  in  o  i  oi-chai^s  Xiu^Tm  '  "'  '/"'"'^-•rees,  in  IJritain,  u 
to  plant  a  quince-tree  in  every  a  p^  '  !  ?,,^'"'  '^j, ''  '^7'^'  customary,  formerly, 
artdic.al  one  , nay  be  prepare!!,  II  rcZmn' tied  foM  ^^T  ^T  ''  '^?^'''  '^' 
a  hole  may  br  excavated  for  each  tree  to  ^  don.l  «/  <">'Jonia  lasiai.tbus;  or, 
t>lli"S  t  with  loose  stones  to  w  th  n  two  o.  In"  f  ?  ZT^'''  ^''''  ''"^^  "'"' 
remainder  with  rich  loamy  earth  or  mm  ,1  i.  ^'''^  "'  ^'"'  """''^^'^C'  '"»l  the 
of  the  expense  in  e.ery  f^arden     he  c   h       ;.     '"i '  '^  V'T'-''^'^'^''  ''  ^^^''1  ^orthy 

.seeds  as  the  apple  and  pear;  but  iV       hL^  nl        f  '■'•''^''-''  l>n>pagated  from 
It  will  also  grow  by  cut  in-s  n].  u  ,1  m     ,  ^^"  "*  ■■'""""  l''^^'"'*  '«  by  layers, 

when  planed  as  Lniards^'  tt  e  i  ua"d  'l^'^fV"'^^^""-  '^''^  ^i^" 
out,  rcpiirc  but  little  attention   bevond    h^rlf  r  "  ^''.'  ^^"''''  ''^'"^  '•''^^"  ^^^ 

root.s,  and  the  side-slioots  from  the  S  st  m  .T'""^'"^  '''^  ^"^l<^'s  from  the 
the  head  of  the  tree  should  b.  1  e  , 'r  w  .n.  ''"''"  '''"  [""'"''^^  ''-^"-^^  «i^«. 
fri.it  ought  also  to  be  thinned  ou?lZiJl\''''^''''''^  T  '^'''  '^''"'''•'  '-^"^l  <»'« 
mature.  The  tree  is  of  mX2lV  ;3  ". n  ,7"  "','  "'^^  '^''^  ''''-^'^  '^^^^'^  well 
four  or  five  years,  a  height  ori^^r'ofjht  To  n'  T''''"/"''"^'  *''^'l'"'-'"-  '» 
attams  an  elevation  of  fifteen  feetX,  w  I  V  '"^-  '"  ''"'  ^'^  ^^^^'^^  years,  it 
the  width  of  its  head  '  ''^'"''''  '^  '^^ntmues  to  increase  chielly  in 

rates  the  stems,  in  a  similar  nanern.il  common  apple-tree.     It  porfo- 

thorn,  the  June  berry,  aXhe  runt"  n  Jr'/'r  ^'""^'^  "^^  ^'"^  '-"Pl^'^^  ^''^  ''^^v- 
modcs  recommended  for  the  apple-tree  '      '^  ""^^  '^'^  destroyed  by  the  same 

Properties  and  Uses.     'J'ho  wnnrl  r.c  .'i,„ 
sions,  is  applied  to  the  pur,  o^s  of    ur  crvT\'^^^^ 

almost  entirely  cultivated  ft  .its  n-ui  o  (s  sto  U  n'"  '?'l"""  ''''^  ^'"^  ''''  '« 
tain  ash,  and  the  pear.  In  France  ho  we  vp;?,  .  "  '''■^"'^  ^"  ^'^^^  ^''e  moun- 
hedges.     The  f^.it^•s  seldom  eate,   by  hXb^^^^^  '«  sometimes  grown  for 

or  IS  made  into  marmalade  or  mixe,  L   I.    '  generally  preserved  in  syrup, 

ufactured  into  '' marmSes '-  p^^^^^^^^  In  France,  it  is  Lifl 

name  ofcoiignac;  and  a  very  agreeab  e  lio  or  is^etr?'  ^T''  -^^  '\''  ^'''''^^ 
cowgs.  According  to  Gerard  ouinces  arnV.nr.rf  i  f  f '"^^  ''"?'"  '''  '^''^•''^^*  "'«  ^^ 
strong  smell ;  andf  when  eatei    W  ^hl  '1  '""  ^Y^  '''*''^'  ^^  "-'^^^^^n  ^^  'heir 

taste."  Medicinally,  they  are  considered  nf^^'  r'^  ''"'"  "'"  '^'"^  °^  ^'^^^'^'"8 
The  expressed  juice^f  th^  frSt:?;^^:;^^^,^ ^  ^itjl^^i^^^,?"^  ^'--^il 

luamimsj  isoi  service  m  nausea, 


336 


CYDONIA    VULOARfS. 


sTom^i-lf   o';J  ""'"^  "■  '^"'P  'T'^'"''!  '^^  J"''^  "^^y  ^^  taken  to  strengthen  the 
stomach.     Quince  wine  is  made  with  sugar  and  water  in  a  similnr  nv,nn«rn! 

other  fruit  wines.  The  fruit  should  first  be  deprived  of  their  cores  fas  the  seed 
impart  an  unpleasant  tiavour  to  the  wine,)  then  mashed  or  gro  iVd  to  a  mDn 
and  mixed  m  equal  proportions,  by  measure,  with  water.  After  standin/f  oSl 
wenty-four  to  thirty-six  hours,  separate  the  juice  from  the  pulp  by  SninT 
add  to  each  gallon  of  the  liquid  three  pounds  and  a  quarter  of  musSovafio 
sugar,  and  put  it  up  in  air-t^ght  casks,  and  let  it  remain  uiftil  the  Marrripnl 
tollowiug.  Then,  rack  it  off;  cleanse  the  cask  of  sediment;  put  back  the  Ikiuor 
again ;  and  a  year  after  bottle  it  up.  It  will  be  greatly  improved  by  age  a ik  is 
much  esteemed  by  asthmatic  persons.  The  rind  of  the  qui  ice  imparts  ?o' wool  -x 
yellowish-brown;  and,  when  mixed  with  the  salts  of  i^n,  it  gives  a  blacldsh- 
geer.  A  mucilage  prepared  from  the  seeds  of  this  fruit  ^as  Lmerly  mucl  in 
use,  but  is  now  supplanted  by  the  simple  gums  ^ 

Independently  altogether  of  its  value  as  a  fruit-tree,  or  of  the  young  plants  for 
of  fhp'.lf  q^^nce  richly  deserves  a  place  in  ornamental  plantat bus,  mi  accoun 

all,  Its  splendid  golden  fruit  which,  when  ripe  on  the  tree,  reminds  us  of  the 
orange  groves  of  Italy  and  of  the  torrid  zone,  Lid  may  very  well  ii  stifv  the  con 
jecture  that  it  was  the  true  "  golden  apple"  of  the  Hesperides       ^       ^ 


Granatacese. 

Syat.  Nat. 


Genus  PUNICA,  Tourn. 


Punka,  Mains, 


Synonymcs 


Icosandria  Jlonogj'nia. 

Stjst.  Lin, 


Of  Authors. 


/  ■■=    o:  uarlhage;"  near  which  city,  Pliny 

'Si?l2T^;3r  ^^^^  -ivation  va,vate. 

forms  the  nnd      The  fm    doS  nm'"'  "T"'^  ^'"^  '^e  upp'er  ^arf  of  the  calvx  ,h?,  °"  '*'^'"" '"""  ^^^e. 
upper  portion  consists  o" 5-9  ce  1^^!'.''^ '''^'"''^^''  '"'°  '«'"  P^r^  S  An4ma?dH n^h""  °'"  ^'^i?^-- 

There  are  several  species  Sribed  hf,T,"'*^-  "?'">'  ""''  '■So- 
regarded  ,1,™  only  as  varlefc  o'nhe  same  ,  ^e""'  ""'  ^"^  ''»™ 
i^^.heo7derCa,?eZtelt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

itpsu„/'iet;f;srciri:re?;„^S^^^^^^ 

imperfect  centres  of  deposition  on  the  "t.i^  ^  '  ""''  '  "  '''^^'*^^"'  ^«"r  ^"nr 
structure,  which  may  be  calTed  withomm  fl  "'^'  '^^  ^^'•^^=  ^  mo'st  singular 
genous  and  endogenous  growth  combTn  -H  in  tV"''''"'^'^^'  ^"  ^"^^^"ce  of  exo' 
cies  belonging  to  fhese  generl  morwor  hv  of  L?"^'  individual."*  The  spe- 
(Calycanthus  Aoridus,)  Arnerican  alTsnire  /^  T^'  T  ^^^  ^^"-^'ina  allspice 
fragrant-flowered  chi^anthus  (cSn^'ni^'^/^"*^"^  l^vigatus,)  and  the 
IS  a  native  of  Japan.  '  ^^*^>"^«"anthus  fragrans,)  the  latter  of  which 


Lindley's  Introduction  to  the  Natural  System  of  Botany, 


43 


p.  160. 


J  ;''|!»' 


Punica  granatnm, 
THE  POMEGRANATE-TREE. 

Synonymes, 


Punica  granatum, 

Grenadier,  Balaustier,  Miougaiiier, 

ureiiadier,  Granalbaum, 

I\Ieloe;rano,  Granato, 

Granado, 

Romeira, 

^°'^"^«S'''inate.tree,   Carthaginian   Apple- 

Pomegranate-tree, 


LiNNJEus,  Species  Plantarum. 

De  Candolj.e,  Prodromiis. 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain  and  Spanish  America. 

Portugal. 

Britain. 

United  States. 


fi^i^l^^ShJ^^^^Si^r'  ''-^^^''"'-  "■■  ''''■'  ^""0".  Arboretu-n  BriUnnicun,,  ii.  «,.  ,,,,  E„cyc,„p..ia  of  Plan., 
Specific  Ckaracurs.    Stem  arboreous.    Leaf  lanceolate. -i,«  CanMle,  Pro.rornus. 

Description. 

"  Let  us  t-et  up  early  to  the  vineyards : 
Let  us  see  if  the  vii„,  /lourish,  ' 

VV  het her  the  tciuler  eiape  appear, 
And  the  potriegraiiatea  buil  forth." 

SONQ  OF  .SOIO.MON,  Vii.   12. 


HE   Punica  granatum  is 


a   trc-c,   in 


'n^ 


-   magnitude  and  ligneous   character, 

^^^^    bearing  considerable  resemblance  to 

■?T™^.       -;.-'=     the  common  hawthorn.     In  a  wild 

state,  It  forms  a  thorny  bush;  but  when  cnl   vated    n 

gardens  and  m  plantations,  nnder  favoura  le  drcum 

stances,  it  often  attains  a  height  of  fifteen  or  twen' y IS 

The  leaves,  which  are  of  a  beautiful  sreen  stand  nnnn 

site,  and  are  about  three  inches  long,  and  from  mlf  an  ^fch 

to  an  mch  broad  in  the  middle"   The  flowers   wl  c     (^ 

are  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  a  bell,  and  of  a'bn  n     ^^ 

scarlet  colour,  come  out  a\  the  ends  of  the  bran  he  " 

sometimes  occiirr  ne  in  rhisfnr^  nf  fi.,«„       r   "''*"^"^^' 

are  so  irregular,  t  S   le  Se  si   sX^  J''^  ^''"^^  «f  their  blooming 

are  handsome,  Very  thick  and  flesh i  nn.1  t.^    'T'^  ^°'  T" *'^^-     '^^'^'^'  P^^alt 

our  is  bright.     The  f  ui     w  licht  v^r.  1     ^V','^°'^ 

taste,  is  nearly  round   encicled  at  [h7pn?f  ^^^'"^  *°  ''f  "^^  ^"^  P'^^^^'^"^  '^  the 

resembling  a  crown,  and  s  covered^   h  f M   T^?"'',  ^'^^  ''''^'  ^^^''^  something 

When  fully  grown,  it  is  aboiri  bt  a  'a  h  'e  sbS^^^  ^'^^^  ^^^^^''^  ^"•°'^«» 

a  pound,  and  wh.cn  perfectly  ripe  varies  Xoplf'  sometimes  weighing 


li£ 


lumerous  grains  or 
lopaedia  of  Plants, 


I 


blooming 
leir  petals 
their  col- 
ant  to  tlu; 
iomething 
y  broicen. 
weighing 
m  bright- 
Its. 

•  des  bois, 
as  grow- 


POMEGRANATE-TREE 
2     P    G  ^^^ 

»™<aW;4"dS;:S''by'l°;  d"„\t"flow™ '"liffT™'"  «""•'-?*«  Pome. 

f-  P.  o.  FLAvmi,  Loudon      Yrf/Z  2i„      ^S'  *'^'"'^''  "f"  "ear  y  white 
^  tl'  o"'„I7  "'■°  '"  i-^i^^^      -^  ''""'"grmuucree.  L  the  flowers 

•;>ol;ci;.  yCyrt°c"y°':,hkh7t^ZZZ'T'''''''   '^•■'""■'""-  '"•■"',  of  .1,0 

alayas,  Mr.  Royle  informs  us  tlAt  tho  1'      ^  '"  '^°"^''  America.     In  the  Hi 
"is  planted  near  villages.     It  forms  'S'^''"''""''' •^'■"''' '"''^'  ^"^^^o   t  m 
dr.ed  seeds  are  e.xported  for  mediealuse^"n^  7""^  '"  Mazandei-an,  Whence  the 
grown  in  the  rich  gardens^yh'  under  thi  ^  *''^""f  •f'^'^d'^^^  Pomograna  es  a  e 
They  are  also  described  as  i;;ricio"s  about  S^^^  "efr  \he  n^er  Ca,  b' 1 

1  liough  grown  in  most  parts  of  Inrlf.,  ''  !  i^"'^'''^'  ^"^  throughout  Persia 
supenor  quality,  are  yearly'Cugh  IT^u  bv'thf  nn' n'^'^'  "'^^^^  "uantities  of' 
bul^  Cashmere,  and  Boodurwar  "  ^  ^^"^  northern  merchants  from  Can- 

<^^'^:^ST^:^\:^^^^^  -i."i.y  of  ,„e  vi„e,  .„e  ,,  and 

n  the  early  stages  of  civilization  »,.  !  P'^'^-'Pal  food  of  the  eastern  iiatin..<r 
interest.  It  is  mentionerw  Theo'^i^rf  ^'"''f '  "°  ^"^^"  degree  m  h  toS 
c.an«  called  it  sida  ;  the  Gr'eeTs "^^^^^^^^^^^  the  Sn - 

f;.^f"*  p?m«m.  The  Jews  appear  to  h-^vo  ifn  ,  !  ^«'^«»«.  according  to  Plinv 
sil  employ  he  fruit  in  theirceremoniah  t  f"  '''""  ^'"^^^  veneration,  and 
n^eut,  as  one  of  the  fruUs  discovered  it  . IWi::STand'"^  ^'^  ^^^  ^^^^- 

a  ll'n^d  ^Cl^X:^^'  »""  vine.,  and  po„,e,ra„a.oa; 
_      1        I  .,  IIei'teronomv,  viii  8 

-ail:  :^^Ki::^nhe'e;;!J:;  ^%;:^t^"7^'  •'  --  «^'--^  as  one  of  the 

ates,   with  pleasant  fruits  '"  'and   trot?r''^^ '^  '^ "'  -chard  oT;ofnelfr^ 
appears  to  have  been  made  from  this  AuhT  ^'If'^'^^^  "^'^  ^^''t,  a  Ce 
Negropont,  there  was  a  statue  of  Jo  ho  din^ln    '  ""'u''']'  '^'^"d  Eub'coa,  now 

dvoiLTr^''^]"^'^-  ''^'"J^  «P«ak  of  exttc?inl°^.^'"^  V^'''^  and  In  the 
ayemg  cloth  a  light-red.  He  mentio,  ^  n  .n  ?  '^""'""^  ^"""m  the  Howers  for 
sour  the  temperate,  the  austere  n?/rfl'' "^'y'"^'^' ''  i»c""ding  the  swoe  t^^ 
kmd,  he  says,  is  the  best  fortanners  anJ'r"^"^"^''"^'^-     ^^''«  ''"d  of   ho  'so  ' 

thotr::^^:;^/;^t;:ilff^^^%^^ 
^^Th:fe-Sr"-«^^ 

•         18 ;  b^it  ra^Zll  !:  •  Cd^J^^'^  "^,  ^-^'^^'"'  ^^  ^-^  Turner'.  «  H^rb.'  '- 
'•d  in  the  gardens  of  the  VeTigSo^' Ke's!'-^ '^^^ 


pi 


J, 

if 


a  fong  period,  it  was  kept 


>'l   ;■ 


''Iff 


.  }  I', 


Lit. 


;tt    1 


340 


PUNICA    GRANATUM. 


Tradescant,  whcu^e'was  ^^t  knit's  t^^^^^^^  ^^^  --  °f 

being  Irained  to  a  St  of  ix  or  Ih  t  If'''"!  'f^  ""l  '^TT'''''^  *^«^'  ^'^^  ^'^"^ 
spread,  and  droop  down  on  every  sidf  JnM  '*''  ^'"'^  afterwards  allowed  to 
(^enoa,  yonni?  trees  are   °rowI.  Z  ''?  •''!'''"»''  ""^series  about  Nice  and 

parts  of  the  wm^d  In  the  con  so  u^^"''  '"  '^^"'^  '^'^y  ^""^  ^^P""^^  to  various 
Franco  general  rthe  do  brcrio^^n,^^  V^^  neighbourhood  of  Paris,  and  in 
treated  like  the  m™-?ree  tr  .t  Pnrlf ''  ,'v  ^'^n^'^  ?  ^"^^^  ^°^^^'  ^"^ 
exposure  to  the  open  air  too^nr  -  in  ,,  ''"'^  T?'^'*'"''  ^^'^y  ^^i'>  "^^  bear 

irom  the  house  eiZr^da^^^^  ""^'^rf'  ^'^^^  "^^^  ^^^  ^«"^«ved 

there  are  specimens  of  the  nWlr  '■?"^''     ^^  ^'''  '^^^  last-named  cities, 

have  existed  ^;  two  u Jd^d'^d  fi'ftv  v''  t  ^^«  '^^ 7'  ^"^^'l  ^^^^^^^t^'  ^° 
flowered  varieties  are  vcrv  Cmomh  1  ^''^^'Z^^'.^-  ^^h  the  single  and  double- 
France  ;  and  t  e  niL  SLnfo  f.  ?  •  Z"'"^-  ^^^"'''  'T^"''  "^  ^^^'J^'  ^«  ^^^11  as  in 
with  th^se  of  Ic  0  her  so  Ts  t^m  t??''  |"^'^'"?l"g^  Jhe  branches  of  one  sort 
apparently  on  the  same  tree  "^^'P'^'^  ^^  '^'^^'^  ^°"^'«  ^^^^^^^^  ^»d  fruit, 

oflouthTSa'ed  To"IhrearrJi'r  "'n'^'  7'?"^^  '^^  ^"^  ^^'^  ^'^^^  -^ 

partsof  thosrcium  t,  w      e  iris'nS  cir^^^  ''''  ''''''''  '''"  '''''''''' 

along  the  avenues  of  nlant^ft-,n.  n^  !      .  -^"^  ^^'  ""^^""ent  in  gardens,  and 

flowcn-sanditsfr.r  iTt  IsZl^ms^^^^^^^^  admired,  both  for  its 

to  be  met  with  in  -ardens  -iml  nhln  1  of  North  America,  too,  it  is  frequently 

as  an  ornan  mil  t  fe    'itt  .l^^.w'^"'^^^  and  is  much  esteemed 

plant,  in  varous  parts  of  he  .^  ?1?H  T^'"^  f'  ""  '^^^"  ''"'''  ""'  ^^  ^  conservatory 
highly  prized       ^  '''''^'^^'  ^"^  ''''''^'''''  ^^^^es  of  the  union,  where  it  is 

tio^Ttnl^^pS^^^^^^^  TJie  pomegranate  is  men- 

Pluto  had  stolen  her  d  uSr"  TWo  '  f  that  when  (Jeres  discovered  that 
restore  fier,  tha  he  coteS  iov  dS"''^'  "\"  r^^'''"^  ^''P''''  '"  ^'-^^"^^^ly  to 
dence  in  the  infer  alTe^o'l^Zfnn  f  !'  ^!"^  '^'''^  "''^'''"S  ^^^""S  her  resi- 
ian  Fields,  Prose  pinrhar^at^plr"^  '''''^'^''■'  T"^''  walking  the  Elys- 

it,  which  1  ad  been  Tbserved^  hv  A«n^  pomegranate,  and  eaten  severe!  grains  of 
had  been  do.ie,  wa  timSrbv  Cere  h  l'^  '"^  'I'^'r'  on  informing  Pluto  of  what 
his  poem  entit  ed ''LerPlasiL^n  rp    Hlf "  """'Kn'  h'^/'^terference.     Rapin,  in 

gives'  the  following  or  gin  of  fis  t  ee  -A  vZ^  ^St'^C  ^''^^''^'"^  '^  ^^^3' 
the  diviners  to  know  her  fort  nl  wn«tnM  T""?  S"^' ^^  Sf  ythia,  having  consulted 

to  wear  a  crown    lTiirreind^',pr'n^      /  '''f  ^  '^''\  '^^  '^^^  ^^'''^''^^  «"«  day 

by  Bacchus,  on  his 'pVoil;'  rgfveTr^"^^^^^^ 

a  device  a  pom^^r^^'-K^^:-^^  ^o^S^i^Z'.^'^:^-:!^'::^ 


ngly,  that  it 
■  the  care  of 
iind  in  most 
ghbourhood 
ill  size;  hut 
The  larg- 
against  t'le 
nd  fifty  feet 


lit;  and,  in 
2e,  the  stem 
!  allowed  to 
It  Nice  and 

I  to  various 
aris,  and  in 

boxes,  and 

II  not  bear 
be  removed 
imed  cities, 
irtainty,  to 
nd  double- 
5  well  as  in 
of  one  sort 
j  and  fruit, 

Indies  and 
lie  warmer 
rdens,  and 
oth  for  its 
frequently 
1  esteemed 
iservatory 
vhere  it  is 

e  is  men- 
s^ered  that 
rnestly  to 
I  her  resi- 
the  Elys- 
grains  of 
'  of  what 
Rapin,  in 
I  in  15S3, 
consulted 
1  one  day 
f  seduced 
ired,  and 
losed  her 
IS  tardily 
shrub  is 
1  its  fruit 
vorthless 
,  had  for 
nj"  and 


POMEGRA\ATE-TKEE. 

o'^!'y^^J^i:^^r;ZS:t:^^  T'^^  ^-^ >.  i^  the  island 

qui  porte  son  royaume  (lans  "o  sei^  ''E  "'..  I^  ti''  ''''''  ^"^""  ^^^  '^  '^^'^^ 
M.ght.ngale,"  says  Russell,  m  h  s  acLnif  nf  A  "  ^  f  s^ime  properties.  "  Ti,e 
ate  groves  in  the  day-time."  -account  of  Aleppo,  "snigs  from  the  pomegran- 

almost  any  soil;  Lut  the  do  S-i ter Jd  ^a' 'e£  r"""^''"^^*^  ^^'"  ^''^^^  '" 

t  \T'!r''^  /-^q-'i-^-  a  rich,  free  soiL     The  dm      /  ill  •?  '^?'''''^  ^^^^^  "^^^"ded 


by  the  French  ^ai^n^i^'^a      pIS;  ed    n  ^he^;v'°^  -  b^^- 

posed;  and  a  portion  of  this  soil  is  rcnovvpVi^'''''''r^'°''  that  can  be  com- 
agated  by  cu/tings  of  the  hot'of  rrootrifvC'  ^''^  ^'^"^ '«  '^'^^  P^'^P- 
on  another.  It  also  rises  freely  from  soeds  \m  t  .^  '  ""l  ^^  ^'""^''''^  «"«  kind 
diately  on  being  removed  from  lie^ruit  l.Vnn  '  t?'  ''"^^''  '^  ^'  '«^^"  '"^"^^^i" 
poyrs.  In  pruning  this  tree,  tl  rheaTshou  d  b.  ,,  i7  ^f^  '°"'^  ^""'^  '^'''^  ^^'^^ 
as  to  multiply  as  much  as  poL.bL  shorfs  e  W  .  /''^  ""''.  '"  '""^'^  "^  ^«^»"«r 
alone  the  flowers  are  prodEced  in  ra hn  ^k  ac.1  nf '  °"  i^'^.P"'"^^  ^^  ^^^^'^^ 
keep  this  constantly  in  view  for  i f  t ho^n  1?  it  against  a  wall,  u  is  necessary  to 

will  be  produced.     L  very  ricl   soi     an  advintfao  "^'T-  ""'^ I'''  ««'  "«  ^^^v^ers 
ing  the  roots.  ^  ^'  ^"  a^lvantagc  is  derived  bv  annually  prun- 

th/:;K^sStL;S;?tC;^!eSTpoL^  'r?r^^^  ^^-^'-ut 

ties.  In  hot  countries,  its  utility  ^iCon  r.tnhir  r  ''"'  '"-^'''^  ^^'"^^le  pfoper- 
the  palate,  and  assuages  th  st^in  a  S''  nn^^^^^^  f ''"''"  V'^''  S^^^^eful  to 
acid-an  acid  so  soft.  That  it  may  in  tm  hMf""^^'  '?  '^'  ^''^'n  'ts  pleasant 
ness,"  as  Moore  expresses  himS'  The  nuln  ifnw  '"  ^'  V'"^^  '^  melting  sweet- 
is  sometimes  acid,%ometimeTsweet  am^  in '^  '^'''  ^^^ich  encloses  tlfe  seeds, 
always  refreshing!     A  syrup  iSe  from   1^^^^^  '^^'ringent,  and 

ft-om  the  dried  flowers,  whiih  is  S^nlovpTni  .  ^  ?  ^  '''^  druggists,  as  well  as 
rnid  of  the  fruit,  on  account  o  its3iZent  nronei-H  i"^"'"'  '"^-  '^''''^''''-  ^he 
materia  medica  as  well  as  in  thrvetennarvT^^^  ^ 

substitute  for  galls,  in  the  nianuflc  ./rl  n/w  S'''^'  ^,'"'  ^-"^  "^^d  as  a 

employed,  in  some' parts  of  Ge  many  jn  dv  in^  /  '.'  '"^  I'  '""''"^  ^°  ^'  ^'i" 
morocco.  In  the  II  malayas  Mr  Zvlo  ^.f7  ^  ^''V'^''  ''"'^'  "^  imitation  of 
^nuyjal,  -  being  very  as  riZen^  s  u.o\Vl?T  "''  "^'  ^'"^  '^^  ^'^^  ^^uit,  called 
employment,  by  ikl  nativis^V lidia  of  heTark  of '..''  "IV^^  ^!^  "^y'^''^'  'l^'- 
he  tape-worm,  being  now  well  known    Zonl  ■''  '^°*  ^*''  ^'^^  expulsion  of 

Drs.  Hamilton  and  Fleming  ,s  a  remTkn.  f  '"^'J'.'^  '^^'^^  communicated  by 
even  a  valuable  niedicii  e  may  foraslh.s  ^..-0  ?''  °^  ''''  "^''^''^"  i"^^  ^^^^'i^'i 
ndes.  '  Lord  Bacon  reconSids  'the  hTJn?^^^  '""'  '^"''  '^"«^^"  ""  I>io«eo- 
complaints;  and  Dr.  Wood^^?llo  Avs  i  , .  r  P';?^'^Sranatcs  as  good  for  liver 
of  fever.  From  the  flowers' wtl  the  adSr  n?t  ''  I^'  "^  '''''S'''  '»  ^^^^^^^^ 
fine  red  mk.     The  flowers,  ^Iso^w:!;:  fiS^  S^c/^SolK  UghS^'  ^ 


''?,• 

!,{.: 
',1 


If: 
lii 


;• , 


»: 


1      t 


Genus    MYRTUS,   Linn. 


Myrtacete. 
<Sfy»<.  Mat. 


Icosandria  Monogynm. 

Hynt'.  Lin. 


Synonymes. 


Myrtus,  Eugenia,  Carynphillm,  Calyp.  ,  ^     . 
tra/iihes,  Ptmenta,  [  Of  Authors. 


Derivations 
«lon  to  iho 
geiiora  wli 


Generic  C/iararters    Calvi  ^  clpfr      P.  i    -      -n  •"■"'j/'im. 

cli«tinct._Z„„,/„„,  £,;,:  o/p;^!';^.  ^-    ^"''"^  -  °' ^■""'^'•'  many.see.led.    Radicle  and  cotyledons 

commoa  myrtle,  Im  vlvor  ^sTnal  vc^^^^^  climates.  ^  The 

to  Nor'h  of  South  AmSca  AMcTaL      T'  ^"r  '"  l'^^  ""^^^  '^"'^«  h«lo"g 
propagated  by  cui^rmSnnnvo^^^^^^  -^^  ^'^'^  species  may  bo 

Ihe  beauty  of  their  SranrrtowrsnT'v'"'  "''""  ^-^'^g/v^'-green,  and  from 
climate  o^  for  conserilforTL^^J^Z^^^^^^^^  ^^  '-clges,  in  a  mild 

and  when  eaten  r^    also  d  ^Florkh  In  ?'' n^^^!'^  ''^^  ^^^^^^  '"^«  ^^  J^l'y 
lent  flavour  of  thrfn/it  Tw  fch  hn    hof         '  (^  «'f '""'^"'^ifolium,)  the  excci: 
cream.     Nearly  all  ed  to  the  gem^s  mv^us^^^^^^^^^^    ^"  ''^''  °f  strawberries  and 

(Caryophyllus'aromaticusO-a'nTiveoFt       Mot^VaTsb^^^^ 

pepper  or  allspice  (Pimenta  vulgaris  ^     Thi«  ..rJ        i  i    ',  ^""  *'^^  Jamaica 

or  Java  plum-'tree,  (cXp  ran£   Zbo         ^  hn'  ''''''  '"I "'^f'  ''^"  Jambolana 
the  forked  calyptranthes      cXntJn  hn«  .^  "^""x^  ^  ?'^''''  ^^'^"•^"t  berry; 

Indies  and  souufem  Flondi    d^^S^^^^^^  indigenous  to  the  Wesl 

between  the  tropics  for  its  fm  -    bo  F.fl?^^  '  ^^  'S*'"'^  malaccensis,)  cultivated 
of  southern  Florida   Cubf  J^iaic^W^?n^l''''''°^       P'T*^^^'  '^"^  ^uxifolia, 

abundant,  minufe  folm^e  and  ils  s^iion  liH  n^  stems,  numerous  slender  branches, 
oured  flo;ers.     From  ifs  bitter  andS Iv  -K         '  ?^  ''^''"''''  "^  P^'*^  ''''-^"^- 
employed  as  a  tonic  imeVltin.       ^i^   S™"''V  P'^'P^^ 
forSio'ps  in  mikKg  b  V    \v^'^^^^  ^is  sometimes  substitutoS 

proportion  of  sulphate  of  sod^  By^'r^'aL  ortf  „ 'nei.nn  nfT  r  "^^^'"  '^  ''"^'^ 
parius,  a  species  of  manna  is  Drodiirod  I  fo?,  n  P""^^"»«  f  the  Coccus  manni- 
bian,  to  distinguish  it  frXt^^eTers ian  inT\  1  'T''T'  ^'^^''^  "^^"^  "^  ^'^- 
maurorum.     The  Myric^ri"  JrZnL  fc  ^'     '"'^  'f  '''"  P'"^^'"^^  «f  ^''^  Alhagi 

ont^:i;  rorSpTTSadiTiT^ 

America;  and  ^^^.'^^H^^^^^^J:^'''  ^"^  ^^^^^--'  «^  ^-^^ 


I 


fiimoilnil;  in  allti- 
-r  imiiies  boluiijj  to 
rlus. 

and  cotyledons 


ody  plants, 
site,  entire 
C!senco  of  a 
ratofiil  per- 
part  of  the 
lighly  aro- 
:ites.  The 
nds  belong 
ics  may  bo 
,  and  from 
I  in  a  mild 

yiiferum,) 
ito  a  jelly, 

the  excel - 
erries  and 
Jommercc, 
e  Jamaica 
ambolana 
3nt  berry; 

the  West 
^nltivated 
bnxifolia, 
ziliensis,) 
,  sub-acid 

re  hardy, 
Tlie  for- 
branchcs, 
rose-col- 
fvsionally 
ibstituted 
n  a  large 
s  niaimi- 
e  of  Ara- 
e  Alhagi 
?ht  habit 
'ing  may 
a  native 
af  North 


Myrtus  communis, 
TPIE  COMMON  MYRTLE-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Myrtus  commmh, 

Myrte,Mcur,he,Herbcdulagui, 

Myrter,' 

Myrien, 

Mirto, 

Mi  no,  Array  an, 

Myrta,  J^Iurta, 

Myrtle, 


I  LiN,v  BUS,  Species  Plantarum. 

^  FnlNc":  '^■^""'^•^'"'n  IJritannicum. 
Okkmanv. 
Uk.n.mark. 
Sweden. 
Itaf.y. 

SpAtN. 

Portugal. 

iJRITAlN  AND  AnoLO-AmeRICA. 


.  —  """  ■"""''O-AMERICA. 


I^cscr'iptmi. 


Ami  hrc„th„»,uOal,„y  fragrance  ^'Jr  the  vyiM" 

Thomson. 

|HE  Myrtus  commu- 
fii^  is  a  beautiful 
evergreen  shrub, 
growmgtoaheight 
of  five  or  six  feet, 
in  a  wild  state,  and 
circumstances,  it  attains 
>Vhcn  trained  as  a  tree 


when  cultivated  under  favonrabl^ 

branches,  ^Wuch "'n  J'b 4?,^^^  .-°-ded  with  small 

presents,  when  the  e^yc  ^  benc'l  t  ''' '^''■'™'^^  ""''^  ^' 
"looking,"  as  is  observed  it  hoTV^'  "^'^^^^^re  appearance, 
"est,  or^a  dead  bush  %  i  on%  poTt?"  ^'"  P^-^""''"  "  ^ore  lilce  a  magpie's 

—  f^rench,  with  ovate  leaves,  long  pcdicels^Vrhl'   f  r  ^  '^^'^  romain, 

'       ^  IJ^uicciS,  and  black  fruit.     This  kind  is 


344 


MYRTUS   COMMUNIS. 


I 


f .'  ' 


m-^' 


if '-.     ?•' 


a..d  opening  !„,„  i„  „„uu„„l     iSorMcrr'Jundand  Uaci;''  '"""■     ''"""""'  ="'"""■ 
.a,fceo'fa.o;ri'iheb™;rs"cS'"'S,ifKr''°  ""--f ->■-"  -o  ova.o- 

of?hojv„ciri;^.a^:^::nxi,rL?iis^;:i,S*^,^?'^ 

S.  M.  c  L,«rrA.,cA.    Po,„,gul M.jrlt,,  will,  Waell  fmi,         "■     '^""'  ""=''■ 
of  a  da,'k-grcc„      Fnurbkck        '""°™'"'°'  '"'^"■■""atecl,  crowded  together,  and 

Fruit  bjaclt.     This  variclir  and  nM  mi   ,""""'?"'•  "'"'  "ei'minated. 
o^K-n-ope,  a.,d  co,„pri.e  Z^  t^^^tS!^.  ZM-S^Xi'^j-'iL^S 

Island':  '■^:tT^{^!tt^:'\''"T'  r"""  "i;""-"  -^  *»  ""le-- 

taste  and  smell         '  "'""  '  "  ""'"  '"'S'''  ""<•  «'ibl=,  will,  a  grateful 

groi:',„"/irgt:ts:'xf,  '^^^^o'^^r^jr,  "-^ »-  r""^""-' 

most  of  these  :—  variable.      1  l,e  iollowuig  are  the  names  of 

«.    Gold  striped  Broml-lcavcd  Myrtle 
aefotn^nrKSt  ^T.l'es&.'.Trfl'o^r^  frerinently  in  threes,  on  wldel, 

Ndccr-stnpcd  Iloljun  Myrtle. 
Striped-  leaved  Myrtle 

Silver-striped  Rosomiry  or  Thyme-leaved  Murtle 
Myrri!:'"'"''''"'  ^""^'^S^'^yrtle,  apparently  .^sub-variety  of  the  "Portugal 

0.  Cock's-comb  or  Dird\--nest  Miirtlc 

1.  Spotted-feared  Myrtle. 

DtUeh^Myrtl-f """■"'  '''"''"''  """"""i'  »  '^"''- -"y  °f  'ho  "Broad-leaved 

that  city,  alon»  the  co,«  ,n  ( v,,,  '  '-'"T"'  "'"""  "'"scillos,  and  from 

of  the  s^;  inf.l  rongho  t  U,-  ly'".  isc^hli',"  l"'"^'"'"'  ""'".withi,,'  the  spray 
collections  and  "ardent  in    „*,i  c'lhivated  as  a  standard  or  for  hedges  in 

and  in  cli,',  s  Tm  co ,"  ,m   t)  it   ermvtl,'  "l"'  '°"T"'  <=°""'™^  "'  "'"  Slob. : 
tory  or  to  grace  the  gardel!  wall       ^  '  "  "  """''' '°  °"'"""="'  «'»  ""*«"»- 

thai'.'!';™,!':,:;' a  z*  of  th«=r.?nd",r',''r,'T'''  "■  ""'y-  ^''"^  -^"^  •■■' 

3,.e,  and  says  that  the  ^'^'^ti^s  g™^  ^^rS  ^^PH  of 

en's,'"  foiir:  y'r' m2°/'th:,r';'° ',"  ""'""v'  •■•^■^'s""''  - ""'  -  "->-  Kew. 

his  garden  namelv  the  1  in^^l  I     '  "'''"■T"  '"f"™"  "'  'h"'  ''f'  had  three  sorts  in 
aerlrd,h.ve-r!^l„'''?.^t;t\I^t"/.'f„-Uri:-- 


J. 
f. 


iigland  more 

Taretitc,  of 
)wcrs  small, 

I  arc  ovate- 

rt'Atulalit.sic, 
ruit  black. 

if/ne,  of  the 
)gether,  and 

•tie;   Myrte 
tcnmitiated. 

II  the  south 
i  variegated 

he  Belearic 
1  a  grateful 

lany  others 
e  names  of 


on  which 
emonics. 


"  Portugal 


)ad-Ieaved 

3  south  of 
and  from 
tlie  spray 
hedges  in 
he  globe: 
conserva- 

y  tells  us 
n  Europe 
i ;  and  he 
1  sorts  of 
speaks  of 

tus  Kcw- 
B  sorts  in 
i  myrtle, 
igland:" 


COMMON   MYRTLE-TREE 

single  varieties  of      .     '  ''''-""^P^"''<^d  with  snow  and  sIpp       R    .    ^"''f  ,"^  ^'"' 
'^^f^^'  ^;;r"-"  -yrUo  cover  large  JjJlS,  ^Z^'l^^t^ 

If  tie  \Viilow''  .  ^^evonshire,  the  myrtle  forms 

t^omy,^,,,^;?^;^; 'I^^Jjr -Swan^^^^^  ^ 

sa,d,„  „„l,e  CS   C:   fe'Z  ^''''"'n     Th«  name  "Myr„,s"  is 
branches  „„d  |«nics  vc  °  Jio  '.n,,?"""  ">«''  '"=  favo„ral,  o  7beamv     -Z 


y 


41 


"Right  in  thn  ,ni,l,l„st  of  that  Paradise 


*- 


11.  laL 


»t     ,' 


CI 


w  i; 


^     fl 


i'  ^< 


L«      I 


I 


346 

MYRrUS    COMMUNIS. 

Hut,  Ilka  a  Kirlanil  cotnpaaafld  tlm  heleht 
Anil  from  ihoir  friiliful  hI(Iuh  fro»l,  gum  ili,!  drop, 

J  hut  all  the  unMiiiil  with  |ir.<  loui,  dew  hoiliuht, 
Tlir«w  forth  i.iost  diiinly  odoun,  and  mom  8«cot  delighl  " 

r^jy^'y.  ,  •  ''^^"/-ei  ^c.  All  the  varieties  of  llic  common  mvrtlo  are  mnrlilv 
propagatca  by  cuu..,j.c;  and  those  which  ripen  their  fruit  as  tKL^? mT't  7 
come  up  m  .In.ndancr;  from  seeds.     (Juttings  inav  ci    eV  U    mmln  of  ..^      ' 

S  'to  thaw'  r7';;''  '"^^^  "'»"^^^'  '\  '^•^^"•^  ^-^'^^^  ^^  ^-^S aU  o^^  wi  h 

n.r/T/"^"^'""^  ^  ■^'"-     1^h«''^^«0'l  «f  the  common  myrtle  is  very  hard  and  is 

slKhtlvastrZlP'"';''"'  "'  '"'"^'■J^-     ^'^«  '«^^^««  ^"d  bark  are^aromatu  and 
£7  ^?[  "§^"t.  and  are  sometimes  employed  as  a  tonic  or  stimulant     From  the 

Fhl  Li       ^'         '?^'''  •''''  ''''•'  "«<^^  1"  the  preparation  of  skins.     In  T.iscanv 
the  berries  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  pepper    and  iu  Germany  thev      r>^To 
make  a  slate-coloured  dye.     In  Provence   the  myrtle  is  employS  fo   ean  ?hhi^ 
a  hours,  hovers    and  hedge-rows,  and  is  not  only  formed  imo  hod  Ssb^i^s 
sometimes  tramed  as  a  tree  with  a  clear  stem.  "    ' 


CornaceiB. 

•Vy«.  Mat, 


Genus  CORNUS,  Linn. 


^nonymes 
Cornus, 

r  ■..  O*'  AuTnoiis 

tornoiiillpr, 

ifam,e,e,,Hor„s,ranch,Korne|.Kir.ch-|^"*''^^- 
Conuulo,  Corgnolo,  j  Gehmanv 

dogwood,  Cornelian  Cherry-tree, 


Tetrandria  Monogynia. 


Jtai.v. 
Spain. 

Bhita.n  a.,d  Anglo- America. 


D,Hmi„„,.    Tl>.w„rdr  ■  '■'-- ^'"OLD-AMERICA. 

'»«}  .lie  genera  ■™|o'i"Tlnr„r'''''"'r°'''-  '""'  "'''toi,:^?^^  "'-"""^ 

tJt^'Xi^ij::!^"^'':  ^^«'p::z'L  ^ri^^"""'"- rr-.^  ^»^" 

'  '"'■  ^ "'  "="  ^°"^' '™'  ^-.  s  T„%u  s:rwsi  ™ 


ii 


tpt 


34S 


COKNtrs. 


differs  from  that  ol  Liirnpo,  in  having  tlio  leaves  pubescent,  and  in  bcinp  of  a 
talcr  stature.      The  (.oruus  purpurea  grows  to  a  height  of  from  four  to  liltecn 
hM-t  flowermg  m  June  and  July,  un<l  ripening  its  dark-p.irple  fruit  in  August  and 
.Septcmher.     It  is  easily  known  Irom  all  its  congeners  by  its  dark-red  branches, 
dark-purple  fruit,  and  the  intensely  dark-red  of  its  leaves  before  they  fall  in 
autumn.      I  his  species  is  called  "  Kcmale  ("ornel,"  because  it  bears  fruit  when 
very  young;   whereas   the  (.'ornus  mas  is  barr.-n  for  many  years  after  it  shows 
lowers.      Ihc  wood  of  this  species,  which  is  not  .[uite  .so  hard  as  that  ..f  the 
(.ornus  mas,  was  lormerly  much  used  in   Kurope  for  mill-cogs,  and  for  various 
purpo.ses  m  rustic  carpentry;  and  is  still  made  into  skewers  for  butchers   tooth- 
picks and  other  small  articles.     It  makes  excellent  fuel,  and  the  very  be.st  char- 
coal for  gunp..w(er      The  fruit,  like  the  bark  and  leaves,  is  bitter  and  styptic; 
and,  when  treated  like  that  ot  the  olive,  it  yields  thirty-four  per  cent.,  bv  we Lht 
of  an  Oil,  that  '«  used   in  France,  for  lamps,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  soap.        ' 
.i.   Lornus  alha.      VVhile-lniited   Dogwood;    (Jornmulkr  d  fruit  bleu,  of  the 
Jrench;    Wn.^m-  Ilornstmnrh^  of  Ih.;  (Germans,  is  a  native  of  North  America 
trom  Virginia  to  (  anada  and  Newfoundland,  on  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes' 
and,  It  we  take  into  account  the  (^ornus  stricta,  paniculata,  sericea,  and  some 
states  of  Cornus  circinata,  all  of  which  aiv<  considered,  by  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker   to 
be  too  nearly  al  led  to  be  made  separate  species,  it  is  also  a  native  of  Siberia, 
O  egon    1  exas,  Mexico,  and  California.     The  Cornus  alba,  when  wild,  grows  to 
a  height  ot  from  four  to  ten  leet,  and  to  double  these  heights  in  a  state  of  c.dtiva- 
tion.     In  summer,  it  is  particularly  interesting  from  its  fine  large  leaves,  and 
white    lowers;  m  autinnn,  (roiu  its  bluish-white  fruit,  which  is  about  the  size 
and  colour  ot  that  of  the  mistletoe;  and  in  winter  and  spring,  from  the  fine  red 
colour  of  Its  young  branches  or  shoots. 

4.   Cornus  mas      Male  J )og wood;   Cornouiller  male,  ConioviUer  des  hois.  Cor- 
nier   Cucrmcr,   Canmk   Aourni^r,  of  the  French;    Kornel-Kirsche  Hartrie^reL 
of  the  Germans;   Lonmo  maschio,  f^an^nnue  nucschio,  Corrrmh,  of  the  Italians' 
Cornel-lrce,  Corudum  Cherry-tree,  Lon^r  Cherry,  of  the  English.     This  species  is 
a  na  ive  throughout  Lurope,  Britain  excepted,  and  the  north  and  west  of  Asia  in 
woods  and  hedges.     In  a  ^v^ild  state,  it  is  seldom  found  above  ten  or  twelve  feet 
m  height ;  but  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  it  often  attains  double  these  elevations 
It  has  ash-coloured,  pubescent  shoots,  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  and  yellow  flow- 
ers, which,  in  mild  wmters,  come  out  in  January  or  February;  and  the  greater 
part  of  which,  m  trees  not  exceeding  twelve  or  fifteen  years  of  age,  have  only 
stanriens,  and  drop  off  without  producing  fruit.     The  fruit,  which  ripens  in  Sep- 
tember or  October,  is  about  the  size  of  a  small  acorn,  and  of  a  fine,  rich,  transpa- 
rent  scarle^     It  remains  a  long  time  on  the  tree  after  it  is  ripe,  and  is  very  orna- 
mental.    The  wood  of  this  tree  has  been  celebrated  in  all  ages,  for  its  hardness 
and  durability       n  a  dry  state,  it  weighs  sixty-nine  and  a  quarter  pounds  to  a 
cubic  foot.      The  heart-wood  is  of  a  brownish  tint,  and  the  sap-wood  white  with 
a  slight  tint  of  red.     In  ancient  times,  it  was  much  in  repute  as  shafts  for  iave- 
hns;  and  both  Homer  and  Virgil  mention  its  use  for  these  weapons.     Plinv  also 
informs  us,  that  it  was  nearly  equal  to  iron  in  hardness,  and  was  used  bv  the 
Komans  for  making  wedges  and  pins,  and  the  spokes  of  wheels.     In  France 
when  It  can  be  procured  of  sufficient  size,  it  is  employed  for  mill-work,  especially 
as  cogs  to  wheels      The  small  branches  are  made  into  ladder  rounds  or  spokes 
forks  for  turninpr  hay,  hoops,  vine-props,  butchers'  skewers,  &c.     The  wood  of 
the  cornel,  like  laat  of  all  the  species  of  the  genus,  makes  excellent  fuel  and  char- 
coal;  and  the  young  shoots  form  a  good  substitute  for  those  of  the  willow  in  mak- 
ing baskets,  and  tying  up  packages  of  various  kinds.     The  leaves,  small  branches, 
and  Iruit,  may  be  employed  for  tanning  skins;  or  may  be  used  for  dyeing  a  yel- 
lowish-brown.    The  fruit,  when  perfectly  ripe,  is  somewhat  sweet,  and  not  disa- 


1%T\ 


CORNUS. 

gweablo  to  cat  •  nn.i  r,.,  .1  ^^^ 

treated  like  rir.-  nl i,, .      .        /f  substituU!  (or  pirkled  ol  vp^     w.       Pi'^^^rved  iti 

account  of   ts   n   v  fl        ""  «""irn(,r.(al  troe,  tho  o  rnci  i    ,.     '^''!''""'\P'"-P"«es. 
because  it  ;!  „  1   ^/''''^'''■"'!'''  ""^  the  fi,„.    lis  hu    .    i      '"'""'y  valuable  or 

'i'lic  order  ('  ^'"'-"'^' "^  lor  situations  of 


ungca  liortoiisi,,,)  woll  krmw    bvhT."'''''  """'I'liK-'so  giiil- 

!llC  I    aro    nC  -    ...V;.;.       "'"">'"  Oy  as  aillDO  rnrvniK^  „l' P    ,. 


■1.0  shrubby  b'?urlf "IT''-™''''''.  "'"1  fi""Ny     /„|';^  ,   If  "■  '"[  wl'ich 


= ate -iSSSf?  T  ^—^ 


( ' 


iimli  t     i 


Cornus  Jlorida, 
THE  FLOWERY  DOGWOOD. 

Synonymes, 


Cornus  florida, 

Cornouiller  a  grandes  fleurs,  Cornouiller 

fleiiri,  Bois  de  chien, 
Bluhender  Hartriegel,  Bluhender  Horn- 

strauch, 
Florida  Dogwood,  Virginian  Dogwood, 
Dogwood,  Ne-w  England  Box-wood, 


LiNNJiUs,  Species  Plantarum. 
MicHAUx,  North  American  Sylva. 
LotjDON,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
France. 

German?. 

Britain. 
United  St    'es. 


p.^nn:Si,  f\^,  A^l^^f  K^^- ■:'iif  i^^--^  J»;l^»^^-^.  n-.  .".  ^ ,  Audu,K,„,  Blraa  or  America.  K. 

roundish,  retuse,  or  nearly  obcordate      S^'^^vn.P      t  .•  •''^?'-     ■"^^"^'^^  "''  '"volucre  large, 

yellow,  .„„  vcr;  ,„,e.    L„.tSe,i°:?hTL  i;»IJXi"rS  *S,,,"'!S,IE»''' 

The  flovv'r'hf/rrlt'-'  ^"'^  "''°"'  ^'■"'  "*'''='•  y™"^  ^'^^'"S  ="'0™ 
•  Traits  op  the  Aborigines. 

^  F  all  the  species  of  the 

Tp  genivs,  the  Cormis  flor- 
p  ida  js  allowed  to  be  the 
^  . — *--.  .       ^^^     most  beautiful.     In  its 
natural  habitat,  when  grown  under  favourable 
circumstances,    it   forms    a   tree,    attaining'   a 
height  of  thirty  to  thirty-five  feet,  with  a  trunk 
nine  or  ten  inches  in  diameter;  but,  in  general, 
It   does   not  much  exceed  one  half  of  these 
dmiensions.      The   trunk   is   covered   with   a 
blacii.sh  bark,  chopped  into  many  small  por- 
tions, which  are  often  in  the  shape  of  squares 
more  or  less  exact.     The  branches,  which  are 
not  so  numerous  as  on  most  other  trees,  are  reg- 
ulauydhsposed,  with  their  young  twigs  inclining 
upwards  in  a  semi-circular  direction.  The  leaves 
are  opposite,  about  three  inches  in  length  ovate 
acuminated,  of  a  dark-green  above,  and  whit- 
ish beneath,  with  the  upper  surface  very  dis- 

posed  of  four  while  floral  leaJis  ^lo  H^s  tlta.  to  vTolV"  ■^•In'rr"'"""'  f"" 
co„s.,.„.es  .he  chief  beauty  „f  ihe  flowers,  S  rvr^^liuu/e™  J^L^'^l^: 


FLOWERY   DOGWOOD. 


351 


e  profusion  of 
of  America,  !,, 

h  appressed 
olucre  large, 
:rs  greenish- 
e/s  Diet. 


ed  with 
le  flow- 
all,  yel- 
*e,  com- 
ivolucre 
which, 


in  their  season,  "  robo  thp  f  r«„  •       .  ■  ^^^ 


«h,ch  c„„.i„„cd  „i„o  or  .e.TmileT„Ked'etlrf'■'""^  (Conors'") 


g    lagnolia  graiumiora.     'I'Jie  janfl  m.  „  i  ■  i  "'r^i"-  "^'^  "nu  mere  bv  a  towpr' 

■  *""""°'" "'""'" ''-  -» -""^  «o,.,aa  ,M.. ... .  „ ; 


352 


.1! 


n<.'.  : 


CORNCS    FLORIDA. 


Properties  and  Uses.     The  woorl  nf  \h\^  frn„  ,•    u     i 
grained,  and  is  susceptible  of  a  tllnt  noTi^^ 

may  be  substituted  fo{  numerous  nrnn.o/f.V- ^^^^  '"^'''''^  circumstances,  it 
sap-^vood  IS  perfectly  white  and  the    Krf         J-'''"?  ^^'^^^od  is  applied.     The 
the  United  States,  it^me  s'into  t  le  const;^^^    ^%"^  ''^"  ""^'""^  ^^  ^^^coX^ie.     In 
and  ornament,  such  as  the  Cdles  of  ]£    '  o'l""^  '"n"^  ^'"'^^'•^^  ^""'^  ^^  "tility 
times  used  by  farmers  for  har  ow  teeth^f  r  Z  V  "'''"''^'  .'^y^^'  ^"-     ^^ '«  ««'««■ 
for  shoeing  the  runners  of  sled      Lt  to  Vhatevpr  n,"""'  ""^  horse-collars,  and  also 
ble  to  split,  it  should  never  be  wiol.f  whatever  purpose  it  is  applied,  being  lia- 
when  three  or  four  years  old  3  fn     i    "  •''  Pf ricctly  seasoned.     The  shoots 
casks;  and  in  the  mS  s'aJes  the  co^s  oft'lV'  f"^'''^  ^'^'^^  ''«°P«  ^^  ««^a U 
the  forked  branches  are  converted  into^thevS;!;'   I''  '  ""''  "'^"^"^  ""^  *'^^^'  ^^^ 
of  swine,  to  prevent  them  from  bxeakh^  ntn^nl    I'f]^''  P/^'  "P"^"  ^'»«  "^'^ks 
country  where  it  abounds,  it  serves  fo?  exco  lenf  f.    f''^^^".    '"  *'^'  P'^^^«  ^^^  ^he 
tree  is  extremelv  bitteV  and  has  nrnS  •'''^''''*'",^,  ^"^1.     The  inner  bark  of  this 

bark  *  The  baVk,  also,  may  be  sE  U.t'ed  tT^T  '''Y'''''  ^''  ''''  ^'^"'^i^" 
and  from  the  bark  of  th^  more  fibrous  roof,  t  f "'  '"  ^^^^  manufacture  of  ink ; 
-scarlet  dye.  An  infusion  of  the  flowers  of 'th'  fT-"""'!  '"^'^^I'l °^^^*"  ^  ^'^^ 
cure  of  intermittents.     The  ft-  h t  is  Jome^.i  ''  ""''^  "'"'^  ^>^  ^^em  in  the 

spirituous  impregnation  •  and  t  iVowT!  ^  r'"  ^' ^  '^"'°'  "^  ^^e  form  of  a 
cies  of  b.rds.'  fn  Eug  arul  ^ho  soiril  S  f •  "^  ^'''"'^'"  '""P^^^  ^'^^  ^'^"«"«  «Pe- 
and,  from  its  large  wlnte  flovv^rs  "emuTou  oZT"'"^  ''  f'  ornamental  shrub; 
contrast  with  the  "forest  gree,^' irrthiri  P''''''^,°^'"^^^''' ^^^ich  finely 

wherever  it  will  thrive.       ^       '        "'"'''^  '^'''''^'^'  ^  P'^^^e  in  every  collection 

c:^  S;Si;:S''fi::!ir^S:^^?i:--^  -  ^^-^  --Para^ve  virtues  of  .he  Cornus  flor.da 
remarks  .-"A  summary  recapitulation   .i-ttseerneHm^^^^^^^^^  '"'"""f  ^  P^'  number  of  experiments' 
u^,  I|c.sess  the  saL  .agred.,:;:;?  ttl^'"™"  ^;;:!;!:,:^'^  jhS^-^  ^1-da,  sJ^.e^'S 


riK.  tannin  and  gallic  acid,  thmu^h  *1^  .  fl" ^A t  p^^tfr'  "^^'^T^  ^  ^^'^^"^'^  -^^  -.  contam 
and  extracts  ;  the  sericea  the  n..xtrwhich  aprmrs  tX  n  .  -^''« '"""la  has  most  of  ihc  -am  niuc  aee 
wh.le  the  latter  possesses  most  of  the   e  i'7    The  r  v  ,rtue    nTp''*'"''^  ^t'''"'^  "^«  ""''"'a  ^nd  cinchoni 


I,  though  the 
n,  otherwise 
and  by  cut- 

ry,  and  fine- 
mstances,  it 
'Plied.     The 
ocolate.     In 
h  for  utility- 
It  is  some- 
rs,  and  also 
1,  being  lia- 
The  shoots, 
ps  of  small 
'  them,  and 
1  the  necks 
)arts  of  the 
'ark  of  this 
e  Peruvian 
Lire  of  ink ; 
'din  a  good 
hem  in  the 
■  form  of  a 
arious  spe- 
ital  shrub  ; 
lich  finely 
collection 


3rnus  florida, 
experiments, 
sericea,  and 
1  last  contain 
im  mucilage 
id  cinchona; 
-ir  residence, 
ir  tonic  pow- 
tnd  probably 
in  the  spirit- 


Genus  PINCKNEYA,  MicL 


Riihiacece. 

Synonymcs. 
Pinckne,ja,Pinc„eya,  Cinchona,  Mussccnda, 


Pentandria  Monogynia. 

Si/at.'Li,i. 


Op  Authors. 


number  of  genera ;  but  a  W  of  n         ''"■"'^  "'"'^^'"  ^^^long  a  great 
ciently  hardly  to  withstand  th    ol  ^Trn '"^  ''  ^''''"^    '''  ''ffi 
and  northern  parts  of  the  ( 'nitod  St  if  ^''''"\  ''""^  ^''^  '"i^dle 
fr    u   ,      ,      S^'^fi^n  walls.     The  nnlu  ....  i     i      f  ^^^'  ^^'^"  ^^hen  protected  l.r 

grown,  but  black;  when  p,^fectlV'";e.        '  '"^  '^^  bright-red  berries/when  nllly" 


m 


45 


Pinckncya  jmbcsceus, 
THE  PUBESCENT  PINCKNEYA. 


Synonymcs, 


rinckneya  pubens, 

Pinaieya  pitbesKus, 

Pincneya  pubescent, 

Bulmarle  Piticneya, 

Pinckneya, 

Georgia  Bark,  Pinckneya, 


I 


Miciuux,  North  American  Sylva. 

LouooN,  Arboretum  Britanriicuiii. 

I  ERsoox,  Enchyridiuin  Boianicuin. 

France. 

Germany. 

Bkitatn. 

United  States. 


luw„  ;  and  /)»/,««  Miipli.M  fully  gnnvi,  witli  li„ir  ur  clmvii     Tl,!.  Pr     .h  ,       iKipmn  stale  of  becoming  covere,!  will,  Inir  o? 

ta^S:7l^'fi,^if^;-^^;:r;!l^-K;«Wva.  p..  «,  AuCu^o,,  Bints  or  A,„orica,  li..  p,,  Cxv. ,  Lou.o.,  Arbore.i.n,  ^ 
S;^^c  CW.....    Brarxches  and  leaves  tot^entose.    Flowers  rather  large,  pubescent,  white,  and  tinged 


Deso'iplioji. 

^PI|HE  Pinckneya  pubes- 

&    m^  viding  itself  into  mi- 

,.„.-7- T  S^;l^  nicroiis  branches,  and 

larely  exceeds  the  height  of  twenty-five  feet 
vvitli  a  stem  five  or  six  incites  in  diameter.  Its 
leaves  are  opposite,  four  or  five  inches  long,  of 
a  hght-grecn  colour,  and  downy  beneath.  The 
flowers,  which  put  forth  iti  May  and  June,  are 
white,  with  longitudinal  rose-coloured  sivipes 
and  occur  m  panicles  at  the  extremity  of  the 

flnrnM^'V  /'""t'^  t^^^^'  *^  '-^^^o'^P^uiied  by  a 
flotal  leaf,  bordered  with  rose-colour,  near  the 
upper  edge.  T!te  capsules  are  round,  con  - 
piessed  n,  the  middle,  and  contain  a  c,,eat 
iiumher  ol  small  winged  seeds 

(Jcaixmi^lnj,  ,^r.     The  l>inckneya  is  indige-, 
nous  to  the  southern  parts  of  the  United  .States, 
and  particularly  abounds  on  the  borders  of 

officinalis ;    for,  the  inl  E,iK  of  til  ^^  'If  ^^^''^'^S^^  virtues  of  the  Cinchona 
employ  a\n  th;,  c.uo'of f  e'm    rmit  ot  tTe^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  f  '"''T^  ^^ ^"»'/ 

.su.nmer  and  in  autumn,  prevail  m  tLt  cortiy.  '    """^  ''''  '""""^  ^^^^  ^^' 


wn  wliich  ?rows 
rral  Willi  li:iir  or 
iiific!alioii  iw  the 
'  calleJ  Georgia 

irboretiim  Bri- 

e,  and  tinged 


(1  where 

illy  kept 

tlie  fice 

luircs  a 


Genus  LYONIA,   Mitt. 


Ericacecc. 


lyonia,  Andromeda, 


Synonyi 


Decandria  Monogynia. 
Syst.  Lin. 


'mes. 


Of  Authoks. 


Drri-  -^LTHOKS. 

•>rili  ArjieriSn  pliiitrwh^.^u  !!",!'"',''  ^!^''"'"'  '>n  commemoralion  of  Mr   i  ..    t 

ublo  res«,„l,l,!r  ".,;i  ,vi"7  '  '  '""'  ^-emimoiw  serpents  wrro,  „,|,.,   i,'''"  '?■  7''"=!'  'w'lieil  her  fent     t  ih  .Vr     ''''  '"  ""'  '""'st 

-ne.  .er  .le.U  (iSle  S^lj^er^^r  ■•"'-  -ler,  a.,  Ue.frl;;^i|;^r;;:^-  - 1 S :;a^sSs^^i£S5 
rcihric  Lfiaracters.     Cnlv'X  .j-mrtprl      c      u 

"^'W^^^^7l;::StZ^^t''''  ,,rub,  and  also  one 

,-..^.       4   ^^^':«f.ti'c  plains  of  the  oSl^:H'"t^^^^^^^^^ 

^JS&L  -^    so'l,  situation,  propagation    an     c  So       ^f  T^P"'^  ^o  bcaiUy^ 

.*^>'fC>.^i4  or  a  so    of  a  clnso  f.oi,„  **^^'*^'  '^"<^^  requ  re  a  nent  «;ml 

m  seeds,  hv  <M,fMn,-;.  ....  1...  ,_      ""'^"^-      -l  iicy  all  may  readily  be  prop- 


....... „.„.„j-i--,:|-'^;i|-^t 


together 
■  bark  is 
iiichona 
essfully 
part  of 


wm 


f  "1 

^'  1 

I 

■ 

i.       'U 
a 


'  'id      . 


I 


Lyonia  arborea, 
THE  TREE  LYONIA. 

Synonymes, 


Andromeda  arborea, 
Lyonia  arborea, 

Andromede  en  arbre,  Arbre  n  I'oseille, 

Sauerampferbaum, 

Albeio    dell'   Andromeda,   Albero    dell' 

aoetosa, 
Sorrel-tree, 


LiNNjt;trs,  Species  Plantanim. 
MiciiAtix,  North  Atnerican  Sylva 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
France. 
Germanv. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo-America. 


'"**^» 


^i^«.ran«,.    Mich.,.v.  N„nh  American  ,s,.va,  p,.  .5,-  Ca.esby,  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  i.,  p,.  n ;  a„„  .,.  fi,.,„, 

^SSrnoif^?S:^S';erS^S^srr\^^""'r'^r"»if'  -'"^  — "• 

cal ;  Aowny. -Don,  Miller's  Diet.  ^  ^"^  racemes.     Corollas  white,  ovoid-cylindri- 


Description. 

P  all  the  species  of  the 
gonus,  the  Lyonia  arbo- " 
•  reais  the  only  one  which 

-r ,     ,      ■=-       risesi..,L  sufficient  height 

to  be  ranlced  among  trees,  lu  favourable  sit- 
uations It  usually  grows  to  a  height  of  from 
lorty  to  sixty  feet,  with  a'irank  from  twelve 
to  eighteen  inches  in  diameter:  but,  in  drv 
and  gravelly  soils  this  tree  is  observed  to  be 
so  much  stinted  that  it  presents  it.self  only  in 
the  form  of  a  shrub.  The  bark  of  the  trunk 
19  very  thick,  and  deeply  furrowed.  Tlie 
leaves,  which  arc  downy  in  the  spring,  and 
become  smooth  and  glabrous  in  acquiring 
their  growth,  are  alternate,  oval-acuminate^ 
tinely   denticulated,    and    from   four   to   five 

mmmmmm 


TREE   LYONIA, 


sizo  wliich  tlira 
iS»if>'  AiiilroHi 

»nJ  tl»  figtires 


I  mucroimtf' 
■oid-cylinilri- 


357 


Propagation  &'r      Tim  T  ^^' 

rose-cjlour,  a„<l  i^  „    ,l|y   Se«od  in  ,       '■>'°"'"  "''°™  i^  very  "oft   "',  „.T„ 

"»"  of  .1.0°'  *„,  jr/'^rfe"""  ''"'\p™i''- 'b  ckdye'wiiri^'ir 


in  Avliitp 
contain- 
ers have 
gardens 

•States, 
^ghaiiics 
er  oast- 
l  ceases 
ito  Urit- 
nty  foot 
its  have 


I,        <      !-"( 


Genus  RHODODENDRON,  L 


EricacenB. 

Ss/tl.  Nat 


Si/noni/mes. 


tun. 


Penta-Dccandria  Blonogynin. 

•Si/al.  Lin, 


lihndodendron,    Rhododcndrnm,    Rhodura 
ChniiKcrhududtiidrus,  Alalia, 

Rhoiloilomlron, 

Alpbalsiim, 

Rouudeiulio, 

Ehododfiulion,  Rose  Bay-tree 


Of  Authors. 

France. 

Germany. 

Si'AiN  AND  Italy. 

Britain  and  Anulo-America. 


anthum  are  l^sonous    o  c-uVle  w^^^  '""^V''^  Rl.ododendron  chrys- 

was  known  to  tlie  ancient  Tab  t  n./rnf  Pn  -liennKUisin.  c^c.     The  former 

the  poisonous  q  mlTt  es  of  i ts    W     1   i       ."'  T'^^  7"^"  ;^''"  ^^^T'^^inted  with 
of  that  country  Zt^Ro  mm.  u''^  ''"^  ^'"''''  '""."^^"^«  ""  »''«  l'""ev 

Greeks  ^  pa/then/ alSl^rt::;  "1     ^ m^^:/i/']t^^''a  tlu^'f  ^r^''^^' 

Greeks,  in  their  ode  rated  retreat ^u^  when  the  army  of  ten  thousand 

eaten  the  houey  wl  i  thcv  fo  u?d'  in  C  o n'n  '"'  "'^'  '^'^  f^'^''^''^'  ^^^''^^'S 
vomiting  and  purc^in'  followe^l  ht  ^  1  .<^»v»rons  were  se.ml  with  a  violent 
least  aflbcted  reSled  S  cVn^  .f  ^'  '"""^'  ^"  ^^^•^^«-  ^hat  tho.se 

was  strewed  ahou^S.tS!;^^? T ^£ ''LI    ■?  X'Th-utl"^  F ""' 


only  a  s^satio.    of  great  \;;aK-:'  T^h-c^  ^^  ^^^ 
n  snecies.  R  mdn/  onri-^.,  „„i ^^uuij^   lu 


iiate  leaves,  lerminated  bv  TVi  K  1  „'^  n  '"'f'  'V'  '!"'"=  ""'''^  ■""er- 
•  ■.lymbose, 'showy  flowers  Thcv  ,  -.^Ml  bf  ,T  «'""?:  "'"'  "'"'  '«™i"^'. 
ra.b,.,  ,„„.;.,  a,„i;„,ag:^;j  bT'ra?o"s:Le<ll,'orb;''\mi:fgs!"  """^  "'"'■  ""'■' 


■ing  refurenco  lit 

-10.    Anthers 
s  Diet. 

iidiiig  the 
It,  and  fho 
bbcries  of 
ill  Europ(» 
mm  thoir 
irts  of  tlio 
Thus,  the 
on  chrys- 

thcy  are 
he  former 
iitcd  with 
lie  honey 
.)hged  the 
hododeu- 
Vebisond 
tliousand 
!,  having 
a  violent 
lat  those 
e  ground 
No  one 
sr  it  had 
l  to  Mr. 
iablc  for 

and  an- 
on earn- 
ed from 
i  bitrg-i- 
rritories. 
the  dust 
.  similar 

?en,  but 
re  alter- 
jrminal, 
It,  kept 


Rhododendron  viaximnm, 
THE  AMERICAN  ROSE  BAY-TREE. 

Synonymcs. 


Rhododendron  maximum, 

Oriissier  AlphaLsam, 

AmL-ncan  Hose  fiiiy-troe 

Rose  Bay-trce,  Dwarf  Rose  Bay-tree 


L,v.v;eus,  Species  Plaritarnm. 

,  P".v,  Miller's  Dieli.jimrv. 

^Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
France. 

Germany. 
Britaix. 
United  States. 


Desa-'ij)t!on. 

TllAITS  OP  THE  AdorioinES. 

rfi  ^^^^  RJiododendron  inax- 

'  uni.m  generally  presents 

_____  _       ^  "^^''t  "»  the  form  of  a 

'"iM^^^nnometiniS^a.Uuns^  he^l^'.^-r"  ^'^' 
or    twenty-five   feet    wi       n    V    ^l    "^  ^^^'^"'J' 

Varieties.     The  vnrinti'no  ,.^„        •      i  •  ' 


pr;:i,^A;'SS 'r'"L,,2';::;' «»f  ^ 


.1.0  col„„,„i;  ;;hu™;IL,f^n;L'7r".!?f'o  have  bee 


caved  Azalea  with 


m 


the  pol- 


I 


i 


.  lioite  wJJ 


360 


I!  !> 


i  'k  (: 


!'.-!fi 


XKrK'inf  ' 


iite 


KHODODENDKON    MAXIMUM. 


■•(M'V 


fn 


,f 


1)1(1 
and 


len  of  the  Rliododt'iidroii  maximum      'VUo  fl,i.irnr=  „r  .1 

gran,   wind,  ci,c,u„s,.,,e„  a,o„e"'ru,lo'  H  J!7Z:\^^:SZ  ""        " 

on  the  borders  of  rivers  n.ulr^^^^^^^^^^^  l        ^,"''     ^V  '''''"•^•^'  exclusively  ion 

approachiug  the  AlS  ■  nios   tdl     n ',1^"    i.«  -^bsnyed  to  be  more  multipl.ed  in 
Vk^inia,  it  l>ccom'  so  r.m  l\     o    ,    '.  /i       r"f. '''"'"  "'""'"^i'>«.  ^^pec'ally  in 

waters  flowh  1  amoS  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  '"  '^  ^•''^^"•^y  "^  «««!  ^^"^  crystal 

the  most  ^on^.^S'^i:^:^:^^  r,r^i''--  -  ^"-^-J  -^U  vapour:  are 

did\i::t  cn'fLgS^?:::'!;;;;::  iiir^'"  ^^^  pcter  romuson,  m  1730;  but  it 

who  then  succeeded  inisin^i      Us  M^'^^      ""/•''  \'"''  ''''^l  ''^^  only  person 
also  been  introduced  iLmnnf  n't  L         "  '^^"^«^/'7;^l»".  at  Mile  End/  It  has 

ference.  "-"  ^'^'^^  '"  ^'"^'S^^^'  ^^'^'^  ^  top  forty-five  feet  in  circum- 

ne^;rft;^;:fgS:2rc.mtfi^rT^'^""  maximum,  mce  all  its  conge- 
state   when  tl  eirKr  ends  Ivo  heal    '  '"""^  '''f  ^^  *'^'^'"  ««'^"  ^^^  S'-»^^'»S 

in  peat  sod,  or  verv  fine  sandv  In-....   ;.,  r.L         p^"'*-'^"-.    i  noy  should  be  sown 
the^direct  iliHuence  o   the    m^  a  d^  "  ^^^^^^  ""^  ^"  ^^'••^«'-  '^'^'^^^  *>om 

tected  from  the  frost.     In  sowi'/c    the^l  "!fa,e  o^^^         '''  '  f  "^J^^^'-'^.^"^!  P^o- 

face,  they  should  tcovered^^  ^'"?  ';'l"^l'>'/i«t'il^"ted  over  this  sur- 

them  from  the  eye  TeSs  Jo  v n  ?n  3  '°''  '''".'?  ''  *^^'>'''y  ^^^'"^"«  ^"  ^°"^'^-' 
spring,  and  will  be  fit  for  transnir,  in  \'"'"  '"'"  geruunate  in  the  following 
fallowing  year      A  t  'r  sS  i  f^  S^^^^  '^'^  T"'  '"'•™"'  ""'  ^^  '^'^  ^'^P''"'?  ^^ ^he 

bed,  they  may  be  panteTini^n  fso  h  ^'"!  ^  y'"'*  "  P'^^^'  '^^  '"  ^''^  ««^'d- 
second  vonr   nn,l    ',   "  ,"  ""^  nuiscry  liucs,  and  removed  every  year  or  everv 


re  'iny  [rci- 

liis  vuii^  ■ 
biMiig  (I 


tlui! 

c  lu 


ul 


lijiSi. 


.,r 


fslau.i  (i)(| 
Yovk,  and 
hiderrj  far 
forests.  It 
iciilaiiy  ill 
sivoly  seen 
Liltijilicd  in 
peciaiiy  in 
111  impone- 
iid  crystal 
H])our,  are 

36;  but  it 
Illy  person 
J.     It  has 
iitinout  of 
dron  pou- 
lt Sliiploy 
Ml  feet  ill 
icter.     Ill 
is  a  RIio- 
n  circ lim- 
its conge- 
i  growing 
sand,  and 
id  ail  the 
pfoinber  ; 
it  is  con- 
be  sown 
ded  from 
and  pro- 
iousiy  bo 
ttied  to  a 
this  sur- 
1  conceal 
bllowing 
ngofthe 
;lie  seed- 
or  every 
e  size  at 
they  arc 
nursery, 
of  earth 
ught  by 
;  rcmov- 


giiMv  mein  in  p(,„-,  „„ 
■it  other  rare  and  valuable 


ASIKRICAS   LOSE   BAY-TREE. 


mmsmm 

4b  '  "^'"-rvt-s  .1  place  m  every  collection. 


iiUki! 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V. 


^ 


/> 


ij. 


^ 


'r 


p 


1.0 


I.I 


til     '     A 

1^  |a2 


IM 

2.0 


IL25  i  u 


u 


1.6 


6' 


"f     ^^  ^W  Jh 


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m 


fffi. 


Genus    KALMIA,    Li 


EficaceoB. 
Si/st.  Nat. 


tun. 


Decandriii  Monogynia. 

Si/^t.  Lin. 


in  ma  ""■""•    ^'""'^  "y  ^'""=^"^  '"  '■°"°"  °f  P-'l"  Kalm,  professor  at  Abo,  in  Sweden ,  author  of  "  Travels  in  America  '■ 


iHE  genus  Kalmia  consists  of  low  evergreen  shrnbs,  highly  orna- 
'  mental  in  their  foliage  and  flowers;  natives  of  North  America-  of 


^Jff  " ^  u   "'"•'  """^'S*^  ^"'"^  uuwers;  natives  ol  iNortli  America;  of 

^Cp    easy  culture  in  peaty  soil,  and  propagated  by  layers,  seeds,  or  by 
v«H^    cuttings.     Most,  If  not  all  the  species  are  accounted  poisonous,  and 

nZ7.  ^^i?'i  ''^  ^f\  ^'T  '}''''''   '^°^^«'-«  ^^  «f  ^    deleterious 
T         1  >r/ir  ,"^*"^^'     T''?  'c^^^es  of  the  shrub  called  "  Lamb-kill,"  or  "Slieen 
Laurel,"  (Kalniia  angustilbha,)  is  highly  poisonous  to  sheep  and  lambs  of  to 
caiismg  their  death  when  eaten  by  them,  particularly  the  latter.     Hence  the 

^V^^r^  ff"^«  natural  family  belong  the  various  species  of  heath  (Erica  Gyn- 
socalhs,  Ca  luna,  etc.) ;  also  the  several  kinds  of  strawberry-trees  ( Arbutus)  \v^fo?. 
tlebernes  (Vaccinium);  and  several  genera  of  procumbent  and  trailing  shrubs 
among  which  are  the  common  bearberry,  (Arctostaphylos  uva-nrsi,)  iTplirl  £ 
berry  or  wmtcr-green,  (Gaultheria  procumbens,)  the  ^Labrador  tea  (Ledum  la  ti- 
fohum,)  and  the  common  marsh  cranberry  (Oxycoccus  palustris  j 


l3  in  America," 

tlie  inside,  in 
Dissepiments 


;lily  orna- 
icrica;  of 
leds,  or  by 
)nous,  and 
lelcterious 
3r  "Slioep 
libs,  often 
ience  the 

rica,  Gyp- 
is);  whor- 
ig  shrubs, 
partridge- 
idum  lati- 


Kaltnia  htifoUa, 

THE  BROAD-LEAVED  KALMfA. 

Synonytnes. 


Kalmia  lalifoUa, 


Ivalniia  h  lar-rs  feuJUes, 
Biciiblaiiri^re  Kal,„ia, 

Broad-leavcil  Kalmia,  „ 

Laurel,    IMotiniTin    r  o,,,.  i     t         „  iSKiXAiN. 


rLiNNicus,  SpociesPlantarum. 
I  ^/"^"Aux,  North  AnK'rican  Syh-a 
j  ^"^"^i-'V^  Mwlical  Botany.     ^ 
Do.v,  Miller's  Dictionary 

CrKRMANY. 

Bkitain. 


<5);)sc?/f(;  Chnrnclcrs.     Lc-avps  nn  Irmo. 


Descr!ptio7i. 

W^^^W^    Kalmia    latifoha  ^^ 
0~  i  ^In-i.b    c 


I'ge  evergreen 
„-_     fstr^'^.^7==^         '""    °^    '°^^    tree, 

flowers,  whicli  put  forth  from  mL  tM"  i  "^ 
somctunes  of  a  pure  wI,T  f  .  V  ^  "'^'  '^''^^ 
pink,  dehcatel?  notte  but  itf'  ''''^\  Pf'^" 
are  of  a  bea.uifulC-coIou'n  ?/'"'?''  '^''^ 

The  s/eds  are  'v  ;^«,  :  ;;-!;™"^  fol.^ge. 
in;:Tuall,  globular  Japsule^'  '"^  "^^  '^^"^^"^^'i 
.    ^(^o<rmphy  and  mstoni     'Vh^  n'„i    ■     ,    .. 

ica,  fro.n  Canada  to  Carolin-i      u  '^^^T^  latifoHa  is  indigenous  to  North  A.>. 
ond  or  forty  third  deg.S  "of  n    t  "  h^.T "'  ^-^T-'  -^th  o?  tL't-tlr: 
Kentucky  and  western  Ten.iesie   ^„d  ,i  '  *"'  """'^  ''  ^^"^  sparingly  produced  hi 
wherever  the  rivers  enter  the    olv    om    'P^S''  7"*''''T  ^"  the's^horn  stat 
Although,!  IS  comparatively  abiiZamnZ'n     '^''"''^  ">«  Pine-barrens  bee  n 
cm  states,  u  is  nowhere  see^  mtep^V^^^^^^^^  ^'- middle  and  soS 

I     -i-u,  multiplied,  nor  ol  a  greater  height. 


3G1 


KALMIA   LATIFOLIA. 


summi.s%„d  for  a  .1'. w  oruio'd  sta, f  SM;:.:'  ^r  'wSrL"""";"''] 

same  heigh,,  and  vl^y;:£^r^±^l^^l^;f^X  "?  T"r  "'  '"" 
.he  ap,,ca,a„eo  of  verdant  n.eado^.s,  sSZded  bf  i„  U^e^  ''''  "'  "  '''^""'"^• 

it  dowered  lor  Ihe  firi  linie^n  E,K  d    ,  "-^  '"="^  "  K».i*ii,  at  Fnlliani,  where 


fii 


-  f 


est  parts  of 
upon  their 
re  rendered 
and  locked 
iarly  of  the 
a  distance, 

1,  who  pro- 
lani,  where 
ito  Franco, 
lany  of  the 

ally  occurs 

vhen  culti- 

exposure. 

he  llhodo- 

rly  that  of 
!s.  When 
;asoned,  it 
s  scinjjer- 

the  atten- 
od.  It  is 
or  screws, 
ed  by  the 
c  utensils, 
but  not  to 
II  by  those 
ern  enter- 
plied,  in  a 
JUtaneous 
!  and  vig- 
ch  covers 

it  grows, 
I  deleteri- 
at  esteem 


Genus  HALESIa,  Ellis. 


Ilalesiaceffi. 
*'i/s<.  Nat. 


Dodecandria  Monogynia. 

6'i/s/.  Liu. 


""""•of"  Vegetable  Su 


'i-icV  pul.li,hed  i,.77^i.'^'"-^  "■  ""-"'  "fLe  loar„o,I  an,!  von.ral.lo  Stephen  Hale.,  I),  n.  f.  R.  s.  , 
Generic   Characters      CnrrAU 

celled  putan/on,  whrJh       ™    ''f  ^   ^"«^^'  •'•nninaied  by  the  pc raan!nt  ^T""  '""P''^-     ^^"P'' 
c«lls.     Testa  of  sec  Is  s'^  !""'  •'"''■'^-     Cells  l-secded      SVp^K^  n.V   i^''"' '^""'=*"""S  a  2-1- 

'loris,andalo;JiS;;';;,:i  -y^'-'V'.''"-  .  '^'"'^'■y"  >l'e  le.Stl  of  an    .^e^u  T.^'''  ""^  bottom  of  tho 
leaves,  and  latJ^kS^^^'^'  ;::;;;• --•-■•  ^'"'-'c.     Albtimett  fe  v      Tre  s  1;^:^"""^  ^"'^'''^- 
01  ptdKcllaio,.  droop,,.-,  white  no«T,vs.-^o„/ii/"/;,>" 'jj'.^f '^'""'''e  serrated 

IHE   genus   Ilalosia  embraces  bnf  t„r« 

I'na  and  Georgia,  both  oT  w  di  nro  ^'n''  "'"^'^'^^  ''^  ^aro- 
sulJiciently  hardv  to  withst-i  d  ,  n  ni  '"S'''^  "'-"'-^'"ental  and 
temperate  parts  of  the  Sd  States  " Pi'  ^^//"^^-^''^  ^^^  the 
native  of  Georo-in  i,n«  i-...,  ,  ,  '  "''^  Hales  a  dint^ra  n 
,  ^,  -  -  .  ^  .Styrax  gran  fS S.^'b  d h^t'''^  h  °^^^'^  '"^^^'^^'^'^  thosf  o^'he 
neath,  and  is  frequently  sold  fo  t  in  m  rse  e/ T  ''"i"  "'  ""^  '^^"'^  '^«^v."y  be- 
general  appearance,  this  ^enus  a,  n,nn  i  '"'^'■^'^'  '"  ^^'"itF,  as  well  L  hi 

close  a  rcsemblance\anroit"a    tKS'"ee-e!  1^^  ''T'^'^'  ^^  the     I    " 
be  only  varieties  of  one  form      To  i bo  V  /  '^y''^"^'  ^^'^^  ^^ley  may  possib  v 

rax  of  apothecaries,  (.^tyrix  oflicin    o'  ^  il^^ns'^l^^Tlf  ^"^'""S'^  ^'''^  offfcCl  Si^ 
countries  to  burn  as  incense.     T  ^00,  „non 'L"!'^  ""'r ''''  P""''*^"*  ^^V  ^'^  Catholic 


1  J>   * 


<t^' 


Vi 


I     I 


Haleski  tetrnptera, 
THE  COMMON  SNOWDROP-TREE. 

Synonymex. 


Ilahsia  tetraptcra, 

Ilalesia  tetrantera, 

Sii()w,lr()])-troe,    Silver    Bell-tree,*  Wild 
Olive-tree, 


Li.v\.T-;i-s,  Spcpjcs  Plantarmn. 
Don,  Miller's  Diclionary. 
Lmino.v,  Arfioreiiiiii  Britaiinicura. 
Fra.nuc  a.nu  Gkiima.nv. 

Britain  and  Anslo-A.merica. 


EnsmriiiL'S.     Ciiriia   n,.i,..,i,.„r  ivt, :.._   _i   ,i.„ .."i.  .^uu..i.n.i>. 


Tn^/'''';""-"°';     ''',"■"■''■  ""tiiiiiral  M,t!,'aziiic,  nl.  1»1();  Audub 
1012  i.ml  VI.,  1,1.  luG  ct  1U7 ;  iiiiil  tliu  figures  lielow. 


Bird-)  iif  America;  I.imi.Iimi,  Arliorctiim  liniamiicuni,  ii.,  fig. 

^^Sr''Lc^-s,;;™;;i;i:'-lr;;;;.";i;:s^ 

ilroopin-,  resembling  U.ose  of  the  Miuwdn.p.-i;.,,,  Milk/s  Diet.  '"""'1'"'^  '''""'  '-^-^""1^  lascicle, 


Description. 


'I."**-"', 


.,^,  1/6^^^^  Ilalesia  tetraptcra  is  a  bcanti- 

i%Z  M    I  frl  '"'  ''^^^  ''■'-'^  "■■  '^^''^^  shrub,  l;()w- 

''    fe^-U-S  "'^'  *"'"'^'^  ^'''•'''^'"  ^"  ^''''"ty  <^'^'t  in 
.        .  -  .fc-fr^^r^^sa  height,  witli  a  tniulc  Croin  five  to 

aaikish  colour,  with  niaiiy  irregular  lissuros.  The  leaves  are 
ovate-acuinuiate,  serrate,  with  the  middle  depressed.  The 
flowers,  which  are  ot  a  pure  white,  p.it  forth  in  April  aud 
May,  and  are  s.icceeded  by  a.i  acid  iVuit,  of  a  rho  uboidal 
orm,  with  lour  w.ngs.  Its  flowers  are  produced  m  gc 
abundauce;    and,  from  their  sha,)e,  colour,  and  pendulous 

^^^^^iSzz::^^  ■''  ^-^-^"-=  ^'-^  «^  ^'- 

ety,  though  .usually  co.tsiderJd  as'  a  distinct  ^    .t'd^^tm  thJ'lLISa 


tetraptcra,  chielly  m  havntg  the  lc;;;s  d;w;;    at.d  .Su  =   e3/'^^  "^'^ 

^<>^ruphy.  cVc      The  JIalcsia  tetraptcra  is  fnun<l  in   shad  'woods    on 

banks  olstrcam.s,  from  Carolina  to  Texas.     It  was  mtroducc     m  o      'rit  m 

J^i    Ur^.  ;r  ^i^^l:!:  L'-l,.--'  «f.^'-  Kuropcan  con..etions'"^  '"'^^'" 


y.. 


the 
in 

This  species  may  be  propagated  from  seeds  which  often  remain  in  the  <.ronnd 

ITlayt"  '  ^'^^  ""'""'  '''^'^''^-     ''  '-^^  ^^'-  •-  increa;:"b;  ctutfngs  or 

Properties  and  Uses.     The  wood  of  the  Ilalesia  tetraptcra  is  hard   brittle  nn,l 


illusion  to  I  lift  fniir 
<■  tif  tliu  snowtirup, 

ituiiiijcuni,  ii.,  fig, 

iiiliilar.     Fruit 
lUiua  I'ascicle, 


Lilcsia  or 
Tliis  vari- 
10  Halcsia 


Is,  on  the 
Hntaiu  in 
'lie  largest 
on  PJouse, 
t  eiglitcen 
lother  tree 


!ic  ground 
uttina;s  or 


Gmus  DIOSPFROS,   L 


Ebenaco;!!. 

Syat,  Xut, 


Diospym,  Ebenm,  Guaiacana, 


Plaqupiiiinicr, 

Dattcipllauiiie^ 

Diospjro, 

Dale  Pliiin-lrce, 


inn. 


rolygamia  Picccia. 
*>/.  Lin. 

Synonymcs, 

Of  Authors. 

France. 

Geiimany. 

Italy. 

Ckitai.v  a.nd  A.VGi,n-AMnnicA. 


Cfeneric  Characters     Fiou-.,.,      ,  ^^  '"  """'2'" 

^^,  4.cleft ;  .o;„,.aS3  onSr""^ralf  ?''  '''l'^  '■''''''  ^"'"^'i'"-  3  or  fi-cleft      Cor  1, 

of  the  corolla,  twice  the  nn. ,    ,1    .■'■  ^  ""weis  hav  iiij  the  stamens  inJ,.,..    i  .  Corolla  uroeo- 

•ca.     Tito  only  J.ardy  sp    L  a  h  v;       ir';?','  '^"^  ^^^^'^'^  ^»^«r. 
or  America,  arc  the  Ei\ropcan    otl^      -l"''''''  ^f  ""^  ^'^  ^^'"^Pe 

fn^^n;. '  ^"-g'nian  date  pinm,  or  pers  mon   n/^^^^^^^' ^        '°^"'^--)  ""^'^  the 

oimer  grows  to  twenty  or  thir  v  feet  or  mnT       (^.^'rPy''"s  virginiana.)     The 
tlie  bcautiini  dark,  glossy  green  of  Ihn  T    '■  '"   '"&'''''  ''^"'^  '«  character  zed  bv 

^idof^^Xn    1  /mat  o7M„;;r1,Sr?  '""  '""-r-"  -«--.  (-^rga„,c 
••southern  stales  of  ,|,e  Amorica,Mulio„  "'  '»''"^"^^  "^  '"""'^1'".  "«ives  o!  "he 


rittle,  and 
:)ropriated 
ude  state, 
ckle.  As 
s  trees,  it 


(    I 


J) 


losjnjros  Virginia na, 


THE  VIRGINIAN  DATE  PLUM  OR   PERSIMON-TREE. 


Synonymcs, 


Dmpyros  ttirghiiaiw, 

Pln(nipmin;er  ilc  Virijinio, 

Vir;;inisfhe  Daticlpdauine, 

Diiispiro  (li  Viii,'iiiin, 

Virj,'iniari  Diitu  Pluiu-trce,  rcrsimon-uvo, 


LiNN.i.:i's,  Species  Pluntarum. 
MiciiAi'x,  Norih  Aiiicricnii  Sylvn. 
L"i!D(i\,  Arljoiftmii  IJiiiaiiiiicuin. 

FliANCK. 
(il;i;.MA.NY. 

Itai  V. 

BUITAIN  AMI  A\(ir.O-AMERlnA. 


Flowers ,„adn,ui,  rarely ,;.,;:,iu::li;,:"^ii;;;:;i ;;^:;' i[o:J:-^;;:S:;S;^:  "^^'"'^""^  »'=^'^^""^- 

Z)cSC)'i/)fioH. 

"  If  Kmpr's  fiTviil  rnic 
n  nw  il  in  llm  lioiliii!;  veins,  willi  euro  tlipy  .TOii"lit 
riie  liriii  Diospyros."  ' 

Tbaits  op  tub  Aborioinks. 


I  MI]  Virginian  Date  Plum, 

when    grown    undor    /a- 

vourable  conditions,  sonie- 

S3  times  attains  a  Iicight  of 

sixty  or   seventy  feet,  with   a  trnnk  eiglitccn  or 
twenty  mclies  in  diameter;   bnt,  under  ordinary 
cn-cumstances,    it    does    not    usually    exceed   one 
halt  ol   these  dnnensions.     The  trnnk  of  a  full- 
grown    tree    is    covered   with    a    deeply-fnrrowed 
blackish  bark,  from  which  exudes  a  greenish  gum 
without  taste  or  odour.     This  tree 'is  readily  dis- 
tingnished  from  the  European  date  phup,  by  its 
leaves  being  nearly  of  the  same  shade  of  green 
on   both   sm-faces;    while  those  of  the   latter  are 
ol  a  dark  purphsh-grcen  above,  and  much  palor 
and  fnrmshed  with  a  somewhat  pinkish  down  be'neath.     Those  of  the  Virsriniin 
date  plum  are  from  ionr  to  six  inches  in  length,  oblong,  entire  of  Tfi  le^. r^en 
above   glaucous  beneath,  and  often,  in  an.umn,  are  varn'gatod  ^     .  1.1     k  f no  s 
The  terminal  shoots  are  observed  to  be  usnally  accomiKuiied    at  t  e  1 L^  iv 
smal   rounded  leaves      This  species  belongs  to  that  class\.f  vegetable    tlesexel 
ot  which  are  condned  to  d.llerent  trees.     fJoth  the  barren  aiulfcrSowei^re 
of  a  greenish-yellow,  bnt  not  strikingly  conspicuous.     They  piU  (brth  L   Tm  c 
and  July   and  are  succeeded  by  a  round  fruit,  about  the  si  JoV  a  bi  lace  plum 
of  a  reddish  complexion,  with  a  tleshy  pulp,  containing  six  or  eiX  scmf-ovai 

not  Si  t'l  1   ^nr°/'f' '  "i  '^''  '''^'''  ^^"^"^  ^^  dark-purple  colour  "Till  fui^i 
no    pa  atable  till  It  has  been  softened  by  frost,  when  il  becomes  sweet   tlo  eh 
still  astringent      In  the  southern  stales  of  the  union  ,t  adheres  to  the  br3 


L'REE. 


Miilnn,  ArlHirelHm 

beneath,  relic- 
buds  glabrous. 


Virginian 
fit  10  green 
lIcIv  spots. 
!  base,  by 

the  sexes 
owors  are 
I  in  June 
ace  phun. 
scnii-oval 
le  fruit  is 
!t,  thougli 

branches 
'oured  by 


VIROINIAN   DATE    PI.UM. 

.    -s-  U  V,  DUf,cis,  Pr  nee      X,„^,,f  r    •.  i   t^.   P  '^'^  °'  "'e  United  States 
abounds  also  in  the  west   ^^enT;!"  "\^''^""''^'«  ^n^ 

as|  S;.-'  ''»-">'.  -"  •.%,  .he.  „e  specimens  „r  „,o„.  .he  .™„  Hei,h. 

and  found  it  preferable  to  the  ash  a  7n  nM  ^^^''^  '^  ^°'  ^'^^  s'^afts  of  chaises 
wood  of  the  West  Indies.  The  jiner  biric  IT  T''''  "^  ^"°«d'  «^^«Pt  the  ance- 
have  been  employed  with  sucre.iL.  '.  '^^i''^'' '"  ^^^««dingly  bitter  is  siid  m 
the  inhabitants^of^he  regions  X;,?^i^^:^^^^  ^  '\'  ^"^ericaV  Indians  b.U  by 

ttaTment^ord'"' ^'  ''''  -«' ^^^ "l sfb  1^^:^"^'"  "?  of  mtern^UteS 
treatment  of  dropsies.     A  ereenisb  cm,  ^     <JO''siaered  a  tonic  favourable  to  tbp 

quantities,  which  never  has  as  vet  ^leo  ,  " ■''/'"^"^  ^'^«  t^««'  but  in  ve  y  small 
a  medicine  or  in  the  arts  '  h    die  mZ7tf  ''  "">^  "^^^"»  Purpose  eiUeT  as 

the  speedy  decay  of  its  leaves  arwelL/n/v,'"'  .^"?  ^'^^«  ^^^^^  '«  attributed   o 
form  an  excellent  manure.        '  '^  ^'  ^'^  '^°^«  ^^  ^he  common  locust,  which 

47  ^ 


i       ' 
if 


-14^ 


}w 


!:» 


t    fit*    :;     ; 


Oenus   CHIONANTHUS,   Linn. 


Oleaceac. 


Diandria  Monogynia. 

•Syst.  Lin, 


O.H.a,ion.    From  the  Gree.  cA,.„,  enow,  and  a„,W,  .  flow.r,  ,„  referenc,  to  .he  «now.„h.te  flow.r,  ofth.  .pec,.. 
Drupe  baccate,  co„tain.ng\='"t';il\Xut.''^st  Jra1l,L^n"„^o„sS^  'l^s  J^^''  ^'"^°^'  ^"^"^• 

^"ativetof'^Jho  'h'^  g«»"«  belongs  embraces  trees  and  shrubs, 
natives  of  both  hemispheres,  and  for  the  most  part  are  deciduous 
rrL'V^f"  ^n  ^^'"ber-trees;  others  medicinal,  whTch,  ?n  ge,^: 
ral,  are  bitter  One  genus,  (Olea,)  produces  a  vahiable  oil -^and 
mann:  Thl^'i""'  '"'  *^-f '""«-)-  obtained  the  swe  t^^ti^ 
nous  shrubs,  XuP^^:^S^Z  =  tS^  e^ ^r^eSs^^^ltt; 


the  species. 

4-parted  limb; 
almost  sessile. 


ind  shrubs, 
deciduous. 
:h,  in  gene- 
le  oil;  and 
t  purgative 
tiful  decid- 
.  As  most 
3  that  their 
us  hybrids 
3  oHve,  the 


Chiomnthus  virginica, 
THE  VIRGINIAN  SNOW  FLOWER-TRKE. 

Synonymes. 
Ckionantnus  rirginica,  -  (  S!;:;^!;^; J^Jj-.^J>™m. 

Albero  di  neve  *  Germany. 


Description. 

^  ^lyonanthus  virginica  is  a 

-     eautifu    octree,  growing  to  a 

height  of  from  ten  to  thirty  feet- 

trodu^^into  BrU^irin^ror"/^'""^^'"*^^''^^;  i"' 
J"5y;  and  requ  es  to  hp  '  ^^l^^""?  ^^om  May  to 
sandy  peat  ov^Sv  nam  f  T"  '"  ,"^"^^^  ««'''  ^'^^er 
It  may  be  propagated  Wlnvn    '"  ^  f''^''''^  «''"^tion. 

ash,  which,'ifJon':SndLdrgr;o'u^d'ff '"?."?  ^'^^ 
leaves,  and  the  singular  nr^^  ^  '         ;"•'  """^  "«  ^a^ge 

flower^,  form  a  spBid  S     Th?  ,°^  "^  snow-white  ^    ^ 

foot  long,  and  nearly  half  as  broaS    W ''  T  ^^^"  ^ 

attan.  any  degree  of  perfeedon   tmfe'ss      e"s'of  hVt'  l^'"^-^  "°^  ^^e  flowers  will 

,1.0.  V,  .Axnti,"rojor^r;EsV" 

broad  coriaceous  leaves,  a  nativeTcarol^'f  Z'''*^"""'^  Snow  Jlozoer-tree,  with 
native  of  North  America,  growin^intg^f  .tS  by' tl:^^^^^^^^^  '^ 


'? ; 


'1l 

I 


Genus  OLE  A,  Linn. 


Oleacea;, 

mi/nl.  Nat. 


Diandria  MonoRynia. 

Si/al.       n. 


.h/^S";L,  JH^  """'  °'"  '»  •'"'-J  rrom  the  Oreeke/a.a,  .ho  oUva-treo;  anj,  ,„  U,  .urn,  a.  Do  Thola  conJec.ur«,  from 
Oenenc  aaracters.    Corolla  quadrifia.  wuh  the  segments  nearly  ovate.    Drupe  a  monospermous  plum. 

^HE  genus  Olca  embraces  more  than  twenty  species    either  indi 
.  genous  or  cuhivated  in  the   temperate  partsCf  Europe    Tsia' 

•t^Serl^cHb:?-     ''">:'"  ^^-^>'«-"-pa.a,an^a^ericana; 
nerealtcr  described    may  be  noted,  as  worthy  of  cultivation   th 
Oiea  cxcelsa,  a  native  of  Madeira,  and  suiraciently  ha  dv  to  with 

Avhere  it  is  much  cult  vatedf^lTn'  r'*:  ^'"^  ^''^S'"^"''  "^  ^^'""'^  ^"^  Japin. 


onJacturM,  rrom 

mous  plum. 

ither  indi- 
)pe,   Asia, 
mericana, 
'ation,  thw 
y  to  with- 
he  United 
ipensis,  a  • 
lid  Japan, 
inch,  it  is 
t,  Messrs. 
loticed  it, 
aore  than 


Oku 


ii'ro/)fta, 


THE  EUROPEAN  OLIVE-TREE. 

Si/noni/mes, 


Olta  eunipaa, 


Olivier, 

Ojihlbaum,  Olivenbauin, 

Olivo,  ' 

Oiiveyra, 

Olive-true, 


Don,  Miller's  i)„,,„  "*>""»• 

Italy. 

Spain. 

I'linxuGAr.. 

BaiTAiN  AND  Anolo- America. 


HoLv  Writ. 


^^nr:  Olca  curopaea, 
lllr^  '"   '•'''  general  ap 
l^-vUM  '"'•'^'■'"^««-  is  a  tre( 


ble  rescmbUinco  fTTfrwrtr     i^'aruig  considera- 
l'a«  been  lopS   .    1  .T'"'"^  ^^'"'^'i 

of  three  or  for  ye  W  ITT^  V''''  «'"»""' 
ceeds  thirty  /lc7,^;i'  -^  ?'^'':  .  ^^  «^''dom  ex- 
feet  in  diamete     an'lo  '  '"'^  ''^  '"'"'^  ^xvo 
attain  one  half  of  H  pL    i'^'""''^  ^'  ^"^s  not 
fies  at  a  sma  1    .ei'l^  ,  ,^""^»f' «»«•     It  rami- 
forms  a  compact  4!  lii'^'^^P^^  f  """^'  ^'^"'i 
trunk  and  branchS^^ ''      ^'''  '^''^'"'^  «*'  ''»« 
of  an  ashy  h  fS.)     ?'  ^7'"^'  '^  ^»i"«"', 
removed,  the  cellula    inT     ''  "'''  '^Pidermis  is 
%''t-green.     On  oU    {TofT'l  ""T''^  ''  ^ 


If.  * 


in^^ 


I.,  md 


trom 


374 


OLEA   EUROPJEA. 


\n 


half  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  broad,  narrow  with  hoth  or.,io  „^  *  ,       . 

at  the  edge,  jo,„cd  to  the  main  stem  by  "ery  2"  fooTl^^^^^^^ 
after  the  manner  of  the  branchlets     The  flower  h,,l  /""f-*"'"'^'  "'"J  opposite, 
middle  of  April,  but  the  bloom  is  not  full  bSe   he  td  ^f  SIv  r^V"'''''''  ""^ 

sifirwn;^,iiS:roaS!So^^:a'^n^^^^^^^^^ 

Sir  id?s  'a'nt  fX™jr,L  ^"^^''  ^?'"  'f  -pa^orof'st^e":  t": 

the  extrLfty,  and  isusuah;  femTta^  o  tLtt  rAs^TlnlSl^^  " 

t"?^ron!:-;;s^Ss"^j^r:i='ySr,iratZk^rffi3F™ 

.^  .ng  an  oblong,  pointed  stone;  Sividld  ta?twf eelH  ™?"'.PSrlX 

|n.,yCi„'et.&.If^;SX|^^^^^^^^^ 

v^n    'or   tllv    'Jittl^'oir  "'f  ^!^  ^^"'''^  ^^^  ^'^«  '^^  ^h^  commo^oli^e  of  Pro^ 
venceor  Italy,  but  the  oil  made  from  it  is  too  rank  in  flavour  for  most  palates 

of  U.e  Cane  o? ST'h '"'^'"•.  ^^'"-"f  "^-'^-^'^«-^  ^-ropean  0//.T.?L^a  nat  ve 

.4^onh:xs:\.as:^stK;L^^^ 


EUROPEAN   OLIVE-TREE. 

PrL°h. "  """■""""■     ^'^'•*  ^"™/'-»  OUve-^ree;  Olivier  en  parasol,  of  .,,e 

largest  and  finest  trees.     Its  braf Xli^i  „  ™°''-    ^'"^  '"'"y  is  one  of  the 

keeping  willow.  Its  fru  t 'is  go"od^?:,\'^,"XTJ'"''  ff"'"''"''  '*"  *"=-= »'  he 
ml.  It  should  be  grown  in  faUeys  rather^Lln  "  ''1"''''  V""  ""<<  ahandant 
T'",  '"..'"'  *''"■"'''  f"""  drwigh  Than  eoM  ?,  if  r-l""*  8'™"'!.  '^  «"ero  is 
th.s  kind,  in  Languedoo,  that  have  three  tim^A,  '""'"'"''  ""'  individuals  of 
of  the  ohve,  in  France,  by  frosi  "'''  "'™''"*  *e  general  destruction 

of.hePre"h.™°'""-    ^"^^^fiuUei  European  OUve-lree;  OU.ierigros/rui> 

roll-  o°-  0«n  s»MhXfcr^¥L«'--'™'-  ?"•"-  ''  /..'.v  /™-i 

It  r'/r"'  '"'  P'¥  ^'y  -d  efcvatld  grrd's"  ^'""'"^^  ^  ™'"'  '^""^ 

moisture,  a  good  soil,  and  an  abundnn.T.f^  *°  '"''=  ^f^y  ki^d^.  "nd  rcqSs 
superior  quality.         '  abundance  of  manure.    Its  fruit  yields  an  oil  of 

.hiprSch.""""-     "''■"'^-"'-/".iXd European  OU.e-,ree,  OlMeragrappe  of 

of|e  pncT"""'-     '""'-S-frnitea European  OU.e-,ree;  Olivier i  fruU  oihng, 

'^«lorOli:i:To,Z'';,e,J^:£-^Stt^^^  OI»^^fr^U 

sliltnTcS:.^'"^'""  f"  P'"^"W,  a'ndlr'very^^rrtirV'^ilfcL^^^^^^ 

of  Jhe  Prench'rrr;.yff  *{™rpSr"  °"-'~'-  "«-  ^  /"'*  ->■ 
*«-.«s:4™rFre*r"'""°"''°""'"=  '""■'V«-  Olive-tree;  Olivier  Oe 
les  »;„°;  rf'thrSr"-    ^-^»'™."  ^-Z-™  Ofe-,„.,.  Olivier  ie  Ions 
the  Frit'"™''-    ^-'y-^-™*  European  OUve-iree;  Olivier  priroee  of 
p2L  0...s.K0T,.v..    T.Ue-Jlo.ering European  Olive-tree:  Olivier  laraif,  o( the 

OrS?Zrfcn"l<(^aZ  .l,riL°'^^  """P?"  '^  ''"""'  '"^-'B^ous  in  Syria 

in  different  parts  of  ftC,  Sp^ta'a^lte" lEe";  ^'^  J""  '^  ">""S 
hedges  and  woods  ;  but  its  fruit  dZTu  V'  V^^^^  **  '^  ^^und  growing  wild  in 
grows  svontaneonslyinZ^:'r^Z^^^^  f'^'"  "-  . The^cultivaled  S^'a 

and  It  promises,  also,  to  be  a  vaSl?  trl       r^"  and  Africa,  by  the  sea-coasi 
parts  of  Sy,ia.  mrti^nlarl!;  ^bon     M         ^  ^  Ajistraha.     It  abounds  in  J,^:,l 

reared  m  all  parts  of  the  Wr  s  o?ffLTam1r;'  '^^'''^"^'  ^"^  ^ '^^Y 

ui  me  i^evant  that  are  not  visited  by  frosty 


H 


are 


OLEA    EUROPjEA. 


I^lhi. 


•'mi 


.,,„  i' 


oil  largely,  and  thus  it  ha,  obtained  the  ^me  o7  "  itnee  ^  "     C     "  '""' 

bmirhnnrJ  nf  M  ^  !  Province  of  Suse,  m  Morocco,  particularly  in  the  neigh- 

bourhood of  Mersa,  produces  a  great  abundance  of  olive  oil,  which  is  stated  tn  hi 

Thuflt^^v  in  i    r  .  '  '"?'"''  '''^"  ^^''  "°^  '"'P^"'  ^"d  is  of  a  very  poor  flavour 
Ihus  Italy,  south  of  the  Apennines,  and  Turkey,  south  of  the  Htemus  or  i  l^in 

SS^'^T^  T'^^"''^  ^^"^"  '^'  Sl^^k  Sea^to  the  Atla  dc  Sa?  h^^ 
lat  tude  forty-four  degrees,  appears  to  be  the  general  northern  limit  of  the  culture 
rll!  .?'  f  ?"'T'  '^^^'"  «»  *he  Atlantic  coast  of  North  Amer  ca  sea  eel  v 
olTve tn  'nnT^'"'  f'^7T  "^  ^^^^^"^^-  N'^^''  Charleston,  in  sS  S'a  ol  na  S  ^ 
olive  IS  usually  rendered  barren  by  the  vernal  frosts:  and  n  the  southern  n^^^ls  of 
Florida  and  Louisiana,  where  it  would  be  secure  in 'winter"  i  languishes  tCou^h 
the  su  try  heats  of  summer,  for  the  want  of  those  refreshing  broS'Sh^^^^^^^^ 
orate  this  tree  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  But,  doubLs  there  at  llS^ 
in  this  country  uniting  the  conditions  necessary  for  its  gro  X  wlSiavo  fpon 

relate'    mn.'.^  '  P^'!,  '^^P-™.-^^-""^  i"  particular  Te'h  re  bglavc  to 
relate.     While  the  Floridas  were  hold  by  the  English,  in  1769  one  Dr  T  irnhnll 

Sfir^a^opi^^-Str.^-i-^s^i£53i^ 

and  disease,  and  precluded  from  escape  by  land,  where  they  vvere  SerSted  bv 
the  savages  of  the  wilderness,  a  part  of  these  unhappy  exiles  SS  others 
ZIT^  '^a  '^^'"'^^  T''^''''  «f  ^"^barking  for  Havana  in  an  opeA Sa    and  [, 
three  years  their  number  was  reduced  to  five  hundred.     The  rcsri"movcd  o  S 

aZl"''  '''^'",  '^'  ^^T""''^'  ^^^""^^'^  possession  of  the  com  tiy    aTul  in    783 
a  few  decaying  huts,  and  several  large  olive-trees,  were  the  onlV  remains    n  ifn 
seen  of  their  wearied  industry.     In  New  California  on  the  KvciH J  hey  cult  vato 
the  ouve  with  success  along  the  canal  of  Santa  Barbara,  in  la   tilde Thirtvfon 
degrees  north;  and  at  Quito,  in  South  America,  near  the  e.   .at  r  ih        £  fn 

The  ohvc,  which  is  called  by  Columella,  the  first  amon«  trees  has  constitnfo,! 

rg  u-TiTL^'ir^',;'^  p^^^  ^^'  h^^  °^  ^'^^  niosVcd:i'Xe"gi  fo'' 

tne  globe,  and,  aside  from  the  commercial  value  of  its  products  it  is  invostod 
both  in  sacred  and  profane  history,  with  a  thousand  interc  thi^assoc  ations      ll 
appears  to  have  been  cultivated  very  early  for  we  read  of  niMn  ti?    ,  ♦■ 

acob;    and  the  patriarch  Noah  had^:n;';,ut  a  dove IroL     J^,^'^^^ 
returned  without  any  token  of  hope.     Then  ' 


EUKOPEAN   OLIVE-TREE. 


(lENEBia  viii.  10,  11. 


377 


That  the  ohvp        -        •  gbnbsis  viu.  lo,  n. 

W  the  parab,rfToSt^<?KTrL"Str?r  «'^.^^--'  '«  ^^-^ 
king,"  &c.;  and  David,  also  seems  to  Sr  "on  5  \°'\  -^  ^"""  *"  «PP«inl  a 
when  he  says,  '' Thy  children  iTe  t^^drv/r'''^f''''^  ''"'  ^'"^^  as  a  blessing, 
The  indent  G^r  '^  ^'^-^'rhlt  ^fealeth  fer"  '"""'  ^'^"^  ^^^^  ^^^' '' 
than' thHSS:  'r^^^^^^^^^^  olive  and  of  i.  fruit, 

ory  of  one  in  the  Acropolis  aflthens  D  ntt  '"  u-  ''PP^'"^"^  ^••°'"  ^''«  hid- 
ing of  the  temple  of  Pandrosus  sayr^'W  thin  h  i'  'm'^''  "travels,"  in  speak- 
century,  was  preserved  the  oZ/..-'S  menWd  1^1  ^'^.'^^  '^  '"'"  ^«  ^^^  ««<=«nd 
0  be  as  old  as  the  foundation  of  the  ciSeP'  a  ^  ^^f  °d«'-"s>  ^v^hich  was  said 
by  all  the  Greeks  who  attended  tLptL.,  '^''"^"hution  of  olives  was  given 
honour  of  Minerva.  Those  X except  t'^^^^  ^''''^'"'  ^eld  at  Athens  in 
were  crowned  with  a  wreath  of  olive  w^idiL.V'*'  ^T''  ^"'"'"S  ^'^'^  f<^«tival, 
a^ce  near  the  city,  with  spacious  andt^d'j  ^^s^Z^^^I ^::^Zi 

reign  :ft7;iusT.Ui;us,Te  Yll  ^kLTo^f  t^'^  -/^^  ^^-teenth  year  of  the 
qtnnius  Priscus,  which  was  about  thpnL.      TV  ""''.^  ^"""g  the  reign  of  Tar- 
foundation  of  that  city,   here  we  11  olivo'l'r'''^''^^"^  eighty-?hird  year  f?om  the 
a  strong  presumptio.f'that  t^ey  g  ^.f  oTSVonf^^ '"  '?'^'  '^P^^^'"'  ''  Africa! 
nulZ  •'^^^'.  "\  the  four  hundred  I  7fSth  Ion  "1^;  "/.  ^^"^"-     Theophrasuis 
olive-trees  in  Italy,  except  on  the  coas?  in    Jui      /  ^'''  "'^J^'  ^^ere  were  no 
Wmy  says  in  his  time,  they  we  e  to  be  ?o  fnd  n  th  '"^  "?'''^  "^  ^^^  ^'^^'^i  but 
^pain,  and  that  the  olives  of  Syria,  ahhoud   sm  Hn      "^'7  ^'T'  °^  ^^'•^"^e  and 
a  so  informs  us,  that  in  the  five  h  uXdA?  I         I   '.  P'^'^'^uced  the  best  oil.     He 
dms  and  L.  Junius  were  consuirtoSr  a  nonnd  nV'T'  ^"^^^  ^PP'"«  ^lau- 
asses;  that  m  the  year  680   ten  nonnH«  c.n  ^  P     ""^  "^  ^''  ^^as  sold  for  twelve 
years  after  that  tiL,  Italy  washable  to  trJsU  T  ''' '  •  '"^  '^'^' '»  twenty-  wo 
It  was  much  used  bv  the  Romnn«  ./ .i,  .^'^^  provinces  with  oil-  and  thit 

the  property  of  warn^ing  theTodv  and  defo;;?''  P""*^^^'"-"'  ^''^  they'suppo  cd 
speaks  of  but  three  kind's  of  ol  ves      ("olnmoir    "^  '    ""^^'"''^  ^''^  cold.  ^  Virgi 
As'  thl  wo^'7  rr  r^""  -ornume^or "'  ""^^'""  ^^'^  ^^^-^  -d  safs 

;hat  i  :CS^  «i  ^^r  J^SSE -f  ^-^^'«'  i'  i«  not  surprising 
youth,"  says  a  writer  in  the  -  NorUi  ArS  I?  ^^''So,r^y-  "  In  compirativf 
diameter  only  at  the  rate  of  an  eighth  of  a  in  hr''"^'  '^n'  ^^^"^  ^"^r^ases  in 
at  Pescio,  mentioned  bv  I)e  Cindn  n  \  '  ^"  "^  y*'^^'*'     Therefore  the  olivo 

should  be  seven  hundU  yea  s  n  1 !  ''""'"^ '' ^'''"'^'^ 

out,  at  the  ordinary  n^fofy ",nf t  e,^^W^^  '^^'^  grown,  tLTigt 

near  Nice,  described  by  Risso  and  rerpmi  '.  ^  '''^""  ^""'S^'  t'-^e  at  Beaulieu 
oldest  of  the  race  in  Europe  ^l^d  Te  mo  JtEl^tT^  '^  ^'r'''^''''  doubtless  the 
now  m  a  state  of  decrep  tiide  it  still  Pnr.  l\  r  tbousand  years  old.  Although 
did  so,  as  late  as  the  year  182S  T  L  .  ^^""^ant  crop  of  fruit,  or  at  iS 
venerable  trees,  whiclfy  t  '.tive  pTt,rC^''>  1"^^'^''^  tbat'those  e.^h 
existence,  as  tradition  asserts,  alt^ie  fm"  of  o,^^  '  •  '^  P''^*^''  "^'-^^  '''"^^^  beeifin 
mentions  some  plantations  o(  ol  ve  ^e  h  linh  '/  'rP'^^'^""''  ^'-  '^o'-don 
hrough,  in  1H19,  on  liis  way  to  t^'e  fSis  of  S^'  "'  ^T''  '"^'''^'  ''«  Pa^sed 
have  existed  from  the  time  ol-pii„y  °^  Marmora,  tbat  were  snppoied  to 

iySS:t^i:::Ji^rS^tJ^  J''^.o>.ve  has  been  the  emb.m  of 
^oah  m  .0  ark,  ^s  the  t  ^gn'S^.^  ^-ft  l^a^J;^:^^^— 


I 


378 


OLEA   EUROPiEA. 


IM 


'£4  I 


lheTod"'r;^;  t:  t  l7::^oL'rtt^'2^^^^^  ^"  ^ho  waters  of 

every  kind.  The  oil  likewise  beclrthe  emblem  oflnv  ''i  ^^'^T'^V  «/ 
appears  to  have  been  of  great  utility  to  the  w?onf.J.7  a"'^  S^^^'^^ss.  It 
Apollo,  was  regarded  as  a%ural  de  ty  from  havfr  anX  I,  T'^"'/'''  '"'^  °^ 
it,  as  well  as  to  make  honev  b  ittPr  -^nrlTiic  1  ^^S'"'''"'^'"^  to  extract 
ancient  Greeks  in  Zrinrout  Enn.  .n  f  /^  'T.  ^'f°  employed  by  the 
the  wreaths  of  the  v" to^^^tt  oEc  "ame?   T^^  ''"  ^'"^'"'"^  ^«™^d 

fable  in  their  mythology,  on  the  orTgin  ff  X  ol^l^T^  ^  TT '"^^^^^^ 

Sre^.;s^^^fe:^;£?r"^^ 

bioSd^^  E^;;MeS5r"^ 

branches  ^'""^^^  ^'^  ^^'°  represented  as  crowned  with  olive 

mmwMsm 

called  uovoli,  (Mi^e^gsOaS  to  oLHan    wlS"''"^^''"''  ';''""'»<  are 
Care  is  observed  ?  at  Tach  uovoT^.l^ll  .'  r-""''^"'".',  ^'^  ^'^'^   ^^"^^^  ^«^«^*- 


!il| 


EUROPEAN  OLIVE-TREE. 

cases,  snuff-boxes  &,o     'V]  at 

preferred  io  that  of  the  trunk'''' On  .''''  '"^'^' ■^''hich  *«  agreeably  marbled  i. 
wood  of  this  tree  was  anc  e„tiy  ;?s"d  ^or'!'."'  v  '''  h^^^ness  and  dShty  Ihe 
became  common,  u  was  Je  fefby  [he  G^^^^^^^^  and,  before  £eta? 

t  rom  jts  resmous  and  oleaeinous  natnl  1  ^I  ^'^^  ™ages  of  their  gods 
combustible,  and  burns  as  weU  before  a  J' oft"  "^.'"^"^  '^"^  '''^  ''  exceediS 

&t\^rr'  "'f  ^  '«  --'"-efS^t™-  l"mf  "Th  There  exudes  S 
iiom  this  tree  a  substance  called  olivi?ie  Thn  k  T  ^'^^'"'^  '^  also  extracted 
and  IS  regarded  as  tonic  and  febrifuS     Td.  ^  ''''"^^'"'  ^  '^'"^^  principle 

But  the  chief  value  of  this  troP  «  ?hi'     f    ^  1^''''^'  ^""^  astringent.       ^        ^   ' 

t.ll  December  or  January,  it  producef  frn^t  hnf      '  ^"'^  '^^'j^'  '^^ere  it  is  delayed 

^,  It  Ki^y  ^^juriSSr  r--  -  i^^dsst 

The  od  is  obtained  by  simp  o  pSslrHn   he  S      ' ''  "'  ^'^'  '^'""  inches  deep 
first  bruised  by  a  mill-stone,  sufficientlv  hard     ^n "?.'"?"'' ^"'^he  olives  a?e 
are  then  put  into  sacks  of  coarse  Inenfonfh         "''^  ^°  ^'""^^  ^'^^  kernels,  and 
to  heavy  pressure,  by  which  means  the  most  fi.f.vf ''  T  ?^  r'^'  ^"^  subjected 
out,  and  IS  called  virmn-oil     Tt    <=  r.^      I  ■     "^  '^"'^  ^'^^  best  liquor  is  forced 
from  which  it  is  skim^med  and  p  t Tp Tnto  tnh  T^'«  ^alf  filled  with  wa  at 
Several  coarser  kinds  of  oi   are  afterwLfl/     's'^f  ^'''  ^"^  bottles,  for  use 
bruised  fruit.     The  best  olive  oil   s  of  a  br  I/''T'^'  \  ^"^^'"^  ^ot  wa  er   o  the 
and  bland  to  the  taste.     Kcp^varm  ,>  h..^  '  pale-amber  colour,  without  smell 
^  IS  of  the  same  nature  a^^^irmiS   xp  ess'^d V'"^'l',""^. "^  ^^°  ^'-  ^'  ^"43! 
fluid  are  preferred,  and  hence  the  oiKi    ^^S^^^ble  oils;  of  these,  the  mos 
"jed  in  medicine.     One  of  tllfmost  est med  S.'nf'^  '^''^'f'  ^^^  ^^ose  chSy 
{ffude  d'ALv  en  Provence.)     Florence  Out^        J  ""'l  ''  ^^""^  Produced  at  Aix 
horn  in  flasks  surrounded  iy  a  kh  d  of  net  1/^%^  ^r^^kmd  imported  from  LeL- 
cotyledonous  plant.     These  are  the  IHnSTr'  ^°""^^  ^^  ^he  leaves  of  a  mono 
abes  for  sala'ds   (hencrthera     cS  irf'^o'/'^^'V""^^  ^"^"^"^  "- 
jars  holding  about  nineteen  gallons  each     vt        z^-, -^^^^^^  0.7  is  imported  in 
y''_,  imported  in  casks;  and  constitutes  thfl         ^'^''  ^  ^"^  ^^'"d-     GullhJi 
ported  into  England.     .ScU,,Oin!nf[        t  ':''"^^''  P^^'^'^''  «f  the  olive  oil  im 
^v^orst.     The  foSt  deposited  by  olive  oil  iJlf'T^  ^"^''^J^-     ^^^'^^^^^  Oilt  the 
name  of  Z>;.^^,,,..  o}^wX  "Shvi  oil  coifsists  of'"^  ^"'^'"""^'  ""^^^  ^^^ 


Oleine,      .  I'arts. 


Marga 


rme, 


In  cold 


72 
28 


lo^vish  glu.i  es.*  '  Oily  substances Tn^^  '^^  ^°™  «f  white  or  vel- 

*  See  Pereira's  Treatise 


Food  and  Diet, 


n 


p.  so. 


5j; 
I 


!i;.i 


380 


OLEA   EUROPJEA. 


chalk  or  in  liniments  and  poultices.     The  ancients  mhhori  iU^-   u  a-        •  ,   •   . 
dropsies,  and  for  various  purposes ;  but  i  L  now  httip  nt,?  ^'''  ^""^'^^  ^'^'^  '^ '" 
mg  for  coughs,  burns,  and  a  few  other  cases  "''^  as  a  -nedicine,  except- 

Another  important  advantage  aflbrdcd  bv  this  trpo  ic  w    r    •.  • 
state.     It  is  gatiiered  unripe  and  snfforor\L  H  '       ^^^^'^"•t  m  a  pickled 

is  afterwards  put  into  a  "y?of  ^ate    a^d  i1h^^  ^°™«  days,  and 

stones,  or  with  lime.     It  is  then  nut  iml  .nwl.'    I  ?^  "^"^  '^^  ^^^es  of  olive- 
and  water,  and  in  this  state  Ts  ?"ldv  for  nsp'nf '"'"''  "'  '"  ^^"^1^'  ^"h  salt 

corsrra';::s:'h7c.;iL^^^ote  point  of  view,  aside  from  other 

ican  agriculturist,  and  the  tribal  shridbplV™'  ^^'^  '''!^'"^^°"  °^^he  Amer- 
is  not  certain,  and  for  t  L  TurDosP  vnnn  "^^d^.l^^^^^^-y  Place  where  its  failure 
varieties  should  be  ob  a  d  fZEnlTlnfutr  '"''f-  '^  ^/'"^y  ^""^  '^'^<^^ 
diately  begun.     A  portion  of  TexnsTA,  for^^ation  of  nurseries  imme- 

chosen  exposures  of  he  ner?or  of  th^^^  '''""^f  °f  «««^gia.  and 

western  states,  Californiror  of  cWoi^tlu  ^^..fj^^'^^  ^«  7^'  °^^«"^^  ^^  ^he 
ture,  if  ever  attended  with  sue  es   KorTl  Amed  a  ''"'  °^  '^''  '^'''''  '^^  *^"^- 


es  with  it  in 
cine,  except- 

n  a  pickled 
le  days,  and 
les  of  olive- 
Is,  with  salt 
'ore,  as  well 
stion.     The 
Picholincs, 
;  olives, 
em  Greeks, 
he  addition 

from  other 
'  the  Amer- 
3  its  failure 
ind  choice 
ries  imme- 
orgia,  and 
ome  of  the 
iies  of  cul- 


Olea 


amcricmia. 


THE  AMERICAN  OLIVE-TREE. 

Synonymes, 


Oka  americana, 

Olivier  d'Amerique, 
Amerilfani  ,cher  Oehlbaum, 
•Jlivo  americano, 
American  Olive-tree, 
American  Olive-tree,  Devil-wood, 


LiNN^us,  Mantissa. 
MicHAux  North  American  Sylva. 
(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

Germany. 
Italy. 
Britain, 
United  States. 


Description. 

HE  Olea  americana   is  a 

^    arge  evergreen    shrub  or 

,yp    fow  tree,  sometimes  grow- 

or~lhI?I^;ire  feeT  with'"?  !?  ^ ''"'^''^  °^  ^^'"'^V 
inches  l  diameter'-  bu'u^uXtt  Z  '' /^'^'"^ 
one  half  of  these  dimen  ion"      The  barlwH  h'^'" 

entjre  smooth,  1^:^^^  ^ tt\  p^;  SS 

part  0?  tlf^3  wi  ,;^Z^in°g?n'S^^^^^^^^^^^^  f-^t  ^--^es  during  a 

Geography,  c^     The  Olea  americana  whlh  1.  T  ^  ^^^  I'glit-green  leaves, 
ern  states  of  the  American  union  is  no?offJnfn  ^^'""S^^^^^lnsively  to  the  south- 
and,  hke  the  live  oak  and  cabCe.!/'^"  ^^^^ 
sea-shore.     It  grows  in  soil«  pnri.F        '       <^onfined  almost  exclusiveiv  to  tjJ 

parts  of  CaroliL,"GVo"gS  ^d  fflda'it  Sr '^  ^"'f  t  ^"  thrldtim" 
most  barren  spots;  and  in  other  x^UoTu  ^  "^'  "P  '''"'^  'he  live  oak  in  the 
flora  umbrella-tree,  &c  in  cool  fertile  nn'f'T'"/'^  '""'^  '^e  Magnolia  gran  u! 
introduced  into  Britain  n  IzS  nn/  '  '^"^^^^ady  situations.  This  trie  was 
pean  olive.  It  is  said  th  e  ilf  Wrf  hanZmrff  ^'^-  T "  ^^'•^>^  than  the  EiTro! 
of  the  arboretum  of  Messrs.  Loddi/e.s  Tt  Hfd^l^""^i'"f  P'^^"'  against  the  wall 
whatever.     It  may  be  propagated  by  layer""by';;&     of^l^^em^gr  ^"^"^"" 


If 


I 


382 


OLEA    AMERICANA. 


rosy  complexion.  ^  *-uuiaoi  wua  ine  air,  soon  assumes  a 


m. 


m' 


!!,  I'' 
Ml' 


■t,  of  a  fine- 
It  and  split, 
difficulty  of 
On  laying 
mmediately 
I  assumes  a 


Oleaceas. 
*>«.  /fat. 


Genus  FRAXINUS,  Tourn. 


Fraxinu), 

Frenc,  Fresne, 

Esche,  ' 

Frassino, 

Fresno, 

Freixo, 

Jas,  Jasen, 

Ash, 


Synonymes 

Of  Authors. 


Polyganiia  Dioccia. 

Sytt.  Lin. 


France. 

Germany, 

Italv. 

Spain. 

Portuoal. 

RnssiA. 

Britain  and  Anow-America. 


Generic  Characters.     Flowers  nolv-amoi,«      r.  *"""'■  «""'^"  "-"BrnWoa  that  of  wood-aahes. 

^''^%S^n!:^^^^^^^  trees,  with  opposite, 

^  (^     isi)-yellow  flowers  ;  and  natives  of  F" -  ^^*''"^'/^^^'n««  "^  greeni 
^*^^     of  Asia  and  of  North  ISca      T^eyTre^'atpd "^^  \  ^^'' 

by  grafting  on  the  Fraxinus  excelsio^^  In  .11   hi    ^'°'"  ''^^''  «^ 
are  des-^hed  bj  Si^ IfsTe^ ^o^  ^^^^  -^^^es ;  t f nJo^VortEet^^^^^ 
ion     Indeed,  iith  two  or  threreSp'^tions  theCVh  f'  '"^'^'^^  ^°  ^^^^  ^is/  ic- 
so  close  a  resemblance  to  each  othpr  «?h'         ^^  bclongmg  to  this  genus  bear 
mine  which  are  species  and  whicTar'e  vnr.Ptr""^'  f^"*  ''  ''  ^^'^^'  to  dater 
advanced  by  Mr.  London,  thi?  '<  no  nknV.^f'V^"'^'  f  Pursuance  of  the  idea 
readily  distinguished  from  every  other  Fn  p        "  ^^  ^'J-^'^^  ^  ^P^^^^^s,  that  is  ,m 
season  of  the  year,"  we  are  Sh  Id  ;nri    '^ '^^'  "^^^^  g^«^th,  ^nd  at  every 
species  of  ash  hitherto  di  covered  ehhertSo^''  '^7'  "-^^  "°  ^^''^  than  twJ 
excelsior,  and  americana     We  h.  vp  !!      .f  '?P^  ^"^  America,  viz. .— Fj-axinus 
convenience  of  classification  brJS  Tf'^'n^\  ^'""  '^^  «^k«  of  brevity  and 
considered  them  only  as  varied es^lVo^^^^^^^    ""'^''  *^^^«  two  heads,  and^have 
Jon,  will  find  no  difficuhy^n  recoJiJil'    °'''''^''''  '^^'^  ^'^^'  ^^om  us  in  opin! 
C^"" '?""^'  ^'^'  LVtl^^J^Ser^a'n"d^vm  h^"°"rf'  th«nameras 
what  head  they  are  described  in  the  LL  of  these  authorT'^ '"  ^"°^"  ""^^^ 


n>>JI 


m 


it'  m 


1.1  m 


Fraxiniis  excelsior, 

THE  EUROPEAN  ASH-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Fraxinus  excelsior, 

Frfne   eleve,    Fr^ne   commun,   Grand 

Irene, 
Esche,  Aesche, 
Frassino,  Frassine,  Nocione, 
Ash, 
European  ash, 


^  LiNN.Kus,  Species  Plnntarum. 
Mriiaux,  North  American  Sylva. 
Ski.bv,  British  Forest  Trees. 
Lot/DON,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
France. 

Germanv. 
Italy. 

BRITAtN. 

Anulo-Amebica. 


m^rs,  ;^  tK^^s^er  s^f^ftih^i^r;;:^^- ^:i«,^""  «•  '^■".  -^ "«".  -  m  up,  ana  ..gume.  >.,.. . 


Engravinffs. 
Briiaiiiiicum,  ii 


^^^J:!'ili!^!^i-:^^!^,  ^^^  i<t^';^;a^i^t 'eSt,^-'  "P'  ^''  ^^  «'  '«' '  ^"0-.  Arboretum 


forests, 
deep  soil 


"The  iiah  asks  not  a  deptli  of  fniitful  mould, 
But,  like  fru^'ttlily,  on  lililo  ineaiiJi 

tL'I,"',"'?"'  i""!'  '""'!  "'l'  ""^-i':"''  niiris  spreads 

U;i  ample  slmdu,  or  in  ttie  naked  rock, 

Ihat  noda  ni  air,  with  graceful  li.:iljs  depends." 

BlOLAKB. 

HE  Fraxinus  ex- 
celsior is  one  of 
the   noblest   trees 
-     .-     of  the   European 
In  a  close  grove,  and  in  a  free, 
.       -1,  it  becomes  a  lofty  tree,  from   V' 
eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  height,  with   f' 
a  trunk  free  from  branches  for  more  than 
half  Its  length.     Standing  singly,  it  throws 
out  large  limbs,  which  divide  into  numer- 
ous branches,  forming  a  full  spreading  o'    - 


KUKOPEAN   ASH-TREE. 


880 


flei  taller,  or 
n,  Arboretum 
t  the  base. 


rly  on 
5  of  old 
anches 
►loured 
a  lior- 
r  forest 
e  olea- 
lis  last 
The 
lightly 
iole  is 
3h  put 
des  of 
irodite 


seeds,  which   are  mdnded  ill  ZVa  arT^  ^  The 

samara),  are  generally  ripe        Oc  ober    „m     r i?"'^  "'^"'^  ^''y^  «^  bolanicully 
ailantus,  frorn  their  wcdgc>liko  si  fn^^^  '\T'  "^^''^  ^'=^''^««'«  «"J  «''c 

crevices  of  rocks    ruins   w-t  n  ^^  '       -^  ""?  ''^'''''  ^»  "-^  themselves  in  the 
often  vegetate  and  grow.*         '    ""^  '"'"  '"  ''^^  '^'^^'^  «f  "'^  '^ees.  where  they 

tn.ivSt  an^:d  trhrviriers"";d'arrr  1"'/  ''^^'  ^'^«  ^'--  -»-'•  -c 

don;  and  afterwards  indica^Sw  tirar'  Se?bv^rf '  'f  ''""  ">'  ^«"- 


1.  F 


...„„„  .,.„.,,.  atu  iifuieu  oy  hotanists  as  snppip« 
P'nidnlous-brnncicd  E„roimin  A  J,  ■   ,,   .^  f^  spicies. 


;  «/  W,  of  the  French ;  Traucr  Eschc,  of  tho  (Je  m  us      Thk       '  "i '.  X'^"" 

tihil  variety  was  discovered  about  he  n  ,Uin  r  'V  /'"»  s"'g"'^r  and  beau- 
belonging  to  the  vicar  of  Ga^gay  nca  wfnlll  ''/<'  ""T'l'^^  '"  ^  ^^^'^ 
free  was  standing  as  late  as  IS^i  hnf  n?.!^  VVimpole,  ni  Cambridgeshire.  The 
individuals  gro  Jng  in  Cla^vli '  w  ^.7^"'^''^''^  '"  '■^''"«-     ^^''-^^e  arc  many 

Scotland,  Irolnd,  l^lance'  'Sid  ^'e^y' anS  airr?  ^'^'''^'"j''  ^^"^'^  "' 
trees  planted  in  the  government  ear  lens  ntrn  /"  America.     In  a  list  of 

Avith  pendent  branchel,  foui  d  i   aS  orseod linr^S  ^^^^^^^i,  is  an  ash 

what  different  from  the  Knglisl  variety  S  vino  '  '"''  ."'^^  P^'^^'^'^  ^e  some- 
standard  high;  and,  as  it  is  verv  h  rdv  nn  P"'^-  f '  "  ^^'^-^oxly  grafted 
valuable  tree  for  forming  a  boTs  mfor^'.nv  -^  '^'  '"'"'^  ^reat  rapidity,  it  is  a 
gardens.                         ^     ^""'''  ''^  ^"''^  covernig  seats  more  especially  in  public 

anlr^l.^y'llSr^nd  StSejI^i  7L!^^'^  ^''^IT^'^ ■  I^^^^''--. 
men  grows  on  the  estate  of  Mr.  Mtm' o  M,™  ^  ''«  «7gi»-l  «Peci- 

CapuUi,  near  Dunkeld,  Perthshire.  in^ScoU-lnr'       ^^'"'^"""^y'  >"  'he  parish  of 

This  varL;s;hS:;f  uietnS^st  ^t^  "^r  ^'•^'  ^'  '•-  ^--''• 

leaflets  sessile,  lanceolate   nnpm.l"  .  branches  yellow  and  dotted;  and  the 

and  glabrous.'  I   is  n  rti^  cuneated  at 'the  base! 

colour  of  us  bark,  bufCi\t  curvij  crn'r/^^'l"'"'^  "°^  °."'>^  ^••°'"  ^he  yello^; 
somewhat  resemble  the  h"  rnfoirn  aniS  '"''''''  '^"'  branches/which 

wh^Jis^f^:— -- J^:f J^;;'^^^^^^^  European  As,, 

of1he  le^vTs'^Turis'-vSiy^^^^^^^^^^  "  ^^'^  darkness  of  the  green 

ance,  combined  with  the  liliLtmUed  el  n;nJr  r 'V'''  their  crumpled  appear- 
striking  object.  ^         ""''''^  chaiacter  of  the  whole  plant,  renders  it  a 

Tl!^  ba^  o^r^raStd't:^:!^ IJf^r  ^^^^;  ^-->^>^  of  the  French, 
white.  '"^  oranclies  of  this  variety,  is  streaked  with  reddish- 

It  Lrfom^d'in'^b'd^f  se^Z^^'^vM  '^f'^^'^'^  *'-  "^-'^  P-pIe. 

his  care  at  Odessa.  ^'«'^^''"S«;  hy  M.  Descemet,  who  had  plants  of  it  under 

r^^^l^T^r^^  .Tf  ti  ~^'T'^'  -  ^"^1-''.  there  were,  in  1834,  a 
Sweetheart  Abbey,  in  Dumlrieissh  re"'  Mr  T  n„     ,''',""'"'  '"'^''^  •'^'^ont  Ave  feet  high.     "  On  the  ruins  of 

side  ot  the  wall,  completely  exposed  to  the  ■,  r  .'.!•  .1  i,  ■  ''  .  '"^"'  '•""'»  a  fibrous  root  on  the  out 
hSel  fn'"  '^'■■'^  '"""  '"---is'ae    n;  ^';  3  jt  or  twelve  feet,  ttll  it  reaclS  tl4 

>lo  nned,  the  main  stem  of  the  tree,"     Gilpin  nZesnn  in.,  f''  ^il'^  ""^  constitutes,  as  we  are 

tsell  on,  and  hnally  destroying  a  willow  A  sitn  hr  cirem^^  "  '"'"  ^'-  ^''"'  °''  '^^  ^sh  establishing 
in  the  botanic  garden  of  Carlsruhe  •  an.l  .l,P..m„?K  "''""*'  ^''"  '°°'^  P'^ce  with  a  wcepin-  willow" 

trees  In  the  city  of  New  Yor^'wh'  l'  the  a  lant  ts'il'reh"  nb'^"?'lV'^^''''''^  "'">  throirand  Xr 
not  uncommon  to  see  small  plants  of  it  fr  .nun  ,?,,,•  --'"J''"''''  ''"■  "maint^^-aing  the  streets  ,t  is 
houses,  where  they  have  taken  root  from  1^  !l        '°  "''''  ^^''  '"§'''  S"-"^""?  «"  'he  roofs  and  gutters  of 

49 


m 


m\\ 


386 


FHAXINUS    EXCELSrOR. 


nnr'T- 


tea^.cA   Loudo,.;  Fr.ne  nrgenU,  of  the  Frn.ch,  w.th  Lnots  variegated^Th 
with  ^^Mo^v""'''      ^^'^«"'-«<^^''-'^''>'''''  Europcn  Ash,  with  tho  leaflets  edged 
K.   ERosA.      Eroscleajleted  European  Ash,   with   the   leaflets  erosely 
E.  HOR,20NTAr,,.s.     Honzoutal-hrnnched  European  Ash;  Fnne  horizon- 


10.  F. 
toothed. 

11.  F. 


/«/,  of  the  H  r.Mich,  with  th.,  hra.iches  spreading  horizontally. 
U>.   I' .  E  VKuut;,.csA.      »F/i//6Y/./>«rXvJ  Europeun  Ash  ;  Fre 
French,  with  Us  hraiiches  warty.  ' 

13.    F.    E.   VERRUCOSA    I'lOMnri  A         P/,iw/.,;„.,„  /. ai    T»r      . 


nc  verniqiienT,  of  the 


Pendiilons-branchod  Wartcd-lmrked  European 


feuiiai.'  lit 


13. 

Ash. 

14.  F.  E.  NANA.     Dwarf  Eiiroprnn  Ash,  whicli  seldom  exceeds  a  vard  in  h,    rht 

j/j.  F.  E.  FUNoosA.    Fimgniis-liurkcd  Eurmican  Ash. 
rife,  of  A,rK™ch""     •^'"'**""""»'  iW«'«  AsU :  Fnne  i  feuitte  verU- 

blattni^re  Esche,  of  tfie  Germans.     The  leaves  of   his  variety  a?e  Wifolhte  den 

fo n^^n'r'l'^'  "'"'"^  ^'"*P'«'  b"^  ^'''"^'''"^^  ^-i"^  thrL  0   l^e  leaflet  Ih'rte  or" 
four  inches  long,  ovate,  s.ib-cordate,  or  acuminate  at  the  base  Sanex      Tho 

fr^-'Vh'  ,°^''«"r'""^'"'^'^^*^'  ""«  "^«h  in  length,  obtuse  a.  d  emargumS  at  tSe 
si£*  t  J  t'  ^5'""'''  are  dotted,  and  the  buds  a^  black.     Some  bo  an  sts  c^n! 
of  Up  ^Mi  k"^  f^  'P''''''  ^"  ^''"  'T-  I^ick  Lauder  states  that  Mr  McNab 
of  the  Edinburgh  botanic  garden,  sowed  seeds  produced  by  the  tree  in  thS  car 
S^'nST^I  '"  '^^^«  been  originally  planted  by  SoutheHand,  and  ?ound  fhaj 
the  plants  had  pinnated  leaves;  and  M.  Sinning,  garden  inspector  of  iCn  Isdorf 
near  Bonn,  sowed  seeds  of  the  common  European  ash,  wS  L  gathS  in  a 

TbrnU  eiLhTir  r'r'^'  transplanted,  and  left  to  tecome  trees;  wh  n  Ty  were 
and    1  Jn  ^^'  "?''^  ^^?"^y  ^^  ^h«"^  ^^«^«  observed  to  have  simple  leaves 

Tgrei  numb""'"''  have  only  three  leaflets;  though  occasionally  the^  stwed 

^\^sLlj:-^'l?^^lu'^^^^^^^^  F'«m,,.-/.«.«Z  European  Ash, 

oiscoverca  in  l«d(),  m  the  grounds  of  Captain  Mo.ur,  or  J^lantine   near  Hillsho 
rough,  m  the  county  of  Down,  in  Ireland.     The  va  >...:t;  rapDea     !  m     nm" 
mer  on  the  point  of  one  of  the  shoots  of  a  tr.o  <,f   iUe  u  yS  growt       S" 
Captain  Moore  marked  it,  and  had  the  portion  of  shoot  whch  showed  the  varL 
gated  leaves  taken  off,  and  grafted  the  following  spring.     The  pTrent   ree  it  is 
terti^  trT  '''''-''  ''''  ^''^'^^^^^  ^^"^«"^'  ^'  vafiegationrSrtLr^rafled 

out  f^renTTIZn  ../"^-^^ ^f  f'^opean  Ash  ;  Frene  d  feuilles  etrolies, 
P  V  Vrp  seT4- '  ifnZ?  .        *""'    f'^"'  °^  ^H'  ^^rmans.     The  leaflets  of  this  van! 
h  ^     .      1;"'  ^T  f 'ff '  '■*^'"«t«'y  denticulated,  occurring  in  three  or  four  pairs 
h   '        ' ''^  \"^  ^  ^'^^^ ^°  ^'^'^  ^"^hes  long.     The  peduncles  below  the  leaves  are 

ar^nSed    .nd°',?  ''''  '"^'^^^  ^"  ^^"§^^-     '^^e  flofvers,  which  pul  forth  hlMay 
art  n.iked ;  and  the  samaras  are  entire  at  the  apex,  and  acute  at  the  base      THp 

S'ofspTrn.'"'"'  '°"^'  "^^'^  "'"^^'  ^"^  '^'  ^"^'  brown!'  T^'^tL  l': 


EUROPEAN  A8H-TRKE. 


387 


and 


it  is 


seven  pairs  of  leaflets,  which  aro  scs,  ^.   m.,    I  ''''''"''  l''''^'"»  ^'""'^  ^v«  'o 

af^'>auatod,  and  qu.to  entire  at  thri^^soZir        ""'  ".^'""!?-     '^'^ey  a.o 
tl»e  apex.     The  ||o^vers  are  naked   and  m     S  f  ''T'  ''V'^r'y  '«"^'^J  «t 

brancU  are  pnrpiish.  and  trigonir'at  ttC)  '"     ''"'  "'"^  ^*'*^-     ^"^  "'« 

^^.  l-.K.AROK.VTKA.     »V/7rm/-/m     •"'     *■ 
I-ondon,  and  others;  Prhiedn  C, 


ivod  i'^'fycnn  Ash  ;  Fraxinm  argmtm,  of  Don 
'>rse,  ot   he  French.     Tho  leaves^of  this  v  .  Ltv 
'  havo  three  r.n  r«  r,r  r„.i •  \.T"^'y 


are  of  a  .sil.er-g  aV  and  nCl  X' "'.r  ^'^'■'"'''-  ^''''«  '«-^««^"f  f'i«  v  '  S 
ovate,  slu.tly-el'.s^iliate    b       t  i-t  otl-d'^^  "'^  ^?"'-  ^^^iacons,  nUipS 

»at.ve  of  the  ishu.li  of  Corsica,  ?!.  tire'fil.lSfck"  '''"  P^'"'"'"       ^'  '^  ^ 

n.n,l!.n5o.nnnu;erf %t:flj^rT  tV  ,!^"^^"-  -^-'V>''>  of 
tns  variety  are  of  a  dai'  gio  sy  Rr/e^  nr  are'^'f  J'''  V^^"^"''"  The  leave's  of 
the  branches.     They  f.avo  from  ^wn  fn  Produced  m  tnfts  at  tho  ends  of 

which  are  ianceolatVaciUred  erratS^'L'jr  h"^^"^^^'  '^''^"^^  «-«''« 
naked  Tho  «amarre  lanceolate  atteSd^thofh^V'"'^  ,  ^'^'^  ^^^''^'''  ^^e 
branchlets  are  green,  with  white  dot  "an  f.' ^"^'l  •'^"^«' ^"^  mucronate.  The 
native  of  Caucasus.  '  ^"'^  ^''^^  ^"^^^  are  brown.     This  ireo  is  a 

wh.ch  a.  glabrous,  almost  sessile.  o.Jti^.;^SL!::^^:Z^-^^^^^ 

ban  m   Mritain,  where  it  is  fou.Kom  the  emmtv  T^^^^  ''  TT'  P^^''^'^^'"» 

also  abounds  in  the  forests  of  France  tterminVSX       m ''''  '°  Cornwall.     It 
The  ash  was  known  to  the  Greeks  who^e?.'ri  r     "'  ^''''''^y^  ^"d  of  Russia. 

and  to  the  Romans,  who,  it  Tsaid  named  k  AT     *" ''  '^^'  T^'"'  ^'^  bounielia  ; 

express  the  fragile  nature  of  tLrwood  ^f  1 1  f    7'"";  1^"^  f»cile  fmngitur,  to 

both  the  Greeks  and  Roma^irde 'thci    !n  ""^ 

agricultural  writers  it  is  TecomSe  .,  TT  f  f  T'"'^-  "^  '^'^  ^om:,n 
of  husbandry,  to  which  pnrToscTSchfeflv  .S'^""''^  ^"/"'  '"^'^'^'"S  implements 
Jt  ranks  amongst  the  IJ,  beauuS  of^£'l;r"°lth:;Vl'""■  /"  ^"^''•'"' 
history  of  that  country,  it  was  verv  lit  lo  rol;i  i '  .""'v  "§'''  ^"  the  ancient 
value  set  upon  it  may  be  formed  from  he  f..?H^^^  T^T^'  '°^^  ^^ea  of  the 
Howel  Dda,  while  a  biamc  1.  of  m  stletnn  in^^ 

was  unmentioned,  and    Kfore  mlt  be  r^^^^  '^'''%  ^''^'^ngs,  the  ash 

rated  at  fourpence.     DruircaT  suZstiHo,  ^^''^  l'^""'  ''^''''  ^'^^  'j>«rn.  and 

while  the  mistletoe  is  but  1  itUe  vlLd  ^-n^  •   T'^l'^      ^^ni^he^H,  and  now, 
facture  of  his  iJuie,  the  as  Is Mv  orrhf    ^   ^l  tbe  bird-catcher.  for  the  manu- 

tree."  on  account  of  /tscel  brity  S'^tttrSio'i  of":^"",'.  ^'".  •'  '--^^-^^-an's 
lor  purposes  of  domestic  economy  ^^'^^^''^^  of  agricultural  implements  and 

^^^^^z:::^^^^:^^^      ti  ^^^^  i-  Britain, 

one  hundred  and  thirty-two  feet ''  indfbp  .1/  h  }^  ^""^^  '"  ^^^''''^  '"  length 
»i  the  churchyard  of  ]foimalt  in  TocSber  The  Intf  ^'''^'^  ^"^"^^^^^^  ^^'^^^ 
largest  and  the  most  remarkable  tree  hi  ^HphLm  ,  '^r'"'  '^^'  considered  the 
ons  kindred  and  clan  held  1  L  gre"  vene^S  onf ''  ^"''^'^''  ""^  '^'«  »""^«'- 
posed  to  have  been  the  cause  of  itrdestruS  /^•^'"k'''''""''  ^^'"^'^  ^«  «"?" 
the  brutal  soldiery  in  174fi      Tn  nn?i       /     '  •"  '^f'"^  ^"^"^  to  the  ground  bv 

and  three  inches  'and  the  ros  diametrtrenlv''  "^T'"''-  "^«  ^^-^"^^•^"  ^^'^ 
the  ground  was  fifty-eight  feet  ""^'^^  twenty-one  feet;  its  circumference  at 


I 


f—  rf| 


388 


FRAXINUS    EXCELSIOR. 


^•e■^=li 


<•: 


ini"h^/'tl"'''  f.I^'i'^e"/^"-  there  is  an  a*,  which,  at  thirty  years  after  plant- 
ing, had  attained  the  height  of  s  xtv  feet  with  i  tmnb-  nir.^  fL,  ■  ^■  P'^ni- 
an  ambitus  or  spread  of  iand.es  oVsSy-fi"  efct                  '"  """""""■  =""' 

In  Fermanagh,  at  Ennisliillen,  Ireland,  .here  is  an  old  tree   with  a  tn.nk 
ttirelve  feet  in  diameter,  three  feet  from  the  iromid     And  in  I  im„;  Jt     .  a  i 
Sronh"  -",-"■  "ji"-™  -f .  "nder  wnfch  Ze  famil'^    ,«Zrof''th    ^s 

In  P  aLe"^  °,  „  r'?™.'''''^""'^''''"*  ■'"""8  *e  troubles  of  1688 

feet  hl^h      '  '"  ""''''  "'"'  '^  "  '"^^'  "'"«''•  "  ""=  "S*^  "f  f«y  years,  wS  sixty 

aftJr7ri„ta"aXi?ei';Keti"gr.Tfl^t°t!  ^^  ^*'  """"■ '"  ^-^  ^-- 

den'  '?TCin  ^'''''^?  '"  Sirth,  is  yet  standing  in  the  Bartram  botanic  gar- 

by^S^'fj' HoS°';i:"f  ,f  ^'T'^r'  ^"'"""'-     The  ash  is  mentioned  both 
AklSi^Ss^ustrr^af^-^^^^^ 

"The  noble  ash  rewards  the  planter's  toil : 
Nob  e,  since  great  Achilles  from  her  side 
look  the  dire  spear  by  which  brave  Hector  dieil  " 

"RnlfJ'h';  "^i™'''  P"","''  ■^'''  "<=  Trojan  threw, 
Kough  in  the  rind  and  Icnotted  as  it  grew." 

tTe'"ldl'i""o;':a°eretboro?Th'e'N'  T  -'» ,'"* -yMogy.     It  is  stated  in 

^i^dt'^'idH^'x^iSiifr^^^^^^^ 
H^Sod:r.&^'tr.irhrb^lS^^^^ 

"The  warliice  Ash,  that  reeks  with  human  blood." 

™";«  frihTa*  "'Uny'aVs'rat'if  ""  "T,"'  ","'"","'"^  ""  ex.raordi.iary 
™r?ounded  by  ash.  r^i  rse^^e'm'l^^St  ?:,K,^^^^^^^ 


EUROPEAN   ASH-TREE. 


to 


389 


wmpr:  Iti  the  bt"rs;^r  Tef  ^'^  ^"'^^  °^  ^^^^  ^--^  --a  with 

t-ngland  the  country  people  belfeve  ?1  '"f  '^Jl^"  mentions  that,  in  some  parts  of 
ruptured  children  pLs  tLu|h  th'Ssm  it  3,'^'^  «nd  maJe 

r.  Bree  relates  an  instance  with  n  i?  '  '  T^'  '^"''^  them;"  and  the  Rev  W 
superstition  having  beeTpT^eS  d  "vUhinTr^^  l^no^vledge,  of  this  extordlnaYv 
superstition  is  that  of  boring  a  ho  en  .?'^  T^''  ^"  Warwickshire.  Another 
mouse  m  it.  A  few  strolces  wi^f,  a  branch  of  ^'^''''l:  ""'^  imprisoning  a  sh  ew 
cure  lameness  and  cramps  in  cat  le  a  I  ot" Ivhlh  th'  '^"'  P'^P"^^'^' '«  ^upposed  to 

the  ash  strikes  its  roots  deep  into  the  eronnd      H       °"^--    '"  "^^^^^y  situations 

rcc^nt"^-" ''"' ''" "  ^-^^''  ^»  '^  • "  "o«  o?s  *h  r  r,  I'-- 

Soil  mid  Situation.     The  Fravinnc  «       .•        ,  J' >       S 

somewhat  calcareous,  and  which  thouSnlTh  '''^'^'  ^'^^^^^  ^^^^  in  a  good  soil 
Its  most  favourite  situations  ar^  on  tfe.l^^^''  f  "''"^"^  adjoiniL  water 
sides  of  glens,  where  the  soil  isTenera it  nf  .  P'  ''"'^/  ^^"'^«  ^^  ^^^'ers,  of  on  he 
for  distant.  The  ash,  howe;^er^Tg,?e  Vith  ?T  ^.'^'^'  ""^  ^  ''''^^  "ot  very 
ton,  perhaps,  than  any  other  tS  nrn?ln,  .•  u^'^'"''''"  ^'^"^ty  of  soil  and  situa 
from  many  other  trees.'lts  va  ue  is  incieased^:?;^'?/  '"^^^  ^^'"« '  and?  dIfS  nl" 
ity  of  Its  growth.     Wherever  its  arnwfh'  '^^^'^^V^an  diminished,  by  he  raoM 

Wrfbe^ '''  '''■'  ^^'^  -'-SifhaTbS  ^igorrVetr^^^  '^^"'''  ^  "-- 
ayeis  bears  a  gre.uer  proportion  to  the  cXlnr  '  "'^ '^^'"P^ct  part  of  the  several 
s  very  tough,  elastic,  aild  durable      Mr  San^'  h  '^""^^  ^"'>'''  ""^  ^^e  timber 
modern  authority  in  all  matters  respecln.  th?h7i"  's  considered  the  very  best 
he  ash  'IS  fount'  in  the  highest  3ecti2on  ,lvf  f '''  ^"■''', ''''''  observes,  tha 
aneously  grows.     In  moist,  but  noTwe?  soikT;  ^^""^  r^''     ^'^  «»«h  it  spon- 
It  will  grow  freely  on  rnost  kinds  of  soil?  fth'f  §^^^1  ^^st,  but  soon  sickens, 
on  retentive  clays  or  tills     In  wer  .n^  1 '  !  ^^^  ^'tuation  be  tolerably  good  excent 
m  g|rth  or  height,)  languisherand  def  T^  7'  f^^^"^  ^"  increase  dS 
brittle ;  m  sandy  soils  it  il  tough  and  reedv  •  nl i  ?      ''']}'\  'H  '^^^^  '«  short  and 

where  they  hav^e  running Ut  f  w/C  e^^^^^^^^^^  '^vJll^al way's  be  found 

There  is  no  situation  too  high  or  too  rolH  ?.  ?!  '""u  ''•°^'-  ^"d  he  adds 
but  without  shelter  it  never  ii^^^keV?.?^''  u}^  '''^'  provided  it  has  shelter- 
though  standing  in  a  good  soiP'  The  '^f^'^^^^  ^^ee  at  a  great  height  elen 
mg  to  Nicol,  is^he  fo^rest  or  the  Jrove  ZTii '''^^'*'°"  ^''  ^^e  ash^  aCd^ 
alternately  with  the  oak-  bectuse  rth  ,'f '^  "^^""^mends  it  to  be  planted 
--'•^'^'^  -^"d  the  oak  froni^he  s  hln\  f  J!i.f '•^^^«.  I'«.  nourishment  "  ^    "''^ 


b!y  employed. 


sub-soil,  the  ernnnd  ""-r...!. 


the 


ill 


A       i 

SI       Si 


I      1 


thus  be  fully  and  profit 


390 


FRAXINUS    EXCELSIOR. 


,  I 


1  It, 


■  propagated 


Propagation  and  Culture.  The  species  is  alwa 
varieties  by  grafting  or  budding  on  the  species.  The 'seeds  should  be" ea"th"ered 
as  soon  as  they  are  ripe,  and  talcen  to  the  rotting-ground,  where  thev  should  h^ 
mixed  with  hght,  sandy  earth,  and  laid  in  a  flat  heap,  not  2re  than  ten  r lies 
thick,  m  order  to  prevent  them  from  heating.  Here\hey  should  be  urned  over 
several  imes  in  the  course  of  the  winter;  a'nd,  as  early^as  the  grtuTvinrr 
mit,  in  the  spring,  they  may  be  removed,  freed  from  the  sand  hv  .^  f.in„  IT.  i 
sown  in  beds  in  a  middling  soil.  The  dchness  o  q  a Uty  of  tlL  £  '^ka,^^ 
observes,  is  of  little  consequence;  but  it  should  be  \voIl  hroko,,  hv  VL  .    '  f 

the  situation  should  be  op^,  to  p  event  the  p^ntsV^Aeit  .'^ 
der.      The  seeds  may  be  deposited  at  the  distance  of  half  an  hich  every  wav  and 

aHhelnd  of  h.';''^'"^  '"  '''t  ?^^P  7''''  ^'^•'-  ^h^  plants  may  be  S '"P 
at  the  end  of  the  hrst  season,  and  planted  in  nursery  lines;  and  at  the  end  of  the 

second  year,  they  may  be  removed  to  where  they  are  finally  to  reinl  If 
fifteen  fp?/  f'"^  '"''/^'^  ^^^"  S''^^^  rapidly  when  young,  attaming  a  Sit  of 
fifteen  feet  and  upwards,  in  ten  years.    When  cultivated  as  a  coppice-wood  the  ash 

Th    rsrn^oSri ;?;'"?  n '""  ^^^-^'l  ^^  ^^'^^^'^  ^-  mo^'e'tU^imury 

hundred  veCTh.Sfnl^^^  '■''^'''  ''^PP^^^-'^  '''  ^'^  ^'•«'«  ^^S'^ty  to  one 

nunarea  years.      1  he  drip  of  the  ash  is  injurious  to  the  vegetation  of  almost  everv 

renSr^d  m  n  o  IncH.^  %V  surface  a  certain  portion  of  the  land  around  it  is 
objected  to  on  f h  ?  .     ?f  ""^  l^""-  '^''^  '''  plantations,  therefore,  has  been 

objected  to  on  this  account;  although,  it  is  admitted  that  this  and  ts  Iovp  of 
shelter,  constitute  a  decided  reason  why  it  should  not  be  p  a  tS  'rbc  1™^ 

green,  under  which  grass  will  not  thrive.     It  has  been  observed    hat  Snie  and 
hermaphrodite  trees,  from  the  quantity  of  seeds  which  they  prod^/ce     ov  "r '^^^^ 
such  a  handsome  clothing  of  foliage  as  the  male  trees;  and  l.enre  in  some  s  u. 
tioiis^  where  ornament  is  required,  it  may  be  desirable  to  make  si^r'f  a"lle"by" 

Accidents    Diseases,   and  Insects.      When  standing  alone    the   far  extrndorl 

nto  leat,  it  is  by  no  means  so  liable  to  the  attacks  of  insects  as 
he  various  species  of  orchard  fruits,  which  put  forth  early  at 
eas  ,    his  IS  the  case  in  Britain;  but,  in  France,  its  leaves 'a?e        A 
.able  to  be  destroyed  by  the  Cantharis  vesicator'ia,  denoted  by     A 
the  adjoining  figure;  and  also  by  bees,  ants,  and  birds,  in  X\l  / A 
middle  of  summer.     "If  nature  had  produced  the  ash  for    lo 
other  purpose  than  lor  the  embellishment  of  forests  "  savs  I 
writer  in  the  '' Nonveau  Du  Hamel,"  "we  might  ainiost^say    * 
tha    she  had  failed  in  her  end,  or  had  opposed  herself  to  her  own  views    m 
destining  the  leaves  of  that  tree  to  be  th<!  food  of  an  iiise  r  Shi  s  ^'esi- 


eds,  and  the 
be  gathered 
y  should  be 
1  ten  inches 
turned  over 
lid  will  per- 
sifting,  and 
soil,  Sang 
e  rake,  and 
ip  too  slen- 
y  way,  and 
>e  taken  up 
i  end  of  the 
emain.     If 
I  height  of 
)od,  the  asli 
a  century. 
?hty  to  one 
most  every 
ous  fibrous 
round  it  is 
!,  has  been 
its  love  of 
C(]ge-rowo', 
shade,  yet 
is  the  pro- 
y,  forms  a 
growth  of 
lid  not  bo 
ense  ever- 
emale  and 
'^cr  exhibit 
ame  situa- 
a  male  by 

-extended 
except  on 
•s.  From 
ure  of  an 
al  course, 
beautiful 
d  excres- 


EUROPEAN  ASH-THEE. 


391 


i^iews,  in 
iris  vcsi- 


ttm'^;i!h'rv!5ity;  T^rS!  t'ZllT '-'''  ^'-M^^^f"-'  -'-h  d-o»- 

attacked  by  such  a  number  of  canthnrZ  T"'^'^.  ^'^^^  ''^^^•^^'  ^^an  they  are 
the  remainder  of  tl  rsummer  havP^^^^^^^  Aies,  that  the  trees,  during 

insect  which  devoutheTaves  nnt  nl  '"!.'*  appearance;  and,  though  thi 
colours  of  green  and  gokl  vonf  'rp/l^  f  ^  ^^'^  ^^^  ^y  '''  '^'^^g^"^  ^o™>  and  its 
that  it  causes  the  clfln  Ll  ^  KxclnS'.?,'?  '  «'^«11  ^hich  is  so  disagreeable, 
ing  ash,  and  some  of  the  American  Int  "l  ""'  ^"'■''*''  '^''^•'^  ^^e  flower^ 

in  the  "Bon  Jardinier"  states  h^  ''^  '  f '"  '"/""^  introduced."  M.  Pirolle, 
trees,  they  becom^  dried  o  a  powder  ;i;ichir'i  ^'i^'^'f '^"^^^  ^^<^  ^'^^  «'^  ^^'^ 
ing.  The  particles  of  thirnowdei  hHn!  n  ^'/f  ^"^^  to  pass  without  inhal- 
tering  of  the  skin  whe  a  b^S  nl  Z?  ?f  °r  \''"''  ^'''  '^'^'  ^^"««  ^he  blis- 
to  persons  who  inhale  them  and  m^tlnVt  ""PPf"^'  f'""'  ""^  ^°"'-«^''  dangerous 
near  villages  in  France."  Mr  M^Zw  I  ""''  ""'^'''r'  ^"''^  ^-^'^om  pbnted 
of  xNatura!  History,"  s'ates  S  a^  he  Sl^'<  " /^  f^''  *"  '^?  ^«"don  "Magazine 

Dijon,  so  crowded' with  the  cln  h"  I  vecatonrtr.r  ?"=""«"  ^^-^  ^^^^  "^^^ 
Hisects  literally  blackened  the  erou  1  "  nf.  ^'''°"^'  ^bat  the  excrement  of  the 
his  face  as  if  bitten  b/ gnats  ZL'^h.  f/",^  underneath  the  tree,  he  felt 
"which  extends,"  says  l?r-Kventvo,h  /''  disagreeable  sickening  odour, 
the  direction  of  the  wmd."'  tE  Uct's  7.  r  tf  •  ^'""^  '''"  ''''^  ^''^'^'^S  to 
of  Europe  about  niid-sumniei   more  pfr  icuKdv  o^^  "^  !''^  ««"^h 

he  eaves  of  which  they  feed.     ForLSw  ?hil  f'*''  P''"'^'  '^'"^  ^''^'^'  «» 

land ;  but  in  Russia,  according  to  Pa  as  t  fe'  rl%  T'  T^  ""'"^'•ous  in  Eng- 
tatarica,  and  are  collected  from  Lt  p  ant  f  ..on  ■''^''  abound  on  the  Lonicera 
In  a  living  state,  the  young  Ranches  o^^  ^''  '^^  apothecaries, 

small  scaly  insec,  (Chermef  Wife     fn.  r  f""  ^''^a^^^tly  attacked  by  a 

into  a  decline.  The  decZd  \vom  n^'^^-  '"^  ""'  •'  ''^'  °^''"  *'''"'^'  ^■'•"  ^^^^ 
is  devoured  by  the  larv^of  T  Dor     ^  'nt'alfer"  'l  ''^^''  'f  "^^"^  °^^^^^  ^^«^«' 

sixty-four  and  a  half  pounds    o  a  cub^  L    1^      ''"  ^f '"=  "  '^'^'S'^^  ^^^bout 
pounds  when  dry.     The  value  of  ^het.mhl?'  ^''''"/  /orty-nine  and  a  half 

grou-th;  and,  as  in  the  casrolthe  Castwn  vi'  '"'/"'"'''^  ?^  ^^''^  ^^^Pi^^'^^  «f  it« 
tlie  young  trees  is  more  esteemerthan  ha  of  old  o^^^^^^^^  '^'f  ^^^'^^  «f 

IS  alternately  compact  and  porous    and  w  ..L  t.  /  ^  ^^"'""'^  °^  ^'^^  ^^0"^ 

compact  part  of  the  annuil  h  lic^  '  '^'''  ^''^  growth  has  been  vigorous,  the 
the  fnnbe^-  is  comparively  iXo  fcl^Il/edr'  ^'T^V'  ^'-  porous,'and 
however,  and  also  n  rigidity  ?tTsnTit\nTf'  /^"^  '^'l'"^'''^-  ^'^  durability, 
that  wood,  in  toughness  and  e  istic  tv  nnVt  °^  '^'  ""^'^  ^"^  ^^  '^  ^"P^^^'i^r  to 
all  those  partsof  machine  ywhicr^aVe  to  s-';^^^^  ^'s  universal  employment  in 
circumference  teeth,  and  spoLIof  wi/,  ,T,  ,  ? '"''^?  '"?^'"  ''^°^'^^^;  «"c'i  as  the 
iron  has  become  so  genera  in  he  man  fart, T'f^'""?'^''  ^'*  *"^^^  ^^e  use  of 
value  of  the  ash  is  somewhat  LTi^sSm,'^,  implements  and  machines,  the 
to  the  oak,  and  is  held  even  to  urna  s  t' f  '  ''''^''''''  '^  '^"'^«  "^"^^  i»  ^'^^l^'e 
by  the  coach-maker,  the  Sirica, dth  some  purposes.^  It  is  much  in  use 
ments;  and  is  also  ZchvSeTt^^^^^^ 

highly  valued  for  kitchen  Tbts  as^t  ma^vr''i  ^'u'^'  ^''  ^^'^'^  ^'-  ^'  ^^ 
wood,  and  is  not  so  liable  to  m  spli  te  s'Lo  the  fi'n  """'''c^  ^''^"^  ^"^  ^'^er 
the  same  reason,  it  was  l^rmerly  m^^JIf^Ld  In  t  JaK^s^ll^S^- J- 

*  See  Tredgold's  Carpentry.  '  ' 


w 


m 


w 


*^.:-.»-sViif*., 


'>i  •! 


%.      cj 


392 

many  parts  of  that 


FRAXINUS    EXCELSIOR. 


Wise'out  of  this  n;o  y  rol hag  S^m  intrhSr^  '"^  ^'^'^'^  '^'^'^  '«"gth. 
bottom  to  each.  Fi^^r/ tlie  so'no  oTs  Cnert  is  of'Sn  t'''\  ""^;'''^"  ^^^^'^S  a 
buied  with  strength  and  elasticitr  it  S  nrofrrl?!  /  ™^.''  °^  ^''"  ^«'''  ««"^- 
any  other  wood.  The  roots  a.^  Imottv  n^r  s  o;  th J  ^'^'f'^ri^or  staves,  to 
demand  by  cabinet-makers,  on  acconnt  of  t  p  L  T^  "/  '^'''  ^''"'  ^r^  ^ 
their  veins,  which  make  n  .  nm;iVr  curious  dark  figures  formed  bv 

There  are  also  certain",  ^otty  ex?re  renSlJlX'  7'"!,  'YT'^''  ^"^  p"-'-d' 
which,  when  cut  and  poiilTZlTmL'^^u^^^^ 

l'is;'Sylva,"  that  "son?e  ash  is  so  cuWon.ll  l^  beautiful.     Evelyn  remarks  in 
cabinet-makers  prize  it  eq^a llv  wiUi Xnv  ^  camb leted  and  veined,  that  skilful 
makes  excellent  fuel  buiS  Ll   '  h       ^'  T''^  ^''"  '^  ^reen  ebony."     The  ash 
it  is  said  to  be  the  best  o  "a  f C  1 1  .''^ok  ^h'!"'  "/'^  '''^  ^'"''  «"^«k^    -^^ 
ber  trees  in  England  become  useful  .«  Tn?     r^  ^"]^  Iiernngs.     Few  othe;  tim- 
mg-canes  at  foiTr  or  fivry^rTg^.Jui    4d^f.;t"^S^"  ''  ^^'"-^  «'  ^^^  walk- 
implements,  at  nine  or  ten  years  oTa^e    '"  An  ash     ',"'^''\'''  '^'''^''  ^"^  other 
inches  in  diameter,  is  as  valuable  and  dumhl^  f     ^    ''''    '''''''■^*^'  ^'^"'-  "three 
be  applied,  as  the  timber  of  th    large  ttfee'-'i'tt.'n'T'  ^7^?''  '^  ^^'^'^'^  ^'  "^'-^y 
poles,  hoops,  crates,  handles  to  bifke  s  rods  for      ^^^''^^^^'^  ^ij'uable  for  hop- 
for  light  hurdles,  and  for  wattlin'  feS   In  St ,  V  1 "/?  ^'""^'1'  ^''^'^^  ^^^^^^S' 
of  potteries,  the  ash  is  cultivated    o  a"  Jnin/"'?'  "'  ^'''  neighbourhood 
.    years  for  crate-wood.     In  ICent  and  hiln,  '."''  '''"^  '"^  "^^^^  ^^^  ^^  six 

London  the  most  promawf  apnlicat  o^  l';^  ^^^  int,,e  neighbourhood  of 
plant-rods,  hoops,  and  hop-poles  fWhp]'?  ^  ""^  ""'^  ''  ^"^'  ^^^-^'l^mg-canes, 
over  every  twelv^  or  fourfee^i  years  aicordnif  T"^"'"'  coppiee-woods'are  cu 
the  former  purposes,  every  L^o  seven  leal  TlV\T'  f  ?'  f '^'  ^"'^'  ^«^ 
shoots  of  this  tree  afford  a  very  rood  potalh  Thn  f  '  "^^'f  ^'^"^'^'^^  ^"^ 
and  calf-skins.  With  the  sulphate  of  h-o^,  if  i  ?'''''  ''  "'^'^  ^°'"  *^"»'"^  "^ts 
with  the  salts  of  alum,  a  Je  0 w  and  Zh  t  ^^''^^  ^  ^'f "  °^'  greenish-black  ; 
green  colour.      In  many  parts  of  cmithiem^  of  copper,  a  clear  olivd 

ledges,  and  its  leaves  serveTr  feeding  ca  1,  n.,^/"''^''  '^'  ^'^'  ''  ^^^^'^  ^"to 
eaves  and  shoots,  eaten  by  cows  ",?,  Sd  to  "iv'Th'  '^'"l?'"'  ^"?  ^P""?"  The 
taste;  but  this  does  not  appear  to  have  boon ^^  f  ""/"'  ^"^  butter  a  rank 
Romans,  as  they  recommend^  .e  leaves  of  Z  trrV'f  1.^  ^'^^'  ^^'^  ^V  ^'^^ 
the  elm;  and  Mr.  Sydney  of  Cownpn  .  ^t  ^^°?■  ^"'^^^'^  »ext  to  those  of 
v.ho  lives  in  a  country  whlre  he  aJlHs  mo,^.\f ''?''V  ?  Northumberlandshire, 
m  a  communication  to  M  Loudon  tha  '  Thn'"  ^^  ""^  °^'^^^  '''''  '^V' 
writers  that  butter  made  iV.ni  tKii     of  ^  sta  ement  made  by  sevefal 

has  a  disagreeable  taste,  is  certainly  lotfonnl  1  -"'r  ^'T  ,"'"^«'^  ^'^'  "eaves 
leaves,  bark,  seeds,  and  wood  of  Sreo  nt  f  f  ^f '•  Medicinally,  the 
the  bark  having  acquired  the  ii^me  nf /h  'u  ■''  ^"dorihc,  diuretic,  and  febrifugal- 
as  well  as  the  GredcnndRnn  ,  ^^'"''''''"^  "^  Europe.''  The  Arabian 
tues  of  the  seed  wh  ch  It  S  said  SlZT'  1^*^'^  ^"^^^'^^^  ^''«  medidn  1  v  ! 
diseases.  M.  D^  PerthuL  states  'tifthe  tV of  fe  '^""'  "^^n"^^^"^  ^^^er 
for  the  gangrene.     For  this  xiurnn^^VT     ?       tbe  ash  is  an  excellent  remedy 

tion  ;  and  fi^m  the  gre^i  wLS  by'"  U  n"  o'e^M  of";?  ^'",  ''^'^^  ^>^  — - 
the  hre,  and  gathering  the  san  in  n  snn.^f  one  end  of  a  branch  or  truncheon  into 
decoction  of  the  bark,''o  of  the  r.vnf.  I'  ''  °'''^'  """^  ^'"^'^  the  other  end.  A 
of  the  leaves  as  an  aperient  ai id  ^7:'^^^^^^^  "¥1^,^^'  ^"'^^ '  '?^  ^'^  '"^-i- 
m  England  in  adulterating  tea.  The  ash  kov;  wT  7,  ''''^'  ''''°  ^'^''  employed 
rather  bitter  flavour,  were  Ibrmerhrlnf  f'  '^'"''''  ''^''^  ''^"  aromatic,  though 
salt  and  vinegar,  to  brjen  to  tl  e^ab  eTs  '"  ""  ^'''''  ''^''^  ^"^  Pi^^ied  w4 
''  as  a  delicate'salading."     In  Siberia   the  kevV""'''  r"''  f  ■  ^^'^^^^'^  <^-^Presses  it, 

^nnkiiig,  to  give  it .^at  is  ^^^'s^j^i^:^::^  1^!::^:%-^ 


wed  length- 
1  affixing  a 
!  ash,  com- 
r  staves,  to 
tree  are  in 
formed  by 
d  polished, 
d  molluscu, 
■  emarlcs  in 
that  skilful 
The  ash 
noke;  and 
other  tim- 
;  for  walk- 
and  otiier 
;0l,  "three 
ich  it  may 
e  for  hop- 
ig  bowers, 
ibourhood 
ve  or  six 
iirhood  of 
iiig-canes, 
is  are  cut 
;  and,  for 
iches  and 
ming  nets 
sh-black ; 
ear  ohve- 
med  into 
ig.     The 
er  a  rank 
il  by  the 
those  of 
mdshire, 
■ee,  says, 
'  several 
ih  leaves 
xlly,  the 
^rifiigal ; 
'Vrabian, 
inal  vir- 
ly  other 
remedy 
macera- 
20 n  into 
Mid.     A 
infusion 
iployed 
though 
3d  with 
3sses  it, 
ised  for 
!  leaves 


EUROPEAN  ASH-TREE. 


393 


;^^puS;v^^^nSb/r 3;;;"^^;^;!^  ^T'^^  ^-^^  ^  — >  a  very 
inary  art.     This  manna,  wlc^i     esh  J  ^T   \  '"''^'^^'  ^'  '^"'^  ««  i»  the  veter- 
^ugar.     From  the  ash,  astfoil  obL?ef aTe '  h/'"'  'tV  ^"'^'^  ^"^^''^"^e  for 
^^:^:^^::^t^7^^^^^^^         -thar^des  of  t.. 
beautiful  writer,  l^S  d  S%1' iaX'"r:;r^"^  ^^^"'i^^'  ^^  characterized  by  that 
carnes  Us  pnnc/pal  stem  hig      \  L    he  o^rafurvi"'""--''  ^'''  ^^'^  ^^"'-"y 
but  use  net  beauty  consists  m  the  I  g  t  ess  of  its  whn     '  '"  ^'"  '"'^'  ^^"^^'"'g  '>"4 
at  first,  keep  close  to  the  trunk  and  fm  m  l     /       ^}^  appearance.     Its  bi-anches 
to  lengthen:  they  generally  take     „  oZ      "^'  ^"^'es  with  it;  but  as  they  bS 
corresponding  wftlf  the  l^L  e  s  o?  he    p^:rffe\^,"^,  ^'f  '''^'^'^^  «f  ^he'lea^ 
ing  fohage.     Nothing  can  have  a  bet'er  Sp    M         ''  ^^1™'  ^^"  ^''^S^'i^  depend- 
corner  of  a  wood,  and  brin-ii,rn(^  TJu  '  ^''r".''"  "'^  ^^'^  hanging  from  the 

pendent  branches;  and  y^  '£11%^ XT  ifav'e ''"  ""''T  ^^''^^^^  ^^'tl  its"o  e 
beauty  m  the  decline  of  aU      ItTforht'.  i  '"'"  ^'''  ^'''  '«^«  much  of  its 

branches,  instead  of  hanmn.^loosHvnft^.r'''''  ''''''  ^"^  meagre;  and  ts 
short  tlxe  ash  often  lo^^l^t  °rand^etrr  andlif  T""^  i'' disagreeable'  fo'rm  n 
Uy  of  trees  and  particularly  the  oak  preserve  ?in^  ^^- ^y\nch  the  general- 

The  ash  also,  on  another  account  IhHsT^^^^^^^  P'^"^^  of  their  existence, 

eye.  Its  leaf  is  much  tenderer  than  u  of  the  onk  ??'"''  °^  ^'^^  picturesque 
sion  from  the  winds  and  frost  Instead  of  ^^'l^^}'^^'^^ .^^^^^^^  receives  impres- 
wane  of  the  year,  among  the  ma  fcoloi^^^^^^^^^  'I'  P'"'  ^'"^'-^fo'^.  i'' the 

from  the  blast,  drops  its  leaf  t?u1  t,  .  offsprmg  of  the  woods,  it  shrinks 

wide  blanks  of  desolated  b^hs  ai^dJt  foha"e'vr/^^^^  P-dominites,  leav 
Its  decay,  we  sometimes  see  fts  leaf    inled  wS  iV'"'^^  'T,"^  ^'^''^^'^t.     Before 
with  the  neighbouring  greens.     I  i.t  this  is  onlnf  n  .  "'  ^'"'''^'  ^^«'l  contrasted 
oftener,  its  leaf  decays  in  a  dark  m    iV,^  one  of  natures  casual  beauties;  much 

notwithstanding  thislarl^  Ls  o   itSe  wf^H^  '"^!'  ^'"^  ^''^  ^^ommimes 
ion,  when  the  rains  have  been  abndanf 'and  Z         "''"'  '?;"  '^''^''''^  ^^tua^ 
when  the  oak  and  the  elm  in  i  rii    j^l'     ,       ,    ^^^^^''^  mild,  retain  its  r^reen 
attire."     And  the  asl  1  nXs  \eiuif  fc  '^^T/'^'^  «"  their  autumnai 

Britannica,"  '' waving  its  slSerSJheLvoT^^^^^^  ^^  ""'"''''^  '"  '"«  "  ^vlva 

It  soil  sufficient  for  fts  footing  orCin4?Jtf         P'""'^'*'"  ^"'''^'' j^^t  a^^^^ 
emblem  of  the  hardy  spirit  which  n^II  ifo  1.1  'T?'^  T^'""''  "^  ^"^^ ;  a  happy 
It  IS  likewise  a  lovely  object  by  the  side  of  omn        "^'^f  ^^  ^"'^""<^'^  scantiness^ 

"s  elegant  pendent  foliage,  bend    I  Narcii.riil'^''''  '''''''''^  "'  ^^'^''^''  it  views 
.^      o  ,      auing,  i^arcissus-like,  over  its  own  charms." 


I 


1 


m 


E"  I 


I  i. 

fcO  '.4 


if't  ' 


f    ^ 


r-M  1 


Praxinus  americana, 
THE  AMERICAN  ASH-TREE. 

Synonymcs. 


Frazinus  ammcana, 

Frene  d'Amerique,  Frene  blanc, 
Araerikanische  Esche, 
Frassino  americano, 
American  Ash, 
White  Ash,  Green  Ash, 


WiLLDENow,  Linnasi  Species  Plantarum. 

MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva. 

LounoN,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany, 

Italy. 

Britain. 

Anglo- America. 


sp^i:f"f";rge„™'  "P^^'""  '^  '*"'"'  ^^^'^  """^  ^  ^^'^'■"^  ^^''.  f-™'"  ">«  ^^P^ior  whUe„ess  of  ita  wood,  over  every  other 
the^S'Sw.*""""^'  ^""^  *'"""^''"  ^^"^'  '"•  "^  •  L^"''""'  Arboretum  Britannicum,  ii.,  fig.  1055,  and  vi.,  pi,  209 ;  a.d 

^^FlSer^cTlSate'lt::  'i&^Sl^''  '^^■"'^"'^'^'  '''^^^  ^''°-'  ^-'«  -'-,  glaucous  beneath. 


Description. 


-^^ 


lellE     Fraxinus    ameri 
cana,  from  the  quali 


^y    ^  tics   of  its   Avood^   the 

iit^»^^  rapidity  of  its  growth, 
and  the  beauty  of  its  foliage,  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  among  American  trees.     In  favour- 
able situations,  it  sometimes  attains  the  height' 
ot  eighty  feet,  with  a  trunk  three  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  often  is  undivided  for  more  than  half 
of  Its  length.    The  bark  is  deeply  furrowed,  with 
the  ridges  crossing  each  other  in  such  a  man- 
ner, as  to  give  the  spaces  between,  the  shape 
ol  a  lozenge,  or  what  is  usually  called  diamond 
lorm.     When  grown  in  an  open  Held  or  lawn 
the  branches  diverge  from  the  central  stem,  in 
a  double  curve,  like  those  of  a  chandelier,  di- 
imnish]ng  in  length,  with  great  regularity  as 
they  proceed  upwards.     The  twigs  are  thick  -  ,,, 

tad. "  rire'sK'  '?  ;L''„?r"'.t'"  ™ii'i™?.'l'  'VP;'"?,,wi.l.  a  largetermina, 


distinguished'?;™  Vi;rK;r"a."yer 't^T^^^^^^^ 

ered  with  a  light  down,  which  gradually  disappears,  and  at  the  appS  of  sum 
me    they  are  perfectly  smooth,  of  a  light-green  coloilr  above,  a^^d  aXS  benea  h" 
Th.s  difference  in  the  colour  of  the  surfaces  of  the  leaflets  is  pec  da  'o  ^M    'p- 


m. 


over  every  other 
vi.jpl.  209;  and 

icons  beneath. 


1  terminal 
•lour,  and 
lid  broad, 
i  is  easily 
c  to  four- 
flets,  snr- 
36  or  four 
ited,  of  a 
are  cov- 
h  of  sum- 
beneath, 
this  spe- 


A.MERICAN  ASH-TREE. 


395 


St'^Ttl  rwS^AuV''?,'"".  ^^"^'^  b>^-'-  botanists,  Pra.ln.s 
colour  a  d  are  succeededty'  ^  bout"an  tT"^';  '''^^f/'  T  ^''^  "sht-gr'n 
near  the  base,  and  gradually  Stened  in^n  w  ^"^^  ^^^'^ '"  '^"g^l'.  cylindrical 
t.es  slightly  notched.  They  are  Zallv  nniti  ^"''.'''  ^".™'  T'^'  ^''^'^  «^«remi- 
loiig,  and  are  r,pc  early  in  aun^mn        ^  '"  ''""'''^''  ^'''''  °^  ^^^  inches 

genu'CwThav^con^deJed'Suhi^ZedTr'''  'V^'l'  ^r'"^"'^^'"'^'^^  «^  'l'i« 
varieties,  which  will  be  found  to  be    o^.l.?'''"'  ^^  the  American  ash,  only  as 

pean  species;  and  not  half  so  Lch  o  as  hni"''7.?''/>'^"  '^'""'^  ""^  ^''«  '^^'"•«- 
other  species  of  oak,  of  which  very  lit  lelcei^^^^^  ^"''""^  ''''''''  ^'«-^'  ^"^ 
readily  propagated  by  grafting    Tp  v.  ?.  ""  "'  ^''^^^'^^  ^hcy  cannot  be 

characterized  as  follows?  bLe^!^bodiff,^^f?'  '"  ''''  ^•'"^'■'^^"  ^^^''  '"''^y  ^^ 
fici.lty  iu  recognizing  their  lames  L  ^^^ve.  hv  M-"!  "'  '".'^P^'V'"  ^^"1  ""^  no  dif- 
^vll  thus  be  enabled  to  kncrunder^whal  ifoa^  t.  '"'''  ^^°i"^""'  '"^"^^  «'''«''«'  ^»^d 
of  these  authors  :—  '^"''^  ^'^^^'^  ^hey  are  described  in  the  works 

leaves  Uian  thr^^edes.^'"^'"      ^-^"^"^--'^  ^n^ncan  Ash,   having  broader 

of  tlic  French;  Jied  As/^,  of  the  l^"^lol°e   -    '  ^''^"^^^"^^^^^"^^  ^^'-'^  rou^e, 
cans.      I  his  variety  is  a  beautiful  tree  some- 
.mes  attaming  a  height  of  sixty  f  S,  'wTth  a 
trunk  fifteen  or  eighteen  inches  in  d  ameter 
Ihe  bark  of  the  trunk  is  of  a  deep-brow^  and 
the  wood,  which  is  of  a  reddish  hue  Ts  some 

wlU    Lf^Jnd'ls  '"ir^^^'  ^'-n  thatoTThe" 
arts      It  i'      V    ""PP'"^  ^"^  ''""l^'-  "ses  in  the 
arts.     It  ,s  inferior  to  that  tree,  both  in  size 
and  m  the  rapidity  of  its  growth;  the  L S 
of  the  annual  shoots,  and  the  distances  betwfe 
the  buds  being  only  about  one  half  as  grea 
The  leaves  are  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches 
]ong,  and  are  composed  of  three  or  fou    pa  rs 
odd'n^  't;";-'^^^  1-^flets,  terminated  bran 
Odd  one.     ^  he  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  is 
eS  wi!  r.^'n  ^?  ^'"  ''"^^  -asonlrfeov! 

:!^^2^J::^t:^  SJ^S^.  t^-?;;:  ^'^^  r  >  ^ut  by  others  ^s  thouX 
m  May,  are  succeeded  by  samar^  sin  i?!r  n  f  ,?n  ?''  '^°'''''''  ^^''^^^'^  P"^  '<'''l' 
white  ash,  but  differing  froT  the"  i„  bo  „^  '°  those  of  the 

short  mucro  at  the  apex  T  is  va  e  "  i^  Sf  T  '^T  '^  ^ri'^'  ^"'^  "'  '^^^'"g  ^ 
land,  and  Virginia-  wherp  ,:" '"^J'^^^'ysmost  abundant  in  Pennsylvania  Ma?v- 

Habi;  to  be  c^vSedl^rwrt    "by":""o^'.s";  i^'^'^^^r^'^;^^ 
accompanied  by  the  «hell-barlfl  icko^y  Tc'^r'?,^^!-,  ,)'A  ^'^^^  ^^'^^^^^ns,  it'  is 
amara,)  swamp  white  oak,  (Quercus  pd  lus  disco  nr\\^  ';'.'''^'>^'  ^^^^^Ta 

s^yeet  gum,  (Liquidamba     sTyraci  InaTind  th!    '^    .   maple  (Acer  rubrum,) 
This  variety  wa/introduced  i.Kr  taia  in  TS  l    ^"P^'°-t.i-ec    (Nyssa  biflora! 
ered  as  an  ornamental  tree  ^^'  ^''^''''''  '^  ^'^'i  o^'y  be  consid- 

pei!olL:em;;':S:S-,,S!a?tS^^^^^^  ^i--^^  ^^«  ^-^ets 

common  petioles  glabrous.      ^"''^^*''^'  "^^^'^P'y  serrated,  downy  beneath,  with  the 


p  ' 


ir 


m 


hi 


m 
I 


^£f;  'I 

■Ah  'i 


1,1-! 


I 


'I   'l 
'I    I 


;i:i 


396 


FUAXINUS    AMERICANA. 


^ryr/T^' 


oflvri^l'.n;  '\"''^"^'f^'^;      El'l^r-leaved  American  Ash;  Fraxinns  sa,nfntcifoUa, 

o^    lie  trench;  Blac/c  Ash,  II, mm  Ash,  Water  Ash,  of  the  AiiKlo-Americans 
This  tree,  in  favourahle  sitnalions,  frequently  °     Americans, 

attains  a  height  of  seventy  or  eighty  feet,  with 
a  trunk  from  two  feet  to  two  feet  and  a  half  in 
diameter.     It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the 
white  ash  by  its  bark,  which  is  more  inclined  to 
a  yellowish  cast,  is  smoother,  with  the  furrows,  i 
in  old  trees,  parallel  and  perpendicular,  often 
infested  with  bunches  of  moss,  and  may,  in 
some  degree,  be  peeled  off  in  small  thin  plates, 
or  lamiiue.     It  may  also  be  distinguished  by  its 
buds,  which  are  of  a  deep-blue,  or  nearly  black, 
and  by  the  colour  of  its  heart-wood,  which  is  of' 
a  fine  bistre-brown.     The  young  shoots  are  of  a 
bright'green,  beset  with  black  dots,  which  dis- 
appear as  the  season  advances.     The  leaves  at 
then-   unfolding   are   accompanied   by   stipuliB 
which  foil  after  two  or  three  weeks,  are  from 
twelve  to  fifteen  inches  long,  when  fully  devcl-  -^  ,,7 

ffiSi^'lf  f'""''  composed  of  three  or  four  pairs  of  leaflets,  with  an  odd  one. 
1  he  leaflets  are  sessile,  oval-acuminate,  denticulated,  of  a  deep-green  colour 
00th  on  the  upper  surface  and  coated  with  a  reddish  do^.n  upon  the  mai^l 
I  bs  beneath.  W  hen  bruised,  they  emit  an  odour  like  that  of  the  leaves  of  tl  e 
o  wLf  If  1  J  •'  f  •"""§.  ^'^«  l^^^t  trees  which  put  forth  in  spring,  and  the 
ea  hcst  that  lose  their  leaves  in  autumn.  The  very  first  hard  frost  tlu  t  comes 
no   01  ly  causes  its  eaves  to  fade  and  become  yellow,  as  those  of  the  other  trees' 

f;i  t  .  '''T,'""r°  ""    '^^'"'"'"^S  ^'"^"^  "P'  ''  ''^^^  th'ey  foil  in  showers   vvt    the 
east  breath  of  wind.     It  is  often  completely  denuded   in  the  northern  parts  of 
flje  United  States  by  the  20th  of  September.     The  flowers,  which  put  lb  th  in 
May  or  June,  are  succeeded  by  flat  samaras  or  keys,  disposed  in  bunches  fo      o 
five  inches  long,  that  are  nearly  as  broad  at  the  base  as  at  the  summit.     Th°s 
variety  ,s  found  chiefly  in  the  middle  and  northern  parts  of  the  UniTed  State 
and  also  abounds  in  the  British  colonies  of  North  America,  particularly  in  the 
fores  s  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  where  it  is  generally  found  in  a 
moist  soil,  or  one  that  is  exposed  to  inundations,  and  is  usually  accomparicd  by 
he  red  maple,  (Acer  rubrnm,)   yellow  birch,  (Betula  excelsa,)  black  spruce 
(Abies  nigra,)  and  the  American  arbor  vitce   (Thuja  occidentali^O     I"  thfr^^Hi: 
die  states  of  the  union,  this  tree  associates  with  the  Fraxinus  a.  pubescens  and 
the  Acer  rnbnun.     Its  wood  is  tougher  and  more  elastic  than  thit  of  the  white 
ash,  but  less  durable  when  exposed  to  the  vicissitudes  of  moisture  and  dryness 
for  which  reason  it  is  less  extensively  used.     Like  the  European  ash,  the  value 
of  Its  timber  is  increased  by  the  rapidity  of  its  growth  ;  and,  as  in  the  case  of  that 
speciLs,  the  wood  of  young  trees  is  more  esteemed  than  that  of  old  ones      The 
sap-wood  01  this  variety  is  very  white,  tough,  and  compact,  when  compared 
with  its  heart- wood  which,  as  before  observed,  is  of  a  fine  bistre-brown,  and  from 
his  circumstance  the  tree  derives  its  name.     In  the  parts  of  the  country  where 
this  variety  abounds  it  is  split  into  rails  for  rural  fences,  which  rank  next  to  the 
cedar  for  duraoihty,  but  are  for  more  heavy  and  diflicult  to  move.     It  has  also 
been  employed  with  advantage  in  the  construction  of  dams,  wharves,  canals,  and 
other  works,  particularly  in  the  parts  above  the  ordinary  flow  of  the  waters  ad 
streams,  where  strength  and  durability  are  required.     It  is  not  employed  by 
coach-makers  nor  miU-wrights,  nor  is  it  ever  wrought  into  oars,  pulleyi,  or  hard- 


ftij 


i>    I 


mbiicifolia, 
^rcne  noir, 
Americans. 


odd  one. 
n  colour, 
the  niaiti 
/es  of  tlie 
'„  and  the 
at  comes, 
her  trees, 
with  the 
I  parts  of 
t  forth  in 
Es  four  or 
it.     This 
id  States, 
•ly  in  the 
Luid  in  a 
)aricd  by 
c  spruce, 
the  mid- 
dens, and 
he  white 
dryness, 
he  vahie 
ie  of  that 
3s.     The 
ompared 
md  from 
■y  where 
xt  to  the 
has  also 
lals,  and 
iters  and 
oyed  by 
or  hand- 


AMERICAN   ASH-TREE. 


397 


^;iX)^ 


which  are  much  ,^sed^n    he  cSv  in   ho  ^^  T^'''  "^''"  ^'  '»»'"  ^«  ^  ^afer^ 

and  sometimes  for  the  l.otto      7c  ^  ^  Thf^f '?  1 '"'^'^'^'^  ^ 

liable  than  any  other  to  be  disfigured  w'th  k.fob.  Tw    '^  ''!"  r^'^'y  '«  '"^-"^ 

of  considerable  size,  and  arc  dcLhed  from     ?^    ,  ^Ti  '^''"^''  ^'"'^  sometimes 

trays  or  bowls.     The  wood  of  these  excrXon^  °    '^\'''''  ^^''^  '"^^e  into 

sohdity,  and  when  carefully  pol  S  exSs  vnr,    "'  '''f  '^^^^''^"f«8«  of  «"Pcrior 

and  might  be  pnifitably  emlyenV  cSt  - 

of  fancy  work.'  ^1^'h«  sort,  like  Lit  otStk^^^^     '""''  '''^'''  manufacturers 
potash.  '         '""^^^  ""^'-'^  J^'»ds  of  ash,  is  particularly  prolific  in 

cnL' iea^r  ""^^"^  ^^'"^-     ^-^/'-^--^  ^^^^er-lea.e,  American  Ask,  havin. 

fVeue  dim,  of  the  French;  Blue  A.-/  of  tl.;  T,^  .""f  «!  .^''"^'^^  Q^'ulrcwgulcw-c, 
favourable  situations,  often  attainfa  he  .'it  of^  "''''""'•  '^'''''  ^"^'^^'y'  '» 
sixty  or  seventy  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  S,  o 
twenty  mches.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  cracks 
and  separates  into  thin  plates  muc  lin   t  le 

rr.rrThV'r'°'^^'^"';'^^-'^  Que" 

cus  albd.)  Ihe  leaves  are  from  twelve  fn 
cig^iteen  inches  long  and  are  composed  of'om 
two  to  four  pairs  of  leallets,  terminated  bv^n 

Hn  1  ""'•  ,  ^ ''« J^'^fl^^s  ^ro  almost  ses  ill  dlin 
tc-lanceolate,  distinctly  toothed,  smoo  h  o^, 
he  upper  surface,  and  downy  beneath  The 
branches  are  quadrangular;  and  the  you," 
shoots  to  which  the  leaves 'are  attached  | 
distinguished  by  four  opposite  membranes 
nearly  one  third  of  an  inch'  broad.^h^aJe  of 

enti;ri;ttr'%r""l  ^^'^"'^  througirtlfr 

enure  lengtf'      This  character  disappears   in  ~'      ^W 

vv^iclri^it^^'f  ^E^;,;:-:^J^  «^;;-es  of  its  exlstencr  The  flowers, 

;ty  to  the  other,  and  blunt  at  bo  h  ends \m  .  [iTrlJ'''  '''  '^""f  ^'""'^  ""^  ^^^^rem: 
The  blue  ash  is  chiefly  found  in  Te.?i  esVo  K  J  ,  "'^"'"r'^  '"^^^^''^^  the  base. 
Ohio,  where  the  climate  is  mild,  an  t?rsoil  fo h  I.  '^  '"^  ^''^  ^°^'^'^^'-'^  P'-^''^  of 
fertility  seems  to  serve  as  a  subs  tt,  ,p  fm  ?  1  V  '"  ^'^  ^'^^''^"^^  degree.  This 
Atlantic  states,  appears  to  be^nd  p  1'  /  rtlfe'^^wtl  Tlf""',  "''■^'^'  "^  ^•- 
ol  this  tree  possesses  the  characteristic  nmnnw  ^  r  ''  ""^  "^^  '''^'^'^-  ^^'^^  ^^^ood 
varieties  of  the  western  states,  k  is  t  le  nSei'^f,"^  T'  S'?"^'  '■^"^^'  «f  -"  ^h^ 
highly  esteemed.  Besides  the  habitua  use  thnT'^^'^P""^."^'  ^^"^^  ''"^  "^o^t 
carnages,  and  for  the  felloes  of  wheels  a"  ,>,?,.  '"'"1"  '^^  ''  ^^'  ^he  frames  of 
ally  selected  for  the  flooring  of  ho  se    'anTfren   on  l'^  *^^-'  ^'  '«  S^"er- 

and,  where  the  tulip-tree,  (Liriodemlmn  7^"*^"*'^ f'^r  their  exterior  covering- 
lor  the  shingles  of  t^.eir  rU  i't  s  ^^i^^  liat  "7."^'""^ '  ''  '''''''^^^'^  ^^^'^^ 
from  the  bark  of  this  tree ;  from  which  ci  lmsf..to  '  T  ","'  ''''y  ^''  ^^^raclcd 
mon  name.  It  was  introduced  i.  o  13  itZ  fT^i-f  ''t^'^'  ''  ']''''''  '''  '^m- 
many  of  the  European  and  American  colec^Ls  '  '"'^  ''  '°  ^"  "^^^  ^^'^h  in 

Iranchcd.  American  Ash  ^onspmiovs-ncrved-karcd  Qvadrangidar- 


hA 


:  ;! 


**' 


vm 


398 


FRAXINUS   AMERICANA. 


I  ; 


i.f; 


< 


H« 


S.;"./;'  "'/"^«"'  ^"^''^''  "^"^"V  attans  a''^'*''^"S'°-^'"«''^^"«-     '!''"« 

lour  or  hve  inches  in  diameter;  but  in  a  state 
of  cultivation,  it  has  exceeded  m^re  than  d<u  b  e 
of  these  dimensions.  It  is  easily  recognized  by 
the  bril hant  green  colour  of  its  young  leaves^ 

our  on  both  surfaces.     From  this  iuuu.rmitv 
f";h  IS  rarely  observed  in  the  foliage  of™ees' 

color,  and  Michaux  gave  this  tree  the  nonular 
Sronl  ''"  ,"  t'r "v  ^^'^•"  Th«  brancEai 
orrnvn.  The  leaves  vary  in  length  from  six  to 
fifteen  inches,  with  from  two  to  four  m.rs  o f 
leaflets  and  an  odd  one,  according  to  thivi- 
our  of  the  tree,  and  to  the  coolness  of  the  soHrn 
hrefine^T     '^^^ '^'-^Aots,  which  are  ablm  ^      W     W 

cent^o;srcott.^Strdt;;;ria^ufe  tnrof'ti'^ ""''  ^^'^""i-  -r^^^-  --- 

]ate    distinctly  denticulated,  Iwtl  igtbrou     petir'^l^ho'^'' '"''''P''^ 
forth  in  May,  occur  in  pendulous  corymb     aJd  are  sn  J   l   i  kT''  '^'"^'^  P"* 
sumlar  in  form  to  those  of  the  white  ash  Vmfnni.''''''''^^?  ^^  '"'^'^''  samara;, 
variety  is  a  native  of  wet,  shady  wools  t^i^^X  ^P '"' r  "'  '^^S^'     '^''^'^ 
common  in  the  western  p^rts  of  PennsvlvS   Cn     \  ^^••?'!".^;  ^'^^  is  more 
any  other  sections  of  the  United  States      ir,s  ^U^f^'S  '"^  l^'m^^.  than  in 
banks  of  the  iWonongahela  and  of  the  Ohio       t,w     ,     "r^  •"  ^^""^^"^6  ««  the 
properties  as  that  of  the  otii.r  Trees  of  f?p  J*' ''^•'"'M''^''^'"^"'^'''^^^  by  similar 
Avhere  it  abounds,  to  similar  purn?sestt^r?i  ""^, '•'  "^P  ''^'^'  ^"  ^he' regions 
hearted  variety  are  more  comSXre  i    .rl  ^'' T'- '  '  ^''^  '^"^  ^^^  brmvn- 
s>ze,  the  green  ash  is  only  incTdentalTv  pL  1  ^  ?    'l  ''''"'*'  ^'"^  '^"^^^  superior  in 
in  1724,  where  it  is  only  co    £eTa^^  \  ''^'  introduced  inti  Brita  n 

probably  existing  m  L  I  it?torld  ,s  m.T''  '  v'i,  ^^^'^^  ^'^^^^  ^P^'^i'^'^n" 
England,  which  has  attaiiSd  rhe^Si  of  neTrl  JT '/'r''  "'  ^^^^^i^'^^nliam,  in 
feet  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  o    sirf^'^'''^' ^''^*' '^'^^  ^  trunk  three 

fea..rf  .l/«en-m;»  Ash.         '^''''^'^^^^-      Willdenow.      Slightly-toothed    Walnut- 

^rtL'^^omZ!^^^^  0^-  Michaux; 

French.     This  is  a  veryVemarkabt  var^pl        1',  ^?'''  '^'^"  CaroVme,  of  the 
size  of  its  leaflets,  which  arriearll  ZZ^\  '^^^'^^  dist^guished  by  the  large 
glabrous  and  shiningrbovraid  seldnT     '    '!^  '\^""^mated,  petiolate,  serrated 
lets,  with  an  odd  o  e     In  sorTn^  thp  l  '"'r  ""^  T'""  ^^an  two  pai  s  of  lelt 

shoots,  are  covered  wthdov^i'\?hc,  £no^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^''''  ^"^  ^'^«  y°'>'4 

stature  of  this  tree  seldom  e4eerhirtvf?p?nf^  "<"  T'^T'  advances.  ThI 
half  of  this  height.  The  branches  nll^  ik  '  ^  '\°^^^"  ^^'^^^'^'^^  and  fruits  at 
brownish  hue.     The  flowersrwhlrm^^  ''''  '.''  ^"^^'  ^^e  of  a 

are  small,  and  not  very  cons^icuoljj  ^.^^y^uSj^iJ  tl^:^^:' 


lus  viridis,  of 
Vewff  d  feiiilles 
!ricans.    This 


itirnes  canes- 
iptic-lanceo- 
,  which  put 
ear  samaroc, 
arge.     This 
but  is  more 
»ia,  than  in 
lance  on  the 
i  by  similar 
the  regions 
the  brown- 
superior  in 
into  Britain 
t  specimen, 
Ifenham,  in 
truulf  three 
i  its  height. 
,  but  never 
and  is  cul- 

l    Walmct- 

Michaux ; 
"*e,  of  the 
'  the  large 
i,  serrated, 
rs  of  leaf- 
tho  young 
3es.  The 
tl  fruits  at 

are  of  a 

varieties, 
ivhich  are 


unlike  those  of  anv  nf  .J>„ 

broad  as  they  arc^on.     a^r^-'.^'"^ 


AMERICAN  ASH-TREE, 


aboimd 


tliey  are  Ion?.     T 
i"g  chiolly  on  the 


390 


often  almost 


as 


at  the  base.     Tl^vo  .n''?'''''^  ''^'"««.  '-^"J  ema?;h  •  ^I'  T-''^     "'""''  ""  '^^ 
Don,  Loudon   n^i^'^!u-^'y.?^-fnd(edAmenrn,,  A.,.  .   r.      . 


J2.  F.  A.  PLATYCARPA     "/?,V"'^' ^"  V^^-^-  -^  i"  v^arouna, 

o  hers.  The  leaflets  of  his  v wV  ^''''''T' Pf^fycarpa  of 
''•"•Pt>c-lanceolato,  two  inr  i"  T  '  ^^ 'Y«  ^'^''""st  sessile  ve?i 
s  villous  h„...„..'  '^y^?."iches  long,  and  onn  in.i.  k*;     '  7"^^^ 


't  IS  very  easilv  knn«rn  r   ""'^"ff»t^'  into  Hr  tain  in  Uoi.  '"y '^"  high;  native 

don,  and  o.hcr.  '"^  '""«  ^l»-.n»,  ^.„;  /.U„,„,W™.  of  Do„  L„„ 

D™.  Loudoo,  and  „£-"«-«»/e«  ^»,.nc«  ^.,,  ^,„,„„^  „,^^   ^^ 

Dor.   Lo„don%™ro,l,e^J°''A't*'''^f  ^~™'°'  ^»A;  i^r«™„  „ 

duced  i„,„  Bri,ai„  i„"S.    ^  '™  -*  AUvous  buds,  naSf"SSr?„Vro' 


ri        '1 


t   I 


4U0 


i'  r  i' 


m-' 


FHAXINU8   AMERICANA, 


,|f;.C< 


li.'! 


L. 


south  of  It.  In  the  upper  part  of  Now  Hnrnpsliiro,  it  is  alw  ya  accompanied  by 
tlio  white  elm,  (Uhnus  amencuna,)  yellow  birch,  (Hetula  exeelsa,)  white  maple 
(Acer  eriocarpum,)  iicnilock  spruce,  (Abies  canadensis,)  and  tho  black  si)ruce 
(Abies  nigra);  and  in  New  Jersey,  it  is  mingled  with  the  red  maple  (Acer 
riibriiin,)  slieil-bark  hickory,  (Uarya  alba,)  and  the  sycamore-tree  (I'latunus 
occideiitalis.)  ^ 

'I'his  species  was  first  introduced  into  Mritain  by  Mark  Oatesl)y  in  1723-  and 
in  about  the  year  IS'^C,  when  Cobbett  became  a  nurseryman,  and  strongly  r'ecom- 
lupuded  various  kinds  of  American  trees,  several  plantations  of  tho  wliito  ash 
were  formed,  in  ditrerent  parts  of  England;  but  a  sullicient  time  has  not  yet 
elapsed  to  judge  ol  the  valiKs  of  the  tree,  as  compared  with  the  common  Kur.Mjean 
ash.  In  iiio  neighbourhood  of  London,  young  trees  arc  generally  more  or  less 
injured  by  the  spring  frosts;  nevertheless,  in  Surrey,  at  St.  Ann's  Hill,  there  is  a 
specimen,  which,  in  thirty-six  years  after  planting,  had  attained  the  height  of 
thirty-three  feet. 

In  France,  at  Clairvault,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  which  had  attained  the 
height  ot  thirty  feet,  lu  thirty  years  after  planting. 

In  Russia,  the  American  ash,  and  several  of  its  varieties,  are  planted  in  the 
government  garden,  at  Odessa,  and  it  is  stated  by  M.  le  (Jhevalier  Descemet 
consciller  de  cour,  that  they  have  the  great  advantage  of  prospering  in  soiLs 
where  the  European  ash  will  languish.  "They  are  not,"  says  he,  "  like  Frax- 
niiis  excelsior,  subject  to  lose  their  leaves  by  the  ravages  of  the  insect  Cantharis 
vesicatoria,  in  tho  inidtlle  of  summer,  and  may,  consequently,  be  planted  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  dwelling-houses.  They  resist  the  burning  heats  of  summer 
much  better  than  the  Kuroiiean  ash-tree,  and  maintain  a  deep-green  foliage  during 
the  hottest  weather,  when  that  of  the  cotr.mon  ash  becomes  i>ale,  and  very  fre- 
quently withers  and  drops."  "In  short,  the  American  ash-trees,"  he  adds 
"deserve  to  be  extensively  cultivated  in  forests,  in  lines  for  bordering  roads,  and 
in  small  groiip.^<  in  parks  and  pleasure-grounds." 

It  is  stated  by  Mr.  John  IVarson,  in  a  communication  to  Dr.  James  Mease  in 
the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  promoting  Agriculture,"  for  the 
year  1807,  that,  in  Wayne  county,  I'eunsylvaiiia,  there  were  white  ash-trees  five 
leet  in  diameter,  and  from  fifty  to  eighty  feet  in  length. 

Soil,  SKiindon,  Propagation,  i^i'c.  The  most  favourite  situations  of  the  Frax- 
inus  americana  are  the  banks  of  rivers  and  streams,  the  edges  or  acclivities  of 
swamps,  where  the  soil  is  deep  and  fertile,  and  intermingled  with  the  fragments 
of  rocks.  The  propagation  and  culture  of  this  tree  is  the  .same  as  that  of  the 
European  species. 

Insects,  Accidents,  i^'c.  The  Fraxinus  americana,  like  its  European  congener 
IS  but  little  subject  to  accidents  and  to  the  attacks  of  insects.  The  only  insects 
that  prove  particularly  injurious  to  this  tree,  are  the  larv;c  or  borers  of  the  Tio- 
chihnni  dcnndatnm,  described  by  Dr.  Harris,  in  "Silliinau's  Joiinial  of  Science  " 
and  also  in  his  "  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts  injurious  to  Vegetation!" 
These  borers  perforate  the  bark  and  the  sap-wood  of  the  trunk  of  the  ash,  from 
the  roots  upwards,  and  are  also  found  in  all  the  branches  of  any  considerable 
size.  The  trees  thus  infested  soon  show  symptoms  of  disease,  in  the  death  of 
the  branches  near  the  summit;  and  when  these  insects  become  numerous,  the 
trees  no  longer  increase  in  size  and  height,  and  premature  decay  and  death  en'sue. 
Ihose  insects  assume  the  chrysalis  form  in  June  and  July,  when  they  may  be 
seen  projecnng  half  way  out  of  their  round  holes  in  the  bark  of  the  trees,  during 
which  months,  their  final  transformation  is  efl'ectcd,  when  they  burst  forth,  and 
escape  in  the  winged  state. 

Properties  and  Uses.     The  wood  of  the  white  ash,  in  young,  thrifty  trees,  is 
very  white  from  the  bark  to  the  centre;  but  in  large,  old  trees,  the  heart-wood  is 


I  PI 


(ipanied  by 
fute  maf)lt\ 
ick  spruce 
ipic,  (Acer 
(I'latanus 

1723;  and, 
gly  rccoin- 
wliit(!  ash 
as  not  yet 

l'lur(>j)caii 
ore  or  less 
,  tlioro  is  a 

height  of 

ttained  the 

fed  in  the 
Descemet, 
ig  in  soils 
like  Frax- 
("antharis 
ited  in  the 
>(  stnnnier 
ige  during 
I  very  fre- 
he  adds, 
roads,  and 

Mease,  in 
,"  for  the 
-trees  five 

the  Frax- 

livities  of 
fragments 
lat  of  the 

congener, 
ly  insects 
■  the  Tro- 
Science," 
2;etation." 
ash,  from 
isidorable 
death  of 
erous,  tlie 
tth  ensue, 
y  may  be 
:s,  during 
brth,  and 

r  trees,  is 
t-wood  is 


AMERICAN   A8H-TREE. 

aL'a^''e,'u  Kxc'ec^dh^^^  ,^^'-!  «''«  a'-ual  layers  are  thil 

various  purposes  for  wluclftl!" 'Maxims  eS'?  "'"'  '"''7>".  '^^'^^'^  '«  «"  'c 
•ca,  ho  wood  of  this  tree  is  f.iffhiv  eZ  Ln^f  r  •'  "  "'"^  '"  '''^r^pe.  In  Amer- 
IS  advantageously  employe.l  ,?  /  '!.f '"'''  '^""  ?  '''^••^"K'''  »"J  suppjeuess  and 
tion  only  a  /bw  oHho  nS  ,  nX  r'''''7  ''^ .T''  "*'  ^^'''^''  wo  Su  in  . 
for  the  felloes  of  wheels,  for  s  ^  in,!  f,!' ,?'''r'''^  ''^  '^""^''  ^^"^  wago,  IXrs 
^o-  of ,  ,.t  wagons,    'it  i^also  I,"'  /"    l,';,',^^^^^^^  l-dtes,  a'd  fo 

and  domestic  wares,  particularlv  for  t!.?^  p"SV^'  "'I"  f"""  agricuFtural  imnlcinents 
rakes,  scythes,  &c.  L  (Sda  a  1  ,  '""^  ''  "^  '^'^^^«'  ''«t"«.  shove  sforkl 
|s  extensiyely'nsed  for  hoops  and  t.!^'th'''r;!  »'"^'.^  "^  ^''«  l^nitej  S'a  es  ^ 
hetwcen  those  of  the  white  -in Tm.i^'  ^''^ '^'«cr  of  which  are  of  a  nual  tl 
taming  salted  provisions  Ld'o^'  Tt'h'as'alsr?  "'^T'^^  ^^^^  for  cask's  e'i^ 
excT//  ™«'^''  i«  consider^  inf  r  or  to  ,nt  n'r'\,"'^'"*;,''^^  '»'«  ^''«  '«^^«r 
excelsa,)  and  to  the  heart  of  the  red  beech  Vn'  ,  , ,  /'"'''^  ^''^'''  ("^tula 
'arly  those  used  in  ships,  and  the  ni,  s  for  l?;.  ^t*"  ^''''='"  ^o  pulleys   particu- 

ai'P'opriate;  and,  on  ai-coui  t  o  its^  trotth  iS^oF/r'?''^'^^    ^'''«  wooJi  ve  y 
nor  to  every  other  species  of  timber  for  o  fri   '''\^.'^'^«''c"y.  ''  i«  esteemed  as  supe- 


n 


J 


;,  i: 


V      % 


1,'t 


vu 


t  M 


Genus  ORNUS,  Pers. 


Oleaceoc. 
Sysl.  ifut. 


Synonymes, 

Of  Authors. 


Diandria  3Ionog5-nia. 

^ijst.  Lin. 


Omits,  Fraxinus, 

Fr^ne  a  fleurs,  Frene  a  la  manne,  Ornier,  )  ^ 
Orne,  '    France. 

■niiiheiiJe  Esche,  r,.^ 

I. mo,  '  Germanv. 

'  Italy. 


Flowering  Ash,  Manna  Ash, 


Br.iTAi.v  AND  Anglo-Awerica. 


celled,  l-seeded,  wingedri2;;)!,ll}iw,?,X"'  '''"^  ^°"°  hkments.    Stigma  eraarginate.     Samara  1- 

miS  gonus  embraces  trees  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  of  North 

.    America;   with  nnpari-pinnate  leaves,  and    ermi, ml  or  axilk  v 

panicles  of  flovyers,  distingnished  from  those  of  the  commo^  ash 

by  having  corollas.     They  may  all  be  propagated  frorsce  Is  bv 

grafting  or  budding,  or  by  cuttings  and  layers.  '  ^ 

manna  of  commerce,    -/his  s>;,b°^"cot  cl,  cflrco'llcc  ci'  i  S  b  'i  '  aSl""  l"° 

in  the  most  favourable  situSon      and  the  s^r  lu  ffr"^^^^^^      spontaneously  grow 

in  tears  (mannk  la-rima  of  the  S  p  innT        i    I  •  ^'"^ '^'"^^ '^  called  «my/«« 
hardening,  entirely  coats  them  ove^-     T  ..,'..  J  """'"^  '!?"''  ^"'^'  "^ 

nil .  i.„f   „o    *  •      u.  ^.'"^ '*■'"")  Which  is  called  manna  Lmissa,   s  the  coarsest  nf 


ORNUS. 


403 


)f  the  trees  of  this 
authors, 

nhed.     Corolla 
le.     Samara  1- 


id  of  North 
or  axillary 
)nimon  ash, 
n  seeds,  by 

axiniis  and 
id  mucilag- 
.,  and  some 

forms  the 
and  Sicily; 
ns  of  itself 
?ss  wounds 
Hisly  grow 
i\vn  accord 
t  mid-day, 

run  until 
re  scraped 
the  manna 
led  ma//iiu 
liite  as  the 
V  of  itself, 
)  incisions 
IS,  and,  in 
the  shops, 

Sicilians, 
or  to  the 
in  July  or 
,  and  two 
oarsest  of 
ancc,  it  is 
d  leaving 
he  otiier ; 
f  the  leaf 
e  manna. 


and  to  protect  it  from  dnst  and  other  impurities  Th. 
of  commerce  is  procured  in  the  latte  Tnn  or"  ^l""  S^'"'^^^^  Part  of  the  manna 
long  pieces,  or  gra.mlated  fragme  of  ;  wh  i;,"  "  ]'  '"^F,'"'"^  '"  "^^''^'^  i" 
some  degree  transparent.  Tlfe^  ferior  kinTl  w  "".i^'-^'^'-y^  '«^^  colour,  and  in 
comes  m  adhesive  masses  am  i.  .nniT  .  '  '''"'^''  '*'  °^  ^  dark-brown  colour 
the  ash  has  a  pecuU^  «£  and  a  sweethlfrr  ''  "^^  ^°"^"-  ^f^""'-  ^ 
degree  of  bitterness.  It  is  considerf^l  ZT  f  ^"'  f^^^^mpanied  with  a  slight 
;n  medicine;  but  it  is  n^w  clu  1  ^m^'e^d  tol'"^  ''^'f  '■"","'^^'>^  ""-''  "-^ 
ermg  them  to  children,  and  iruLrasa^nnrl  r  ='•'''". "'''''"  ^'""S^  '"  '^^dminis- 
vind  of  manna,  however  must     ot  ho  n   ''""^S^  '^  "^  tl'c  veterinary  art.     This 

Holy  Wru,  winch  is  su  po'eT  t^L' d  nltTwulTl?'  ''''''  """^'"^^  ^"  '1- 
Alhagi  maurorum,  a  low  shrub  two  or  h  pp  w/  •  "'^""'''  P^'^duced  by  the 
Egypt,  Syria,  Mesopotamia   and  oThe,  no  .  '"?'*'  "''^"^'^  ^^  the  deserts  of 

tradition  that,  this  m^Z\TL"nL^^^^^^  /^''«  ^^^^^^bians  have  a 

;tes  ui  the  desert.     This,  howeve^      contrtvTwl^^^^^  ''.  ^T"^  ^'^°  ^''^'^- 

tures,  namely,  that  the  miraculous  m-Zn  nn^  ,  ^  I'  ''^''^"'•^It'd  in  the  Scrip, 
the  sand,  and  hence  the  stu^rtro?r  IsrKs  wT'^  "'  u''  '''''''  '^'^  °» 
astonished  ,f  they  had  seen  small  port  ons  of  it  on  t' J  .  T"^'  "°'  '^^^^'^  '^^^'^ 
It  m  such  immense  quantities  on  tl.pTn,  f  i  ,  ,  shrubs;  but  who,  fnidin- 
could  hardly  believJit  o  be  the  s' L^tlnn.'nn  ''  '^'^^'f  "^^'^^  ^^«'^  ^t  befo  e! 
that  ,s  to  say,  <'  What  is  it  I  "whence  no  fibtv^h?''"'"'"'^  Z.'^,  "^^••^^^'  "  ^1^"«"  -^ 
by  the  alhagi  is  a  natural  exud^  onVmm  t  e^t Ves'i'n  1  /^ '^^'"^^»"^-  P^od'^eed 
P  ace  only  m  very  hot  weather.     At  first  ^tl^^^^^^^  branches,  which  takes 

ulates  on  exposure  to  the  atmospheiV  nto  nS    nf  iT  "^'^«"'^y;  but  gran- 
larger  than  a  coriander  seed.     Another  sn^edes  of  r!  ^''«^^^.°"\«'^'^s,  but  seldom 
from  the  tamarisk-tree,  (Tamarix  °a UicaTbrtl         '""''  "  ^^'^^'"''^  '"  ^^abia 
niparus.     A  similar  subs\ancris  also  oSiloT  r      V^^ncUne  of  the  Coccus  man- 
m  the  south  of  France,  w'  ere    t  is  kno  ^1^  h"'"  "''  ^''?^'^  ^^'^""^  europ^a,) 
This  substance  is  a  kind  of  sap  of  a  swpp  i    f       .  "^""'  ?^  '""'""  '^'  Brian^on. 
the  end  of  May,  and  durii4     fe  momhs  o    j  Ine^nri^',^  taste,  which,  towards 
some,  only  during  the  night,  from  t  f  bTrlcTT       ''^' ""^r'''' ''^'^^°^-^''"g  to 
according  to  oth,;?-s,  transf  ires  lorn      e  bud    nnVlp    ^°""^'  ''r'^'  but  whfch, 
m  the  form  of  little  whitJ  glut  nous  ^ifthn    ir^'''^^  '^'^''^'^  it  coagulates 
morning,  young  larch-trees,le  ^  Lfa     k  uck  with'tT'^  scraped  off.     J,,  the 
be  found  covered  with  if  •  hi,f  ti..,       •       7"  ^^"'^'^  ^^'^h  the  rays  of  the  sun   will 
resembles  the  ma^nna  if'  th  V^f^ 'ash  %Sfr"''  ^^'^^  ^^'^  clisappea;;"i' 
less  purgative.    The  rhododend?r  t^^^Su  t      p L'"  i"^''"/ .''"i^^'^^''^^')  ^^^  >« 
also  yield  an  analogous  substance Ts  Sbli'"'- ^"'' '''"  ^^^^^ 
sap  of  most  ligneous  plants  is  S  nrl?««^;  ^''/^''"""^  other  trees  f  for  the 

quently,  when^ollect^'t  any^'uln d  rislustm^^^  "^'''  '^^^"-- 

evaporation.     The  mnnnn  c^f  3'   lutiniuy,  is  susceptible  of  becoming  concrete  bv 

-aciS  io,„.c„s™drr4^:?z'L;:<r.£™s^!'^.!!'!-'-,''%™ '1.0  Pis': 


na 


la  lenti.scus;  and  the  mnnm  ^rp  i     V      ^    "  "^^^"^  obtained  from  the  Pjs- 
flnitans.      '  "'""""'^  °^  ^  '^'^"'^  ^«  composed  of  the  seeds  of  the  Glyce- 


Hfip 


i  1     I, 


Onms  atnericana, 
THE  AMERICAN  FLOWERING  ASH. 


Synonymes, 


Fraxinus  aniericam, 

Ornits  amcricana, 

Ornier  d'Ameriqne, 
Amerikaiiische  Bliihende-Esche; 
Onio  aniehonno, 
American  Flowering  Ash, 


LiNN^us,  S}x?cies  Plantarum. 
PuRSH,  Flora  America;  Sertentrionalis. 
IJoN,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

TRANCE. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Engravinss.    Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  ii.,  fig.  1070;  and  tbe  figures  l;e!ow 

"^in^^tani^^^^lS  "l^ Cl^,^,^ ^'^''T'^^^''  ^^""•"^.  --atetl  leaflets, 
the  odd  one'm.her  co  d^     I^owm  v  fh  no.  b^ r  . ''''"''"  '''"''"''  -''""=""«.  -in'!  Paler  ben 

gray.    Buds  brown.  "Siara^a;;ow;i:!;,K'ti^l:^:^^SS2^^     Branches  brow 


each 
cath. 
utsh- 


i      I 


fk 


:  M 


Description. 

IHE  Orniis  americana  is  a  beautiful 
tree,  growing  to  a  lieight  of  thirty 
or   forty   feet,    and   flowering  in 

-«.  ^^^.^  April   and  May.     The  d-fference 

between  tins  sort  and  tlic  manna  ash  of  Europe  is  so  very 

shght,  that  doubts  are  entertained  by  some,  of  there  beinn- 

but  one  species.     It  is  a  native  of  North  America,  and  was 

introduced  mto  Britain  in  1820,  where  it  is  cultivated  for 

ornament,  and  is  highly  prized.     There  are  plants  of  it 

in  the  Horticultural  Society's  garden,  at  London,  and  in 

the  arboretum  at  Kew,  where,  in  the  last-named  place,  it  is  grafted  on  the  Frax- 

mus  excelsior;  and  the  point  where  the  scion  wai  inse  ted  iif  the  stock  is  s.id  ^o 

have  en  arged  nearly  as  much  as  the  stock  itself,  a  proof  that  the  ISican  flow 

enng  ash  is  a  more  robust-growing  tree  than  the  Ornus  europa3a!  wS  was  alJo 

stock.     When  uo  other  mode  can  be  obtained  of  rendering  a  tree  sardcnesn  e 
Mr.  Loudon  suggests,  that,  in  order  to  give  the  trunk  an  arcln'ectural  base  a  slow! 
growing  species  may  be  grafted  on  one  that  is  more  vigorous ;  and  that  the  annli 
"i^Cf  ']'%  '''  "^  ^'■'^{'"S  '"*S^^  ^^  ^^°^''^  adopting  for  certain  or  name  tu!   rees 


I 


'   ! 


ted  leaflets,  eacb 
il  paler  beneath . 
nches  browuish- 


1  the  Frax- 
k,  is  said  to 
!rican  flow- 
•h  was  also 
io  witli  tlie 
irdcnesque, 
ase,  a  siow- 
t  the  appli- 
lenta!  trees 
is  strongly 


Genus  CATALPA,   Juss. 


UignoniacetB. 

Si/al.  Nat. 


Catalpa,  Eigtionia, 


Synonymes. 


Pen'vatiima 
liignonia  was  so 


Diaiidria  Jlonogynia. 
l^ijsl.  Lin. 


Of  AuTHons. 


SS;  £SS.i;  :rESS,S  -  ;;;K3-  5;  J ..  jj;»,  ;„„; .  „..,.,,.,  „  ,„.  ^„. ,  „ 


Generic  Characters.     Calyx  2-parte(l 
lobed  hmb.     Stamens  ,5,  2  „f  wh.'ca  are  le 

MliquR-formed,  long,  cylindrical    '^-vtIvp,!      n;  -"^ 

margined,  and  papp.se'at  the  ^  1^!^^:^^^;:^^!^^'  ""  ^"'^^'^• 


lobed  .itnbrit;.m^;s^j|-^?Xh^rettS"3oPtE:;^er"r  '"^^' ^"<^  ^  "-^-'  ■^- 
ylindrical,  2-valved.    Dis^.^  .^n.  'i'!™.:  f"^  ^'■     ^('""'•'^  b.la.nellate.     Capsule 


Seed: 


Capsule 
iiiembranously 


shghtly  ciliated,  havin-  the  ^onornl  nnr,:  '""f  ^  '°'''^''^^'  ^^^^P'^  serrated,  and 

The  flowers,  wiueh  ^fu  fortl^  rApnl^oTMn?  "^ '^]T  ^^  ^  gig'^^'ic  sun-flower 
Ciloxinia  caulescens,  ind  have  tn  ^  ireon J  n^'  f '"  "''  '■^^^"^^^''"g  t'^ose  of  the 
mock  orange,  (Philadelpl's  corona?  ustLt?"''  '"'"''^  '5^^  '"^'^  ^'''-^^  ^^  'he 
native  of  Japan   and  was  introduced    mo^  R  ^'^Tn'"*"\    '^''^^  ^^^^  '«  a 

or  three  years  before  that  dah>      t7  ?  "'•^'^■^*^'  ^"'^  '"f"  France  two 

•^lantes  £paris,  wherfi^wU  iooJ^hrwKlf  T^'S  i'"'',^  '"  ^'"  ^^^^^^'"^  ^- 
and  in  1812,  had  acquired  the  hcieht  of  f^n  ?.  r  /  f  '""'^'^^"^  ''^"^  covering, 
diameter.  The  plants  at  Trhnon  I  nxlT  ^  ^""""h  producnig  leaves  two  feet  m 
having  made  shoots  from  u/c  ve  to  f'urleen^  "!?''  '"^''^  ^"  ^'^^'•-  S^'^^^'^h, 

species  was  introduced  into  the  iSed  Stat  In  Tin  f  Vt'"^''^  ^^'''-  ^'"^ 
Flushing,  near  New  York  wliero  it  -mL;  i^  !,  ^^^'  ^^  ^^^'^''■'  P^U'sons,  of 
cring.  during  the  last  two  Wh  te  s  It Z.  i.  /  V''  'P'"  '"^•■'  ^^^^'^^^^^  ^"^  ^"v- 
series  in  the  union,  and  b  ds  f  ih'  to  ho  n  T  ,  ''^r  P^'^P^^S'^ted  in  several  nur- 
ornamental  plantations  pticuhlvi,,  sin,?  '"'  '^^f'^'^^'V*"  ""^  shrubberies  and 
object.     It  isV.asily  prom^^^^^^  ^^'^^^'^  "^'^ediate  eftbct  is  the 

will  grow  in  any  coLiion'gardeu^o  1  Z  ?f  ^'  '"°l''  P"' ''''''  ^''^^^b-pots,  and 
somewhat  loamy.  ^  °'' '  ^"' ''  ^''"^^^  best  in  one  that  is  dry,  and 


'     f 


;  a- 


:!'  li  ;  ii  / 


il  ii; 


I'i'      '^    : 


Catalpa  syringafoUu, 

THE  LILAC-LEAVED  CATALPA-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Bignonia  catalpa, 

Catalpa  syringcefoUa, 

Catalpa, 

Buis  Shavanon, 

Trompeteiibaum, 

Catali)a,  Catawba-tree, 


LiN.\^.us,  Species  Plantarum. 
Miciufx,  Nor.h  American  Sylva. 
Don,  Miller's  Dictionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  13r'itannicum. 
Britain,  Fiunof.,  and  Italy. 
French  Louisiana. 
Germany. 
United  States. 


form  of  ii3  (lowf  ra. 


figfr:f'S;r     "^"^•'''"^'  ^'-"'  Amoncan  Sylva,  pi.  64;  Loudon,  Ar.ore.u.n  Eritan.lcum,  vil.,  pi.  2,5  et  216;  and  the 

Description, 

^  ^^:p|HE  Catalpa  syringaifolia,  in 
=^0  r  L^  its     natural     habitat,     fre- 
quently  exceeds    fifty   feet 
-  .-.      e^i/J5dl  111    height,    with    a    trunk 
Irom  eighteen  to  twenty-four  inches  in  diameter. 
It  ]s  easily  recognized  by  its  bark,  which  is  of  a 
silver-gray  colour,  and  but  slightly  furrowed ;  and 
by  Its  wide-spreading  head,  disproportioned  in  size 
to  the  diameter  of  its  trunk.     It  also  dilfers  from 
most  other  trees  in  the  fewness  of  its  branches,  and 
the  line,  palc-grccn  of  its  very  large  leaves,  which 
are  late  in  coming  out  in  spring^  and  are'among 
the  first  to  shrink  at  the  approach  of  autumn! 
1  hey  are  heart-shaped,  petiolated,  often  six  or 
seven  inches  in  width,  glabrous  above,  and  downv 
beneath,  particularly  on  the  principal  ribs.     The 
flowers,  which  put  forth  in  July  or  August    oc- 
cur   in    large    bunches,  at    die  extremity  of  the  .        m 
branches  and  are  white,  maiked  with  purple  and  yellow  soot.,      Tn  \..rl    m 
seasons,  they  are  succeeded  bv  capsules  or  seed  nndruTT  f^  favourable 
those  of  the  common  c'ibb-.<ip  W  nn  n      ^'^''''-P'^^'  ^^^'^'i  somewhat  resemble 

long,  and  curveH;  ^.;jff5mbl  nAioriT'^'^^^^^^^^^  ""''"f  ^I'-'^'^'^X  ^^^"  ^''' 
of  a  brownish  colour,  when  ri  r^d  com  n  thin  H^  o'f  "V^"?'  ""'f-  P^"^^"^' 
narrow,  membranous  wine,    en^  nated  by  a    Ai  1    ,,   ;^''  developed  in  a  long, 

wingjs  about  an  i..h  longhand  on^eightl^o^'n^  ^^^'^  ^^"'^  ^^« 

Geography  and  lltstory.     The  Catalpa  syringa^folia  is  ind^enous  to  the  soutli- 


■  that  formerly  occii- 
111  its  heiii!,'  fiiiiid  ill 
iiiipettree,  from  llie 

15  et  216;  and  the 

5  stronfi:.  Pani- 
,  ^filler's  Diet. 


favourable 
It  resemble 
ly  two  feet 
d  pendent, 
1  in  a  long, 
d  with  its 

the  south- 


LIUC-LEAVED   CATALPA-TREE. 


407 


on  tliose  of  the  ('umberl-i..,]   hu,.;       Jx  'Savannah,  and  west  of  the  Allc-hanior 
latitude.     Farther TotUh'T's  'reTomln"?f 'l'  '"'"l  ^^-^^V-^'^-^l^  de|ree  Tf 
he  nvcrs  which  empty  into  the  mTss'sS  1       ,'"''"1"''^'  '''^'  ^'^«  '^"^ders  of  all 
In. a  cultivated  stati,  it  is  to  be  mot S^^r""^^ 

cit.es  and  large  towns  from  AW  (>e'^  'irfon -""'"'" '^.'  '''''  "^  ^^^'  «f  the 
sachusetts;  but  in  ti.e  latter  plare  i  dw  nr  L;^  ?^' '°  ^«^^h"ryport,  in  Mas- 
killed  back  by  the  frost.        ^        '  '  ^^^"^^'««  ^^^^n  to  a  mere  shrub,  and  is  often 

^e,nent^tn;^-/SrtXf^;::;'il  M-k  "r^^'  "^  ^^^«'  -d  is 
on  the  continent  of  J.]uropc.      "^  ''"'^  collections,  both  in  that  country,  and 

two  £/;;;?Sg;;^-!s!  ars/liirXnii'dlJ^:;^' '- 1  'y-'  -^-^^  ^^  «^y- 

ot  branches  of  /ifty  feet.  ""^ '"  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  or  spread 

Ihe  largest  catalpa  in  France  is  nt  ihn  <:.' 
planting,  had  attained  the  height  or/fu-l^^Pt'tV'''  '^'"'.'^'  '"  ^^''''^Y  V^ars  after 
and  that  of  the  head  thirty  f,>"t  ^    '"''  '"''''  ''^  ^''""'^  ^wo  feet  in  diameter 

th^  Je;r  heU^.  "^"^^-'  ^-'-^y'  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  exceeding 

whlih^hfuventVli'^year^'lier'n^^  ^^'^'^'^  "''^^^  is  a  catalog 

with  a  trunk  eighteen  hichesi.^ditat'r^'.nf  '"''f '^  ''''  '^^'S''^  of  fo  ty  S' 
ot  twenty-four  feet.  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  or  spread  of  brandS 

and  along  the  avenues  to  houses  .n    Z  T     ?     ''  P'^"^^^!  ««  a  road-side  tree 
rach,  and  the  tulip-tree,  (LriSd^o^^^^^  where  with  the  Melia  az  dal 

'Jio.st,  with  the  Magnolia  ac.nS  a  anr  n  1       ''•"'^  ^^r^''  ^^'^^''^  the  soil  is 
dour  and  beauty,  worthy  of  "cl m  a[e   o  co   'en'i^I?'' ''  ^"™^  ""  ''''''■  «f  ^plei  ! 

About  the  first  tree  of  tl.i«  «nnii      ^°,*^""g*^n>al  to  vegetation.  ^ 

is  said  to  stand   n  h'ont  of  t he  hte  r-T"'''  was  i,,troduced  into  New  England 
street,  Hartford,  in  the  sLt    o   Con  JcU cuT'Vi?^'^^''  ^''''T'''  "^  ^^asin^  gtoii 
size,  and  when  in  bloom,  appears    ike  n  1"  .  .       ''^P^^sejited  as  being  of  a  large 
beheved  to  exceed  fifty  yeaif  of  ale  '^^'^  '""''  ^^  "^^^S^"'  A^^'^rs.     Itis 

Sro:rSri£-cnn!^^^^  roorSVr^f  ^^'^  ""^  ^^^^^  ^"^  it  -m 
much  sooner  than  when  propagated  by' 4  ds  The  ?"'  '''^;^'  ''  '"'-^  ^^^^^r 
It  acquires  the  height  of  Iwenty  feet  whSi  in  n  1.  V  °^  "i"?*^  g'^'^^^th  till 
attain  in  ten  years.  Seedling  plants  UneAiv..t-f^^^^^  '°'''  ^^  will  usually 
circumstances,  in  twelve  or  "fi  tee     yea  s  1  fd  nf , M' ^  tnider  favourable 

wood  IS  well  ripened,  they  conti  uif  bwcr  n.  ^  '''"'^ '''"^^ions  wlie.e  the 
appearance,  not  only  Vron/tlielar<^^  size  a'dHJ''^  ^  splendid 

froin  the  fine  pale-gi^en  of  its  leases  '^^  ^''^*'"'  ""^  ^he  blossoms,  but 

iine  S;:;  :;;^  S;ec;!;^,:S^^  tSnu^'r /^  T-'^^^^'^  ''^'>t,  of  a  very 
white;  and,  when  properly  s  J. "ouedirverr,?^^  -^olo^- is  of  a  grayish^ 

of  the  sycamore,  (Platanus,)  will  tliisevcen. inn  fl"'  .  ^^  resembles  the  wood 
iHie,  and  is  less  durable  when  ex  nosed  ?o  1 1  1  '  ^^'^^-  ^^^'^  '^''"er  is  of  a  reddish 
"ess.  It  is  sometimes  used  fo  po^'s  o  rura  ?hnl  ""'' i"-'  "^'  "^''i^ture  and  dry- 
a  portion  of  the  bark  of  the  cat-  ht  ho  .1  T-^'  ''"'^  "^  cabinet-making  If 
oifensive  odour  is  exhale  n  a  ?,'  c^i^  roT-^iV'  '""'r^T^^  ^  "^'^'^^^oSs  and 
P'-,  the  bark  of  this  tree  waJ^  iS^;';;:?  ^^  t^  f^t^^'l^fi  '^^^'ff 

-   ._iiii.,  ,u,..i  more  powerfully 


hi 


408 


CATALPA   SYRING^FOLIA. 


The  flowers  are  extolled  as  bei/g  a  sov^e^gi^Inl^^^a"^"^^  """""■> 


I 


LauracesB. 
Si/it.  Xat. 


Genus  LAURUS,  P/m. 


Launs,  Persea,  Borbonia, 


Synonymes. 


Enneandria  Monogynia. 
<&>/.  Lin, 


Of  Authors. 


'SHS  Sf 'f  F^^^S-uKS'i.S.S^  ,frn«  0,  6  exterior,  3 

^''efal^grel.'^fre?^  botanists,  and  sev- 

convenienceof  classificat  on\ve  '  ^^^  l^  Y'^''^'  ^"^  the 

m  all  the  species  winch  we  have  nntfn   ,"'^nn  '  ^'""^^^  "'^mes 
perfectly  hardy  kinds  namphT      "^ticed      There  are  only  three 

-       .  ^  zoin ;  but  there  a  e  seV  ra7  snec^es'!h?t  "°  n 'r  '  '"^^"f^^«'  ^"^  ben! 
mild  climates,  or  with  littlo  nrnto^,-         ^P^cics  that  will  hve  n  the  onen  air  in 

The  Laurus  benzoin   (^ptbSwUI^;:^         T"  ""[^^^  ^^  -''-"on" 
Virgmia  to  Canada,  growing  S  tuee  to  twl    f '^?°"l'^.''"'^'  ^  "^^^^^  ^rom 
distinguished  by  its  highly  pungent  and  aromS  h  'J'"  t"'?^^'  ^"'^  ^^  ''^^dily 
stimulant  and  tonic,  and  is  extensivnlv  ,,1?       u  ^'''^'  "^^ich  is  regarded  as  a 
the  cure  of  intermittent  fevers   TnTl'nrofj"  ^^"/^S^""^  ^^here  it  Abounds  in 
Laurus  cinnamomum,  and  cassii  whi     '      ""'"^^''^es  called /et-er  bush.     The 
China,  Sumatra,  &c    and  Xll  a^  '^'jXv".?'^'  ^^  <^eylon,  klabar,  CocWn! 
Brazil  and  other  places,  prod  ^e  the  cinniln..  i"  ^"'^^^^  Mauritius,  Jamaica, 
are  called  cassia  buds,  are  not  obtai  ed  from ThP  T        '^'''^  °^  commerce.     Wha 
gular   fleshy  receptacles  of  t^  seeds  of    h^.^''"'""'  '^'''^'  b»t  are  the  hexan- 
and  buds  are  used  for  the  same  purnos''''  "  cinnamon-tree.     Cassia  bark 

ered  as  inferior  in  value,  onTccoCf  of  contalnirr  ^'J^^'  ^"^  ^'^^>^  ^'^  ^°"'i^ 
lage.     From  the  present  genus  wHl^n  ?".^^'"'"g  ^  greater  proportion  of  muci- 

merce,  which  is  L  product  of  t"£Luri'caLVorfr  '^ }'''  ^'"^Ph''^  ^^ -•^- 
Laurus  indica  is  indigenous  to  Made  a  aiTfhp  p'  ''^?','  considered.  The 
which  IS  highly  esteemed  in  cab  net-making  T.  ""V  'j^^^"'^^'  *be  wood  of 
from  mahogany,  except  that  it  is  somewh  m'p,,  "  ^-^"^'^^  be  distinguished 
IS  miported  into  England  under  tl  e  nTm J  S  71^.  J     "'""  /"  '''  '"^°"'-     «^»<^«  " 

To  the  same  natural  order  belo  t  tho  C.nf f*  ^na/ioga?ij/. 
ciflorum,)  and  the  CaliforniL  uShibna  tSe^^  (Drimophyllum  pau- 

gant  evergreen  trees,  natives  of  Uppe   cS  cahfornica,)  both  ele- 

of  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  and  the  KTfrom  for'tn  ^T"""^  ^T'^'^'S  to  a  height 
With  a  trunk  from  two  to  fou  £  n  diaml?  °"t?  ^"r^'*''*  ^"'^  ^^^^"^y  f^«t, 
Mutall,  gives  out,  when  bruised  a  mo.fnr^r  ,  ''«  foliage,  according  to  Mr 
from  as  pungency,  is  capable  ofexcitirnSf^  .'.'Jy^'^^T^  odour,^hich 

.akmganmcisionint.hetfe---Sj-Xlfe^^ 


410 


LAURUS. 


?nc£'''*"' '"  '"'''  quantities,  that  several  quarts  may  be  obtained  by  a  single 

the  latter  of  which  embraces  several  species  of  decidiinii<i  «=i,r,,  «       a  V      ' 
natives  of  the  south  of  Europe,  India,  Cliina,"and  of  SoZlm       a    ''^The'S 
hardy  land  is  the  V.tex  agnus-castus,  indigenous  to  Sicily        The  teak-?ree 
(Tectona  grand.s,)  which  is  justly  called  the ''oak  of  the  east,"  abounds  in  the 
vast  forests  of  Java,  Ceylon,  Malabar,  Coromandel,  &c,  more  espSlv  in      e 

.^rr-u"'^  ^T-  '•"•^r^-     ''^  ^*"^^«''  >«  considered  superior  to^aloXies  for 
sh.p-building.     It  IS  easily  wrought,  and  at  the  same  time  ii  both  strong  and  Jura 
ble.     This  tree,  Mr.  Royle  informs  us,  has  been  planted  as  far  nor  h  JT^nha 
runpore  m  India,  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  the  Sern  parts  of  Old  ^n^^^' 
ma  a.)d  o    the  Canary  Islands;  where,  from  their  moSnScla^^^ 
highly  probable  it  might  be  cultivated  with  success.  t-'i'^racter,  u  is 

*  See  Nuttall's  North  American  Sylva,  p.  89. 


It  is 


Lawns  iiobilis, 
THE  NOBLE  LAUREL-TREE. 

Synonymes. 

Laurus  nohiUs,  (  I;'nn^cs,  Sppcics  Plantarum 

j  MaRtvn,  Mill,,r's  Dictionary ' 
Launer  commun,  La-.irier  noble,  Laurier  "'  ^'^"^'^'"'n  Britanilicum. 

(xeniciner  Lorberbaum,  '  ^ 

Alioro,  Lauro,  Orbaco.  Germany. 

Laurel,  Sweet  Bay,  Jj*^'^- 

£n?rfli>,«,,.    Blackwell,  Herbal  Dl  17-;.  T      .       . 

-'"'  ^---  %"•«  PlZlZ.  "^'""^'^  '-='^"-    «^^«^  d-<=.ous.    Leaves  lanceolate,  veiny.- Tr,//rf,. 

Description. 

"0  vow  d  ihB  laurel  to  ilio  laurel's  gid." 

ViROIL. 

HE  Laurus  nobilis  is  a  beautiful 
tree,  or  rather  enormous  shrub 
--..-^    .w.-,  «.  ^^"^'^^""es  growing  to  a  height 
al^;;;^^&K,f^^fp,,^''''^y,''^««^enty   feet,  but 

and  rarelyfif^e^er    ^s  1  '^  *"  ''^""^^^  "P  «"«l^«rs; 
without  the  a  d  of  ar?     T  '"^  ^  ''"''■"'^'^  character 
green,  are  of  a  fir na    IfnTi''  T'''  '".^^'^'^  ^^«  ^^^^i 

The  male  tS  the  m",S,'  "'°/""  """  ""=  '«'""=>' 
portion  of  y:ilo*r  °JL^'X7-;™'"'h=  greater  pro- 

^^y  a.  greodn;t:r<[  "h;r  ^i'-pei;;      ,  , 

Varieties.     The  varieties  recognized  nnrl^r  fi  • 

1.  L.  N   iMTiroLu,  Loudon     CZt^Awr';''''  '"'•^  ^^  follows.- 
udles,  of  the  French.     This  variSv  hn«  i        *^'  ^'""■^'^''    ^^^^'•^er  d  Ian 
.n  tu...  of  the  species.         is  jnd  Jeno?~      T  ""'f'  ^'^''^'"        ' 
several  other  kinds     '"'''""""^'^  '"  ^pa"^:  Italy,  and 


feuiVa 

than 

hard 


gss 
hpr 


is  less 


413 


LAURUS   NOBILIS. 


■i'i-"   ^ 


*u^'J''  ^\  ''^"V''"''"'     *^'""^'-'^«"«'  Noble  Lnvrd;  Lnurier  d  pctUc^  feuUho  of 
soninra.""'"'""""  ^'  '"  ^""'''^^  '^•"^'^^'  "'•«-  ''«  leaves' rrLidSra. 

3.  li.    N.  SAMCIKOr.IA,   FiOndon.        WitlnW-Irtn^Ftl   \T,J,1n  T ...... ^1         1        1      • 

f««*  I  ■  I        -.11  '••^I'-'u.      ''*""''' «t'M^ert  i\«^y;e /v////'M,  a  shrub  siY  nr  otrlit 

iSScr'  '""^'  """"  ^•^^^"'  "«^  ^«  ^^"'^'^  -  ''--  '^f  the  «p"cies  aJ^d^f  k^ 

4.  L.  N.  UNDur.ATA,  Loudoii.     Undulated-hmcd  Noble  Laurel  a  low  -limh  .ol 
dom  growing  higher  than  from  four  to  six  feet,  with  loaves  wavedZ  £  edit 
and  IS  said  to  be  more  hardy  than  the  species  ^^''^' 

cu?ied^'  "■  '"'■''''  ^"'"'^''"-     ^'''V^rf-fe^'^erf  W«We  /.«,,,./,  with  leaves  somewhat 

6.  L.  N.  VARiEOATA,  Loudon.      Varierrn/ed-lenved  Noble  Laurel. 

n.nJ'  T^""  ';''^,'?'  ^^^"'^°,?;     ^ouble-Jlowered  Noble  Laurel. 

Geography  and  History.     Tlie  Laurus  nobihs  is  a  native  of  the  south  of 

1  he  exact  date  of  the  introduction  of  this  species  into  Britain  is  unknown   hnt 

h.M' nn/r?  J""'"  ^r ''''''  '"^  ^•'^'^2,  as  it  is  ilientionod  by  T/micr       rr"H^^^^^^^ 

SnLS'   f^  '"  t''^U-«'^'-;  ^'"l  ^^^  find  that,  in  the  reign  of  E  Laboth   the 

Til  hi'  ;'"'''  f  J'«''ng"i«l'od  persons  were  strewed  with  its  leaves      ' 

The  largest  recorded  tree  of  this  species  in  Britain,  is  at  Mar-ram  hi  Glamor 

ganshire,  on  the  seat  of  C.  P.  Talbot,  M.  P,  about  twe  ve  miles  fSwansea't 

sLryTefinliSef'  "^  ''"^'"'^  ''''''  ^  '"^^'"^^^^-^  '^''-'^^^'  suSt,^  abouE 
wm!  oT'^f  S;«^«.  n«ar  Dublin,  in  Ireland,  there  is  a  laurel  fifty  feet  in  heishi 
u:^niyI:fLr  "     ""''"'  '"'  "^  ^"'^^^^"  ^^  «P^'^'^^'^  branches' of 

Throughout  Germany,  the  Laurus  nobilis  is  a  green-house  plant      In  Russii 
m  the  Crimea,  it  requires  protection  during  winter  ^  ' 

In  Italy  and  Spain,  it  attains  a  larger  size  than  in  any  other  nart  of  Enronn 
forming  immense  bushes  from  fifty  to  seventy  feet  in  height  ^  ^  ' 

In  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States,  it  is  only  cultivated  as  a  ^rreen 
house  p  ant;  but  ,n  the  southern  sections  of  the  union,  where  the  climSe   is' 
more  mild,  ,t  grows  in  great  perfection  in  the  open  air.      '  ""   '' 

Mythological  and  Leffendary  Allusions.     This  tree  is  celebrated  in  rnvtholo^v 
of  a3  ""?  ^''•;  ^'^Phn^^. ^''^  ^I'-^^ghter  of  Peneus,  who,  flying  rom  thTemb  a?e^s 

t^f^^l         ''f  ^""S  !''"  ^^"'"  °^  ^'^'  ^^'^'''  «t^«^"^>  called  on  the  ri^er  god  fo 
protection   was  changed  into  a  laurel.     In  the  age  of  Roman  Rreatness  thk  t  pp 
was  considered  as  the  emblem  of  victory,  and  also  of  cleaner  The  ^iom^^^^^^^^ 
generals  were  crowned  with  it  in  their  triumphal  procSsio.fs-  every  common 
soldier  carried  a  sprig  of  it  in  his  hand,  and  even  the  dispatched  annouS"  a 
vu:tory  were  wrapped  up  in,  and  ornamented  with,  its  leaves.     S  a  oma'tic 
odour  of  this  tree  was  supposed  by  the  ancient  Romans  to  have  the  power  oTd- 
pelhng  contagion;  and,  during  a  pestilence,  the  Emperor  ClauduXmoved  his 
court  to  Laurentum,  so  called  from  the  bay-trees  which  grew  w  h  nTs  waU 
Theophrastus  tells  us  that  the  superstitious  Greeks  would  kfep  a  bay  eaf  n  the  ^ 
mouths  all  day,  to  preserve  themselves  from  misfortune.      The  Greeks  alo     ad 
diviners  who  were  cal  ed  Daphnephagi,  because  they  chewed   laurel    eaves 
which  they  pretended  inspired  them  with  the  spiiit  of  prophecy    "Sehurel 
was  dedicated  to  Apollo,  and  the  first  temple  raised  to  tCgod  at  Delph     va 
formed  of  the  branches  of  this  tree.     It  was  the  fa-'ourite  tree  of  ?he  noets  ■  3 
we  are  told  that  Maia.  the  mother  of  Virgil,  dreamed  lliat  she  was  del?vetd  of  a 


NOBLE   LAUREL-TREE. 


413 


gua  lagamst  l,„|„„i„|5;  „„j  MaXlXiL    fj"""   "» .""PPO'^I  to  be  a^afo. 
me  ",',!; '"'""''  "••"  "  l«'y-"-«',  wT,    (I  o  ij  "'  'T'?  "',°  i""'""  °f  "«'  Co.,,,, 

A^^Arfor  or  AacmA„/mL,  from  the      •    ?.  7'"'^^' ^''^*  t'"'s  iudicate  the  title  of 
St  dents,  formerly,  vvere  not  allowed  to    «'^^'"''•'-'^^    '^-^'"-^J  herrios      Ko 


father  sl,„„la  ,„k„  ,„„„  r,„„  .-hoT;  mc;ar;"p,',7s,'„',T'  ^'„  I        " ■'""-  ""- 


were  called  bachelors 
aS/'r'  "  '"  "°"  »JaP  ed  for  WKer   Thi?    ■"'''''  "''™  "«  'rata  '^^o  a 

Se-a."  ^"■""'  °^ "  -"  "f-  -"<• '?-.^ei3;;^us;r,t'ap^ei:a 

considered  medicinil,  being  Lhl'arom...  ^''^'^^^^^^  «"d  berries  were  formerTv 


and 


'4 


i 

If'         i||J 

V-!  ''4 
1^ 


}l, .  ...- 


Lnurus  carolinensis, 

THE  CAROLINA  LAUREL-TREE. 


Laurus  earolineniis, 

Laurier  de  la  Caroline, 

Carnlinischer  Lorberbaum,  Rolher  Lot- 

berbaum, 
Alloro  (li  Carolina, 
Carolina  Laurol-trw,  Red  Bay-tree,  Broad- 

leavful  Carolina  Bay-tree, 
Carolina  Laurel-tree,  lied  Bay-tree, 


Catesdy,  Natural  History  of  C 
MuMUiTx,  North  Ameriran  Sylva. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 
France. 

Germanv, 

Italy. 

Britain. 

United  States. 


Carolina. 


.an^S!'"f:fl«"r.tf  ■a^il'r^^'nlfl^iTlS""''""'  •"•  ''■•  '^"^"»-'  ''""'•  American  Sy.v.,  p,.  82,  Loudon,  Ar.x.r..um  B,|. 
''^^^^Il^'^.^-^,,!t;r^'  '^"""'^"''  ^'^''y  «'~  ^--"'-    rio-»  in  pedun. 


Descrijuion. 

HE  Carolina  Laurel,  al- 
thougli  it  .sometimes  at- 
tains a  lieightof  sixty  or 
-,~^..- .    -    -     seventy  feet,  in  its  natu- 
ral habitat,  with  a  trunk  fifteen  or  twenty  inches 
in  diameter,  rarely  exhibits  a  regular  form  •  its 
stem  generally  being  crooked,  and  divided 'into 
several  tfuck  limbs,  eight,  ten,  or  twelve  feet 
above  the  ground.     Upon  the  trunks  of  old  trees, 
the  bark  is  thick,  and  deeply  furrowed ;  but  on 
young  stocks  and  branches,  it  is  smooth,  and  of 
a  beautiful  green  colour.     The  leaves  are  about 
SIX  inches  long,  alternate,  oval-acuminate,  glau- 
cous on  the  lower  surface,  and  everijicen.     The 
male  flowers  come  out  in  April  or  May  in  Ion'' 
clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  and  the 
iemale  flowers  occur  in  loose  bunches,  on  rather 
long,  red  peduncles.     The  berries,  which  are  of  an  oval  form,  and  of  a  rich  dark- 
^iZ.  "^  red  cnps,  and  occur  two,  and  sometimes  three  together.        ' 
Vaneiies      Michaux  states  that  this  tree  differs  exceedingly  in  its  character 
nrT^T^"  '}''  ^^^V"'^."  "^  ^^hich  it  grows.     Luurus  ioS^,  of  Lm  [s 
probably  the  form  which  it  assumes  in  the  southern  states;  a  d  £  m  S  S/? 
the  one  m  which  it  appears  in  the  more  northern  states.  '  The  t^irS  lb  bwiS 
liMn'lsir-^'  '^  ^'  '"""^'^  "^^•^^^'^'  ^"  °f  ^^hich  were  in!roduced  int  Brh? 
glaimis""  '''''^'  ^"'''^'-     ^^«*'-«''^-^^«'^^^  Carolina  Laurel,  with  leaves  slightly 
puLcent  CeT"'  ''""'•     ^"^--^'-^--'^  OaroUna  Laurel,  having  slightly 
obLa   '•  °''"'''  ^"''^'     ^^'"^^-^^«^'^^  (^^rolina  Laurel,  with  the  leaves  ovate- 


CAROLINA   LAUHEL-TnEE. 

Virginia,  ar.cf  i/io„ncJ  Ire  o/loss'"j;;l!'T''''f  ''\  '"d'g^no.u.  to  tl.c  lower  part  of 
of  the  Carolina.,  f^eorg  a  fiVS  T'T^  ""'""8''o"t  '!'«>  n.ariti  noXtr  £ 
swamps  which  ititorsrr  tl.„  •  V"'"^  "*  i-otiisiatiu.  It  occurs  in  .l.n  .  ? 
t'T-io.  (^yssa  biZ^y^  J^°„,^tA"«»^and   is   thoro'  aSatei  w  th 'the 

»'",  oy  Miller,  m  I7,i[)^     ],,  i.'-„„„,.   „/  "'.'^'»r<»iina.       It  was  cii  t  vated  in  Urir 

and  of  a  beautiful  roso-colo  ,r   with  a  Vnlf  ^""''"'^  c^rolinonsis  is  very  strong 
a  brdhant  polish,  having  tl  e  a^araucc  •^f'Tf^'^S^'^'^"''  ^^"^'  '«  ^usccpt  bR 

n  sh.p-bu.khng,  and  for  oth?r  puroose.  of  n  l''^"  •  *'  '"'s''^  ^'^^  be  employed 
tes  01  strength  and  durabilit^j^b  f  •  ^run  'f '"'''T'  ?^  '^  ""'^^^  ''««  Proper- 
cient  dimensions  to  render  it  ivnilnhu  f      \   °-'''  ''^'"'^'y  ^ound,  of  late  of  siiffi 


,i  n 


Laurus  sassafras, 

Laurier  sassafras,  Laurier  des  Iroquois, 

Sassafras-Lorberbaum, 

Sassofrasso, 

Sassafras-tree,  Saxifax-tree, 


Laurus  sassafras, 
THE  SASSAFRAS-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


I  LiNN«tT3,  Species  Plantarum. 
J  MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva. 
(  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo- America. 


XA^I^,  tiJeli^rj^S^I'^-KJl^'S^'jS^^^^SPX^^won^  ^^^,0.  ,a.ifra.,  which  Is  ,pp„ed  to  a 
V^^:^'&^t^i^^.:^^:^^:iA^^  ^'^^^^^-S!^-  ^-^  ^^Ou^on,  Birds  of  America,  iii„ 

\fsameTd"'   B^TySeTbraShS'  21^""'^  ^°'\''''''r  T'  ^"""^  are  produced  from 
entire  or  with  "  TlnW     v      '''^^"°''^'''  ^"^^  ^^^  «nder  surface  of  the  leaves,  pubescent.    Leaves 

racemes     Anth;^  wSt  4  uneaual^celTs  "'?n  Tf  "7^'^«'  ''^'-    ?i°*"^  ^"  '°'y^^°''  conglomerate 
Hke  bodies,  hke'^^e'cf  tleTa^rL^lrs.-^^^^^^^^^^^  '^'^^"'^^^''^  ''  "^«  P'«"''  -^  '  ^^-'l- 

Description. 

"  If  Fever'3  fervid  ra?e 
If  r*!"^  i"  '■i?  '»i'i"g  veina,  with  care  they  "*♦♦** 
*****  "Freely  11  rg'd 
The  cool  aperient  from  the  fragrant  bark 
Of  Sassafraij  ;"****♦ 
*****  "  To  supply 

The  place  of  faiiiM  Cinchona,  whose  rough  brow 
rtow  ruddy,  and  anon  with  paleness  mark'd, 
Urinks  in  its  native  bed,  the  genial  gales 
Of  mountainous  Peru," 

Thaits  op  the  Abokioinbs, 

HE  Laurus  sassafras,  in  fa- 
vourable situations,  some- 
^         times  attains  a  height  of  fifty 
^      ^  ^.^^^^  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  trunk 
irom  one  to  two  leet  in  diameter ;  but  ordinarily  it 
does  not  much  exceed  one  half  of  these  dimensions, 
1  he  bark  of  the  trunk  is  of  a  grayish  colour,  and  is 
deeply  furrowed;  and  that  of  the  young  branches  is 
smooth,  and  of  a  beautiful  reddish-green.     On  cut- 
tmgmto  the  cortex  or  true  bark,  it  exhibits  a  dark, 
dull-red,  much  resembling  the  colour  of  the  Peru- 
vian bark.    The  trees,  when  old,  often  give  birth  to 
numerous  suckers,  that  spring  up  at  little  distances 
trom  their  trunks,  which  rarely  rise  higher  than  six 
or  eight  feet.     The  leaves  of  the  sassafras  are  four 
or  five  inches  in  length,  alternate  and  petiolated. 
At  their  iinfolding,  in  spring,  they  are  downy,  and 
ot  a  tender  texture;  but  become  smoother,  anrl 
more  firm  by  age.     They  are  remarkable  for  t 

,,    --  I.-.-.  !-„.„  tne  same  loxm,  with  u  lobe  on  one  side;  and  the  last,  and 


variety  of  their  forms  on  the 


;h  Is  applied  to  a 
of  America,  iii., 

reduced  from 

ent.    Leaves 

conglomerate 

are  6  gland- 


s  on  the 
>val  and 
lastj  and 


SASSAFRAS-TREE. 

&  Yor,^  ";"i^';  '-  the  last  of  March   'butTnt^.?^  ^."^''""''^  ^"d  Geor! 

Sgtg'to  rsL^T"^'-  ^"^  thewl?e  or  smooth  fcind^'h'^ '^ ''^^"^■fi^« 

feet  m  height.     I.i  the  neigiu,m  r  ood  oVk       ^^LPP';^^'-^^"^^.  "ot  exceeding  tweX 
t  grows  to  a  height  of  forty  o    fifty  feef^';;;  \T^'  ^^^  l^'^iladelphia,  L  'ever^ 

bark,  wood,  and  leaves,  is  reX/d  "^  nTr^  "'^''  ''"^  '^e  properties  of  its 

attention'rfV"  ''  '''  ^^^^^'^^  of^rNorth  Zenf  "?'*^^  ^^  ^^  "pP-- 
uses  Gprnr^  '^r'""'-  i^fon^^rdez,  in  1540  a  d  nftn.  h  "  ^^?'''  ^°  '^"ract  the 
uses.     Gerard  caUs  it  the  "ague-tree  "  nn/  '        .    "^'^  ^nn  Chisius,  treat  of  its 

historical  raSe.i„"„'„?„a'i'';X,^nf^^ 

-.  fcc.  ■|.*ei.i,,,  ;l;';f  xr,/  ^ro^irdh'*!.^^^  ■' « s^™.  -hid, ,.  rony. 

branches  of  thirfw.f^.,..  <u„.      rn,,      '^l'^ '"  ammeter,  and  nn  ..i.Yi>.;f„„ J^, 


of 


thirty-four  feet.     Tl 


lerc  IS  another  t; 


63 


'  Bigelow,  Medical  Botany, 


p.  Ml 


.-_     .  ,,  ,,  ;imbitusor  spread 
^^  ai  Cobham  Hall,  in  Kent, 


■    s 


ft , 


418 


LAURUS    SASSAFRAS. 


Wl 


fn 


-fr' 


which,  in  thirty  years  after  planting,  had  attained  the  heieht  of  fiftv  feet   with  a 

trunk  eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  ^  ^        '     ""  ^ 

In  France,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Nantes,  there  is  a  sassafras  which    in 

^0^/,  Propagation    ^c.      The  Laurus  sassafras  AviU  grow  in  anv  free  soil 
a  her  mo.st  than  dry,  and  is  generally  propagated  fromleeds,  whicL  ouM  be 
sown  or  put  nito  a  rot-heap,  as  soon  as  received,  as  they  remain  a  year  and 
sometmies  tvvo  or  three  years,  in  the  ground,  befo^  they  vegeUar    The  sassa 
o  d  ZJ     %^'  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  roots,  or  by  suckers  thrown  up  bv 

"efed  .;^ It, '''''""T ''^'''' 'H 'r '' '^ ^^ ^^^^^y p'^"^^^, should loVl 

tered,  and,  in  the  northern  parts  of  Britain,  as  well  as  in  Canada  in  order  to 
m^ire  fine  foliage,  it  should  be  planted  against  a  wall.  ' 

_  Jnsecis.  The  Laurus  sassafras  is  inhabited  by  the  larvaj  of  various  stierip^!  nf 
ZTnfTZ^  which  are  those  of  the  black  swaIlow-tailLt;cr7y,  /4S  7,"^^ 
nem,  of  Smith  and  Abbot,  and  of  the  {Adacm  promct/iea,  of  Harris.)  The  lat- 
ter  usually  come  to  their  full  size  by  the  beginning  of  September  when  thov 

KZlJ"?  ZtVr  T""^  '^"4^'  ^"^  ^^^"^^-'f  oTSnhich'indiTmeer' 
Ihe  body  of  this  caterpillar  is  very  plump,  and  but  slightly  contracted  on  the 

back  between  the  rings.     It  is  of  a  clear,  aid  pale  bluish-'green  co  our    the  held 

nls    L'f  '^'  '^''  "'"  ^'"'^^^'  '^'"'^  ^"-^  ^-^bout  eigh?  warts  on  ea  h  5    he 

rings;  the  two  uppermost  warts  on  the  top  of  the  second  and  third  rhias  are 

almost  cylindrical,  much  longer  than  the  rest,  and  of  a  rich,  co  al-ied    all  ?he 

rest  of  the  warts  are  very  small,  and  of  a  deep-blue  colour.     Befoi^  enter'iiit  into 

to  sSveVol'':'  ""  "T^!^""'  instinctively  fastens  to  the  branch,  the  iS  tat 

ho?  f        1    .     ^^''^'  ^^  '^'  ^°^"°"'  '^  t^^^^it  shall  not  fall  off  in  autumn   and 

wit  Lfwh i'f  r'  'P'"  "^"/'^  "PP*^"^  ''''^'>  ^^"d^»S  "^^'^  th«  edges  to  form  a  hollow, 
within  which  lies  concealed  its  cocoon.     These  brown  and  curled  leaves  may  be 

fer    aVSerT^'on^^TJ'"  T'  ^'T^  "'"^^^'  ^^'^^  ^'^  theT^st  of^th 
10  la^e  nas  lallen.     If  one  of  these  leaves  be  examined,  it  will  be  found  to  be 

retained  by  a  quantity  of  silken  thread,  which  is  wound  round  the  tw  .to  the 

dis  ance  of  hal   an  inch  or  more  on  each  side  of  the  leaf-stalk   and   s  tScl  ca  ! 

di  ofZleT  '   Tr.'  '"  T'l'e  ''  r  '''''  ^°'^«°"'  ^'-^  ^«  wrapped  up  byXe 
smes  01  tlie  leaf.      The  cocoon  itself  is  about  an  inch  long,  of  a  regular  oval  shane 

and  consists  of  two  coats.  So  strong  is  the  coating  of  silk  tlfat  surrounds  the 
ttlTcZn"'''Tf  ''''  ''''T  ''''''  '^'  ^^^^"'^hes^,  that  it  canno  Te  eve  ed 
w  u  .  I  ?"'''''%^°.''''''  ^"^  consequently,  the  chrysalis  swings  securely 
within  Its  leaf-covered  hammock,  through  all  the  storms  of  winter."  The  sas 
satras,  as  wel  as  the  balsam  poplar,  the  elm,  the  dogwood,  ad  the  leaves  of 
clover  and  of  Indian  corn,  are  fed  upon  by  the'lo  caterpillar  '(Satu    ia  ioT 

wl^/7"  /?  "i"^  ^r-  •  ^^'^  ^^"'^'^  «f  ^'^^  Laurus  sassafras,  in  young  trees  is 
wliite  and  tender;  but  m  those  which  exceed  fifteen  or  eighteen  iLl  es  in  dian 
eter,  1  IS  of  a  reddish  cast,  and  of  a  more  compact  grain.  ^  fs  norhoweve  i  a" 
the  latter  respect,  to  be  compared  with  the  oik,  as  a  piece  of  con  ido mble  ^i"e 
may  be  broken  with  a  slight  effort.  Consequently,  the  sassafras  is  of  litUe  va lue 
as  a    nnber-tree,  where  strength  is  the  object  in  view.     Experience  lasshc^vn 

ofl  nV^'I'-f'^PP^i -"^^'^  ^""'^'^  '''''''''  ^°^  ^  considerable  perfodteproS 
1   t.Z\       I' '"  '"  ^'^'f  f'^"""'  employed  for  the  posts  and    ails  of  n  raffences 
It  IS  also  sometimes  used  for  joists  and  rafters  in  thJ  construction  of  houses    and 

*  See  Harris'  Report,  pp.  280  et  281. 


feet,  with  a 

,  which,  in 
feet,  with  a 

y  free  soil, 
1  should  be 
I  year,  and 
The  sassa- 
own  up  by 
lid  be  shel- 
iu  order  to 

species  of 
■*ajnlio  ilio- 
The  lat- 
when  they 
1  diameter, 
ted  on  the 

the  head, 
ach  if  the 

rings  are 
;d ;  all  the 
tering  into 
e  leaf  that 
tnmn,  and 
,  a  hollow, 
cs  may  be 
rest  of  the 
»und  to  be 
wig  to  the 
lience  ear- 
up  by  the 
val  shape, 
ounds  the 
e  severed 

securely 
The  sas- 
leavcs  of 
io.) 
?  trees,  is 

in  diam- 
wever,  in 
rable  size 
ttle  value 
IS  shown, 
i  progress 
al  fences, 
ses;  and 
ted  to  its 
c. ;  but  a 
y  devoid 


But  for  these 


SASSAFRAS-TEEE. 


419 


occasionally  emp^oyfd  't I'e  Zd  ifn/'"  ''?  'f  "°^  "^  ^^^^itual  use,  being  only 
contams  a  considerable  no  ion  of  nt  P  ^'"'"^  ^'*"^'"  ^^'  ^"^1 ;  and  the  bS 
chesnnt.  The  wood  imp'arts'o  wooraTer^SlT ''^  '"^""^^'  ^''^  ^^a^  «  '  he 
Medicnially,  the  wood  barlr  inH  rl,  .     7u"^^'^'^  orange-colour. 

cellent  stinl^Iant  and  s'uao   ]ie  and^m?  be'^  ^'f^'^  '^'^  ^'^"^'^ered  to  be  an 
I  medica.  nnrl  i.,  *i .  '  '^"^  ^^ay  be  advantae-ennshr  nn.T,i 1  :„  .. 


,„j,j  lu^;  wooa,  Darlf  ai 


•  ,:    "'"Ill-  auu  suaoruic,  ai 

a  meaica,  and  in  the  veterinarv  nrf     'K^,      "-s'^wnaiy  umpioycu  m  mate- 

thecureof  various  complaints  Sir  inrl^u'^^"'''  formerly  much  celebrated  in 
wS^'r''  ^"^'  by  "^^'l-'"  FaS^^^^  clropsy,  and  eutaneo 

warm  simulant  and  diaphoretic     S';'r^'''pT'P^'°S"^^«^  as  forming  a 
acnmomous,  depending  SnT resin  and  ZZ    ''  '''^''^'^  ^^^^'-^'^^  «nd  somewhat 
which  are  peculiar  to  this  vegetable  to  r''"''^'  ^'^^  ^''''  ^^e  smell  and  tlste 
and  comparatively  more  so  irtKri- of  th^"''  ''""'^'^  ^"  ^^e  young  branches 
chips    sold  by  d/uggists,  is  w  11  tiwf/arrt^mef 'f^^ 
liie  bark  and  pith  of  the  young  twi-s  7^  Zu       ..^'^^  ^?'  scorbutic  affections, 
a  pure  mucilaginous  princfple  res  mbl  l^ftl  a   of  th  'hT'^'^  ^'"^'^^'  '-^^ouud  with 
Mncilage  of  sassafras  pith  is  pecul  arfv  m  i^i     '^*^'''/''"' ^^^"'entus  (ochra.) 
used  with  much  benefit  in  dyseEvnnL?/     i''"'^    ubricatory,  and  has  been 
t<«  inflammatory  stages  of  oKSa^''^^.';'''^""  1'  "^['^  Particularly  as  a  lo  ion  in 
quantity  of  essential  oil  is  ex tractod   wi.  •  ]  '''"?  ^''?  ^^'^'  «f  the  roots  the  g  ea  es 
•said  deposits  very  beau  m^^  ry  ti      T  ^  f''  long  exposure  to  the  cold'T S 
weak  aromatic  odour,  when  fS  tl;  ,  ^T"""  "^  ^his  tree,  which  have  n 

purifying  the  blood;  'a^^S  for  tit  IZnT'^^r"^  "^  ^^""^^^'"c  and  efficaci^.L  in 
infusion  of  them  is  d;unloWtifltrsu^^^^^^^  ""  fortnight  in  the  sp^^an 

the  leaves  are  used  to  thicken  nott-ilp  ^  i'  ^^e  manner  of  tea.  lu  Louisfana 
an  agreeable  beverage  is  formeCtrthe 'af^^^^^^^^^^  P^^^r^  "^^  United^  ,' 
of  the  roots,  usually  known  by  the  "me  nf  <=  R    !  T""?  ''^«°t«'  ^^^  of  the  bark 

t-nuch  1  quest  by  perfumers,  who  conven^fpm  ,  /  ^'"'  '  ''^  ^^e  sassafras  are 
m  small  sachets;  but  what  kro  k,X„  h  .^  '"'°  P^^^^^'"'  ^^^ich  they  put  up 
^•as  nuts,"  are  the  frtut  of  the  Liir^KllS^etye';!"^^"^^  °^  ' '^^^ 


ii^ 


r 


4 


!,4J 


JI 


Laurus  camphora, 
THE  CAMPHOR-TREE. 


Laurus  camphora, 

Camphrier, 
Cainpherbanin, 
Albero  di  canfora, 
Camphor-tree,  Camphire-tree, 


WiLLDENow  Linnaei  Species  Plantarum. 
MICH4UX,  North  American  Sylva 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

rRAXCE. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


Description. 


k.  fS)  rf^f/^^^^  Laurus  camphora  is  a  lofty 
r^    irB  !:^^''g'"<^2»    tree,   growing   to   a 
>  ^_iJ    (S  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with 


eter  ThrT^,:f  i '^^  ''^  *^""'^  "^""^  proportionate  diam- 
smooth  ThP  1  ^  '"■^"'''''  ^^■'^  °^  ^  yellowish-green,  and 
bre  of  a  briJ^r'  ^'' °^"''  ^^""'^"^te,  attentate  at  the, 
bene'ath  with  fpti^r'^f '°''"'''  '^'"^"^  ''^b'^^'^'  ^^'^  P^'er' 
ha^f  h/lenl  L  ^'*^K'/'"'  ''"\'"f'^  '"^  ^'^  ^"^^  and  a 
yellolK.,  -  ^cS7  f  iou^ld^^^S:^^  t 
sohtat^^r  «^-  ^'  ^  ^'-^^  -'--,  each'ctt^Sn'g  a 

^:r^a:^:z  wuf caXiforT''Bth[r.!;n'^'  ''f^  t^  ^^^^-^  ^^  ^'-e 

state  thatAiitius  speak  of  it     but  Thn.P  w'  '^"^.^^^''^l  subsequent  writers, 

his.writings;  and  Jthers  have  been  rquallv  nrr^  '  '?  f  "'^  ?^  "'^''^^  <^^  ^'  "^ 
Avicenna  and  Serapiou  sneak  of  ithflun'^^^  '"  ^^^"^  search  of  it. 
cites  Dioscorides.  Simeon^Seth  Vho  UvldtL'fuu'  ''"^''"'^  ''^"^  erroneously 
his  description  is  considered  tth  by  Vo^.teIstd,vSn^"'^  ^"^ 

record."  This  tree,  Michaux  remark.  nn^lL.  -  -^k  P/''"^^'  ^"^  ^^  ^^e  earliest 
United  States,  and  should  e^pecW^S'^P^/^^^f,^  ngh  degree  of  interest  for  the 
Florida,  the  lower  parts  of  S  c;;o.tnaf  fnd  of  fT'""''  "^  ?'  inhabitants  of 

co£:Trs;:;^y^reS  jr!ti^^X^^        ^^^^^  ^^  «^  ^  -'^^^^^^ 

maktng  trunks  and  bL^s,  that  arf  iS^lrbe^l^^^^^^ 


CAMPHOR-TREE. 


42i 


at  language, 
and  the  figures 

is.    Panicles 


to  have 

writers, 

of  it  in 

■h  of  it. 

neously 

it;  and 

earliest 

for  the 

ants  of 

ication, 

light  be 

whitish 
yod  for 
worms. 


S^'LSfhlgh^i^egr'erbu^  ^he  smell  and  taste  of 

so  useful  in  medicine  Ts 'obta''/ ^^^^^ 

method  of  extracting  ciUhornSh.'"''^'"^  to  Kaempfer  and  Thunberg!  th^ 
«otha,  in  Japan,  is  m  chop  ^^^fhe  rooNTn'!'''  "^  ^.""f"'"^  ^"^  ^^e  islands  of 
water  in  an  iron  vessel,  with'an  earthen  hf  T""^  ^^- ''''  ''"'''  ^"^  '^«i'  ^''^m  in 
adapted  to  it,  on  which  the  camnhor  .Zi    '''^'  contammg  a  quantity  of  straw 
practised  in  China,  from  tt  sSnt^of  ^'A."^'n '^^  «"'   '^'^  '"^^'^od 

l^avies,  appears  to  be  somevvhl?  d.Tfe^ent  The  .h  '  ^\T''  pentrecolles,  and 
water  and  afterwards  boiled  int  Ihe  ^'nrJh  .  "P^"^  branches  are  steeped  in 
spatula  used  in  stirring.  Theirquid^s  the^^s  r  'f '"'  '? ^'^^'"'^  ""  "^^  ^^'^k  or 
phor  concretes.  Alternate  laySs  of  drv  earTh  "fi  '  T ^  ^J^  f '^"^ing,  the  cam- 
camphor,  are  then  placed  in  rcopper  bLfn  n  w^  ^/  powdered,  and  of  this 
luted   and  by  this  means  snblimatEs  eSd  '  """'^"'^  ^""^"^^^  °"«  ^^ 

or  ^«~;A^^^^^^^^^^  namely,  the  B.., 

former  is  brought  from  Batavia  and  7,  IS  .  t,  "^["^'i"  ^'"'^'^  camphor.  The 
imported  in  tubs  covered  by  mating  and  each  ^'  '^'  "^'f^'  °^  ^^P^"-  ^^  is 
secured  on  the  outside  by  ll^  o    f^fs^Vcane      F^^-V"^^^^^  ^"b, 

hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  If  .An  ?^f^^/"b  contains  from  one 
which,  by  their  natural  adhesion  LCvarion.jrf''^'  ""^  Pmk-coloured  grains, 
ordmary  crude  camphor  in  having  ^rgerlrSn  In  T"'''  ^  ^'  ^''^'''  ^^'^  ^he 
hming  usually  at  a  lower  temperature^  Thin  Hi.'  '"I  ''•^^"^•■'  ^"^  i"  ^ub- 

from  Singapore,  Bombay,  J.     n  souar^  chelr     r'^  ^ 

tam.ng  from  one  hundred  and  forty  to  one  Sr'n  T^'  ''"^  ^"^''  ^""^  '^^- 
chiefly  produced  in  the  island  of  P^rmo "  -^nd  L  h^"'^  u'^l'^'^  P°""ds.  It  is 
J""'^.«'»  very  large  quantities  to  CantoniL^^^^^  by  the  Chin-Chew 

consists  of  dirty  grayish  grains  wl  rh  ^rl         n      ^^t'^"  "^^^kets  are  supplied.     It 

Its  quality  variLLbdng^retimettandTm^  '^T  '^''''  «f  Dutch  camphor 
as  the  Dutch  kind.  "»etimes  wet  and  impure,  but  occasionally  it  is  as  fine 

ba;^ip:zfs;ra^Sg:re^^^^^^^      ^^  ^^r  ^-"^ «-  ^^yo- 

camp^ior  or  camphor  oil  if  obtained  by^a  in  "rnn^''"^-^""^'"-  '^'^^  1^^"*^ 
which  the  liquid  oozes  out,  and  is  received  fnhnl.tP  '"'^''u"'  ^"  ^'^«  ^^««'  ^^om 
sils.  It  is  occasionally  imported  inTnTn If  ^'^'^^^^S'  °'  other  convenient  uten- 
fectly  limpid,  transparenXid  but  LT  ','.^"f  sometimes  consists  of  a  per- 
yellow  or  brown.  ts  odour  is  some.S  1^"^  ''  ''  '""''^  ""'  '«««  tinged  with 
combined  with  the  odoS  camZr  1  ^"^'''^'^^^  '^  t^^t  of  the  oil  of  cajnputi 
phor,  called  by  the  nZlf^XbJn'fs  t^TnT  fT^"  ''  ^"-'^  ^^ 
of  the  wood,  and  occurs  in  small  wht'te  trnnln  r  '^f  "^^"'•^'  fi^^^res  or  crevices 
camphoraceous  odour,  and  a  hot  taste  '  l  '^"'P^'^^f  fragments  of  crystals,  of  a 

but^  from  its  exorbitant  pdce^  i   ra  elv  Ante  s  nt'^  ^       '^^''""'^  ^^  ''^'  ^^'""^^^^ 

Camphor  is  also  found  in  numerof        I  ^^^^'y/oreign  commerce.* 

thyme,  lavender,  &c.     The  quuTiUtv   hnvlo''  ''^T^^^V  P^^Ppermint,  rose-mary, 
yield  a  commercial  supply     ^        ''^'  ^'°'^'^"''  '^^'  produced,  is  too  small  fo 

*  See  Pereira's  Materia  Medica,  ii,,  pp.  343,  244  et  653, 


F  f 


Genus  NYSSA,  Linn. 


'  I 


Santalaceao. 

i^i/il.  Nat. 


Polygamia  DicEcia. 
Si/al.  Lin, 


'^^:^^ n^s^  Irr fcri^'l;^^^'"--.  ->-  »  w«..  „,.,.„  or  .,.  n...,  w,.  .......  Bacchus ;  ^ca„. 

Generic  Characters.     Flowars  l.i^pvnni  „«  i  ™  i 
Calyx  of  bisexual  now'^ccilnrrlm"  hTo^lrl  'n  hs  i""'^  "P™  distinct  plants,  and  without  petals, 
mens  0.     Ovary  ovate,  containing  1  pern  ufourovn  p  nn         '  ^"'''  ''^^'"^'  '^ ''"''  ^-parted  limb      Sta 
curved  inwards.     Stigma  acute      Fruit  a  rounnkf'  .      '"  '"^r"  '"^^ances,  2.     Style  simple,  revolute 

1  «^,'n      ^.?o>''^''""''^"''  a  superior  rfuiicle      Ca  Ivv  n/^f.i  ^  "°"''/'^"'^  ^'"'  ^^  embryo  that  has 
5,  8, 10  and  12 ;  surrounding  a  shield-shaned  o-liml  ^  r  '"^  '^'''''"'  ^-P^irteJ,  spreading.    Stamens 

peduncled,  of  1  flo.ver,  or  severa    a  Wat  l^owers  ^TT^'T""''.'  '''''''■     Inflorescence  axuTary 
Irosty  appearance.-Z««rf<,^,  Arbore^ult!^  ''■    ^'""  '^"^  ""'  black.sh-purple,  suflused  with  ^a 

namely,  Ny  sa  biflo  a'  c^nr hnnl       T'  ^'  v'-'^^'^'  ^^ree  species 
tcr  being  so  ,  ear  vaHied    St  wp'i''"'^  grandiacutata,  the  tio  lat- 
„      ,  ing  to  tlfe  same  sp^ecles    '  '''  ^'"^'  '^'"^^^^^^^  ^^^"^  ^«  ^elong- 

genera'S;;L\ra„fD;[L°'hrfleToV"v  ^"^"^^^^^  ^^^^ng  the 

mezerct^m,    a  wcll-Iaiolvn 's  n.fmu  h  v^S  ^'"  r^^^^''"'  (^^P^ne 

for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers  and  it'sZk  I  ^  ^  '•'*'"'  ^"'^  shrubberies,  both 
ers  in  early  spring,  before  th^  Ive^  when  rfsTo'.m-f'fr''^^'^  fragrant'flow- 
per,  its  branches  are,  '  '  ^^  '^  beautiiully  expressed  by  Cow- 

"  Jvu!"}\  '"■?""'''  '^<'"  ""''■ed,  and  thick  beset 
VV  ,11.  blu.lmig  wreath.,  iavesthig  evoly  spray." 

^^^^S'r^::  ^ri^t^:^  ^^^T'-')  --times  also  called 
extreme  toughness  of  its  inner  baJkwht^hic  ^^°''8'^'/i"d  is  noted  for  the 
could  not  break,  by  puUin  "  a  strii  n'n^nM  ■  '!',  f '^"^  ^^'^^  the  stoutest  mati 
The  wood,  whek  dopr  ved^o  the  K  is  rel!;  '7^1'!'  '"'V'"  ^'""^  ^''^  '"'^^i"  ^^em. 
with  the  slightest  effort,     d:^':^:^^!;^^:^^:^^  iS  ''''''''' 


a 


1  t 


both 


Ni/ssa  bijlora, 
THE  TWIN-FLOWERED  NYSSA. 

Si/noni/mes, 

j  Li.v.v^.us,  Species  Plantarum. 
(  MicHAux,  North  American  Svlva 

XjOirnnv     Arl^.^..,.> r.     .  y 


^ijssa  aquatka, 

Nyssa  biflara, 

'£'','"^'','..'''"'"•6,  Tupelo  aquatique, 

^wei  )lumi<rer  Tupelubaum, 

Tupelo  buloto, 

Tupelo-tree, 


Tupelo-tree' Gum-tree,  Yellow  Gum-tree   1 
!^^::^^:;^  ^:^f '-«'  f  W--    A.a.o.AMBK:c.. 


Lo.;don,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

1  RANCE. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain. 


idge-tree.  Wild  Pear-tree, 


ametcr. 


Deso'iption. 

W|HE  Nyssa  biflora,  in  an  uncul- 

n\\B  r^"'^'^  '^'''-^'  "«'dom  rises  above 

E4sS  fe!^^  °'  ^^'^^  ^"•^^'  ^^it'i  a  trunk 
^^  fifteen  or  twenty  inches  in  di- 

me   nrs     two   years  are  commonly  simple    anrl 
widely  divergent  from  the  branches^    St  run 
while  It  IS  less  than  ten  inches  in  diameter  has 
nothing  remarkable  in  its  appearance  bm  on 'fn 
grown  and  vigorous  stocks  \he  ba  k  i      nek  a  d' 
deeply  fm-rowed,  which,  unlike  that  of  most  other 

^;'::^''^::r^^^^^  ^'-^  -"ret';.'': 

very  rcgnlai.      Ihe  leaves  are  about  three  inrbe^! 

long    ovate-oblong,   entire,  slightly  ^Ki  s     e 

nea  h,  alternate,  and  are  ofte,i%nifted  in  bm  ches" 

at  the  extremities  of  the  youno-  shoots      Ti.l  a 

May,  are  small,  and  scarc^el^  apparett-  bm  UieTn'f'  '"  ^- '  ^P"*  ^^^'^  "^  April  or 

and  attached  in  pairs  on  pedinicle.  o,;,  o    two  in "l  '  '^''f ''  '«  "su^-^lly  abundant, 

of  a  pea,  of  a  deep-blue  colour,  a^hiLror'^'^  "/  ^^S/J^'  is  about  the  size 

and,  remaining  upon  the  trees  af?Gr  f  ,V  f?n^  ornamental.     It  is  ripe  in  October 

of  the  food  of  tiie  American  SbtsfTnrdu",;^  "^  ?'^-  ^'^ ^'  ''  ^^^^««  ^^^  a  par 

tions  to  the  south.     The  stone  of  the  i^V^ZZ^     ""''''f'^  '"  '^'''''  ^^"""^^  ^igra- 

vex  on  the  other,  and  longitudmVli;  striated    "^'''''^  ''^  °"'  '^'^  slightly  c^on- 

Michau.,   Tupelo  a.s  terrains  sees;  T.^el/den.ont^e;'oft^^^Sjl 


6   • 


424 


NVSSA    BIFLORA, 


w 

w 

i  W 

\'\\ 

'm1 

1-; 

tt 

P,'     '! 


firr' 


17 


Maryland,  Vjrg.ma,  and  of  the  western  states 

where  .t  grov^^s  on  high  and  level  ground   asso    ^^^t^ 

mmnrr''t'^^^"^"^'""'«;  but'Luhe'lower" 
pans  of  Carolina  and  Georgia,  it  is  found  oniv 
m  moist  or  wet  places,  with  the  Magnolia  l^L^ 

tts   HohT  II  "r^'^  ^''i  ^^y-)  «o?doniat  ai 
wat'e^  oj,^' >^  t^')  ^»?  ">«  Quercus  aquatica 
r.Sl  -^     ^"  ^^^  '^"e'*  situations,  it  ex- 

HHn  \^'y^  r^^iarkable  singularity  of  vege- 
fe  i  heSh^'''''>"  ^^''""'^  eighteen  or  twe.?ty 
inplie       !i  ^'  '''''^  '^  diameter  of  seven  or  eight 

nches,  a  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  on  v 
two  or  three  inches  at  a  foo?  above  but  to 
proportions  vary  in  different  individuals  This 
tree  appears  to  differ  but  a  very  little  from  the 
species,  except  in  its  greater  heigh  and  b  he 
^nrin?  f  '''\r>otrlles  of  the' leaves  "it 
truit  IS  of  about  the  same  shape,  size   and  col  \^ 

s^i^S^i^cCfln^taln^'Si^  toS'^^  ^^^^^  -od  is  of  the 

grownig  u,on  dry  and  elevated  laid? i^  vcTlow  n^lT  "^'"^  ^^""'"  °^  '^^'^ 
ered  by  wheehvrights  as  a  proof  olTe  si  peSr  mAl?  I  'If  '"'""^'  ^^'"^  •^°"«id. 
given  rise  to  the  name  of  <' yellow  cL "  w^^^^  ^^-^'^^^  '^«"'^'  ^'^^^  probably 

c.es.  Throughout  the  greal  pirf 7'vi mini  \^,  ^^'"'^^'"/^.^  ^PPlied  to  the  spe- 
naves  of  coach  and  wag?n  wheefs  A  R  Smn,'^  n  T"^  ^'  employed  for  the 
It  IS  preferred  for  hatters'  blorlV;  fA  .n  ^^  "'''"d  Baltimore,  Philadelphia  &c 
In  the  southern  sta^es'it  ^  em^lojed^of  f^^WMi'rf  1  'f  ^'"'^  liablTto'split! 
nee  mills.  It  is  also  sometimes  chosen  hvih in,  w  7*''^''  '^^^^'^^^  the  cogs  of 
receive  the  topmasts.  ''"  ^^  shipwrights  for  the  caps  or  pieces  that 

Geo^raphij  and  History.  The  Nvssi  hiflnm  \.  ■ 
part  of  New  Hampshire,  ihere  the  Sai^rt.^^'"'/^.  ^PP'^^  i"  the  lower 
progressing  southward,  it  is  fo  U  mos  abnn  Lf  "^'''?  ^^  ^''"  '^^^^'^J  «nd,  in 
York,  Ne^v  Jersey,  and  PennsylvaS  biU^n  V^  ^"^  '^^'  ?'^^'''>^  P^^'«  ^^  ^ew 
sparingly  produced,  and,  as  ii/the  nonh  it  .Iw '^'""'  ^"'^  ^^'^^■^'>"^'  ''  '''  ^^ove 
watery  places.  '  "°""'  *'  ^^'^'^ys  occurs  in  moist  ground  or  in 

This  species  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  17Q0       a  ■ 
European  and  American  collections      The  hrl         '  ''!}'*,''  "°'  unfrequent  in 
the  Countess  of  Shaftesbury'    v  la  in  Richmond    1^7^^  'T  ^^  ^^"^e,  is  at 

sixty  yearTaftS  ^hnt g  S  ^arnoTthe^I^iiir^f^'^^^  T^'^"'  -^^^h'  - 
spreading  head,  and  braifc'hes  droop  "g  to  the  Snd  T  ^'1'  ^''?-  ^  ^^'d^" 
moist  SI  nation,  and  the  roots,  which  extend  o  .  S  Tr"  .  ^  ''  P'''"'^^  '"  ^  'o^v, 
able  suckers.  In  autumn,  the  eaTes  before  Lnf>  t^'u'"'^^  '^"^  "P  '"""^erl 
On  the  seat  of  Mr.  John  J.  A^r  ;,eaXd^^^^^^^  become  as  red  as  blood. 

t?  ^s^:^  ^-^  ---^  ^  ^S  S":ir  ti^^t^s^tis^i 

4Tf  ^^';tnd,  To1nSrth^t;:sSX^%T'^^^^'^^  '^^  -^«'  -^  ^y  cut. 
planted  in  moist  peat,  near  water  TsEL.n  '■''"'''  ^'  "."^'^^  ^'^^^^  to  be 
the  estate  of  the  Duke  of  Welling  a^Sl' t^ "J^^L  a^e^rSeTt:',  Z 


TWIN-FLOWERED  NYSSA. 

I  mis  genus  exhibit  a  constant  peculiirifu  «f  «  '•  °"  ^^^  contrary,  the  trees 

2^ZZ^^A'%  '"'='«v™'1?k    a  Lid  rc'cSiT"  t',  ""'  *""="  "''"8  ""'•'S 


to,  at 


i!iH;| 


Ni/sna  candicans, 
WHITISII-LEAVED  NYSSA. 

Synonymes. 


Nynsa  capitata, 

Nyua  candicans, 

Tupelo  blanchatrc,  Tup«lo  a  fruit  aigre, 

Weisshcher  Tupelobaum, 

Tupelo  bianchiccio, 

Ogechce  Lime-tree,  dkitain 

^"w  ,  Jr'P^'""""'^*''   Ogechee   Lime-tree,  )  „  1 

Wild  Lime-tree,  j  United  States. 


MicHAtTx,  North  American  Sylva. 

SMiciiAfx,  Flora  Boreali-Americana. 
WiLLiii.Nuw,  LirinuM  Species  Phntarum. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Britaiinicum. 
France. 
German  V. 
Italv. 
Britain. 


=o»[p„a:^'',;;'ri;;!fi=„:;^- ^l^^r-J^;^^  ^e,I-i;;  -^-,.0.^  white  ;  U.-..,  reference  .„  .he  .hl.ish 

ill  iicciiiiiit  of  the  mull?  (Iinvers 
nice  cuntuinod  in  the  fruit. 


colour  of  the  leaves  u/ihuir  u       rsi.rV  r,      TiJ  J  i;<  ">  .me  i.aun  ra«,/po,  to  Im  while;  hnvi 

being  grouped  i„  ll.tl!,'  he.^:L."''u' i'c.dled  .sj/  V  1  ^^^^^^^  '",",  "-''l '."' 

„  •"''"'"' ^""^"">  *>-■' 'f"i'i  tl"i  agreeable  acid  juicucuumiMOU  111  tile  Irult 

,^Engrav^ng».     ,„ohaux,  North  A.nericaa  S.lva,  pi.  ,,3;  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicu™,  111.,  fig,  ,,09,  and  the  figure. 


Description. 

i]^"^  HE  Nyssa  candicans,  in  its  natural  habitat,  rarely  ex- 
;     Y©1   J  coeds  thirty  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  seven  or  ei^ht 
(V^f^.    inches  in  diameter.     The  branches  of  the  male  trees 
~,-™-  /.-''" ,"-      ^^^  somewliat  compressed  about  their  trunks  and  tonrl 

owardsa  perpendicular  direction;  wliile  those  of  the  female  tree  dffuse  them 
selves  horizontally,  and  form  a  larger  and  rounder  summit.  The  leave,  arc  five 
whSsl/ Wath  'It'  «7''/-^'y  denticulated,  of  a  l.ght-greeu  Tabove  a.^ 
An  nr  M  \x  ^'f  •'"'''"  ^"'^'=''''  ^^'"^  8''0"P^^'^l  '"  I'"le  heads,  and  apncar  iu 
April  or  May.  The  bracteas  attending  the  female  flowers  are  short  the  calvx 
^mentose,  wall  its  lobes  short.     And  the  sexes  are  borne  by  senaran^  t  eJs^ 

ll^tl^of  a   hSft'rf  '{  '""^  ^''^'''f''^  ^'"^  '^  ^^'^"^  '"•  '"^'^  and  a  half  in 
uigth,   of  a   hght-red   colour,    and   of  an   oval   shape.      It   is   thick-skinned 

imensely  ocid,  and  contains  a  large,  oblong  stone,  deeply  channelled  on  both 

Ahtr^e    rnTnr    ^'-^^^^^f  f^"';^'-  ;^«y>«/«i«^m^,  of  the  Germans;    La4e 
.nTn         f'  Oh^-'^-trce,    f  the  Anglo-Americans.     This  variety,  for  liei-ht 

It  attlr  a  hd'fhf:/""''  rema.Kable  tree  of  the  genns.  In  favourab^  situidofs 
It  attains  a  height  of  seventy  or  eighty  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  eight  or  nine  fee 
at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  fifteen  or  twenty  inches  at  six  or  se'ven  1  .t  above 

fhZfeet      C'/''  ''''  '°"^'"^'^^  Tt^  "^  ^"  elevation  of  twen.y-flve  o^ 
nS  brL    bnt        ''  ""''  commonly  five  or  six  inches  long,  and  two  or  three 

sbns      Sv'  .rP  o/nr""^.  ""f  ^'^''^'."^  i^''^"^^  '^'^y  ^'^  ^^«"ble  of  these  dimen- 
sions.     1  hey  are  of  an  oval  shape,  and  garnished  with  two  or  three  lar-e  teeth 
which  are  irregularly  placed,  and  generally  only  on  one  side  of  the  leaf,  aslnotd 


m. 


CB  to  the  whitish 
tho  miiii'  llnwers 
)(1  iji  tlio  fruit. 

;  aiiJ  tho  figures 

I  at  the  hasp, 
'(know,  Linncii 


rarely  cx- 
n  or  eight 
trtalo  trees 
,  and  tend 
'use  them- 
es arc  five 
l)ove,  and 
apncar  in 
the  calyx 
ate  trees. 
a  half  in 
:-skinned, 
on  both 

I ;  Ni/ssa 
rand  Tti- 
i;  Large 
or  height 
itnations, 
nine  feet 
ot  above, 
y-five  or 
»  or  three 
e  dimen- 
ge  teeth, 
s  denoted 


WHiT/SH-LEAVED  NyssA. 


427 

l^h«n  dry;  and  as  hT  M  ''"'  ''S'"  '"^"^  '''-^rtl 
fibres,  it  k:sembk"the  o  er'^f  ?","  "^  ''^ 
§«"i's,  it  is  employed  for  ml  "'.  ^''"  '''''"i" 
fays.  The  roots  a^ealMf,^i""^\''°^'«  ""^ 
arc  used  by  fishermen  to  r"*""  ^''"^  ''S''^'  «'"' 
•nstead  of  cork      S  "^^  "^  ^''^'r  nets 

f^ii'er's  ''DrelarV'\;"the^n.'""'^-*  '" 

t'le  Mississippi,  whciVt hi  f  oi"''  "'habitants  of 

a.ul  is  theri^caliod  ;L'<*0     IS','/  fr''',  ^ 

chiefly  m  the  southern  parts  o,'  for  ■}\^T''^  K 


Michaiu,  North  American  Sylva. 


wi 


lit    ■  ,| 


.  I 


If      !, 


I 

'3 


•J 


Qenus   SHEPHERDIA,   JVutt. 


E\aingneve. 


Shcpherdia,  Ilippophae, 


Synonijmea, 


DiiBcia  Octandria. 
HyU.  Lin. 


Of  Authors. 


campanulate  calyx,  and  8  slan.ts.    Style  1     stiLm     ,Lh,  ^    k  ""**-'■■  ''''"'„"  ""'""'  '-c'*-'''.  snp.T.or 
bose,  invested  with 'the  fleshy  calyx. -ivLi/z/S^.  ^"b-capuale.    Berry  juicy,  1  seeded,  guJ.' 

pIE  trees  of  this  genus,  as  clmractcrised  by  Mr.  Nuttall  iro  smnll 
.  sp.ncscent  or  unarmed,  with  the  general  aspect  of  E  Sgnus      S 
eaves  are  entire,  opposite,  clothed  with  silvery  a  un"mi.i„os 

ncti'Us^'  '  nV"  P"'P^'  ^•^'^P'-"^-^.  '^f  a  scarlet  cXur  Tnf  ub! 
ud  taste.      Iherc  are  two  species  indigenous  to  North  America 

caK^d^n^IslTt    ^ds^SrS^^^ 
brilliant  scarlet  be  ries  of  a  ^wcoti    ^.   '    .  ''"^^'  "^  '"^  ""'  ''*g''^  ^'''^  ^^^^'^^^^ 
abounding  throughout  the  liritTsh  nn  '  ^''  ""Pleasant  taste,  and  principally 

west  coast  of  America  Possessions,  from  Newfoundland  to  the  north- 

common  throughmU  E.irone  IT^^  rhamno.des,    both  ofVhich  are 

called  in  the  softh  of  Son;  the  "Tree  of  p''  T'V,''"  ^^ ^^'^-     ^^^e  former, 
very  whiteness  of  its  fn Ii3  n    ?  ♦.      r         i^aradise,"  is  remarkable  for  the  sil- 

duck  in  great\b„  da^  'In'  the  montlf  oFm ''  "^  ^!-'  ^^'°^^°'"^'  ^^'''^'^  ^^^  P^o- 
erable  distance  a  ound  ^Ind  hence  i,  °  1  'T'  P^'"^"'"]"?  t»'«  ^ir  for  a  coniid- 
or  shrubbery.  When  cultivated  .f;  1^  f  "^.^  '"^''  ^'^'^''^^'^  ^"-^^  ^"^  a  lawn 
tlnrty  feet,  .^ith  a'E' iS  y  rvirlr;  '  i  T" r'Th^"" V'*^,  ^^'^''^  «^ 
Europe,  as  it  throws  up  suckers  freelv  from  tf  p  Lt  ^  i  ,  '''''  buckthorn,  in 
is  sometimes  formed  into  1  05^  and  won^v  iL.?  '  '^  '"^"'■''  ^'»*^  sea-breeze, 
but  ie^,  other  trees  orX  bs  will  ^row  if^  I  ^' '"  "^""'T  situations,  where 
tars,  who  make  a  je  ifo    prelervf  onhem^  n^^^  '"'^?  ^^  *f'«  'I'^^- 

Botlmia,  prepare  a  rob  or  ?-,m  Zn  ti  '  ?  '^,  ^^"^  fishermen  of  the  Gulf  of 
fresh  fisii ;  bm  in  some  Par  s  of  Frn^.l  "' 1 1'''^'  ','"^'1"^  ^  S'-^^^^^^  ^^^""r  to 
poisonous  Roi  sseai?  irFh  !  a  r/""'^^  and  Switzerland,  they  are  considered  as 
ous  story  of  irSn  '  n  .'^1  '''"'  ^"  Promeneur  Solitaire,"  relates  a  curi^ 
with  a  lo^  a?U  anis7wL  thoLrhe'sw  v"  "'  l^'  neighbourhood  of  Grenobl  , 
to  be  poisonous,  ASsTpolhe  of  reLZl  Rnn'''"^ ''''  ^"''  ^'"^^  '^«  '^^"^^'^d 
he  dared  not  presume  to'w    n'  h  m  ofhtda^geT"'"  ""^  "  '""'^^  '''^''''  ''''' 


■a. 

in. 


J,  curator  of  iha  I,|v- 
IlK  aucccas. 

('•■male.    Corolln, 

•l-clelt,  superior, 

cy,  1  seeded,  glo- 


ill. 


are  small, 


agniis.  The 
I  lernigiiioiis 
nir,  and  sub- 
rth  America, 
B  Shepherdia 
feet,  bearing 
J  principally 
to  the  north- 

,  (Elajagnus 
)f  which  are 
rhn  former, 
c  for  the  sil- 
lich  are  pro- 
for  a  consid- 
G  for  a  lawn 
he  height  of 
ickthorn,  in 
!  sea-breeze, 
tions,  where 
by  the  Tar- 
the  Gulf  of 
1  flavour  to 
msidered  as 
ates  a  curi- 
f  Grenoble, 
he  believed 
3spect,  that 


Shepherdia  argentea, 
THE  SILVERV-LEAVED  SHEPHERDIA. 


Jtippophae  argentea, 


^nonymes. 


Shepherdia  arffenfea, 

N'  le/erdia  nrRente, 

^ill)';r-Sh,.ph..r,lia, 

hh.'i.herdm  ,ir«,.,.tinn, 

(yaisse  tie  bullle,  Oraisse  de  bcEuf 

Melheoo-raeeva,  ' 

••ytrte,l{abb,i  Berry,  UeeCSuet-trfc, 


I  Lo.00.,  Arboretum  i3r..an,a„" 

Germany. 
Italy. 

FRENn.  Lnt;,siANA,  icc. 
«^REEK  Indians. 

CR'TAm  AND  Anolo- America. 


Deriralion:    Tlio  UDerinr  n.m  * 


ut^""""^'-    ^•""'«".  North  America,.  Sy,  .    ,    !    °       ""   ^  '""'"'  -"-'-  '"""" ""  ""^  "''--..'{[rtl.'o 

^/'^'A  C/w.c/m.     Leaves  „b.„„„ ,     ..  ^  '"'••««• '^i  anJ  the  flg„re. 


S/'^'A  Characters.     Leaves  nhlnn„  ' *  "^'  '"''  ""  "S""" 

Description. 

tft  "/"^  Shepherdia  argentea    in 

^^^iP^   ^^r  ■   ;^^r'"'-«"'-bitat,i^aSar 
i^      ^i^    f!,t''',"^^'-'-«^--;oppod  .shrub; 

height^h  the  branche  eTdi  .1"./:,/'^^"   ^^^  ^" 
"1  a  state  of  cultivation  tbol^  ^^        '°"*  'P""^«;  but 
the   branches  becor  n.     i        '"'^ 
aspect  of  the  tree  J?e,r''''M'   ^"^   "'«   S^n^^ra 
flo\vers,  which  confom^^  resembles  the  olive      The 

ceeded  'by  bri  lirt     "  r  of'r""'^  "'  ^""'^^'^  ^'^  «»«! 

^"obi^^t^ri::^^- ;~  — 

--        trees  in  tnrongs,  as  long  as  the  fruit  renuSs!  ''^  '^'"'^'^  ^^"""^ 


WfH!!  1{K| 


430 


SHEPHERDIA  ARGENTEA. 


a  few  seeds  sent  them  f  ™  flw  LKf  ^i,  m  "o^"'". ,'"  Mnssaclit.sells,  by 
From  this  source,  BtXbTy  orW.mcd  ml,    f  *'f°,';'\''J'  Colonel  Sneiling. 

present  existing,  bo';h  in  k^ur'o^f  andlnTe  "UniH  Sta'tc's  oiTTH  ""'""  ^' 
trees  is  now  growing  in  their  unr^nr.r  „Vv.  V,^  states.  Une  of  the  ongnial 
twenty  feet,  and  is  till  viiorourandl^;Jpn  '  ''''  ^"^"\'rS  ^  ^^^^'^^  °^  "'^^ly 
continued  to  cultivate  tlTifDTantVotlf.n  ^  "'Z;'""  ■  ^^ese  gentlemen  have 
them  may  be  seen  a   tti^  t£  on  ma„v  oTT  "^  ^?™'"f  ^'^§^^'  ^"^  ^''^^^  ^^ 

and  ll4  Tn  t^irgittw^fletv  '"''l"l  '"  ''^''  ^^  ^^-  ^I'omas  Nuttall, 
ofproplmanagemen   S'aft^rd^^^^  botanic  garden ;  but,  for  the  want 

specimens  of  it  are  to  be  me  with  n  fh.  T  T  ''"J'  ^''".  "-^-i^troduced,  and  fine 
in  the  Twickenham  boLScTrde'  nnd^n"'^'"  horticultural  Society's  garden, 
and  collections.  ^        "'  ^""^  "'  numerous  other  European  fardens 

paSff  teSV tmeri^'^so'S^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^  ^ardy  n  every 

and  it  will  Lwran^soiuX  '^^^^  parallel  of  north  latitude; 

may  be  proplgaU  fS  seL  I  si  .  '^r  ''''"™'"  T^^'"^  ^^'"'^s  ^vill  thrive.     I 
small  tree,  it^fs  mnicuK   y  w  n^  "k'  T^'"''^  ^'^"^  ^^h*^'^  drained  to  a 

as  a  hedge-plaSrand  1  ept  downX  tlfrr  "'^^  ^^'^'^'^  ^"^P'°y^d 

and  has  thi  advan  age  if  being  thnr  v  1  ''  ''  '""'r^'  ''"^«  ^"^  ^""^P^^t- 
autumn;  and  is  not  aSked  by  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^i'l  lat'e  in 

cultivated  for  fruit,  a  male  tree  should  be  n  nnt^i,     ?  any  disease  or  blight.     If 

Properties  and  4..r  InSnde  tlv  nf^h  ^l ''"  '&  °^  ^'^^  ^^^'^a''^- 

poses  W  ornament,  its  ^  it^naL  IVeVc  lent  UU^"  ''"P'"'"'^'^  ^'''  ^'^^  P^^" 
small,  it  is  juicy,  but  not  watery  s  o?  fpSnt^  ^4^'^''-  •  ^.''''°'.'§'^ 
sweetness,  which  renders  it  hiehlvaffrP-hln\T"i'  ^"'^^'^'^  ^^^te,  mixed  with  a 
ner  of  cui'rants,  these  bLiVe^i  rthou  "h  to  ^^^^^e  into  sweet  jelly,  in  the  man- 
persons  who  have  tasted  theL  °  preferable  to  that  fruit  by  most 


fi'"  .a 
IP 


X/- 


cpherdia,  said 


itive  state,  is 
imerica.  Dr. 
ude  fifty-four 
ibont  latitude 
Platte,  on  the 
it. 

in  about  the 
achusetts,  bj'' 
lel  Snelling. 
ted  plants  at 
'  the  original 
ht  of  nearly 
tlemen  have 
and  rows  of 
y  of  Boston, 
11. 

mas  Nuttall, 
for  the  want 
ced,  and  fine 
ity's  garden, 
ean  gardens 

dy  'n  every 
'th  latitude; 

thrive.  It 
trained  to  a 
n  employed 
id  compact, 
till  late  in 
^blight.  If 
^emale. 
'or  the  pur- 

Al  though 
xed  with  a 
n  the  man- 
it  by  most 


Euphorbiaceae. 
*V.  Nat. 


Buxus, 

Buis, 

Buchsbaum, 

Bossolo,  Bussolo, 

Buxo, 

Box, 


Genus  BUXUS,   Tourn. 


MonoDcia  Tetrandria. 
'i>«<.  Lin. 

Synonymes. 

Of  Authors. 

FfiA.NCE. 

Gkkma.w. 

Italv. 

Portugal. 

Bbita.x,  Spain,  and  AmLo-AuEnxcK. 


/y'Wijk 


"    sion.     iVt'es  von  Eseii- 

\^i^3i^  \7  "'"^'-     There  are  two  "ped'Sli°''  ^""'^  S™  """'"l^.  or 

"ee'Vilff  ^,  '"'.'^  "'  Euro"  f  aU'l'sia  ^'Ttrcfr"i'"r^""'  abnndan^era  i 
tree  with  a  straight,  smooth  trnnir      T»o  i       "'^'^^y-     ^t  lorms  a  very  handsomn 

asthoseoftheBu^ussemp  rv  en\vl  nfu'ir^^^  ^"'^''^'Z  '-^^^  three  tin^erastr^e 
paler  green  than  that  species;  but  wLrthov  n  ^  ^"''^  '°  '^^  ^'''  ^''^  of  a  nn,?h 
intensely  deep-green.  '  The  wood   w  lich'  J^TT'^^J^V"  ^'^.^'^^^e,  they  are  o  a 

planted  by  Dr.  Alexander  Garden  ofriinrl.cV       n'^''"- ,  ^ '^^  ^^^eds,  which  were 


Rf  I 


IRI 


HK  ^  ill 


fi 


Buxus  sempervirens 
THE  EVERGREEN  BOX-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Buxus  sempervirens, 

Buehsbaum  Immergruner  Buchsbaum, 
Bussolo  verde,  Busso,  Bosso, 
Box-tree,  ' 


:  LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 
I  Smith,  English  Flora. 
^  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicutn. 
:  FnA.jcE. 

Gekmany. 

Italy. 

Britain  and  Anolo-America. 


Derivation.    The  specific  name  ia  derivej  from  tho  I,, in  . 

.e  leave,  of  this  iree.                 '""^  ""=  ^afn  semper,  continually,  and  Hrens,  flourishing ;  ,„  reference  to  the 
Smith,  English  Flora.  Dl.  l.-in.  T^„,,„„    ..u „. 


persistency  of  tlie 

Engravings.    Smith,  English  Flora  nl  nn  ■  t^,  ,       .  u 
Specific  Characters.     Bik  of  lea'C'e  'c^  v""'  'r'"'",^""'""'-"-  '''-  «="■  '^'-^^  -d  tho  figures  helow. 

arrow.shaped.-S.,>/,  eVs^Z''  '""''^^ '  '"°'^'^"^  ^""•^"y  downy  at  the  edge.s-.    Anthers  ovate 


Description. 

ViROIL. 

^ILv'lT   sempervirens  is  a  well-knosv-M 

^    lardy  eyergreeu  tree  or  shrub,  which   in  its 

I    natural  habitat,  seldom  exceeds  a  he  '-     of 

to  eight  inches1u^am:;:^^^e'^nS  J^;\?  T^'  ''^^ 
times  attains  double  of  these  dimensiciis  TI  o  Ih^'f'"'  "  ^"'"^■ 
trunk  is  very  considenblp  i „   "        \  ^"^'  thickness  of  the 

bark  on  young  wood  s  of  a  VeK  i°  •  '"  i''  ^'"'^^'''  ""'^  ^''« 
is  rough  and  erav      Th!  i     ^^'^'^^'^/^'^  ^»"e,  but  on  old  trees  it 

almost;sesX';re^fI'^:o^Ssn^x'u,r aW^^  T'  ^^  ^  ^ 

when  they  grow  in  a  situation  f    ly  exnosed  to  M,/,' w"".^^'^'  y^l'^^vish-grcen, 
glossy-green,  when  shaded  by  other  trees^ThP  fin        '^K'-  \'''  «^  ^  fi"o,  deep 
or  May,  are  of  a  greenish-yellov  colon?'  and  nro  T    ''  ^'"^'^  P"'  ^orth  in  Apri 
axils  of  the  leaves      The  capsules    Zvif       f    ^''P°'  ^  '"  ^'^'e  tufts  in  the 

burst  their  cells,  at  maturi  rwitl  'an  ^Stic  W   '''?  .f^'^',''  P'^"^"'''"^  «««^  ! 
dispersion.  ^'     ""  ^"  ^^^^^^ic  foice,  and  thereby  conduce  to  their 

^trf »„„„?4r t^z^'tf  "■  "-i  T='°^  •■"-  -  follows  :_ 

of  .he  French;  n„2^^'n„^£^:;:"''/iir'iT""'  -»"-;««- «-«»m,c.„,, 
cejit,  with  lanceolate  leaves  "      ^uc/isbaum,  of  the  Germans;  arbores- 

*  4*;  orrFi^,^eh;.%,,stt::f  frTr  ^"^'-  *-«  A"*- 

small,  oblong,  narrowish  iWvef    A  „,trSi      .        ^"mam;   dwarl/,  will, 
B.  s.  «„„„,cos.,  Loudon.     «,^™,,„,„  iVcv^^.r^.,.  n.us  .^ru- 


1 

c 
\ 

t 
s 
a 
ii 

01 

tl 


n  reference  to  Die 

rc3  belnw. 

Lnthers  ovate- 


green, 
iiie,  deep, 
\  in  April 
'ts  in  the 
us  seeds, 
e  to  their 


torcscent, 
the  most 

i  feuilles 
arbores- 

fciiilles 
fy,  with 
ow,  but, 

svffru- 


EVERGREEN  BOX-TREE. 

tescent,  Buis  na'm   Pni v  /    •     n  ^^^ 

va.„^a.edj.iS;i^:*SS.°f  "-  «"--^  '^^'^^k  .S'ovTf  &/ 

I^orJung,  in  «uny,  mixed  with\  S     •  ^^S'^°^^s  plentifully  upon  BoJ  Rm  '      " 

aiiother  part  of  thfi^'""  Y'^^  ^^^^'''''d  with  box  rSl.f?''  '•"'^'  ''^«  ^^Jiole 

-rs       hox.    In    aore  modern  times,  in  Brftai     it  '"'-^^  ^'''  palace,  in 

5u  '        untam,  it  is  mentioned  by  Turner, 


•i 

i  .ill 

434 


BUXUS   SEMPERVIRENS. 


h  ■  I 


'( f 


i 


S    h    xVTteitu?^^  ^"^^1  -ff--;  and  previously 

facilitytvth  which  hcoudbP  mnS  '"^"'^  ^^'  geometric  gardens,  from  the 
ingenuitj  of  he  iardencT  mi^ht  devL  T.'"""'  T^  '^'P^  '^^^  ^^e  caprice  or 
thft  purU  l^otlf  afa^^ee'a^SVsrrhrub^r^^^ 

linesnottoexc  edTrinS  inSt^^ir?''  ^T  ^'^'  ^'■?"^'  ^"^  '^^  ^^^^ 
in  the  more  common  rsigi.^^^^^^^^^^ 

the  more  choice  parterres  d\dr7Zn^^        a        \  ,  ^''  °^  °"^  colour;  but  in 

and  other  ar  Lle^J^rrused  T^.  .°^^         '""'"^l'  '^f'^^'  '^'^^^'>  P«^vdercd  glass, 
which  the  ereen  of  t£  w'  'o  produce  red,  white,  and  black  grounds,  on 

The  beautv  of  thpl  nnw  ^PP^^'-^d  to  advantage,  at  all  seasons  Sf  the  year 
wL le'S  V^^UoTon^:\Z::  conspicuous  when  they  were  seen'as  a 
Sometimes,  however  TJvwerPnl.Pn'       /'*°"'  ?  ^"rrounding  terrace-walk. 

The  embroidered  style  of  mrtert  Ts  s?m''n^7'"^  ^f"'''  I"  '^^  ^"^^^  ^^'^'^  '^^I^^^' 
very  old  residences  in  FrSpn ml  I         occasionally  to  be  met  with  adjoining 

and,  as  afford'ng  v^rretv  ft  is  .r  L  f  ^'  ^"*^,f^«V"  ^^^''  P'^^^«  ^^  England; 
style  of  buildingVf  the  ai    n  whlh    .'''  'T''^^  of  revival  as  the  architectura 
middle  of  the  XVI  th  centurv  tl7p   nl  f  "^««^«^t«n«'vj.ly  prevailed.     About  the 
England;  and,  about  ZSr^^inTof^^^  1?^'''''^%-''/!  ^''^hi  in 

of  raillery  for  the  wits  of  thl  dav^cnnn  !r^         i  century  it  afforded  a  subject 

"'?"i!^'""l''''*,'"'f''  "'°*<' ''«  "««"  on  every  side 
The  shapely  box,  of  all  its  hrai.chins  pridu 
Uiigenlly  shorne,  and,  with  preposterous  skill. 
To  various  beasts,  and  birds  of  sundry  quill     ' 
Transforni'd  and  human  shapes  of  monstrous  size. 

Also  other  wonders  of  the  sportive  shears 
fair  Nature  mis-adurning,  there  were  found: 
Globe,s,  spiral  columns,  pyramids,  and  piers 
Wih  spouting  urns  and  budding  statues  crown'd  • 
And  horuon'al  dials  on  the  ground  ' 

A   '■"'"',?  ^^-  ^y  cunning  artists  traced  ; 

Hut  by  iheir  roots  there  ever  anchor'd  fast."* 

XVth  century.     The  first  obierts  tn  wS  u      P'^^ctised  in  the  early  part  of  the 

rJl;  ate  LT^eSSreTaS  TtM'^^^  .'e'diSr^'E 

The  earliest  specimen  oTZolouoZr^^  ^     ^"'"'  '"'.'^''''"^  ^''"^  ''^•^  ^^  ^  press. 

in  thecollectiorofThe  Ear  of  sZ^^^  "^'^  '^'^"<^'  "^  England,  is  said\o  be 

infant  Saviour^  bearLg  tl  daK  iS  'T''"''  S'". Christopher  carrying  the 

,      armg  me  date  ot  1423.    A  very  curious  work  was  published 

«  See  Loudon's  Arboretum,  iii.,  pp.  1334  et  seq. 


nd  previously 
ens,  from  the 
he  caprice  or 
3mployed  for 
n  the  earliest 
des,  arbours, 
»  border  beds 
:h  as  letters, 
e  dwarf  box 

was  that  of 
isceptible  of 
f  being  kept 

days,  when 
he  gardener 
•ms  of  ever- 
:,  in  no  part 
nd  the  finer 
s  or  figures, 
our ;  but  in 
dercd  glass, 
grounds,  on 
}f  the  year, 
re  seen  as  a 
rrace-walk. 
rom  below, 
h  adjoining 
1  England'; 
rchitectural 

About  the 
:s  height  in 
d  a  subject 
line.    The 


vith  mov- 
3art  of  the 
ifferent  in 
e  outlines 
ion  of  the 
f  a  press, 
said  to  be 
■rying  the 
published 


EVERGREEN  BOX-TREE 
*  See  Loudon's  Ar.h«,«.. ■■. 


Ill 


i.: 


I 


•SeeLoudon'3Arboretun.,iii.,pp.i,335,,i33g_ 


436 


BUXUS   SEMPERVIKENS. 


H 


''  '•)    it 


)(f 


i'S"! 


•-  Hi  i| 

#  ^  I? 


.?,?•  I' 


should  be  sown  iSmedTate'v  in  lM,t  r  H,  o.?m"'''  '^P'""^  '"^^^^^  ^°  "P«".  «"d 
mould,  whicli  is  well  drained      A  Umn  i    .h  J    '  ^°"«'«""g/hie«y  of  vege'table 
which  may  be  from  four  "six  incrs^n   L  h  ^'TJ"  "^'  ^^"^  P'^"^'"g  ^""ings. 
soil,  and  a  shadedTi  nation  and  n  a  vol    ",f     .1  ^  '^^^  fho"ld  be  set  in  a  sandy 
nursery  lines.     Layers  ma^beieSeJt'^^        "''^^  ^'  ^'  ^^  transplant  into 
young  and  the  old  wood      K  d wSf  box  'eVl/?^''"^  or  antumn,  both  of  the 
the  spring,  by  being  taken  up,  dlS   anrrepknted^"'"!?'^^'''  propagated  in 
almost  any  season  except  in  mid-win  prbu?Tn.pi«  / '^^^i^^y  be  clipped  at 
appropriate  time  for  this  opera tiori  T^  wpVi  nc   k       r  /'  f«"S"3ered  as  the  most 
when  the  plants  havrnS  comr^oted    if.    ^'  °^  hedges  or  other  ornaments, 
afterwards  make  shooL  of  L^if  oraffnch   n' ^'''^'  growth :  because  they  will 
put  forth  a  few  leaves,  and  thus  in  i  it  ,?       '"'''./"  ''"§''''  "'"'  ^'  «"  ^^^^nts, 
the  use  of  the  shears. '   Whe  "hi    omctiirf^ll'  '""'^l  '""'"'"'  ""  appearance  of 
the  edgings  or  hed-es  in  Julv  in  nr,l«    .        /    followed,  it  ,s  necessary  to  go  over 
that  m^a/have  befn  promuied  1  ?a  "  tlnT^^  "'^'  ^"'"^  '^''  l^nife;  an/shoots 
edgings,  wh.n  kept  low,   f  they  are  w^n  Id  tn^pn^  "''  '"  '"'  '^"^  ^^''^^'^^^     ^"^ 
sionally  to  be  cut  in   a  most  to  T.  I         x        "i^",'''  ""^"^  ^^^^s-  req»'re  occa- 
performed  on  one   iie'of  Slo  in^ono"i'  ''"^'^"  operation  should  only  be 
years  after.     When  treated  in  thl  1  v  S''  T^  ""'  ^",  ''^"  ^^^'^^^  «*de  till  'two 
loamy  soil,  endure  fo  Tlong  tn  e    S^n.    f^h^'T  '"'^  '^"^^^^  ^^'"'  «'^  g««d, 
surface  only,  a  network  offshoots'  is  fbrmed  fhJf ^  be  continually  clipped  on  the 
from  the  stem  within  occasiordp^nf.  l^Tfi      T^'  '^^''''''  by  excluding  the  air 
and  naked  below     TrefoZftbp-n       ^'\^  ^^ging  or  hedge  becomes  imsightly 
always  be  that  of  a  trimcated  ^riai^llJ  w^  «ho"ld 

In  the  case  of  edgings  to  wallinft.fl  the  broadest  end  next  to  the  ground, 
may  be  three  inch^^th^  ife  g^t'fo  I'r  hS^^I  ^  I'^.f  ^  at  the|round 
mches;  or  one  half  of  these  dimpn«inne\!,t'  ^  ,  ^^'^^^  at  the  top  two 
edgings  and  hedges  the  base  ought  always  trl^^if^"  .  '"  f ^^'"^  '^'''  ^oth  of 
order  that  the  rain  may  fallon  ?hf  s  des  S  tt  l  w  ^.^l'  *''^"  '^^  ^"'""^*t'  i" 
with  more  force.  In  clipping  c  bo'%'n  nrtifi  'f  f  °^  ''''  ^""  ^^'•"^^  «"  ^hem 
the  tree  in  a  slight  frame  of  vie  work  ^  ''  VT""^  '^  ^"^'««« 

durability,  the  wire  should  be  of  Conner  ,^.d.  f°™'  '''"^'  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^ke  of 
render  it  less  conspicuous  ^^    '  P""^''^  g"""""'  ^^'"«h  would  also 

fectly  dry,  sixty-eight  Ld  thrLSmhs  nmf.5  /  ''",^"  ^r^'  ^"^  ^^^en  per- 
that  will  sink,  fn  tl?at  stat  i^wl^  It^s  of  ^ '^^^^^^^^^^^  T'^  ^r^^^^^"  ^^^'^^ 
compact  grain,  and  is  susceptible  of  -i  fino  1^?      ^' ^°'°"'"' ''^^  ^^''^  bard, 

expands  and  contracts,  by  heat  and  cold   2?  '    '  """I'  V''''  ^^"^^  '''''^^^^^  < 
other  kind  of  wood.     Hence  k  was  formpH?P  '''":?  •^'"y""'''  '«««  ^ban  any 
making  and  inlaying,  asTstlMs  [H^nl^^^^^^  in  cabinet- 

Europe  and  America  for  musicaand  ri.thP^^  ,"''"'  "'  ''^''^  ^«""^^'««  i'^ 
various  articles  of  turnery,     muon;  of  ,h.  nr  ?     T'   '"^truments,  combs,  and 

applied,  is,  for  wood-engraving  Jd  for  hfs^nnrS'  -f/  '"^  '""^'"'^  ^''^«  ^^««d  is 
cle  of  commerce.  ^'  "^  "''^  purpo.e,  it  forms  an  important  arti- 

of  tSe^ror'Th:  towriTst  cTaude'  -binet-makors  and  turners,  is  chiefly  that 
Sroves  in  Europe,  is  ^^li^^l^lS^^i^p:^- ^  ^^IS  ^^ 


>sh ;  and  the 

ieds,  by  cut- 
38  an  abiin- 
at  maturity, 
o  open,  and 
)f  vegetable 
ng  cuttings, 
t  in  a  sandy 
nsplant  into 
both  of  the 
opagated  in 
e  clipped  at 
s  the  most 
ornaments, 
le  they  will 

ail  events, 
)earance  of 

to  go  over 
any  shoots 
ives.  Box 
^uire  occa- 
Id  only  be 
ide  till  two 
1,  on  good, 
ped  on  the 
ng  the  air 

unsightly 
ge,  should 
le  ground, 
he  ground 
3  top  two 
e,  both  of 
ummit,  in 
3  on  them 
to  enclose 
e  sake  of 
ould  also 

veighing, 
^hen  per- 
3an  wood 
ery  hard, 
isoned,  it 
than  any 

cabinet- 
n  tries  in 
nbs,  and 

wood  is 
ant  arti- 

efly  that 
:est  box- 
ff-boxes, 


EVERGREEN  BOX-TREE, 


43r 


rosary-beads  fork 

land  T„„Wd^°t'j  r  'oiS/T"""".  "■  ap™™te    ?  ,'a,""'  It,  ^"',='- 
moiilfJ      rpi     ^       "Gcompositiou,  which  afrnr.ic,  '^^nco,  but  because  there  is 

them,  which  is  said  to  cure   hetnn  L  i  ^'^Pyeumatic  oil  is  extraciP^  ff 

^vas  once  made  from  tlem    wh  W       ''"'  ''^"'^  ^°'»«  «ther  disorders      A  fhw'"" 
intermittent  fevers-  bu    S  r  '"'''"  ^  celebrated  specific  in  r/    "^^'!''^ 

Jo^ph  I.,  the  med-ci^ Lfi^u^S  r'^heZ^"^^''? '"-^^^  '-^^de^^.^bTc  " 

111  modern  gard.MiinP  th«  n  cropped 

green  shrub  or  low  tree       t/;'''"'  s^mpervirens  forms  a  most  valunhl. 


fl 


if 


illS" 


■  I 


%)H 


rr  !i.j 


Genus  MORUS,    Tourn. 


Urticaceo!. 

Sj/il.  Nut. 


Morus, 

Miirier, 

Maulbeerbaum, 

JMoro, 

Moral, 

Amoreira, 

Mulberry-tree, 


WoncEcia  Tetrandria. 
Sijat.  Lin. 

Si/nonymes. 

Of  Authors. 

France. 

Germany, 

Italy. 

Spain. 

PoRTUaAL. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


"^"},  oujujoseu  oriijiiiijliy  lolmre  grown  in 

"^^  £r^ poS^-^  Z^lX-,:^  ^l£^  :-,  in  .0.  species,  upon  .he  sa..  plan. 
sst.vat.on,  expanded  in  flowering.  S  rmen74  w.^h  a  n,H^  \  ^-^'^'^  °^'^  ^1"=^'  «''Pals,  irnbrinme  in 
erect  sp.kes.  Calyit  of  4  leaves,  in  oplsftf  pairT  the  o.u.r  n  "'  ?k  V''^'  female  flowers  in  ovate 
hecom.ng  pulpy  and  juicy.    Ovarv  of 'C  k  onn  inlif,  ^'"'"  '"'  ''^'■^'^'''  a"  "Pn^ht  and  persistent 

ttT'h  ''  'T""--   ^"  •'''^'»'«  or,natuH  y,%a  h  ovtvTsl'fl^^S" '"IJ^"^"''^'  "''"'her  devoTd  of  a";' 
the  fleshy  and  juicy  calyx._.yr,«  Von  EsenbecXoZera.  ^  '''"^^^"'y  "'"'=''='  ^-^d  is  covered  by 

>"^ia''and  SLST.  '1"^';"^  r^'  ."^^^^  ^'  Europe, 
are  Mostly  lobed  aS  whicrS  a  1  ^of'"'.;''^  ^'^^^^'  ^^'"^'^ 
a  groat  variatioti  in  po^^  of  mL^.iS  f  ""^"^'-^5"°".  ^re  liable  to 
are  all  easily  propac^atrn-om  seS  K  '  ?  '"'  """"^  ^i"^*"'^'  ^hey 
truncheons  Alf  the  snedS  w?M  '.^  "'?'"=''  ^".^  '^y^''^'  '''"d  by 
but  the  white  mulberry,  (Mori  s  albaTand  i.Tv  7'  *"  "°""'^^  '^^  silkworm ; 
best.  In  warm  climat£,sucl  as  Persia  ?hele\vpff^  Yf  ^°"^'d'^''ed  much  the 
n.gra,)  are  sufficiently  succulet't  fortTe  pu^^^^^  '''j^f'^  "^"'^erry,  (Morus 

not  answer  equally  well.     The  leaves  of  thl,!:!  ^^Ider  countries  they  do 

t[iick,  rough,  and  hairy,  even  wl^le  thev  Ire  von,"      7^'  ^^^?''''  "»bra,/are 
the  food  of  silkworms,  which  feed  w  h  ^iZn^    ^'  T^  "^'^  ^'^'^  improper  for 
tender,  and  succulent      vir  0,  s  attrmnts  h^vo  ^^'  °"'^,'"  ^f^^^e  thit  ii  thin, 
stitute  for  the  natural  food  o  ZT'S  whth^'n?  ""t"  '"  f'^""''  ^"'"^  ^^b^ 
seasons,  and  in  sufficient  abutl;u.;e  to  rendpr  H.T''^l^'  'f^'^''^  ^'^^"'•^d  at  all 
the  chances  that  attend  the  gro  vt'   5   L  mulbp    '  f^  ""^""'^^  independent  of 
eaves  of  most  plants  which%ortai,?a  miSv  i.! LT   'm    v'S''  P''"^^^''^  '^^^  ^he 
m  point  of  textire,  afford  nouris Inn  >n^  S     p  i       '  '"^'"'Z  '''"^  ^""^  appropriate 
erty  of  their  j"ice'containing  cat     ho,  c    bnf  n^^^^^^^   ?"V^''  common  Vrop- 
cess  so  frequently  proclaimed,  as  tt  Xstitut  on  of  th^^  '^''  ^''''^  «"«- 

the  maclura,  the  slipperv-clm    ind  th     N-.  the  tender  leaves  of  the  fis, 

trees;  and  those  of  fhTU^^  "ndive  beet^'S  '"^  ^"^^^^  rnaples,  amon| 
zonera  hispanica,)  &c.,  amo,^  herbteous  pLfs  nil  '  "^^/.'^',^'Pf '"grass,  (Scor? 
are  convinced  that  it  would  br,mprofi  able  to  w^ 

save  their  natural  nourishment  Zn/ nf  ,L  l"^  '"""^  '^°™s  on  anything 
unless  we  except  the  maclura!  the  viper^Lsranrtt'Scr  ''  ^"^  ''''  "^  ' 


the  Greek  morm, 
remotely  from  the 
'  lo  hare  grown  ia 


lie  samp  plant. 
s,  imbricate  in 
wers  in  ovate, 
tnd  persistent, 
devoid  of  any. 
is  covered  by 


)f  Europe, 
VGs,  which 
•e  liable  to 
re.     They 
!rs,  and  by 
silkworm; 
much  the 
y,  (Morus 
Bs  they  do 
ibra,)  are 
proper  for 
at  is  thin, 
some  sub- 
red  at  all 
sndent  of 
3  that  the 
propriate 
ion  prop- 
rtial  suc- 
f  the  fig, 
s,  among 
is,  (Scor- 
rs  of  silk 
anything 
real  use, 


Morus  nigra, 
THE  BLACK-FRUITED  MULBERRY-TKEE. 


Synonymes. 


Morus  nigra, 

Mdrier  noir, 

Schwarzer  Maulbeerbaum, 
Moro  nero,  More  nere, 
Moral  negro, 
Black  Mulberry-tree 


LissMVfi  Species  Plantarum. 
Lo'.mn'^  En.ycloped,,  Methodique. 

Germany, 
Italy. 

Spain. 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


n     ■     ..  """  •'InGLO-AMERIPA 

Derivation     The  SDecif  '  """ikioa. 

Specific  Characters     Spv„  '  ""''  ""'  •"•  ^'^^  «'  2« ;  and 

)     "o"-     tvacaemm.  Linnmi  Spec.  Plant. 
Description. 


>a^4Bet»» 


"?,"'  cautiously  the  Mulberry  .lid  move 

COWLBV. 


HE  Morus  nigra  is  generally 
I  a  low  tree,  seldom  exceeding 
twenty  or  thirty  feet  in  height 
arms  nearThe""^;^^  3  spreading  into  very  thick 
large  head,  with  num^rnnl  i  'T'^  ''*"  extremely 
thick  and  ^ugh  a  cMn  H  '''"'^''-  ^^^'"^  ^^^k  is 
cies  may  be  read'ilv  .  ",  'f  P'^'^'  ''^^^ne.  this  spe- 

the  barl^  of  wfi^s     "ift^'^Tf  ^T  ''''  ^^'^^'^  -^-^  - 

mulberry,  which  are  ve'|roughtebTd  f  '"  ,'''^^'^ 

are  among  the  last  to  ap^eTfn  'the  sp  '  L'  ^^^tTi^'^'P'^'  ""equally  serrated,  and 
do^cious,  and  very  frequ,!ntly  part^bl  v  o  th^  «  '^''''.'  ''  sometimes  perfectly 
case  o"f  ^.''^^''r^^"^'^"^  t^  a  d   Ki'st  1^^^  ^^'"§ ''^  greatefperf  c^ 

tl^dl^  ^-  ^«  stl^^^rIrr;^i:|^^^-"^-PPo.sed  tobeanative 
and,  although  the  date  of  .ts  mtroduct.n  into  ^^s  IZZ^l  ^.^ 


'  )l 
i  M  if 

I  if 
1,1, 


440 


MORUS   NIGRA. 


S.%  tsiill;s.^£!^ffis;;^,-''^^  ;^^^ ;-,  ..cover, .  so  .. 

it  next  to  an  impossil„lity  to  uscertah  fu  rnnnL  f '!«.^^^"'««•s,  as  to  nm.ler 
oils.  It  has  boci  kno\vaLm  Ear  ie  rp.n  I  r  '^'"'''  '^  '^  ^"''y  ""ligen- 
m  "  Holy  Writ,"  in  ^ha  soZdhoToTs.^^^^^^^^^^  "^.  '  'T'7.'  *"'"&  mentioned 
dently  points  cu.  •...  Luck  i.  u1b™  a  tt  Z  'i.u'^'"  ' ''  '?'"'"•  ^^'^  ^^i- 
mns  and  Tl,isl„  •  and  J>!inv  soPm7fn Vi  ,  f  '""^o'^i'^'^J  'n  the  story  of  l>yra. 
is  no  other  „ee  liuTi'as7een^^^^ 

gra  ting  or  jrivuig  it  names;  '' an  obs™  io3^'  1^^  ""^  '"""'  '^^'""^^'-  i» 

holds  good  to  the  present  darrespS^^^^^^  London  remarks,  'which 

one  trifling  variety,  or  rather  varHtm!..  ''  '""'^''^'-''y.  'i-'^  it  Las  only 

nunierons  varieties  of  the Xrns  a  ,n''p       ""  fy»«"y""  •  whereas,   there  aro 
the  mnlberry  is  the    as    that  b  „1  ^  ^^^'',  "  "^  "'    ^''«  cultivated  trees 

past;  and  ifis  tl^eS  tS  .^l^e  ^.i^^/i/'j:^  ^''^r'""!  ^'"^  ^"'^'  -«^"-'^- 
tor»:i  bnds,  it  dispatches  the  bnsi  ess  i  ,  1  niS  \^'!  ''^''V'  ^'^^'''^  '«  P"^ 
iLrvt  their  breaki.  g  forth  may  be  evidon/  I  "'^'^.'/'^"^  ^'i^]'  ^^'th  so  mnch  force, 
mulberry  is  grown  at  an  eKtion  of  tt     ^  \r   ^!'  ^'•""'  ^^'"•^.  th«  l^'^ck 

of  the  silkworm,  to  the  ex  1  Son^'/  h  \  ^  ^"",^'^  '"'^''  ^«^  ^'»«  ^-^1 

tenderness  of  the  latter  tree  in  that  elevated  re'iuf'  ^'"^''^^^  ""  ^'^'^'^""^  ''^  ^'^° 
but^^r^:::;';^:;!!;^;,^!;;;^;-^.  --  '-^^  ^^^o  Britain  by  .,.  Romans; 
is  mentioned  in  7\irner's  ' '^W.  nf  li  ^'' '!''''' ,^"y  ''^''^  «"  ^he  subject.  I 
were  some  trees  planted  at  Syorone  L"e[  fo'  '  '^.'^''^'^'^-i',"  ^'^^'  ^^'''"  «»"^- 
tree  is  mentioned  by  Tusser  whr  wVn L  i--7^',^''  f  ^^'"  '"  existence.  The 
both  the  biaek  and^the  X'c  mulWv  ^s  hof.  '  ""^'V'^  ''r^-^^^'  ^^'"^  ^'^'^''^^^^^ 
royal  edict  of  James  1.,  about  th"  ve7lfi)w;'^  cultivated  ,n  hi.  t.me.  Th^- 
worms,  and  odering  packets  of  mnCrii^H^'"  '^'^  '■^^""fe'  °f  «ilk- 

doubt  rendered  thc'ree  fasLlwe  t  tLrnt         '"'    '"^'^^  '^^'"'^^  ^''"^^  ^hem,  no 
man's  seat  throughout  EngS    ^rc^  To  n-f  Tf '^^"  ^  '^  S'^'''^"  ^^  S^'^^Ie- 
in  which  a  mulberry-tree  is    S  to  be  fon,?,)      n^  ^^"'^^  '°,  ^'l^'  ^"^^"^^  centmy, 
though  these  trees  were  dot  bt  es     ntended  fo/fhnV'  fT']?^^''  '^°^^«^«'-'  tl'.-^t 
all  belong  to  the  Morus  nigra  a  "vev  few  i?  ^'^  ^ 

mulberry  exist,  at  the  pres<^,t  'time  i/anv  m  nf^M  f  ''''^  '''''  "^  '^^  ^^''^^^ 
mulberry  is  referable  to  this  peS'  as  im^  I  '^*  ^rT'y-  ^hakspear's 
New  Place,  in  Stratford  ^         '       '^  '"^^^  P'^"^'^  "^  ^'^'^^^  i»  his  garden,  at 

having  fourteen  trunks,  ave  aS'rbout  onn  fZ    ^'"^  ',"  ^""''^ ^'"'  '"  h'^'ght, 
ground,  with  a  head  fifty  fee   by  severUv  in  Hi  S      '"  ^T'  ""^  ^  ^'^'^^  above  the  ■ 
three  hundred  years  of  a^       ^       "^"'^  '"  diameter,  and  is  supposed  to  hv  over 

^^^o^o^Z:!,:!^^^:;^^  colomes,  as 

to  the  early  periods  of  their  settlements  but  n^';'  '^'^  ''^  ^'''^?^^^'  ^^^*'«  ^ack 
sized  fruit,  at  best,  and  requires  somonHnn.'  /  fodnces  only  a  muderately 
fallen  into  neglect.  There  a  eireos Tnu,l  "r  ^°  ^'^"^  ''  *«  perfection,  it  has 
met  with,  in  111  the  m.dd  eTnd  eSt  n  s  IS  of  X'^f -^'''^  t!^^,  '"'^  ^^^'  »«  ^« 
as  comparatively  worthless,  either  for  fJuttrorLtnt""'  '''''''  '"  '^^^'^^^^^^ 
P«...c«/,  Le,re,u^.ry,  ana  Mytkolo.ical  AllusloTr'^,,,  mulberry  was  dedt- 


Br,  is  so  fre- 
as  to  njfuler 
uly  indigcn- 
g  imnitioiiod 
■     Ovid  evi- 
>ry  of  l>yra- 
^s  that  there 
ail,  either  in 
ks,  'which 
it  has  only 
',   there  aro 
vatcd  trees, 
i  weather  is 
igins  to  put 
iiuch  force, 

I,  the  hiack 
x)r  the  food 
3unt  of  the 

e  Romans; 
iibject.     It 
I'hen  there 
nee.     Tile 
3  describes 
ime.     Tlie 
iig  of  silic- 
'  tliem,  no 
or  geiitle- 
\i  century, 
3ver,  tliat, 
ley  nearly 
the  wliiic 
laltspear's 
garden,  at 

tersea,  on 
in  lieiglit, 
ibove  the 

0  hv  over 

1  seventy 
two  feet 

pf^oimen, 
line  feet, 

onies,  as 
tes  baclt 
deratciy 

II,  it  lias 
?e,  to  be 
ogardcd 

IS  dedi- 


BL.CK-FRUITED   MUI.BEHRY-TREE. 

cated  by  the  Greeks  tn  \r.v  .  ^^ 

y    10  .ools  and  irupurlcd  its  colour  lo  the  fruit. 

of  the  root,  tnn.k,  bouH.J^.d  itnn  i"  '^^''''^moly  tenacious  of  iTfe    evrrv  n 
roots   beuic^  rut  in:ofragmens|o,vini       *''"."c»>c"ons,  and  the  trunk    s    ol 'n  ,? 
tree   horn  is  slowness  ..f  puttincr  oiif  uli  '       ^  Sraitmir  „j  buddins?.     Thi. 

IS   In     "^^"""^'^^  the  refle,    .1   ^ht  Sd    e    V'™?,"      P'^'-^i'^^I^uly  when  the 
IS  thus  nicreased.     In  n  onn\   .,  ^'  l^V-       "  "'^''^  ^""O"!  the  bare  surfnn.  nf  ti.         i 


I  ; 
I 

ll    I'! 


'I 


442 


MORUS   NtORA. 


for  small  vessels,  nstVad  of  oak  In  iw«  ..  ^  '  V'  '^^*'«'^'  a"^  «von  ribs 
value,  except  forVuel.  I„  some  parl^  of  sS  InJ^'f  ''  '^"n^ide^od  of  but  i.ttle 
of  t»u.  «pecL  are  said  to  be  prc^r  ed  to  t^o-  **''"'"'  ^'^^  ''^"^"^ 

of  silkworms.  The  leaves  ar^ato  eaten  brratfilh'^"''  '"l'"^^">'  ^^^  ">«  f<^d 
have  an  acrid,  bitter  taste,  and  are  cons  S^red"!!' '^'f''  ^^^  »°^'''-  '^'»'^'  'oots 
taken  ma  powder,  in  doses  of  half  a  dmdun  The  troT  '"  ^"'"*''"g«.  when 
a^m.lknu.ce,  wluch,  bemg  coagulated:i:tnd^^fr  a'ra7s7kff  ^,^11^ 

r^'^''^^^^^^^^^^^^  and  aromatic  flavour,  and  is  eaten 

that,  mixed  with  tlu' juL  of  cSef  Lnnles  ^^^1"^'"  ^''''''''  ""^  *^^«'y»  «^y« 
wine.  Dr.  Clarke  observes  tlTat  he  Lwsom^r''',^  very  strong  and  agreeable 
m  distilling  brandy  from  mu  I  Kiel  ZTurhT  ^""^1'  '"  ^'"^  ^'''''"««'  employed 
able  spirit.\s  cloa^r  as  waT  .''   T^ir^^  Ts  at^^^^^^^  '•f-^^^.?'^'  ^"^ >«'-'- 

reciuires  to  be  drunk  immodiitPiv  nc  il ,  ,"^""^  ^™'"  "  '"  France;  but  it 

ripe,  is  regarded  as  Sng  an/'laxi  ive'^nr*'  ^''T''  "^'^-  '^''^  ^^"it  ••^h«" 
cases  of  fever.     VVhen  Zdp    ntn  n  '  ^  '^y'"g  t>i"-st,  and  being  grateful  in 

throat.  Like  the  sl^wfi;  and  raspb^rr';  it  L'  sv'if  ^"'.  ^^^^"^''  '^  ^  ^^e 
mentation  in  the  stomach  and  herSm  Z'J  .  "rl  ^'^  ""^'"'g^  ^''«  ^««t«"s  fer- 
with  the  rheumatism  orVut  Al  lands  oTnn^.M^'^''^  '^''"  ^^^  P«^^°"«  ^^'^^^d 
iVuU,  and  devour  it  with  a^ldity.^heat^^ffi^^^^^^  ^^^  «f  this 


/cd  in  Eng- 
1  oven  ribs 
of  but  little 
,  the  leaves 
for  the  food 
Tilt"  roots 
fiige,  when 
rt,  contains 
J  of  elastic 

nd  is  eaten 
ivclyn  says 
I  agreeable 
employed 
but  palat- 
ice;  but  it 
ruit,  when 
grateful  in 
for  a  sore 
cctous  fer- 
is  afflicted 
nd  of  this 


Morus  alba, 
THE  WHITE-FRUITED  MULBERRV-TREE. 

Synonymea. 

Gd^^UeLu  ,„oro,  Mo'ro  bianco,  Moro  |  f^"'**'"- 
Morera,'  j   '^*''''' 

White  Mulberry-tree  I''*'"" 

Bb'tain  AND  Anolo- America. 
..S'"''""-    ^"o  'P-cinc  n.n,e  a/*a  ,.  ,er,.ad  f™.  .ha  ta.in  a>,,.  .hu„    .       , 

:::;zjr~:Tr-r-- rrc::::;:;"-''"- 

[HE  Morns  alba  is  a  deciduous  tree 
i  sometimes  growing  to  a  St  of'' 
thirty  or  forty  feet,  with  a  trunk 

even  in  winter,   by  i  3  mo  e  m,^  '"  "'"  Y""'^  mulberry, 

growing,  and  white-barS  "hoot?    "if '■  '''"'^'^'  "P^'g''^' 
more  rapid  growth  th-i    fhn.  ^^  '^  ^  ^ee  of  much 

only  iess^o?gh"^^'rritccrerCt'tr  '"^^"'^  ^^^^^ 

of  the  glutinous,  milky  substa  op  1       ?r  ^  '°'"^'"  "^o^e  ^,  .^ 

;!vhich  gives  tenacity  \o\lTsnk  S'"^''"! ^«o»tchouc,  ^— 

Vanclies.     The  Morns  alh      i'7  P"'P't;,  ana 


I 


f\  <!,' 


^Fv 


if!  'i 


444 


MORUS   ALBA. 


according  to  the  "  Nouveau  Cours  d^Wiculuire  "  i^  nnf  f.       a       , 

are  so  exceedingly  succulent  th-it  thSr.l        lu       P'  ^°  produce  leaves  which 

burst.  It  is  a  vaku'bL  Stl  for  ^^^  "f  ^^'  '^°'""''  '^^^  f««d  on  them,  to 
situations.  There  fa  sirSfvorthi.'r'SP"','"^  ^"  calcareous,  rocky 
name  of  La  ^rosse  ^4?^^^!  ver?  dlpn  i  '  '  ?"l''^^^^d  n  France,  under  the 
of  white.  The  celebra  ed  iLj^/^iS'.^'""",  ^'^^"^''  ^"^  ^laclc  fruit,  instead 
States  a  few  years  Zle  %^TZ  .^f  7'  r'"''  '"^'-odnced  into  the  United 
marsh,  of  Massachusetts'  is  bel  eved  ^  hp  "!  ''''  ^^'''  ^^  ^'^  ^^"^"^^  ^^it- 
macrophylla.  When  plan  ed  trelevated  h'nd^  "  sub-var.ety  of  the  Morns  a. 
winds,  or  in  a  light  sandv  soiMf  nTi  '  ^^'^'-/v'len  exposed  to  cold,  dry 

to  the  worms,  wS  p  idLe  Vhen  S'nn  '  T^'  h^'^Ithy  and  nutritions'fooS 
strong  silk,  of  the  pure^st  a.^finSt  quality  "  "'  ''''^^'  ''''  '^''S^^'  ^"^"^'^7  «f 

of  the  FrtncT'^Thi^re^  bfr  fclo^"'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

3.  M.  A.  NERVOSA,  Loi^on^    TM-  t,W  f '"^   w^*°  '"^  ^^-  ^-  ^'^^rophylla 
r«.  n...o.a  ("  Bon  Jardider,"  of    836        t]  X     ^hie-Jruited  Midberry ;  'mo~ 
marked  with\hick,  white  ner^^es  on  ttlide   s  de  The-  ^^.^^-ngly 

^^^r  'eaves,  called  M.  a.  nervosa  lonlifolia  ''  ^  sub-variety  with 

theF^.;^hrwS;  K'lea^^l.^t^r  ^f-^/  ^"-'*  ^'^«^-'  of 
while  attempts  were  maki^^eto  re  infrn^lt'.  t  ^''[  ""  ^w  years  before  and  af^ter, 
Iraland,  ihis^ariety  wrf;S;cip"lly  p^lTod       "'''"  °^  "'^^  "^'«  ^"§'^"'1  -^^ 

ficd  by  M.  Castelet,  fn  1  '  tIS  s  / r  leTlVT?  -''^'n  '""'^iV  ^^''^'^  ^^^^  ^^  «l-««i" 
eties.  The  fruit  is  smal  whi te  Lnd  n  fni,t  '^k'"'?'''  ^"^""^  ^'^^  ^^^'d  vari- 
of  a  rose-tree,  bul  are  larJe  T  fs  3'^;  ?^*'}^  ^'^T  '"^^'^^'^  ^'^^  '^^^^ts 
silk.  '=^'-      -^'"'^  ^'"^  IS  said  to  produce  remarkably  stron- 

delicafe  Lrs:^? '^ex'lft^ancts'^tt^^^^^^^  ^'i^  f^'^"^^^'  '^-in=--al^ 
the  kinds.  orancnes.     It  is  considered  the  most  tender  of  all 

leaves,  and  is  considered  is  nnp  nftilu    ?  Anglo-Americans,  having  large 

producfion  of  silk  ''^"''  ''°''  ^^'"'^''^^  "^  ^'^^  United  States,  foi  the 

th'l^^l^i'r^hi^rin/^Sdn^tfS''^^^^^^  --'  of 

young,  are  nearly  as  large  as"th::e":f';hLra.'rac"a^^^     '''  '''''''  ^^"^" 

F.^;ci?^>^s;^^e,  S^b;^:1£Sf  ^S«'-^-.^^^^^^^  of  the 
forth  Its  fruit  belbre  tb.  leaves,  whidi  are  trli^'e^    '"  ^'^'^  ^""'^''^^-     ^'  ^^"^« 

the  English.     Thi.;  variety,  Se  fm  fo^'whir    i.  1?"^  i  ^""'^^^^'^  ^"^*^'vy,  of 
green,  shining  leaves,  that  aVethn  and  iS  ^'""TV  '^"'"^o,  flat,  deep- 

rank  high,  as"  food  for  silkworms  and  t^ho  J 1  I  i  ''  °'i  ^"''^  '"'^^^^^s-  T'»«y 
has  a  beautiful  gloss,  and  is  sTid  o  be  of  a  fi. ler  ntnt t'rh'"'"^^  ''^.  "^  ''""'^^ 
not  so  hardy  as  the  Morus  a  multirinli.  h,  f  ;.  ^i  ^  ^^""^  ^"^  o^''^''-  it  is 
pose  of  raising  silk.  It  w^  bro  X  into  Iti  "'''  ?T  ^"'"^'^'^  ^^'  the  pur- 
Moretti,  profelsor  in  the  uLers  ty  of  I  avK  w'. "'  ^'"'^'  '"  ^^^^'  ^^  ^'g^^^e 
named  in  honour  of  Count  1)ZmI  who  Z  L7  T^'i  "'  "r^'  ^^  ^^''^«  a'«« 
improvement  of  the  culture  oi  ^:i:^^^Sl:^tl^  to  the 


''-!0^t'^$ 


leaves  which 
d  on  them,  to 
areous,  rocky 
ce,  under  the 
fruit,  instead 

0  the  United 
amuel  Whit- 
he  Morns  a. 

1  to  cold,  dry 
Jtritions  food 
t  quantity  of 

)ner  romain, 
nacrophylla. 
ilbeni/ ;  Mo- 
are  strongly 
variety  with 

'•  d'ltalie,  of 
re  and  after, 
England  and 

^mall-leaved 
'ee  is  classi- 
e  wild  vari- 
thc  leaflets 
ably  strong 

ving  small, 
iuder  of  all 

Mulberry  ; 

iaves. 

r  dc  Chine, 
iving  large 
tes,  for  the 

r  nain,  of 
ves,  when 

?'Ve,  of  the 
it  sends 

Midbernj  ; 
dberry,  of 
flat,  deep- 
;s.     They 

on  them, 
ler.  It  is 
r  the  pur- 
i^  Signore 

Avas  also 
nie  to  the 
ct. 


WHITE-FRUITED  MULBERRy-XREE. 


•     12.    M.  A.  CONSTA^TINOPOLITA^fl        n       .        . 

rns  constantinopoUtana,  of  Loudon  ?f 'f«^'««/^^e  '^hiie-frnited  Mvlberrn  •  M 

va-d'n'th/?"?  "^.^'•'^^'=«'  Turl^^y^^ndXo  fVp?'^'"^/^'^'^^  ^^ '^"  or  fif! 
Britain'betels'l"  ^'^J'^"^'^^^  -^  ^ar^bu    wS  Tas  not  M^  Y'^'r'"'- 

conmnsof  ,l,e  "  CJrtTZlolVli^'''"  ^  '"','"'•=  f-o„M£  \,gl "  e" 
try.     He  stales  that,  "  Tlie  Morn..  m„iiiT        °       °"  ""^  "'^o'  <me  in  tlic  com 
low,  rich  soils,  the  growth  of  the  n  bnil=  „    ,  *  '',  '"''>''  ""''  ""t  over  rich     () 
1  have  uiijlbrmly  grown  them  on  hieh    hi  l?,!       "''  ',"  "">  8™""<i  i"  winter 

hrL?t,;:i.^<r;^L 

multicaulis,  and  the\o  t  wihte  or  It  Imf  ''^'  ^^"^P^'^rative'value  o  ft  e  ilo   .s 
s.dj3r  the  Morus  multicauirs  word    ci^  h  .^dro?'  ''  ""^  '^^  '^^^^  "^^-^^  I  con 
t^han.     Itsavesnine-tonthsoftio  iXnr  ?,  P""  '"'*•  '"«••«  '''^'i  th^  whi"e 

their  being  at  least  ton  times  thesVoofV'  ^f  ^"ng  the  k-aves,  on  acconn   of 
mn Uicauhs  leaves  contains  c^et,^l^l^,^:;^  ^v^'"'^'-     One  pound  of  Men/, 

best  white  mulbRrrv  loavos-  th  ^^  nutritive  matter  tlian  i  noiinH    '    k 

-    >  '<-u.,  the  reason  oi  this  being,  there  is  verVSlk  ^^Jd^ 


m 


446 


MORUS  ALBA. 


contended  by  others,  hat  there  is  an  pv^p^.  f  excrement."  On  the  contrary,  itis 
mu  ticaulis/which  is  pecufiiV  ProdiS  fc  of  T^^  !''^  leaves  of  the  Jlo  us 

portionate  deficiency  if  the  gumC  ma  tc/sn  -''''?•  ^?  'h«.^^«'-'^,  and  a  dispro- 
yet,  jt  ,s  conceded  by  both  pIrtSs  t^iS  Sn  .^  ''"''^^  ^^  "^^  formation  of  silk- 
be  planted  on  a  ligL,  dry^o     Shjch  wm  1  nf  T^'^  'J  "^^^  ^^  ^^^'  ^^  sho    d 

of  Loudon  and^Srs;'^r4T:.fStf  ^^f  r'"^'^^^^^^^^^  ^-..«.«nc., 
growing  to  the  height  of  twenty  Lt  if  J' 1 '^^  ^r"' 'V  ^  deciduous  tree 
rivers  Wolga  and  Tanais,  or  ^o^  in  fc.  'I'l'^T^.  ^^  ^'^^  ^^'^^^^'^  ^^  ^he 
resembhng  that  of  the  Morus  nigra  houehpl^fn^^  i  'J-'- ''  ^^'"^'^^"7  Wack, 
of  no  good  flavour,  though  eafe^rat  bftffe  fcr'"'"' ^ 
by  them  into  a  sweetmeat.  A  ^iine  is  al  o  rin  '?.'  f  '^'"  ''^^  ^"^'^'  ^^  made 
flavoured  spirit.     Its  leaves  are  reported  a    he?.!^  ?^  ^'T  ^''  ^"^^  ^  ^^^y  >vell. 

"^s^ss^r^iti:^^S=  ^°  "^  "^^" " 

which  we  are'not  able  to  Si  ^^  ffh  a  n^th^eT ^'7^^"^^^^  ^^^  --*- 
batarde,  a  wild  variety,  with  leaves   wini^   i    ^  preceding,  viz. :— 1.  La  Reine 
and  deeply  toothed.   Vn    i    prob.bli^'.fp    ''^'  ^'  'H'^^^  ^^ '^'^  ^orus  a.  r o  ea! 
tai^ans^     2.  La  Reine,  a  grard  tl^ety    whTch  "L^'^  '^''"''''.  ''"'^'^^  «^  ^^^ 
coloured  frun.     3.  /:..  /^,„!//,  j,  floes  IlJ^^tt!  '^""'"§^  '«^^^s.  ^-^''d  ash- 
green  leaves  growing  in  tufts  at  tCxtremitlf  oAl?  T'^'V  '^"^  '^'^'Y  deep- 
says,  ,«  produced  in  abundance,  but  never rrfvp.  1/      ^'^"^'»^'«•     The  fniit,  he 
agree  with  the  /'V.^//«  ,/„;,.,•«  ^r  do,  le  I<  3  f  ''^™^^">"'r^^-     This  appears  to 
.    OeographyandHisto^f^.     The  Moru    a1b^l7"!f  ^5;.'  «f  |'^«  Italian  gifdeners. 
in  the  province  of  Seres,  orSerica     t  is  howeip'      ^  ^'^"".^  ^'"'^  ^^*'d  ^  China, 
parts  01  Asia  Minor,  and  of  Europe      It  dollZ'^r^'''^^''''''''''^^^'^^  '"  ^any 
range  as  the  Morus  nigra,  beinrnn^hl.  ^^  »ot  embrace  so  great  a  geographical 
heat  or  of  cold.     In  a  c^Utivat  d^tLtf    i  VS  T''''  'V-  P^^  ext^m^s  of 
many  parts  of  France,  Spain  Italv  ani    n  r       '  ""^  "^  road-side  pollard  tree  in 
on  the  Oder.     In  England'?  is  nKry  commr'"^  f/'^  "°^'''  ^-^^  ^^^-"'^for" 
in  Scotland,  even  against  a  wall      As  a  si H^--  "     "?      '^^^^^'^^^^V  to  be  found 
propagated  with  tolerable  success  thVouthn  Vf       "^  *'''"'  l-'^"  ^^'''^e  mulberry  is 
m  all  the  principal  countries  Tf  E.rop  "^^^^^^^^^  f "  ^^^^^'^^^  ^"d  AustraUa 

latitude,  including  most  of  the  islands  nf  H,«  m  a.  '^  forty-ninth  degree  of  north 
em  Africa,  the  Azores,  Madeira  and  cWvm''^^^^^^^  i"  ^  portion  of  nor  h- 
American  union;  in  California,' S^Txi^oClfilJi'^^^ 

racas,  Jama.ca,  and  other  parts  of  Se  West  inrl?.«\J^"'5^'/y>""''  ^'""^^^  ^'^- 
In  the  south  of  Europe    the    vhito  ..^   il  -^^  ^'^^  Sandwich  Islands  &c 

like  willows  and  fr.mi'.'/eesTa^o'  ,  lX"oV/  aTlT  ,'»,>"»'"';-"'-  l^/ ii^^fi 
the  planis  arc  kept  low,  for  Iho  conventen™  if  i  .f  °''8?  ^  •""  i"  ail  eases 
injuriiig  the  trees;  the  giWtest  height  ,hL„  "'  B^'I'^nng  Hie  leaves,  without 
pollard  of-  six  fee,',  whilh  i^t'ot  ^'|  '^^/J^  '"""'"'  '°  ""»">  bei"g  that  o?" 

1  he  culture  and  manufictnrn  nf  oiii,  ,7't'''"- 
difficult  to  trace  fromTetolrgr '  A  1^  o^-ture  and  art,  are 

have  flowed  to  us  from  the  east  in  acornparS  l?l    ■     '^^^      '''^"^' '«'  '^^'  ^bey 
mentioned  m  theoldest  Sanscrit  books  as  a' e^^'--      «^  P^'-f^'^^ion.    The  Seres  are 
kind   and  whose  occupation  was  ?o  atSs  fc^ 
Asia  that  s,lk  was  first  known ;  and  it  wL  Lm    Z     Z,    ^^''''"'  '"^  ^'^"^^  '^ecn  in 

can,ng..W.,.,rr„,..the,.a.^ort,,fe™t^T,;S™e1ttVs''uy;Sh^^^ 


is  a  very  large 
!  contrary,  it  is 
s  of  the  Morns 
,  and  a  dispro- 
nation  of  silk; 
t  all,  it  should 
proportion  of 

tonis  tatarica, 
eciduous  tree, 
waters  of  the 
lerally  black, 
ddish  or  pale, 
ried,  or  made 
I  a  very  well- 
a  for  the  food 
them  in  the 
the  Morus  a. 

Iirce  varieties 
■1.  La  Reine 
5rus  a.  rosea, 
izola,  of  the 
OS,  and  ash- 
1  very  deep- 
rhe  fruit,  he 
is  appears  to 
n  gardeners, 
ild  in  China, 
zed  in  many 
geographical 
extremes  of 
lard  tree,  in 
5  Frankfort, 
to  be  found 
mulberry  is 
•  Australia; 
ee  of  north 
>n  of  north- 
tates  of  the 
Brazil,  Ca- 
slands,  &c. 
s  by  itself, 
ill  all  cases 
3s,  without 
?  that  of  a 

md  art,  are 
3,  that  they 
e  Seres  are 
estofman- 
ve  been  in 
•btained  it, 
'G  brought. 


WHITE-FKUITED  MULBERRY-TRKE. 

The  Chinese  appear  to  hai     i  ^^^ 

brcadTh  of  Asia     T'if  °^  ®°"=^  ««'  carried  XsSe'  Tr"  '°'""'  "'  8'<=« 

mmmmm 

others,  that  it  was  thrproduct  n  ^"^  "^  ^'T  ^^^"«^^^  ^ill  it  b  ,rS  whh   .f^"''!,' 

Abnnt  thc^^      ■      ■  '"^'  because  it 

-fvuoui  tne  beff  nninrr  nf  «i,„  Trr.i 


Si 


448 


^ 


; 


l,t- 


MORUS  ALBA. 


RoTeMS^'^fSri^^mo^r  '  '''?^,r«'^  ^«»fi"<^d  to  Greece;   but  when 
Seers  of  silcnnHhr^^  f'^nS'^  Peloponnesus,  he  compelled  the  principal 

amncers  ol  silk,  and  breeders  of  silkworms,  to  remove  with  him  to  Palermo  with 
the  determination  to  try  the  culture  of  this  Iree  in  that  conntrv      The  S  al^a 

saWsTMonSoit     Siil,^    ■!  is  sa,d  lliat  tie  o,ig„K.l  iree  slill  exists  at  li.e 

had  followed  Chnrlp^  vth    'V*-'.^' ^f  \erai  oi  the  gieat  landed  proprietors  who 

they  pia„  ed  m  l>rovo„ce,  in  the  vicinilv  of  MoiiLlimatt     In    ""o  K™,7h  f 

slI'a'eTvL'afl'™,?'' *'"","■  P'™"""  ""  ""'"''  a"isa„s„f  tl,afe'i,y™'S  afc 

hIL  1      ■    ,    S^"'"'  "'"'■"'  encourage  tliein  to  remain  tliere  'ic^ranNvl 

Ihom  special  privileges  and  immnnilios.     Henry  II,  and  ( liarles  I V    1,'^^Tm 

have  been  the  next  sovereigns  wlio  endeavoured  to  proirole  the  e  illore  o'l^l     n 

gaZUatNism"sVr3a  i'''°  ""'"  ■""'"'="■  7  "''•  ^>an  ols  T™   '  ,"a 

P     nf  tho  'Pn  1    •         ',  ''"'''''^  ^  plantation  of  white  mulberry  trees  in  the  aar- 
tZ^l  '\l  S^l''"^''  'V'''^  ^^^«  erected  a  large  building  for^  ^  ' 


worms. 


rearing  the  silk- 


trees  throtl'ili^^^rJr  "''  ^"^^'  ™™f  g""    •■"M.Ia.unlfZ  1"^* 


WH.TE-FliUITED  MULBERRV-tree 

Louis  XIII.,  the  sillf  r»o     e  449 

successor,  Louis  XV  "'f.""^^*^':"^^^  f«ll  into  neglect  •  but  „n  l       u 
Colbert,  one  of  the  n.yb'r^"''.'^''''^'  ^"racted  tife  auemt "" t'  *^'  '"'§"  ^^  his 
from  the  cSuure  ofP"*",'  """''''''"''^  '''^^S  the^'Ses  m.u  ^^^^--r^'"^'  ^"^ 
power.     He    eSt?  .iS    f  "■>'-*'''''^''  ''^solved  to  Si^f,  k'^'"'  ''"Sht  be  derived 
and  even  planted  'l^:'!'^^  '''X''^  nurseries;  gave^Z'n    I  "^^-y  "'"^ns  in  his 
.      cultivate  the  t  ee^  ^^  ?''''  ^'^^^  '""^^  «f  PrSStor.lo  'J   '^>  ^-^'^'^d  them : 
disgust,  on  Uie  nar't  of        ""'^''""'y  '"^^^''^e  caused  so  mn^^'J^  "^'  ^"'^'"t^rily 
suffered  to  decav     rtlh    .P'^P''^'"'"^'  ^hat  the  mulberrm   "^f 'J''^'^^^*'^"  ^"d 
or  t^venty.foar  sous  Vn      "  "'^'  ^"^^  '^'^re  genUe  nlL^'^!i'^^''^"«  ^^^^e  soon 
three  years       Th''  ?'  •^^^'-^  mulberry-tree  fha    L^  ^  n  '  i"*^""'"^  ^  premium 
few  yLrs    mulbe  rv  'n'l'  T"'  "«^^"ed\vith  succe  s     '7'^"  f  Plantation  for 
have 'so  c^nttedltte'r  "^",  ?^--"  SgSt  ^^i'lV'r"  ^^  ^ 
session  of  the  Frenc'nn  IS-  »    ^  T. ^  ^^^^     «o"'i  after  A  Lr«    ^""§^^.«"^'  ^nd 
established  whirl  t  If  •^' ""  P^'^hc  nursery,  occunvhL^i^  ""^^^  "^'o  Pos- 
purpose  of  eTper  m^^         '"  '""'^■"  ^^^^nty-fi^L  tSS,.?''*^  ^^'■^^' ^^^«  tl'ere 
se/ral  of  us'\Sr  "^  "-"-'nation,  -ong'Z?/;!;  ^ e"i  J  ^1'^  ^'d 
In  Germany,  the  cnlfnr«  ..f    n  '"^^  ^"d 

mulberries  planted  ex  Sel/i^V?    ^''''  ^"^^°^'"^^d  by  Frederick  IF       .    . 
P'e  \vas  soon  after  foM.,  !  i    ^c  "  different  parts  of  liis  domini!.  }'  ^^ho  had 

In  «avar,a,  thil^Ss't^^^^""''  ^'"^'^^^'  -^^  mtrXe^lf  ^^^'»- 
nient,  and  of  the  Mnnini    a      "'^'^  ^^^^  commenced  undpr  VL    "'"^  .''"taller  states. 

ho^vever   poltrd  treof,;;  ^^'[y  considerable.     In  Skrof  M  ^"^  ^^^her,  has  the 
cities,  goods  io  m. T  ^"""^  '""  '^^'^-  "ordering  t  e  b  Jl  ?,        *''''  southern  states. 

Cologne.  '^""^'  ^'  ^^-edero  m  the  Tyrol,  at  tevel      tt'St  at'''^ 

I  he  culture  of  sill-  Ik  "enin,  and  at 

houghs  of  the  tree   wil.  T    ?-^'  """^  accustomed  to  feed  X  ^:     "'hecultiva- 
»'  f'^ckihys  ihat  were  ever  seen  in 


Pill 


^^^ii 


ih 


m 


■'— *s^-iisi-j*: 


450 


MORUS  ALBA. 


I 


% 


Englaml,  sent  to  liim  from  Spain;  and  Edward  VT.,  "had  a  pair  of  lone?  silk 
Hose    Irom  the  same  country,  presented  to  him  by  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  "  a  present 

together  like  the  cloth  hose  that  were  worn  previously  to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth 
James  I,  when  Icmg  of  Scotland,  was  forced  to  beg  the  loan  of  a  pair  Ts 
stoc  ungs  of  the  Mar!  of  Mar,  to  appear  in  before  the  English  embassador,  enfo  c- 
ing  h.s  request  with  the  cogent  appeal,  "For  ye  would  not,  sure,  that  your  king 
should  appear  as  a  scrub  before  strangers  "-a  circumstance  which  probably  led 
h.m  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  silk,  both  in  England  and  in  America.  The 
manutacture  of  si  k  was  introduced  into  JJritain  in  the  X  Vth  century  ■  but  it  did 
'^hL^f  ""*  ^''-  ""'' '  '"f '•  '^?-'^^'  ^*"  *'^"  ^™<^  °f  Elizabeth,  the  tranquillity  of 
m  t^e  SSi;;;'''  '  '^''  "'""^  "'  ^'^f  ^•'^"^'"S^'  «««-«i«"od  by  the  disturbances 
m  the  Low  Countn.r.,  gave  a  powerful  stimubis  to  the  manufactures  of  England. 
In  Ibai,  James  I    probably  m  imitation  of  Henry  IV.,  passed  his  famous  edict 

ZaTr^'T^  *f ',  '"''"^'^  °^  ^'"^  '"^^  ^^'^^'"  '  ^"^^  ^'-^"^  ''^«  "  Issues  TtheEx 
bimTplf '    ut\y  i'"^u'r''  ^PP'^''  '^'""'^  ^'y  the  year  1008,  he  planted  largely 

>o?.  Rnnn    ?        '  T  '"'      f^^'.^y^    ^''■'  "^'''''^'^  "'  l*'^^,  quotes  some  passages 

f  om  K?r    '  rT'V^'S'^^l'^r"''"''  ''''■'  '''''''^  *"  l*^''-*;  '^"J  =^™«"g  «t''«'-  letters 
°  «       f    %  '"  ''"■^'  lieutenants,  recommending  the  planting  of  mulberry- 

ikwZ  °^^p'"^,  ''\'"'  "'  ^"°  ^"'^''"'^^  ^'^^•^-  'I^ho"gIi  this  auempt  to  reir 
s  nXd  I?  na"^^"'^  P'"'''^  unsuccessful,  the  manufacture  of  the  raw^^aterial 
SI  pp  ed  by  other  countries,  was  in  an  extremely  flourishing  condition.  The 
silk-throwsters  of  London  were  united  into  a  fellowship,  in  156^-  and  wee 
TZrZf  '"  ^'■"'  ,T'"."S'^  retarded  by  the  civil  wars^in  the  tim^.  of  Char  es 
I.  and  the  commonwealth,  the  manufacture  continued  gradually  to  advance  ;  and 

firSrS'V?  ''""^ ''  ^''"'^'i  ^'^'"^t  ''  '^  ''^''^  ^'^  ^  Pr«^"^ble  to  aStatute  passed   n 

InJ^'Ja  n  i\TJr  '1  '''"'  ■V"'^  r  ^'''''  t''^"^  f^'-ty  thousand  individuals 
engaged  in  the  trade.  A  considerable  stimulus  was  given  to  the  English  silk 
manufacture  by  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  168o  ;  when  abo     fif  y 

t  rS'llll    '"'1'  "''''""'  ^'^'^'^  ^^^"§^  hi  Hritam.     At  this  pedod,  the  consump^ 
ion  of  sill    goods  was  so  great  in  England,  that,  besides  the  qua  itity  manufoc- 

hnndrol  t'^'  ""T^^  '^'''  T^^  annually  imported  an  amount  exTeed?ng  six 
^n  ^S-   '°:J''''''^,  P"""^;  ',tf  h"g-     After  the  foUure  of  the  attempts  of  Janfes 

n    he  V  S  ^t'TU^r^"^  r  ''^;'"",'  r'''''' ''''''  ^^PP^^^^  to  iLe  beerx  made 
n  ttie  year  lb|9.      1  his  may  be  inferred  from  a  grant  having  been  made  to  Wal- 
ter As  on,  of  the  custody  of  the  garden,  mulbeny-trees,  and  silkworms  near  St 
co,rnu'atirn  nf  h"'"'^  of  Middlesex;  although  [his  may  possibly  have  b^en  a 
continuation  of  the  project  of  the  year  1605.     In  1718.  the  scheme  was  a-ain 
ei  ewed.  and  a  patent  granted  to  John  Appleton,  Esquire,  for  producing  raw 
Ilk  of  the  growth  of  England.     To  accomplish  this'  undertaking,  he  was  author- 
he  canulfintl^f  ^^  ^";'«"^'^''^  subscription.     This  he  accornplished,  divS  ng 
enmlled  n    T       T  ?^  ^'  P^""'\'.  "^'h-     A  deed  of  vrust  was  executed,  and 
enrolled  in  the  court  of  chancery;  directors  for  managing  the  concerns  of  the 

5rr7  ""T  '^'''"  ^^  ''^'^  subscribers,  and  Chelsea  Parle,  being  conveninty 
situated,  and  possessing,  as  was  supposed,  a  soil  favourable  for  the  purpose  was 
le'rf  nnTf  "'  th^/h^^^tre  of  their  operations.  A  lease  of  this  place  for^one'lui! 
dred  and  twenty-two  years  was  obtained,  and  two  thousand  mulberry-trees  were 
soon  actually  planted;  this  forming  but  a  small  part,  however,  of  the^vast  nuan- 
1  y  which  the  company  contemplated  raising.  Many  large  edifices  wire  emned 
at  d  great  expense,  upon  the  spot,  the  remains  of  whicli,  at  the  present  dav  'are 
J'aid  to  be  entirely  obliterated.  Mr.  Henry  Barham,  who  probably  ws  a  mem- 
ber of  this  eompaiy,  published,  at  this  time,  an  essay  on  the  silkvvo  m  w  "er^^n 
he  aboured  to  prove  that  all  objections  and  difficulties  raised  against  he  prose" 
cution  of  what  he  calls  "  tins  glorious  undertaking."  were  mere  phantoms  ^The 


of  long  silk 
1, "  a  present 
,  and  sewed 
if  Elizabeth, 
pair  of  silk 
idor,  enforc- 
it  your  king 
)robably  led 
erica.     The 
;  but  it  did 
nquillity  of 
jstnrbances 
af  England, 
imous  edict 
of  the  Ex- 
ited largely 
ae  passages 
)ther  letters 
f  niulberry- 
Tipt  to  rear 
\v  material 
tion.     The 
and  were 
of  Charles 
i^ance ;  j»  nd 
e  passed  in 
individuals 
jnglish  silk 
about  fifty 
i  consump- 
'■  manufac- 
eeding  six 
f  James  I., 
been  made 
de  to  Wal- 
ls, near  St. 
ve  been  a 
was  again 
ucing  raw 
as  author- 
1,  dividing 
cuted,  and 
rns  of  the 
iveniently 
rpose,  was 
r  one  hun- 
trees  were 
rast  quan- 
src  erected 
t  day,  are 
IS  a  mem- 
i,  wherein 
the  prose- 
ms.    The 


WHITE-FUUITED  MULBEKUY-TKEE. 


event  however  proved  him  t«  i,  ^'^^ 

of  an  instnmonn'tableis  wp  L    r';hi.r'1  ^'""^'^  '''''  ^''^-''^-s  did  exist 


expectation  was  disappointed    at^^le'^^n     '^'^ ''"^  ^^«"'^^  "^^  Wod 
15:"''  ^  ^P'"P,-"y  was'  e«tablisWd   „   !^„TaT;;.^'T;  '""'^  '"'«  "blivzon.     I„ 
lon.al  Silk  Comnanv.''  JilMf.fjJ'"^'-'^.  "!«  "^'"«  of  "The  British 


irioi        -■;:',""•''  *^'^«  estao  ishcd  in  |.'nrrln.„i      '  ,  "",'        "^  ""-o  ooiivion.     In 
Insh,  and  Colonial  Silk  Companv  "  wiM^        '  ""'^'''"  ""^  "^'"«  of  "The  JJr  tis 
of  the  celebrated  CYunt  DTnZ^\^h^^^^^^^     '^Y^'  '''^P'^^''  «»d  under  th^d  rection 
worm,  &c,  is  consiaered  t^  be%  woHc  evf^'f  "^  '^^  "management  of  X  s  ,k 
«^'pany  formed  extensive  plaSionsn  5^,';^^^^    ?  the  s.bjc'ct,  in  Italy      ThL 
J^ngh,  and  m  the  vicinity  of  Coi-I^  and  mfTf  ^tf  ^''^''''^'  Particularly  nea 
vonslure,  o,ie  of  the  most  influentia  mp^K        •  •^'"'"^  Heathcoat,  of  Tiverton    Dp 

ta'on's^int'  '"'^^  ^"^  ^-^'^^^^^^^^^^^ 

lations  m  the  county  of  Devon  •  bnf  -.rlnl  ^  '"^  company  also  formed  nkn 

chrnate  of  the  British  Isles  was  too  hunrriT  ''^''^''  ^''^««  fou™  haUhJ 
the  company  was  finally  [..-oken  Z  aXt  .7  ^^.P'-'^duction  of  good    ilk    and 
.  1l>e  first  mtrodi.ction  of  the  siK.fl  li    Pl'-^'yations  destroyed,  in  1829  * 

They  lost  no  timeTL^:;sti    n'L'.lL^^^^^^^^^^^^^     ^o  accompHsl/tirkil^^nL t? 
of  Virgnna,  together  with  part  cuhr  T.l    %   '"""f  ''^  *''«  governor  and  councii 
apply.the.r  labours  in  the  p'  Xcto,   o    siT  T  ^T  J^''  ''^'^"i^^^  m'ght  be 
then-  mstructions  were  acconman Ld  W  t        ^  ^^  ^''^  furtherance  of  this  object 
the  Art  of  Making  Silk  "  etc    a    In  ^  ""^  '"^'^^  ^^  Bonoeil's  "  Treat  isf  on 
eggs,  which  had  been  sentt;m  ^..'i^ilf;'^,!  f  nudberry-trees  and  si  k wo^^ 
a  member  of  the  Virginian  Cor^^.  f'""  i,'^^^^^^^^  ^^^l^'/^-.    ^r.  Bonoeil,  who  was 
was  so  Ally  convinced  of  its  ZShihlf      '^^^""'>^  '"  ^^e  undertaking-  and 
number  of  hands,  such  a  quLt  u' of  .■    T^t?  /?  "^'^^7  ^f'^^'  ^^^^h  an  ad^eqt mte 
very  short  time,  wo.n-d  s.  file  en  ly  «nn  i  "''f/V','  ^'""'^T"^  '"  ^^'S^ma,  as  in  a 
soon  after  this  time  experienced  W  ff^i      '  ^mstendom.     The  misfortunes 
the  dissolution  of  the  c4pa  v  Lafe    dl^'r^V^V^S'"'^'^'  ''^"'i  ^^hich  uYvoved 
A  considerable  number  of  m   Se?^;  tree  Ip    '''f '^  ''','  ^'"'^^"^'°"  "'"  ^his  mo  let 
s'lc  was  produced.     In  the  yeai  l^^S  thJf     ?'^'"^"''  =^"^^  flourished:   biuS 
subject  of  interest  in  Virginir    Tfm  'J        i"""^  °'  silkworms  again  became  a 
tions  of  Mr.  Edward  Di^i   ^ho  eonfi  l    !f '  '^''  principally  owing  to  the  eTer 
;h-.ain  dimculties  atte^Iin^^^^  ^Sl^  asserted  that  l4  had  ^nquS^T: H 
V  irginians  that,  in  a  short  tirne    ,  3/-     "':  <^'ideavo.,red  to  persuade  the 
obtained.     About  this  per  oT  t  wS  al  .^"'"'f  ^,  V*  ''[^'  ^'-^'»'  ^^'Y  nrofitahlv  be 
every  planter  in  Virgii/ia,  who  si  on  d  'ot  h-       ^  1  '  '^'"'''*  '^^'"^^'•""^^"t  Ihat 
for  every  hundred  acres  'f  land   n    fs  nn?     '  '■''"?^  '^  ''^'^^^^  ten  mulberry- trees 
tobacco.     Five  thousand  po  u  cfs  of  oL    .  r''°"^  '''^^"''*  "^^^  ^^^^  ten  pounds  of 
produce  one  thousand  pou'nds  of  lit  s   .  ToP''^"''"^'  '?  '^">^  '^"^  ^^^-  ^hoidi 
a  member  of  the  legislature,  stated  tin    I  o  .  "^  ^'''''-     *"  ^^^^ij,  Mr.  Walker 

on  his  estate.     In  160G,  all  statu torvnmvi.i"     '''''"'^  '^""^^^^"^  Mulberry-    oes 
he  bu,„     3,,^^^  in  so  thr  V  r^^^^^^^ 
This  branch  of  industry,  however  w?.!./^'  "°  '•'"-'^'"  ^o  require  protection 


#    Sqo    T  „..J 1         .      . 


K 
In 


*  See  Loudon's  Arboretum  Britannicum, 


"t  1350  et  scq. 


ill 


452 


MOnUS  ALDA, 


Ml 


:> ,.  • 

I!       •:  I 
I'       *■  11 


¥l 


w 


m 


*; 

i 

f. 

1 

them  new  views  and  habits.  As  they  brought  with  thorn  (heir  slaves  it  became 
necessary  that  an  unmed  ate  return  should  be  realized.  Hence  [hec  dture^f 
nee,  md.go,  and  tobacco,  Irom  which  an  immediate  profit  cmS  be  derS^ 

In  the  earliest  infimcy  of  the  settlement  of  Georgia,  in  the  vear  17S2  a  nip^r. 
of  ground  belongmg  to  government,  was  allotted  as  a^nuerypSat  on  for^x^^^^^^^^^ 

equal   ni  some  cases,  to  the  best  Piedmont'silk,  and  worked  wthVTwatc  th,n 

bun„  ail  .1,0  „„,;,  „l7Z^,  e"xc:'  Siaicur""'  ""'  °"'^  '"  "^'^'^^ 
eJyVZ7Jlf^'''T:Jf  f  ?  ,'"=""."",  "''J""  "f  ""=■•«•  i"  Carolina  as 


WHITE-FRUITED  MULBERRY-TREE.  ^,.3 

invmnitted  To  K"S' ^.[o'tllou.I?/ !l '""''''''  °/  ^'"«  '"^"^  «i'k.  which  were 
fi  y  for  the  Hncoiirageme.I   of  Ah?    .     ''''"'"S  «^  "^^'^c  by  tlie  Patr  o  i    S 

the  s.ik  manulacture,  at  Charlcsto     Ihinn  ,i>  "'  ''^''^i  ^^~^'  ^''«  commissioners  of 
five  pounds  of  raw  sillc,  of  more  than  3.  i'  ''"^'''^"^'  ^^^^  ''""^red  andfiftv 

tlicro  were  bought  by  the  n  in^lort  /'"''  ''^"'^  ^he  15th  of  August   177?^ 

cocoons,  ajl  the  JroduL  of  C/ |  J^,  ^'V'^^'f  "^  "'^««  hundred  fSds  of 
further,  of  importance,  appears  to  h^'^'''^''  '' '''^'  ""'"^  ^'^^''^'^  Nothing 
been  put  to  an  end  by  the  A?m.r  ca>r^-ov  (    "'"''^    '■°'''  ""'^  ""dertalcins  hav  nf 

attempted  in  Philadelphia    iHs'  n   '1    '.      r      ^  ''''^'^^'  ^^'^terprise  was  ^I''  f 

cocoons  were  brou-l,/  ;,'  '  ■     '  ""'^^'  "'«  direction  of  M  J  D'HomZ^   ^     ? 

;-ion,andsoS;:.e',^^f;-^^^^^^^^^^ 

tlic  urulertaking  f^^i|ed.  ™'  ''"^^  afterwards;  but,  for  the  wa./t  of  capital 

Dr/S^of  Ei;:i7^S^^;^^'^^  ?  ^"«  rearingof  silkworms  in  1760 
introduce  this  important  Z^nclf  of  rnrnr  ^'''■'"''''^' "^^'^  bis  best  exer  oiL  to 
extensive  nurseries  of  the  mXrrJn    <"'  "^^^^'^^Y-     He  succeeded  in  fS.  - 
and  other  places,  with  the  aid  of  ^/^;,^,7^"*^^«' V^''"«  I'^''-"^l>  I'onnsyl  ™  i'? 
Utiles,  at  that  time  president  of  Yale  Co  L  'V'l"'!r  ^'-^^^J^^^'-^  the  Rev.  Dr' 
seeds  was  sent  to  every  parish  in  tho  .n?'    =      •  ?"^  ^''^'^  "^^  ^^'^  o»"co  of  mulber/v 
edge  of  the  business  e^aS      e    ^o  iZ^arT'^V?*^'  'r^/'^"^  '''^  thei"w7 
gentlemen,  the  legislature  of  Connecticu    in  17ft'^"""'l  ^'''  exertions  of  these 
on  mulberry-trees  and  raw  silk     TCm  'slV.?  '""'  '"1""^''^^^  '^  ^r^^'^  ^  bounty 
bounty  was  withdrawn,  the  business^  nS    f"'","!"  ""'"'■'  '"  ^  f«w  years  the 
field  produced  only  two  huuS  'ml  si,^  •''•^'^'  '"^  I"  l'"'"^'  ''>«  town  of  Ma    ! 

ferc-i.i:Xhf^^^^^^^ 

sta  es,  by  offering  bounti...  for  all    rn?;?m-'/''"r  ''?  '^g'^'^'^res  of  sev  ral 
certain  periods  of  time.     But  instead  of     •«.      l"?'^"^^^  ^^itbin  their  limits  fo 
industry,  for  the  last  meonCTh^^^^^^^  tf"«  brand  o^ 

subject  m  detail,  we  are  compelled Votirw^'  ''''''  ^"^  entering  into  the 
work  eiititled  "The  Silk  Q^stioV Settled  '^'"  ""^'V^''^^  '«  refer  the  reader  to  a 

hundred  and  fifty  witnesses  bei^tliSo^t  orH^p'"^  '\''  ^^^''"»°"y  «->ne 
Convention  of  Silk-srowers  -.nrl  M       ^^P^^^  ^^  *ho  Proceed  ngs  of  the  Nit.n.,.! 

'•".the  city  of  New  fork  h  otb^Tir '"'!"'  'l''^  ^^  ^'^  ALrican  Ins^u  'e' 
missioner  of  the  United  StaVes  Patent  Ofl^  According  to  the  Report  of  the  corn- 
amount  of  silk  cocoons  produced  ^t!/,t?^l'^T^         ^''.  ^'^  y^^^  '844  t^e 

^^"''  '^'  '''«  several  states  in  the  union, 


I;    i! 

n 


454 


V    1:1 


IS 


i'l 


'i    i 


MORUS    ALBA. 


r.iro;   Marylu.Kl  .,,m,  Aonk  Jar'  tatS;!^;"*^";"?'  ■.,''■''"'■  ^'"^T?' 
JoutliCnrolma,(i,0:ill;  Now  York.  (i.;-,.1|.  K^  ,'„„,.!  it.  .'''^li  •■""rgja,  , ,1,1,11; 


T»«.i.. ,,. J.  '.,.■'  .''^V-l*"'^!''.-"^^*;  Kei,t„cky,r),Sl();  Now  Jersey  5  :^(H)- 

an,  1  r3l>;  Louisim.a,  l,:Jl<);  District  o/ 


Delaware,  4,W();  Ili^.iois,  4,250;  Micl:ig; 

Columbia,  l,2y();  Rhode  Island   1  1/l(t.  v„,„  it      '    ,  ■ '"■■"'  'i'""')  I'lsinci  oi 

Maine,  8.^0     Florida,  5  ()M^^^^^^^^  *'i'r"'  ^'"''''»"'''  l'''-«J; 

Wisconsin,  3().-Totai   llMoVqu         ^^''  ^'^'   Arkansas,  270;    Missouri,  ydO I 

heSt  o?s;:;;ve;ftK  mmk\f  h"';-  '^  r  ^>^«'^'  ^^''-" '-  -"-"^d . 

tus,%r  sprcad^of  branc  lel^o   ^  ^  fsiv  v  ^o  ""hT^      '''"'""I"'  T^  •'^"  -"'"- 
every  year.  ^  ^'-^'-     "  '^'^^""^^  ^"  abuiiduiice  of  Iruit 

or  those  iu  which  thcto?sT     ^  e    trilav^^^^^^ 

Avorst.     A  gravollvor  sinrlvlnn.l^  i  7^^^  '^'^'^^^^  *"  ^^''i'*'"'',  produce  tho 

f;-,-,r  -^"^  ^^'S^  ::;p:^^^-^r^^™. ;  ™  ^-^  -^ 


(luce  male  calkins  llic  precediiic  siiriii" 

Ton    n«    (llotr  01V-,    r...il.„ I  1  .  .       ,  „' 


rp,     ,  -   rr-ns  known  to  nro- 

1  he  berries  may  eulinr  be  gathered 


or  they  may  be  put  into  water  Ts  soon  i;,)  '""'''  ''V'  ^^P^'-^^^od  from  them, 
cientlv  hard  to  disengage  ^rseeds  u  If  ^^7''',  ^^"''7'^'  ^''^  ^"'^bcd  suili: 
water  and  then  rubbe.f  drl  o,^^]i  e  1"/,;'^  be  cleansed  from  the  pulp  in  the 
with  sand,  and  kept  till  wanh  1  fo  n  e  t\ho  '"^^^^^^i^^ely,  of  mixed 
sown  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  ea  hero^  nn^l  n  1  '°"'^'  "^  *  '■^"'"'  •''"  ^^^^^  arc 
but  in  colder  climates  hevxrc  ken  H II  «  ^  ".''  'T'  "''  ^''«  ^'^^"^^  «"""""; 
three  or  four  weeks  and  Zn^rV^         ^""^'  '''''^"  ^'"'y  gonerallv  come  up  i, 

Germany,  and'in  iLr^Jtr  rpr^rorre'StS  ^^I'^'f  '''''  "'^'"^-  ^'^ 
commonly  covered  during  tlic  first  wuue  %v^tll^^^  the  young  plants  are 

covering  is  often  continu'ed  on  the  gS  fo  hrtCr'  ""'  '''^'y, ''^^'^  this 
are  tiioroughly  established  to  vrotoct  ZVZ^  ?  ^T  ^'"'V^'  ''"  ^bc  plants 
are  generally  taken  up  and  rophntod  ^hcZrnnf  ''''^  ''"  '"  '^-  ^^""g  P'^"ts 
apart,  or  sufficiently  for  for  tiTe  co,  veni^e^^^^  ?  T''  ^'"''  «»'  «^«  ^^^t 

a.  multicaulis,  and  severa    o  LrTrSf      Sa  'leru.g  the  leaves.     The  Morus 

cuttn^gs;  tbekyersbdngmadrir^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^''^^^^  ^>^  '^^^^'^  «r 

the  parent  plan!  i„  autifmu  or  b?rH.?lf^. '"'''''■'  ''"'^  ^^^Parated  from 
wiil  readily  take  root  n  d  Arn.i  ^  *^^"ttnigs  of  branches,  or  truncheons,  vviiich 

Count  DanUoLr^ini^gS^  ^'^  /'^"-y"'^"  >^-'- 

near  the  ground,  the  third  snrinJ    hn^^J^^f      •  the  large-leaved  varieties, 

prefer  seedling  p  ants,  o  plafu  faisedVZ  )'"''''  °"  '^''  ^'""^"™  ^^PP^^r  to 
Tt  has  been  asse  ted  tl  at  treeT  Led  f  om T  ''^''"  °'"  '"'/'"8^'  '^  S'-^^tcd  ones, 
greater  longevity,  than  those  pron^^af^^^^  ^''.'  """'  ^V'^  "^'^'"^  ''^''dy  and  of 

of  their  folfage  f^Ul  proiuc^^a'^r  ^t'ft  lyVf^smc't^  ^"""  "^'^"''^ 

..  that  the  whtte  s;^eSa^t^^--;^^^;  ^  wl rXtll^j^fi 


^M);  Ponn- 
Alabama, 
rgia,  r.nnO; 
sey,  r),4m- 
J>i.stri(;t  of 
Ilia,  1,0.50; 
loiiri,  260; 

attained 
1  an  anibi- 
ice  of  fruit 

lis  spfcios, 
tliirty-iwo 
■at. 

rty  feet  in 
t. 

more  tcn- 
sitnation. 
ro  linmid, 
:k]uco  fli(j 
liilly  snr- 
llf  ys,  and 

5,  and  by 
ni  to  pro- 
gathered 
)m  tlicm ; 
bed  sulli- 
ilp  in  the 
or  mixed 
seeds  are 
autumn; 
ine  up  in 

^lltS,       III 

lants  are 
and  this 
le  plants 
tg  plants 
five  feet 
e  JMorus 
lycrs  or 
led  from 
f,  which 
ig  year, 
arieties, 
ppear  to 
3d  ones. 

and  of 

weight 
treatise 
lerry  be 
lis  plan 
;k  mul- 


WHITE-FUUITEU   MULBU  TREE. 


455 


sap  may  be  c'lually  <Cibn  .    rrouL^     ,,:^  ^^  '''«  '''''^J^'  «»  that  ti.e 

'1'  i'""'!'^  t'     pridueUon  of  tl ,  ,  ro  M,f  t^of  ^^  '   '  '''"     ^'^'"-     ^'"  ''"« 

tree,  which  li  alike  important  b    1^   L^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^V      ^-^y  P^'' of  the 

t!   •  scc-M,d  ere         hie  1  j^  remi  r  r    Lr^i  ^'l  ^'^''"  '"  "      ^''O'''"^.  and  for 

Ilalde         .,i,  ,^'^'r'''  ''  .V,"!   ''''\  I  ,    '"'.  "«»!''«'"»^'  ^  of  the  tree  iisdf.     J)u 

■I'ld  with,,.u  .  (r  or  damage  to  the  frees  Tl.  ^  "'^^'^  '?  '''^'  '''''*"-'^t  '"anncr, 
head  of  the  tree  m  a  hollo  .^f.^"..  I  out  -u  v  mt'er"'?'"'^  '''"'^.  ^^  ^""'"«  "'^ 
'llo  ;  so  that  a  person  goin-  round  t  e  in  e  m X  m  ','^',  ^''""^'"''^  '»  the  m.d- 
afterwards,  byVstandn^g  ^i  h  ,r,^;i7^,f,f  ^^^^  '\"  '''«  "Utside  leaves,  and 
d-flerent  part^  may  plu^:),  the  leases  gw;,ir,rS,;''''ll\f  7""^  '"  the 
allowed  to  grow  to  anv  "rej'*  hoi-Mii   oJ    i\,  '"tLUor.      i  he  trees  are  not 

l|.o<lgc.  that  may  be  roacL^  in  everv  nrrwi/l  .  nl  f  '\  "'''  "'^^^^'^'•^'  "''  '-^""d 
China,  and  also  ,n  India  the    mlberf/.'  In..i  '-'""'^"'g  on  its  branches,     la 

as  those  of  .he  sngai^c    le  auT    I  e  ^t^ri^^^  T'^V'^'f'/  '"  ""^  '"^^'>"«'- 

squares  oC       e  or  six  f.  't  o     ?  ^     .   ..^7  ^  ^''''"''''•.     "^  ''^"'^  ''^  '^id  out  into 

ionned  in.  wi:?^  ar^,;la  t^^  'a^^om/'livrr^;'  nmil  ^''-^  ^•-"- i^ 
the  sn.l  |,,.is  been  stirred  and  .    lUircd      T  n!.  ^      .        mulberry  cuttings,  after 

mulberry,  Jiowever    is  Tff-ipl-r.,i   k,.  .  ^   i  ^  accment.      llie  w  iite 

•nation  on  th^rof  pa  as   ic  f\,n^i      Tl'  7'''  ""^'''^\''  accompanied  by  the  ibr- 

of  Count  Dandolo  cijtitlod  "lli  '  \Zn  CyclopiMlia ;  also  lo  iho  work 

"America,,  Silk-Oro  vcS  Guil-"  -^.w   f  "".f  "-yV  B'":';!"  <Ia  Se.a-  Kcuick'., 
tl.c  Jay.  '"'■'     "'"'  '°  »'°"  of  "'«  "gricullural  journals  of 

i'roj,e,-,k.  and  Pscs.    Tl,e  wood  of  ,ha  Morus  alba,  who-  dry,  ,voighs  forly- 


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MORUS   ALBA. 


rails  to  rural  fences,  and  for  fuel      fc?  ^'^  ^^'^  ^^^  ^^ne-props  pits    'nd 
iineness  of  silk.     pJr  this  purpo  'e  the  von   '  "''^.'^"  convened  into  I  n?n  of  the 
the  second  ascent  of  the  sSpS  mnSirlil^^^?^        August'  'durn| 
It  IS  then  taken  out,  at  sunset  snreaH Tn  tiT         ^^^  '','^  ^"""^  ^^^ys  in  stil   water 
s"nr,se.     After  repeating  th  fprS  dai'-  ^-^'''''  '"'^"'""^d  *«  ^he  waler  ai 

dried,  and  prepared  likl  flav  ^  tS  K  T^  ^""^  '"""^  ^^'"«'  i'  '^  finally  taken  out 
;me.tree  fo^-  rLking  blf  for  ma's  t  %tTf  '''V"''  ''  thVEurop^eS 
leaves  of  the  white  mulberry,  abound  hln  Ju^  ^^'^''  ''^"^  '"ore  especially  the 
more  or  less  of  the  properties  of  cao.u.ffn"""'^  J"''^'  ^^^ich  is  found  to  possess 
the  tree  is  grown.  It^is  doubtresstwfnL''tr tr'^^"^  '°  '^'  ^'^'"^te  inChTh 
fihr.?h"''''7^' 'h^^  the  cocoons  of  the  sHkworm  h''  ^''""P^'K'''  '^e  leaves  of 

Sie  s  l^"V;''"'t"-  ""y  °t'^^r  i»«ect  that  feedron  t^^e'L'  '"  "'f  ^  "^"^'^  t^"^^^"^  of 
the  silk,  like  the  tobacco  and  wine  o f  ™  ni       '"^^^'^^  "^  trees.     Hence,  also 

always  superior  to  that  produced  in  rnm'J'  r  '"^''''  ^"^  ^^  P^o^,  dry  soils  S 
soils.  To  verify  this  opinion  we  auotefhnf  n  ™-^''''  ^"^  ^^^^^  "ch  and  moist 
from  the  -.Jo.irnal  d'AWc^^ki^^rdes  P.v/r'^'^'"^^"'^  J'^^icious  observ^ 
impracticability  or  profitably  raisins  siliT;?''?'^^  'J^'''^  ^^'"  "«t  only  show  ?he 
an  infallable  guide  L  the  ch^iSTf  soil  a^?d  dimS?  ^^'V/'"'^^^'  ''"^  ^^^»  -^'e  a 
The  mulberry-tree  is  found  in  Spn  .?  ^^'l'  ^^^'^  sP^cies  of  culture  :- 
grown  in  the  north  is  much  ?ess  sukable  for  tlT^  ^ '  ^"'  '^'  ^''^''  ^^  ^he  leaves 
of  the  leaves  of  the  south      In  f  L  ^^  production  of  good  silk  than  thnf    " 

much  as  wines,  according' to  ^heLar^;' T"'?'"^ '^^^^' ^"^  XZe^Ts 
In  general,  every  climate'and  soH  thaT  wHl         '°''  "]  ^^^^^^  they  are  produced 
succulent  mulberry  leaves    h, 7  h.      ,     '  ^''''''  8^°^  ^''eat  will  produce  laSp 
jrve;  that  is,  they  wm  ^iVtoo  m^h  '^'''  T"'  '"  "^^"7  cases,^be  tTo  S 
ency.     The  wild  mulberry   .vithsSll^;;"'^  ''°  ™"^'^  ^"bstance  and  su     i-" 
than  the  grafted  mulberry,  with  lame  leav '''  ""f '^'''  '"'""'■'  ^"^^  «"^'h  ^  ^o 
depended  on,  is,  that  the  mulberry  to  nroT      .."^  l'"'*"^*  ^"'«'  ^"d  one  to  be 
soil  and  exposure  that  the  vine  does  to  ml  f<?  t"  ^'''  ''^^'  ^^q»"-^«  the  sanie 
much  bin''  "'^r'-"^«  "«"rislLd  by  ?eres  '^the're/'r^'""     Experience  has 


f  the  trunk, 
ng  of  wine- 
able,  violet- 
!,  posts  and 
inen,  of  the 
fust,  during 
still  water, 
^e  water  at 

taken  out, 
!  European 
ecially  the 

to  possess 
e  in  which 

leaves  of 
enacity  of 
ence,  also, 
ry  soils,  is 
and  moist 
servations 

show  the 
II  serve  as 
iulture : — 
the  leaves 
than  that 
:  differ  as 
produced, 
ice  large, 
00  nutri- 
id  succn- 
h  a  soil, 
ne  to  be 
the  same 
ence  has 

succeed 
3s  which 
id  by  an 

that  of 
Horus  a. 
arkably 


Morns  rubra, 
THE  RED-FRUITED  MULBERRY-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


MoTus  rubra, 

Murier  rouge, 
Rother  Mauibeerbaum 
Moro  rosso  ' 


LiNNiEus,  Species  Plantar.im. 
M.c«Aux  North  American  Sylva. 

Germany. 
Italy. 


Red  Mulberry-tree,  Virginian  Mulberry.  |  ^^''''■ 

r^"^'^-*  AND  Anglo-America. 

below^    '^"'^*-    ""='""'^'  North  American  Sj-lva,  pi.  U6-  Lo,„Inn    i  k., 

■  Pi.  Ub,  Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum,  vii    nl  »?.   „   ,    .    . 

Specific  Characters.     Sexes  Dolv<.,r.  ,•  '^'■" 


Description. 

i^^HE  Morns  rubra,  when 
^    I  rill  F«'^>"g   "1  its  native 

LI    [@    fnrpsfo       o.v^ .. 


,i^\ 


-^^'.s^  forests,'  among    other 

in'peltlCZta  S:';,  form  SSloC-.vl'^'i''  ™';'"  "<»"=-.  -h'*  put  forth 

form  new  varictS  "races  t^ts'ST'  '"  '"""'  '""  ^•™''  "='"icncy  ,„  spor,  ,„H 
species.     The  follo,W  ^v'aVa  io^rirrTlrr-  '^^  '"'''"''  ""^  1^^   ;,h"1 

^^  we  insert  priue,,,aily  uu  the  authority  of  Raf^ 


458 


MORUS    RUBRA. 


'1.1 


the  species  in  having  longCT  petioles    ^vnfeT  ^',"'  '?'■"">'  '•"T'^-^'  f'™ 

seldom  laterally  lobel,  quite  sm<Sh  and  thn'  ^"P'f  '°'''''"<'  '<^''™.  "I"":!'  »'» 
acnminale  nor  oblique  at  thetose  '  1,  forZ  •.  i  '°™"''  '"^""''  """  ""'"'"' 

banks  of  the  Snsnuehannal    in  il,„  am    f.        ^Jmidsome  treo,  growing  on  the 

three  to  five  i^ci:Sl^:^-t^i:^l^t^7^^:i^^-     '''^  '^^''^  '^  ^-- 
when  gro\in"rro"  k.'S^et"^^  -1'^^  Rock  Mulben;, 

rounded  at  the  base  ku  tot^corda  e  ieTr.f  '^  ''"'  ^^''^^>^  ""'^  «^^^»«'  ^^lique 
native  of  Canada,  tlie  riortl^^rn  nar?  of  m1'  ''^^."""'Jf^^'  '-^"^  smootl^'  It  is  a 
York,  and  the  Alleghany  MountSinl  '  ^"''^  "^'"P^^ire,  Vermont,  New 

^4'Vti^=Lt^tKS:!^^-"^fj^  called  7)...«.  Mul. 

one  to  two  inches  lon^,  are  sraool   nvnt;         \  I  ""^  ^^'''  variety  are  from 

■sub-cronate,  truncate  at  the  btse  oftV^l/'  "''  °[  ^^'"''^'  "°^  ^^^^d,  equally 
petioles.  The  fruit  is  Ve  T  sSl  obTon.  i'3T'  ""f  '"^P"^^*^^  ^y  ^""g  ^'^"de? 
sweet  taste.  It  is  a  native  ofTh.  AN JT^'^''*^  "/  ^ 7''y  P^''^-r«d  colour,  and 
said  to  have  been  cult^^ail^by  Ihe  llldSnT^  '"^  Apalachian  Mountains,  and  is    - 

it/S's?gh;^S'?nd  ^'^'^'iz^v^sr  "^^^  ^^^  "-'^-  -^-- 

assumed  as  the  noAheri  limits  of  his  tree  A.  ^  Wmnipisiogce,  which  may  be 
to  its  increase,  as  we  progress  ^outhwnS'u  t  ^"'"P^'^te  climate  is  favourable 
the  Atlantic,  it  is  propoSably1ess7ommon  trn""''  ^"^^^'""Itiplied;  but  along 
form  tho  mass  of  he  forests  In  the  iZo^rfn  \'''^"  "^^"y  «ther  trees  which  do  not 
less  frequetitly  seen,  than  at  a  distanrS^  f  ^^'^'  '°"?"^"  ''^'''>  i^  is  ^«"ch 
table  productims  wear  a  di^Srent  Xvn T  ^'^1°^^^"'  ^^here  the  soil  and  vege- 
Pe.ms^lvania,  Virginia  Shb  Lntuokva  d  T.  n''  "^''^  ^^'^"^"^'>^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^ 
on  the  banks  of  the  VV^ba  h  KS  inrl^h  m^^^^^ 
to  the  superior  fertility  of  the  soil  '  Missouri,  which  is  attributable 

x^ln  =rr^t;^t  i;is^lisr^!!^  ^?  p-^^--'  -^^  ^"  ^^^ 

large  tree,"  and  that  "  the  fruit  is  ]nt^r.^' a  .  ^'°'?  ^""^^^^''^  ^^^th  us  to  a 
tions  a  tree  of  this  spec.es  iiTeg^^^^^^^^^^^^  at  Full^aE^Tr''^  """^K  -^'"^^  '"^"- 
been  tiiere  many  years  without  pr?Sin/anv  ft utt  It""!  "\^'''^'  '"  ^^^^^  ^^^^ 
bore  a  great  number  of  catkins,S\  Eose  of 'tl-  'f''  "'  'T'  '^^^^«"^' 
Ray  to  give  it  the  name  of  ConZ  A  mo^t  ?h!  1.  hazel-nu  ;  which  caused 
of  much  magnitude,  in  the  envfrons  of  T  nnnln  J  P'^"^'  ""^  ^^'^  M°r"«  ^"bra, 
don,  as  growin-  in   he  eird^n  nf    f  ''^^•^l'^""'  »r<3  those  mentioned  by  Mr.  I.ou- 

of  ilessfs.  Loddiges  "t'JjS  neV     In  S'",^''^  ^r'^'  ^"'^  "^  the^arboretum 
teen  feet  high.  "acKney.     m  I83b,  these  trees  were  from  eight  to  six- 

whJcinrTdjiy t 'at^tntin^a  '\F''''^  ^^^.  ^^  ^  *-«  «^  this  species, 
Avith  a  trunk  a  foot  and  a  hafeZ^l^  h"'^  the  height  of  forty-five  feet 
of  thirty-eight  feet.  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  or  spread  of  branches 

ingrhlS'^UaLJ^T^'hSt^f^Sr^xt'."'"?^  ^"  '^^'y  ^-'-^  ^^-  P'-t- 
ter,  and  an  ambitus  of  thiSy  feet.       ^  '  ^''''^'  ^  ^'""'^  ^wo  feet  in  diame- 


iervations  of 
irietics : — 
jf  a  pale-red 

ivith  all  the 

Water  Mid- 
differs  from 
,  which  are 
but  neither 
iving  on  the 
es  are  from 

':  Mtilberry, 
te,  oblique, 
h.  It  is  a 
mont,  New 

idian  Mul- 
ty  are  from 
?d,  equally 
II  g,  slender 
:olour,  and 
ins,  and  is    - 

rn  extrem- 
3h  may  be 
favourable 
but  along 
ich  do  not 
it  is  much 
and  vege- 
et  with  in 
y abounds 
tiibutable 

ly  in  the 
h  us  to  a 
Her  men- 
731,  had 
I  seasons, 
h  caused 
LIS  rubra, 
Mr.  I.OU- 
'boretum 
It  to  six- 

1  species, 
ive  feet, 
jranches 

5r  plant- 
i  diame- 


RED-FRUITED  MULBERRY-TREE. 

redJ;mSber'!;-;"e"fony"ttrfe,u  ^^'"r^''^^^  --  Plnladelphia,  there  is^a 

Propagation,  .^c.     l\e  Mo  .^  f/   'a  H  le  the""  \^""^  'T'  ^"  crrcumfo  re.  c 
may  be  propagated  from  seeds  bv  rm'tin      ^''^^^'"te,  and  black-fruited  species 
general,  will  thrivn  with  simU^r  fLnt       ^'  ^r"^  ^^y*^''^"*'  ««•  by  graftiu-  St 

leaves 
^I'opcrties  and  Use'i      Tim  nn.r    *  ,  >;  i'-t-u 

elected  for  the  ribs  of  large  boats      It  fs  . fsn "'  ^T^  ^^'^^^^^,  it  is  sometimes 

™h  i^""^1'  ^'' ''''  P-f«  ofr^ra  /enc  %"hii"V''"  Pf"-^'  '^  the^onnTry 
as  much  esteemed  as  those  of  the  I..r  -s  xTA  i  '''  ^'"''"^  ^^^•^''"  durability  are 
n)"gh,  and  hairy,  while  young't^^^ev  Lf,^  '  ^'^?' '^^  ^'"«  «P^^ies  nreTliicr 
which  feed  with  advantage  in  a  Si    i    ^"^P^'^P^i'  ^r  the  food  of  silk  wo  m. 


.;L«I 


" 

i 

A 

[I 

if 

■ 

if' 


13  '* 


l; 


,  If 


ff  ^ 


i     ], 


Ifipi' 


Genus  BROUSSONETIA,  L'Herit. 


UrticaccfB. 

Si/sl.  Aat. 


Synonymes, 


Broussonetia,  Morus,  Papyrus, 


Dioccia  Tetrandria. 

Sijat.  Lin, 


Of  Authors. 


^^:l::^ZJ^^Zx  hi™"'""  ""^  ™  "'"""^  '"  ^°"""'  "f  '^'^  P-  '^^  V-  Brou,,onet,  a  French  naturalist,  who  wrote 

Generk  Characters     Flowers  unisexual ;  those  of  the  two  sexes  upon  distinct  plants.     Male  flowers  in 

S^  .'i  ,    "'^.'^'■'"'^"f '  f^"''"'  'J'"''^  "°^^''-''-  '"  ""-'  'I''-"  "'■  'h''  >"-««t'^a.    Calyx  short  y  ti  b,^ar Ten  4- 

n  Imhr  ifs  t!n  wf,h''.''T';'-.K^"n"''  '*""?"  '"  ^"^""'^''^'''  ^^'"->>  "P"-"'"'-  f^'"''"lar  L3  Calyx 
9  .  1 ',  '  ""■  '  ''";',^-  ^''"y  '^'"""  ""  intesumL-iit  that  arises  from  the  bottom  of  the  calvx 
S  h  Evon/its",'i'o'"^n  1  ^  '""  f'"b-l-ped,,  proceeding  from  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  and  exteScd 
teeomes  ve  V     ,1.7 'nn       ^i^^'f "","    ""  ,'"'«"."l"'^'"  '^  ^^hich  the  ovary  was  enclosed,  and  now 

I  HE  genus  Broussonetia  was  constituted  by  L'Heritior  from  the 
Morns  papyrif era,  and  is  said  to  comprise  but  one  species,  native 
of  Japan,  and  tlie  Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  consists  of  a 
vigorous-growuig  shrub  or  low  tree,  Avith  large-lobed,  hairy  leaves 
variously  shaped,  and  differing  so  much  from  each  other  on  the 
tinpf  "^  ^^^^^"^  P'^"^^'  ^^^^^  ''^^y  "I'S'it  be  easily  taken  for  dis- 

llilCl  spec IGS. 

,>^nr]?/^''  i''''1r  T/T.   '""^''  ^.'^''"S  the  fustic-trees  of  the  tropics,  which  are 
more  nearly  allied  to  this  genus  than  to  morus.     They  differ  from  the  true  mulber- 

4  nnr^^l     tV"^        .  ^'"'^'^  'f/''"''  ^lobular,  the  flowers  distinct,  calyx  scariose, 
4-parted;  the  sepals  unequally  obovate,  obtuse,  the  ovary  obovite-compressed 

he  style  single  terminal,  smooth,  filiform,  and  flexuose;  and  the  fruit  i  globu- 
lar compound  berry  or  syncarpc;  whereas  the  true  mori  have  double  stylls  and 
s^gmas,  and   oblong   fruits       There  are  several  kinds  of  ^     tic-treesf  which 

5  f  2!  ('m        'T  '\  P'^'l''^'  ^'■?"P'  ^'''"^  ^*'"'''  ^'^^^^^^  seeds.     The  true  fustic 
ot  dyers,  (Morus  tinctoria,)  is  a  laige  tree,  sixty  feet  in  height,  bearing  sweet 
edible  fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  nutmeg,  and  is  a  native  of  Centml  America^  Yuca- 
tan, Cuba  Jamaica,  &c.     TMie  whole  plant  abounds  in  a  slightly  glutinous  milk 
of  a  sulphureous  colour.     The  wood  is  yellow,  and  is  much  used  in  dyeinrfo 
thn  nnTTf  r    ''  chiefly  imported  into  E.irope  and  the  United  States,  mider 
the  name  oifushc-wood.     There  is  a  variety  of  this  species,  called  Bastard  Fustic, 
a  tree  smaller  in  stature,  and  less  valuable  as  a  dye  and   s  found  from  Yucatan 
to  the  southern  parts  of  Florida  and  the  Bahama  Is  ands 


*.  i 


WMHkiS 


iliat,  who  wroto 


Brousson  cfia  papijriferay 

THE  PAPER  MULBERRY-TREE. 

Synonymes. 


Murus  papyrifera, 
Broussonetia  papyrifera, 


LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 
Don,  Miller's  Dioiionary. 
Loudon,  Arboretum  Jirilannicuin. 


Broussonetia  a  papier,  Milrier  a  papier,  )  -r, 

Jlilrier  de  la  Chine,  Papyrier,  France. 

Papier-lMaulbeerbauui,  Germany 

Moro  papirifero,  Moio  della  China,  Italy.  ' 

Paper  Mulberry-tree,  BnirAiN  and  Anolo-Ameiiica. 

Bngraun...     Nouveau  Pu  Hamcl,  ii.,  pi.  7 ;  Lou.lon,  Artare.un,  Britannicum,  vii„  pi.  228 ;  a„J  ,l,e  figure,  below. 

Specific  Characters.    Female  calyx  tubular,  3-4  dentate;  style  lateral;   seed  clavate     LeavPs  'i-'-, 
lobed,  acummate,  serrated,  scabrous.  '  ciavaie.    L,eaves  i—o- 


iii 


n  ij 


Description. 

^^^^i^HE  Broussonetia  papyrifera 

'^'^'ir'l^  is  a  deciduous  low  tree,  or 

^L^M  ^^•■ge  shrub,  usually  grow- 

-—.-- — ~ ES^tM  ing  to  a  height  of  twenty 

or    thirty   feet,    with   a    trunk    from   ten    to   twelve 
inches  in  diameter;   but  in  favourable  situations,  it 
sometimes  attains  nearly  double  of  these  dimensions      - 
Its  trunk  ramifies  at  a  small  height  above  the  ground  ^ 
into  numerous  branches,  which  form  a  wide,  though 
regular  summit.     The  bark  of  the  trunk,  when  young 
IS  rather  smooth,  and  of  a  grayish  colour.     Its  leaves 
are  large,  hairy,  and  canescent;  and  are  either  heart- 
shaped,  ovate,  acuminate,  or  cut  into  deep,  irregular 
lobes.      1  he  flowers,  which  appear  at  New  York  early  in  May  before  the  lenve. 

rnsi,^;;^::^''^  ^?  '"  °'^^""^"'  ^^'•'^'  «<^-^'«t-coloured  frifit,  of  a  s weetS  ,  but  rathe; 
insn„d  taste,  w^ien  ripe,  which  occurs  at  New  York,  in  July  or  Aug.ist 
Varieties.     The  varieties  recognized  under  this  species  are  as  follows  :- 
1.  11  p.  cucuLLATA,  Loudou.     Cowlcd-lcaved  Paper  Midberrv  •  a  snorf   fnnnrl 

of  a  boat  ""'"^  "P^'"''^''  ^^'^  ^'^^  *^°«^  «f  ^  Capuchin,  or  the  sides 

2    B.  P.  FRucTu  Ai  Bo,  Loudon.      White-fniited  Paper  Midherry. 
J"D?n'^anH   r^  ««rf  ^^.^^.y.     The  Broussonetia  papyrifera,  is  a  native  of  Chma 
fhe^chief  count  fZ'fV"^  ''  now  cultivated,  as  an  ornamental  tree  throughou 
tlie  cliiet  countries  of  Europe,  and  in  most  of  the  states  of  the  American  union 
in   mi    'nnr'  ""^°d"««d  into  Britain,  from  Japan,  by  Mr.  Peter  Col  nson 
in   \lo\     and  specimens  varying   from  ten  to  thirty  feet  in  height    are    o  be 
Ihe  mal"a.rtf  f"  T^'f  and  collections  in  En'gland  and  Scotland.'   Both 
the  male  and  lemale  plant  have  long  been  cultivated  in  the  London  Horti- 


III  \i 


■  h\ 


i 


iSTl 


^^ 


BROUSSONETU    PAPVRIFERA. 

Ltdlgis'^^ftKcl.?:;'"^'  ''  '''"^'^^-  «^-"'  -^'i  -  «-  -borotum  of  Messrs. 

forty  feet,  ^ith  a  t  mile  two  feetLd  a  m^^^^^^  I'ad  attained  the  height  of 

of  branches  of  thirty  feet  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  or  "prcad 

a^p^li^ng!  SaUaS^,;^  heg^^f'J^ifl^S  ^Uh''  V^  T^'^"^-  y^^ 
eter,  with  an  ambitus  of  twenty  feet  ^        '  ""  ''""''  ^  ^''^^ '"  ^'^"i- 

sta^"  ss.^  g;;;::^'  llaJ^rr  Mr  Tr^'^r?  ^^^  "'^^^^^-^  •»'« »'-  United 

Philadelphia,  who^  ha^at  onc^n?  iod  !  o'"^  \''"'''"",'  "^^'^^  Woodlands,  near 
trees  of  any  one  in  Amer  ca  Tho  nn.  ^??  '^'^'"P'«'«  collection  of  foreign 
from  seeds  or  importS   W  the  htJ^'vf'.V""  n'-''^'  '^']^  ^'«°  cultivated,  eilhlr 

«oJi:f  No^  i^^^^^ 

..|f  S^rt i?-l^KS^  JI-,^ -^^^^^^  "  S^^^ 

Rroo    yrSddphrind'othr^  TTI  °^  ---tll'^^^s  in'Sew  York 
frequenti;  to  be  nS  wid^    v^^,    ^""T  "^  '^^'  ""'•^"'  ^^'^^''^  ''^«'-«  '-^^e  specimens 
trucks  fro'm  ton  inXs^^'tr  f^e't'i.^  cffZeter"^^  ''  '''''  ^^^^  "^  ^^^S^^'  -"^ 
by  ^nZl^':o:^4'-J^^^^^  l-y  be  propagated  either  from  seeds, 

tings  of  tlie' branches,  wrcth^  usually  adopted,  as  the  cut- 

soil,  consisting  of  a  mSateiv  rS.  ?  ^    /'^^''^  ^^'''  '''''*'  '"^"^^  thrive,  in  any 
cliarged  with  mois  ur    '  Th    U 'is  n"i^^  l'"-  'p""^*°^  "^'^^  "^^  ^"-"^    • 

statid  the  climate,  without  i  I  v  of -iKnn.^^  ^Y'^^tt'"  ^i"^'''"'  ^"^  ^^^^  ^^ith- 
necticut;  but  eas  wa  d  of  t  at  sfate   ,f  {  ?       ^^^'^^Uuited  States  south  of  Con- 
far  north  as  Montreal   in  ranldTt\vilhrr3r^         '""f^  ^"^'^  ^^  ^'^''''  ^"d  as 
Properties  and  ut\  '"i,^"aaa,    t  will  barely  live  without  protection. 

and  brlttferi^TfitUrvalur rj^lffj  r  I-Cf^'berry,  wfich  is  soft,  spongy, 
in  their  texture,  for  the  food  oi  si  k  j-^    \he 'eaves  are  too  rough  and  coarse 
fodder  for  cattb;  and  as  the    reo  win        '      ''  '-^7  "•■"  ^"^""^  ^^  be  excellen 
throw  out  numei^rfut    of  leaves  I  Lrj  ^'^P'^'y  "^/ "'o^t  every  soil,  and 
able  to  cultivate,  iu  some  situa^^ns  ^n  1  -l       f    s^'ggf  ted  that  it  might  be  ;alu- 

tliis  tree  is  suff/cien  ?;  tena aor'o  be  „  '^^^  ^'^'^  "^'T'''-  u^^'^^  J"*^«  '^ 

leather  or  paper.     The  finest  and  whi,"^^^^  f  '\S'"^'  ^'^her  in  gilding 

heite,  and  of    he  Sal.dwicl   Isia  d7i^^    i      r'^'^T  }^  "^'^  inhabitants  of  Ota- 
liowever,  to  which  ts'eap '"^^^^  Y'\     ^^"^  ^''^  P^^ipal  use, 

The  following  is  an  ab   S'ment  of  K^inn?.ft  '  "     V'V'  7^'^»"f^<^ture  of  paper! 
•    this  article  in  Japan,  as  cmoTed    rom  t?/  fim       .'"''  °^  ^''^  P*"^""'^  "^  «'^'^'"g 
Cyclopa3dia".— "The  branches  of  Zp  n,  volume  of  the  Loudon  "Penny 

a  yard  long,  are  boiled  uiiu  the  Irfr  !h?  ,  "r  ^'^i:'  ^^'''"  ^'"' '"'«  P'^^^s  ^bout 
and  thrown  away ;  and  el  arl^beinilHd  ""^  '*^'  ^-"O'^,,  which  is  taken  out, 
to  make  paper,  it 'is  soa  led  for  thieo"  If'  '^P'"^^^^.^^^^  ^ill  wanted.  In  orde; 
external  skin,    enidtn4i^  rnn  1  thi  four  hours  in  water;  after  which,  the 

strongest  and'fiS^cSlr  lie  ef 'The'nl"^  'T^  '''''P'^  '^'  ^"^  ^^e 
of  an  inferior  quality  iVanVver!  1''  ^^ F  ''^-  °^  ^''f  ^^""ger  shoots  being 
the  other  hand  reiected  asZ  rnn^r.J  ^x  T'  ^''^'^"^  themselves,  they  are  on 
might  impair  th^Suy  of  'he  n'Sr'  /"  '"'"^  P"'^^'  ^""'^  everything  which 
boiled  in  a  lixivium  tiU  its  downv  fihL  '  ^'\^''°  ''"'"^^'^-  ^^be  chosen  bark  is 
The  pulp,  so  pXced  s  the  np^^^^^^^^  ^  ''P^'^m'^  ^^ ''^  touch  of  the  finger. 
If  not%irfficiently  boiled   the  pa;^^^^^  '""^"'^  ^\''  '^  T^-^^bles  tufts  of  tow. 

^t  will  be  white,  Leed,  i^s^s.:^s^^:nt^rsi^r:'rz;i 


1  of  Messrs. 

;  garden,  at 
ic  height  of 
IS  or  spread 

-four  years 
ot  in  diani- 

the  United 
lands,  near 
of  foreign 
ted,  either 
mg  Island, 
ees,  stand- 
l  of  which 

y'ew  York, 
specimens 
ight,  with 

"om  seeds, 
s  the  cut- 
ve,  in  any 
,  nor  sur- 
ivill  with- 
h  of  Con- 
ts,  and  as 

:,spongy, 
d  coarse, 
excellent 

soil,  and 

be  valu- 

juicc  of 
1  gilding 
i  of  Ota- 
ipal  use, 
of  paper. 

making 
"  Penny 
es  about 
ken  out. 
In  order 
lich,  the 
and  the 
ts  being 
r  are  oa 
J  which 

bark  is 
!  finger, 
of  tow. 
I  much, 
various 


PAPER    MULBERRY-TREE. 


463 


beTty  rth"  pa%r'  VSJ^7:'^'  T^'^  t^.^^P^'"^^  ^  ^"  ^he  quality  and 
oreni,  one  o    tl',^'^^^^,,0^  '  'b?  i.  -^  ?""^  ^^'^  T''  "«  '''''  °^  ^^^^  ^  ^oot  calle 
finished  niuci    after  rironon^T  ""'^'Y  ^"  '''«  I^"'P-     ^^''^  P'-^Per  i 

instead  of  brass  w  re  ''     rKtcrfh .',;'?''';  ''"'  ''^'^^''  "''  ^"^'"^^  "'^  "^^d- 

iA  -"l^mt  hSS^'an/Sti^ori^r^^'^T^^  as  romamental 
ful,  light,' open  foliage,  XchsXlorL^r''^""'^-'^  singularly  beauti- 
desirablc  ob/ect  for  shading  streets  and  avtmel       '"''"'' ''  ''  '''''^''"^  ^  "^°«^ 


I  ;i 


!;•■ 


: 


'h' 


t 


I  iP 


Genus  MACLURA,   Mitt. 


UrticncciB. 
Ayr  Aut. 


Madura,  Toxi/ion, 


Synonijmes. 


DioDcia  Teiraiulrm. 
Hyl.  Lin, 


Of  Authors. 


..»?^:;.  J^;r  --'  ^^  --- '-  --  -r ...  u.  u.  wnna.  M..U..  or  P,.naao>ph..  „  ce,„.™..  .... 

CMenr  Characters.      Flowrrs  r1l<ppln„c      at  i     n 
l^'7'='''''''nvcTsi„.|.,H.lnrn,  omr  heSlx^X^^  the  calyx  4.cleft.    Slamcns  A,  evscr.ed 

ro  la  n.,ne.     .Style  1,  ,i|„„,,„,  v.llnus      Oe^^,'^:    J,' "f  ■•';,•<';  ";"'■  "■«  bases  insraCed  toReth/r     Co-" 
globular  berry  o(  n.any  cell,  the  cell.  l-^^^^^'^r^^^^Jl^Zi,  ^l^'"^'  '"'"  ^  "^""P"""^ 

f'^SafaS^connl^nntcil^  -^'^-o-  to  North 

latter  is'  t  itatlvc  of  the  Son,    V    i  ,^^';^°<^«'-P"«  incisa.)      The 
"t-  tl'ir.y  roetrand  ,1    'duiTrnf ''.'?'''''  S''"^""'S  ^«  ^he  height 

-  -  - ^  juice.     Its  l-mTt   whc     A    ?  H^     •         ' '."  '^  "^"^^  '""''»'^*""«  """^y 

twenty  inches  in  girth,  wit     a  ro  ,1     e  Lw^^^      "?''^  '""i"^'  ^''""^  ^^^'^'^^  ^o 
thin  skin.     The  eatable  PartAvH  'is  of     :,  '  ^'''''  '''"'^  ^'  '"^'^''''^  ^^"h  a 

skm  and  a  core,  and  has  some^S^   .e  e'Ll Z/nr'"^'!'''''  '^  ^^'^^^^'^  ^he 
the  name.  ^^  "'^  consistency  of  newly-made  bread  ;  hence 

one  hundred  feet,  with  a  trunH  x  f<^t  h   rh'n  r?'''"^',' .^''"^^''^S  ««  ^he  lieight  of 
those  of  the  hvur'el.     It  yielc^^^  a  profn  e  Ltrl'/'  ^"'l'^-  ''^^'"^  leaves  resembhng 

jnc.s.on  in  the  bark,  which  ta 'tersSmewl^  'l^ke  tha  'o/"'"'  '"'^'  ""^  .'"'-^'^'"^  ^" 
tensh  to  the  taste,  and  nrodncina  n   i  o.  i        .        ^^  ^  ^''^^'  hut  s  ghtly  bit- 

To  the  same  nattiraf  o.^  r  bdo.frfl  H^     clamminess  on  the  hps^'      ^ 
trum,)  a  native  of  the  woods  of  Sa  and  ?'''^- ^'"'fT''  (^^osium  ahcas- 
branches  of  which  are  full  of^um  an    nffonl     •^^^"^'^';^,'^' ^he  leaves  and  yonnger 
nuts  or  fruit  wlien  ro-m  o,I   n''.      '  '^'^  '^'^  excellent  fodder  for  cattle      Tbo 

not  unlike  ti  J^^^e^n  c'hcl'm  "S^^^^^^^^^^^^  Tr'  1.  "^^'^  -^ ^  ^-ve  a  tl 
as  food  in  times  of  scarcity  by  the  Door  and  nn    '"'  ".'  "'''''  *''^J^  "<^  ^'^^  '^^'^t^" 
taste.  ^'  "J^  "16  poor,  and  prove  nutritious  and  pleasant  to  the 


Deriealions 


Madura  ai/ranliaca, 

THE  OSAGE  ORANGE-TREE. 

Si/noni/rnrs. 

Madura  aurantiaca,  Nf TTAtr.,  North  American  Svlva 

LAMm:,ir,  SupplciuMit  I..  I'lnis 

Mnclura  orange,  MarierdesOsaws  Bois  '"'"''  ^f'^"""^''"'"  13rUannicum. 

„  '1  arc,  «  '  '  "  '=•     France. 

Pomnranzon-jclhe  Madura  n 

Madura,  Bra.Uetto  g.allo  /sandalo  giallo  1  Sm^ '"• 

Madura,  Osape  Oranee-trce  u'*"'''  '""""S- 

Madura,  OsaJ.  OranSS,  Osa«e  An.  ,  "'"'"'" 
pie-trec,  ydluw-woud,  Bow-wood,  J  Anulo-America. 


•'""^tf!!^:r=r--— ^ 


sessile,  drooping,  yellow,  and  about  the  size  of  an  orange  ^'""  ""  °*'"'"-y  ^"V,  sub- 

Descripiio}i. 

lllE  Madura  au- 
liintiaca,  in  its 
natural    habitat, 

vent    h^e  or  tl.irty  feet,  with  a  tru,  f  frorn 
twciv^e  to  eighteen  inches  in  diameter-  hnf 

hrS    do»be  of  these  dimensions.      The 

^ravisfh''''''^  "•■"  ^°^^^«^  ^^i^'>  ^  «'"oott 
grayish  baric,  are  somewhat  inclined  to 
spread,  when  old,  though,  at  firs  tie  tree 
presents  an  elegant,  roundish  summit  <<  But 
at  all  times  It  strikes  the  beholder  as  some- 
hmg  remarkable,  in  the  northern  fore^"  by 

hininT"7.,"^^  ^1^'^"^°"^  «f  ''«  d",^'  and 
s  ronX  J'^^'^'^f',  ^'"^'''  ^^  appearance, 
strongly  resembles  that  of  the  orange  and 

ptenrs:rt:^""r^'"f'^  ^'^^"^^^^^^^^^^^     ^     ^ \ 

i'lLisent,  seem  to  confirm  the  comnarisnn  "*     th     ,  \\ 

from  (,„  ,0  f„,„  i„c|,„,  |„„gf  aTeaUe  na"e  ovaT.  V"""''  '"'l'''  "»  '"""d.  ""d 

-'...Oh  a.  p„,„„e,  ,.  .„„  up^^rkSi?o'??Httr/ate'tL';5^aIt?r„1' 


39 


*  Nuttall,  North  American  Sylva,  p.  127. 


i:l 


I 


406 


1  ^ 

-  ,1 


m 

ill 


m 


11 1 


ri.i' 


MACLURA   AURANTIACA. 


congorios  of  flowers  unit..,l  i.L  a  globular  form   al  o      t.f"^'"""!-"  '?'"^'^'-''  "''  ^ 
consist  also  in  .i  ,.;ilvv  of  fonr  .liuili^.     I    .  .'         '"  "'"  ^'^''  "'  f*  cherry;  Jliov 

stylos  and  «t.Kn.as;o,;;rt;;'o  I^^rr-t  tturdif 'r  """/';•'  """'     '^''- 
till!  anient  the  appearanro  of  -it.'  'JfV  .    "'' "'^ '"'  ""=''  '""g>  Riving  to 

whieh  niaf..r."saf  Phi     :L..;V''''i"'  '""J,'.  P"l«'sccnt  threads."*     The  frnit 

oral  appeanu  ,^;;/  a  So  'of'^K" t''  If  '*^'"'^'^'-'  *^  "''  ''"^  «i^o  "^.1  ie  - 
OU.S,  n^iiating,  somcw InU    Sf  fll/r^f  ern.7  ''  '^''"^''''^  «^'  "•"»^'^- 

s..rlaco,  resembling  that  of  a  trn^  or  IhoZ  d  f  !!^  "  verrncose,  reticdated 
feet,  n.nnerons,  obovato,  <lepress e  se'e  s  r  mus  .  '  «»d  «»"tanKs,  when  por- 
abo.U  the  size  of  th()se  of  V.   nr;  ,t„    ^  '  •''.'  tl'^T  are  botanically  termed  ) 

lacteous  thud,   wh         w|  en'expS  'to  tho'""?''^''^^;^^*  1^"^"'''^  ^^  a  sweetish 
milk.  '      ^'^  exposed  to  tho  action  ot   the  air,  coagidutcs  like 

TS?^ft.;'f  S:;?;  .:!:^;S:^^i7---  ^^  '-^i^^-ns  to  Arkansas, 
collections  and  gardens  b  t  In  V^  nln  i  "^  "'■"''^'"^"t  «••  "«o,  in  most  of  the 
i'l  the  clinKUe  of^.oS,,  I  of  N  7yoW;  .nd  l'"'"''-  V  ''  ^f'^'^'^'y  '^'^'^Y 
at  Clairvanx,  near  (!hafelleranlf  .nd  nV  m'  .  •'''  '■^''T^  '^^  ^"''^  ^^^  ^'/o''^, 
Italy;  and  in  the  llnitTsuC  as  f^r  ,1,^T  K^'^^^  ■;.  Frar.ce;  at  Monza,  in 
eastward  or  northward  of  t  at  citv  altho,  .']?  ^'  '''^J'-'Pl"^-^;  \nt.  as  we  pr  --ecd 
vicinity  of  Hoston,  withon  „„  Kt  "^^  fh'"'  survives  the  winters  in  the 
treal,  in  Canada,  i[  will  barely  live ^'        "^^'"^  ^'^  dwmdlc,  and  at  Mon- 

banks  o;S^;;;;^'iSd'!n'?^  ^  '"?  ''rf^'^'  """*-  ""'1  r^""bar.  on  the  . 
was  also  observed  alo  1^  I  e  rivers'^A  ^T''""  ^""''T'  "^  '^''  ^^i^^'^^'  ^^''^y  t 
Major  Long's  oxpedhio  f  t^^  banks  of  .1.0''?''  ""i^^"^'^'^'-".  '>/  «r.  James,  in 
ernmost  Iin.it,  as  an  indigelns  Vce^  It  .tTr'  .^-^'-f.  <^°»«i'i«'-ed  as  its  nor'th- 
settlers  of  the  west,  in  abon  U^  voar"lSnn  T ..''''  "j""'"/';'^  ^'^'"'^"^  '''«  ^^''it^ 
Lonis,  on  the  Mississippi,  wl  e  e  k  w's  ^i^fe  17""''"'  "^  ^'  I^^''""'*^'-^"-  ^-^t  St. 
a  village  ofOsa^e  Inc  i^ns    wl.o..       !  ^['^^  ^"^  ^'"°'"  some  seeds  procured  from 

seeds  collected  by  LewisTd  cLiL  on    I  ni         ^^«f'«'\«f  Pbiladelphia,  from 
and  shortly  after,  in  tl  e  ^^^^^rden  o^^        T    T?"""  *;-7?di'i«».  i"  1«<»^  to  1805 ; 

city,  where'  one  of  the  ofiS  tts  sti  Uxist  ^n^^^  ''''f'  '^  '^''  ^^•"^ 
thirty  feet,  with  a  lareo   ro  . ,  1  hn    1  ^'"'  ^'^'^^s.  and  bas  attamcd  the  height  of 

tree  annnilly  produ    f^^  w^^  ^  ^^""'^,  '''?  ^^^l  in  diameter.  ^'tIus 

branches,  when  in  bloom  slameniL^r^  fl"  ''"'^r^  f^f'*^*^^'  '^^  ^^'"3  on  the 
The  trees  propagated  by'ArT'Mron.ver'','  ""^T'"^  ^'T  '-^  ^'^'^^"^  ^^««- 
being  about  four^uuKlredTet  ana?  In  tl  ^  P'''"\'li'^.''  ''^"'^  ^^^"'  ^^^<^'»  Pair 
one  of  these  trees  produced  larJ^rf„i/L  U  was  discovered  that 

tained  perfect  seeds.^   Two  of  "K,f^ "f  J^^^^^       others,  and  that  this  fruit  con- 

.  Na„all,  N„„h  American  S„„,  p.  ,20.  (  American  Gardena,.,  Haga.l.,,  ,i.,  p.  „. 


in  April  or 

lid  occur  ill 

iisists  of  a 

it-rry;   they 

Miile.     The 

?,  Riving  to 

Tlio  fruit, 

:c  and  ^en- 

of  niinier- 

reticulatcd 

wliou  por- 

y  termed,) 

I  sw(!etish, 

iilatcs  like 

Arkansas, 
lost  of  the 
;tly  hardy 
at  Lyons, 
Motiza,  in 
'(.'■  pr  ?ced 
;crs  in  the 
d  at  Mon- 

ar,  on  the    - 
alley.     It 
.fames,  in 
its  north- 
the  white 
fi",  at  St. 
I  rod  from 
as  subsc- 
liia,  from 
to  1805 ; 
the  same 
leight  of 
r.     This 
g  on  the 
ant  tree, 
ach  pair 
srod  that 
ruit  con- 
he  seeds 
11.     The 
nt;  and 

globular 
iveighed 

rden,  at 
ink  ten 


1.77. 


OSAOE   OHANOE-TREE. 


467 


rea  do  Serru  jZ^^^tt^^^^'T^r  """^ '"  ^-g'-'^  by  Senhor  Cor- 
01  both  .sexes;  were  irnport^dbyTiri;;^  ?,'""'''''  ""•^'  r'^'^'^''""""'^'  P'»»t8 
With  u,  vari„u.s  parts  of  the  kmXnt  vZini  T'^'"''''  ""'*  ''""'  '""^  '^'  ''«  '»«» 
iH^.ght   wmuru,.V-sofpropor.io2od!amS^  ^'^"'"  '^'"  '"^  »^-«'"y-fivc  feet  n, 

Which,  irs  ';;e^:  ^rXu.!^z^iztn  'r  r  ^  ^^^^  ^^  ''^  «p--«. 

I'yon,s,  m  the  nursery  of  M  Sidv  thoro  ^1  ''"^  ''*"«*'^  °'  eighteen  feet.     At 

exceeding  twenty-live  feet  in  height  "  specimen,  which  has  fruited, 

seeds^^u;;;  J'^if  the'oms'by'ayels'S'br^  T^''  '"  ''^'^P'^8^'^'^  ^""^ 
wdl  grow  in  any  connnon  soil  n  wlS  the  Mnnr.  *='  f '""S, r.  '»«<^"l^iio"  I  and  it 
plant  appears  to  be  c.,nstitutiruiallv  we  ikor  IZ  I'v''  '^^'^  ""''^'^-  ^^  ^'"^  "'a'^' 
Hs  opposite  se.v,  and  as  its  pnSce  'f  absSn  ^l"^''''^"'''  ""^  «J'«rter-lived  than 
seeds,  it  has  bee.i  suggosted^l  at  Tt  b'  nfi  o/"  "'''f '^^  ''  P^"^^"*^«  P'-'rCoct 
the  lema  e  tree,  in  order  to  add  o  he  sEe  and  n  "J^''^''!*  ^"  ""^  ^--^''^''^^  «f 
itate  m  the  dissemination  of  the  species  VVbon  nr  '^  "^  /''•'  ''■'"^'  ^"^  '»  ''^'^i'- 
crs,  and  if  cut  down  to  the  ground  after  two  or  tl  r?^'^""  ""'"  ^"^'"'g-^  ^^  '^'V" 
up  shoots  or  suckers  six  or  eight  fee t  i n  1  Id^ -  .  n  T'"  ^'r'\'^ ''  ^^'"  ^''^-^^ 
i»  diameter,  with  Hnc,  broad%h  n  hi  j  , 'S  '"''' 

where  the  surface  of  the  grou  id  s  ex7)ose?  o  o ^  T  \'^'  ^''''^'^^  ^t'^'es. 
maclura,  like  the  vine,  the  mulberrv  .ud  mn  ?  '.V'""''  ^^  ''^'''»'  '''"J  ^^'d'  the 
deep  m  the  earth,  othenvise  i  s   oo    ^ViT" tS  b^e  ?.  '"*  ST',"''""'^  ^^  P'^^-'t^J 

P/v>/>e/-/,V5  ««r/  ^Tlvey.     The  wood  of  t he  m.nl         '"""^  ^y  '^""""g'^t  or  frost, 
somewhat  resembling  that  of  t iTe  fusUc     Mo^n     lliw''  "^"  '^'•i8''Vy«""^^  <^«J«"r, 
that  tree,  it  is  said,  affords  a  yeW  dJe       t  i^  f  r?',^  ""^'  'i'^''  ^'^^  ^^""^^  «f 
mon  y  fine-grained,  and  elastic,^        on^accoun   of  Ho'l  h"''^'  ^"'^"'^'^'  ""^"'"- 
for  bows  by  all  the  tribes  of  Ind  a  s  of  fhnli  ^  ^"^"''  property,  it  is  used 

wrought,  it  receives  a  beantift.l  o  fsh  of  Z  ^"""^  '''^'''"  ''  '^^ounds.  When 
wood,  and  might  be  employed  KflaVhfi^^^^  "'."J  ^^""'-^"^y  ^^ «^ti»- 

of  the  young  wood  and  leaves  is  o f  a  m  ui  I  7  '""^'  ^^  f.imiture.  The  sap 
sure  to  the'air.  It  is  insoluble  '1^1^^?'/"'^'"'^'  "".'^  ^°«"  ^'^'''  «'^  ^^'Po- 
elastic  gum.  The  bark  Tike  that  of  the  ^  '""  u'"'  ''^  '^'"S^  Foporlion  of  an 
a  fine,  white  fibre,  which  mi.  ti°V'f  P^P^''.  "»"lberry,  (l^roussonetia,)  yields 

wheti  ripe,  abounds  irasSsh   he  Zs  fluid''  '  ''","''"'  ''"'^"-     ^^''"^  f-lft 
he  taste,  which  renders  it  nnpa  atable  bo?h  tt'  '"'^'T'^^^'  ^'''"^  ^"'^  *"«ipid  to 
IS  also  advantageously  cmpS  ^'^  ^"'";^'«-     The  maclura 

appears  to  be  admirably  idS.s    tfe 

strung,  sharp-pointed  spiLs,  will  endu  1  tb  d  '  ^'"T  ^'"^"'  ''^'"^  ^^^^  ^^ith 
their  foliage,  which  is  free' ft^  The  Sta  l^VT' '?^  for  a  long  time  retain 
maclura  has  likewise  been  n3  nl  ^'^'^r  ^  ^"sects,  and  the  blight.  The 
and  its  leaves  hav^beerim  loyed  hi  t'r'.L'"  ^'^''  to  engraft  the Inulbe;;;;; 
silkworms.  M.  Bonafous  v^s  tiZ  tl\p  hoM  '  '''"'  P^'''^'  '"^^^^«'  ^^  ^od  fo 
and  observing  the  luxu  iance  w  th  vbic^?  1  ^'t  ^'"''^'"'  ^'  Montpellier,  in  1835, 
be  substituted  for  the  mulberry  tec\t  re  TsT^'Tr^  '^'l^ ''  "^^^'^^ 
eaves  gathered,  on  which  he  fed  eighteen  Si  In.n!'  ^"^  ^  """^^er  of  the 

is  sa.d  they  produced  very  beautifi?coco"  s  A™''  ?  '^''''  °"'>^  ^''^  ^"^  it 
by  M.  Raffeneau  De  Lile,  direc  em  of  tfT^^"^  second  expernnent  was  made 
sdkworms  the  leaves  of  thift^S,  duWngt  vXTut?;/"  '^'''f^  ^^'^^^g  «% 
They  were  not  fed  on  the  maclura  f  M,o  i  f  eZ  ^^''^''^  ""^  ^^eir  existence, 
second  skins.     It  is  said  ?hey  nev^r  s  em  d  to  ttlho'r^'  ^'''•^"  '\''J  '^''  ^'^^'^ 

lost;  and  durmg  the  time  of  ^ililS^  t^^^Z^^^t  S  ^^ 

D 


'. 


468 


MACLURA  AURANTIACA. 


dlTs'ar^r :VtS  wtms V^^  cocoons  were  not  formed  till  some 

being  quite  perfect,  and  se^Tral  of   hem tleraSv  s^"from^.il°^  ^'t  ^{  *^™ 
reeled  freely,  and  was  of  an  excellent  nuantv  *     o/h  "  °^  '^^'^^'  ^^^  ^ilk 

been  made  In  Italy  and  other  pbces  burwitKill  ?.tf  "^P«",r"^'  ^'^^«  ^^"^6 

The  maclnra,  from  its  gereral  form   T^t  i.      I  If  favourable  results, 
retains  longer  than  almost^  an7Lftec^^,t'rS^  '^T^  ^-^^^S^'  ^hich  it 
golden  fruit,  well  deserves  a  plJce  tl^^ytX:.^^^^^  ^^  ^^^.^^^^ 

*  Otto,  Garten  Zeitung,  iii.,  p.  292. 


t 
t 
C 
n 

ei 


:^^,,^ 


Oenus  FICUS,   Tourn. 


Urticaceas. 


Ficus, 

Figuier, 

Feigenbaum, 

Fico, 

Figuera,  Higuera, 

I  igueirt 

Fig-tree, 


SynonyTnes, 

Of  Authors. 


Polygamia  Dioecia. 

Si/sl.  Lin. 


France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Spain. 

Pop.TuaAL, 

Britain  and  Anglo-America. 


receptace;  those  in  the  upper  part  male  the    es't  frm.t '''.^'"S"  '"'^'''  "inu'e,  many  vi?hTa 
receptacles  upon  distinct  plLts^   Calyx  of  male  Vmrti'  "i^"  ^°'^"'  °^  '^^ch  ^ex  occupy  cs,nc^ 
cleit,  having  a  tube  that  inves!s  a  tSshapTd  stalif^hnJ  s   ^""^'"'  ^-    ^^'y*  "f  female'^Lwer  5 
on  one  side,  and  extending  to  the  base  ofThe  stvlp    ll    .  ^''^'"'  '^'^  P"'"'     ^'''^"^  ^dnate  to  the  ovarv 

common  fl?    Ffc"    car  L  Th.t  A''  '""""h  bear  edible  fruit,  ihc 

of  Its  growth.  This  tree  islscriSbTpi  v  wifh  "''  ^"^  ^™'"  ^'^^  singt,larity 
confirmed  by  more  recent  observations  and  wZh  h"  ^^^"'•^^y'^Wch  has  been 
eral  by  the  poet  Milton,  in  the  XvlnVbeauS  lines  :~"  ''"^'""'^  "''"''^^  ^^'■ 

Abou   the  ,„„ihe,  tree  ;  ,,  pillared  S'""  «™"' 
High  overarclsed,  will,  echoing  walks  between." 

brShi^^l^;^^- ;^^,-\-^^a  Ijazel-nnt  in  size;  bat  the  lateral 
tree  extends  itself  to  a  considerablj^we.     F^omSl^'^^^^  '^  ''""''  ^  ^^"^'^ 

cies  of  ficus  may  be  extracted  an  clastic  gum  resenSirAl  ''  Tf  ""'H'  'P'" 
merce,  which  is  principally  obtained  from  Hp  ^semblmg  the  caoutchouc  of  com- 
equatorial  regions  of  AmerLr  ^'^'^^  gmanensis,  a  native  of  the 


i 


td: 


iiULi 


Ficus  carica, 
THE  COMMON  FIG-TREE. 

Synonymes, 


Ficus  carica, 


Figuier  cultive,  Figuier  comraun,  Bou,     ^  France 
Geineiner  Fei-'Ruhnnm  '         '       £RANct 


treineiner  teigenbaum, 

Fico, 

Fig-tree,  Cwnmon  Fig-tree, 


LiNNiEus,  Species  Plantarum. 

DiJ  Hamel,  Traite  ties  Arbres  et  Arbustes 

Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 


Germanv. 
Italy. 

Britain  and  Anslo-America. 


Description. 

HE  Ficus  carica  is  a  large 
shrub  or  low  tree,  sometimes 
growmg,    under    favourable 

trunk   IS  of   an  ash-colour,   or  ffreenish-anv  %i 
leaves,  \vh  ch  are  annml  in  tu^  b^^^^^^sn  gray.     Ihe 

nate  berry,  hollow  within,  and  is  p  Xced  diieflv  nn  M  ^•'^^»'«^"y>  "  ^^  a  turbi- 
of  the  former  year,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaifnn  ^  n"'''  "P'.'"'"  P'-^''^  «f  the  shoots 
protrudes  from  the  branches,  witlut  anrvTsihlP  fl      ''  ''""?  Pj?^*">^^>««-     It  first 
with  a  perforatiuti  at  the  end,  biU  not  onL^n^i.    r^''  "'  '^'  ^°'''"  "^  li«le  buds, 
any  of  the  common   organs'o    f  uc^tEi^r   Trfl^'"^^'^'"^^'^ 
m  conceahnent,  in  what  is  considered  as  the  fnJ     n   7'''  "'''''^  *^  "^^'urity 
or  receptacle,  which  is  usually,  but  not  alwnv/p.    '  ^'^S'"'  '""  "'^'"^'^••y  ^^'^x 
are  some  few  sorts,  in  which  the  fruit  constlnt^t'         ''  ''!'^  connivent;  for,  there 
nty,  commonly  dividing  into  four  pa  tsT/ntp/nPTM^^'^'"  ''  approaches  matu- 
to  such  an  extent,  thaf  each  d  viSnn  L        ^^^""^  ''''^  *'^«  petals  of  a  flower 
male  flowers,  whidi  are  comnar{  velv  f '""''  P^.^P-^^dicular  to  its  stem.*     The 
the  extremity  of  the  receptac^o^S  but  ^e  {ZT""^  '""•  ^'"  P-foration  at 

*  The  varieties  wHi.  ..."  '  '  '"  '^"^'^  "^^^^^^  ^'^  ^^^  — 


anotiir"''  "'•'^'^  ^'^'^'^'^  '''^^  »i"g»'arity,  are  called,  in  the 


'Nouveau  Du  Ilamel,"  BamissoHs 


COMMON  FIG-TREE. 


471 


same  year,  each  crop  being 'geiiLTirpX^orr^  '™Pf  ^^  ^^"^^  '"  the 

Varielies.     The  varieties  of  thiV.Ifio  "  ^  "^'^^'^^^  ^^^  of  shoots, 

mon  wild  fig,  (C^r  Ss)  there  SIh^^^  Besides  the  com- 

thirty-six  choice  kinds  selearof  which  are  i"  '.  "  ^«»^«-"  »«  Hamel," 
logues  there  are  ennme  ated  upvvardrorone  hnnf  "'J'^-     ^"  ""rserymen's  cat^- 

French,  "l^.e^raves  oTt/;Sy ^e't rf^  ^'^^^  ^'^--  ^^«->  of  the 
It  produces  an  excellent  friit  knol-'rom?  '^l!  ^'\'  "«'  ^^''J^  ^^^Ply  lobed. 
seillaises.  It  forms  a  ve  ^des  abTe  op  w.  "'f  ^^  *^  '^^"^«  ^^  A^"'^  "Har- 
well adapted  for  the  climaL  of  L7ndon  aLd  of  ?h  'S^'th  "'  '^  ^^""'^'^^d'  ^"^  is 
States.  ^ouuon,  ana  ot  the  southern  parts  of  the  United 

iv4  ^  ^i^virLy  ?S;:^rS'p^  ^er"''^'  ;^v'^«  ^--^^-  ^he 

/ignes  grasses.  '^"^^'  ''J'  *'-e  names  of  Ji.gues  a?igtUques,  or 

produd^i^hl^^^rrf.  JoXtr^^  ^'-^^*   ^^^''^''' P!/riforme,  of  the  French, 

|4-«;;r«^'^^^^^^^  --^^  of  the  French, 

and  the  shores  of  the  MediterranLnTXn  Fnrnn.  °T'"\V".''^^  ^^^^^  «f  Asia, 
try  ,s  it  found  at  a  great  distance  Torn  the  en  T  ''"'^  "'  ^^^"'^-  ^»  "«  coun^ 
tions.     Hence  its  abundance  in  ?he  Llmids  of  the    V.?'''^.  'VT  '^^^^^^'^'^  ^i^"^' 

back  to  the'  remmest  t  tiqu  t;  'u  waf S^babrjf"  '^^  ^'"  ^«"  "^^^  ^e  traced 
east  before  the  cerealia,  and  stood  in  ^L^nl^  /'""'''"  ^°  ^'^'^  P^opIe  of  the 
Uants  of  society,  as  the  banana  does  to  soL  Jtl  '''^'''"  '°  ^^  P'-''^'^'^^  i"hab- 
Ind.ans  of  South  America.  With  little  trouble  ofP^'u"'  '''^''  "^  ^^''''^'  or  the 
prmcipal  necessities;  and  affordeVno   0,1^.^  a?t  H " n^^^^^  T^P^''^  ^^eir 

of  constant  food,  either  in  a  fresh  or  in  a  ^ied  state  'LT'''"^^^  '^^"••>^  but 
advanced  stage  of  civilization,  ^ve  stil   find  fhp  fi  u^'  '""^  P'^'^^^'^  ^o  a  more 

It  IS  often  mentioned  both  in  hlo  d  and  in  nl  ^^ ''"  ',?•''''  °^  ^'"'''^'  ^^"«"tion. 
induce  us  to  conclude  that  i    formed  ^nn^  '>'''  ^^stament,  in  a  manner  to 

nation.  The  want  of  a  blossom  o  the  fie?-  r  Tv'. /.m'  %  ''''.  ^''"^  °^  ^'^«  «>^"'^'^ 
grevious  calamities  of  the  Jews  It  is  "^ifo  V  r  .<^o"f'dered  as  one  of  the  most 
highly  esteemed  by  the  IsrSes  who  br'n  f/'"^'  that  appears  to  have  been 
when  they  were  sent  by  S  to' aTce^ai^r  ft  ^^f  ""'  ?^*'^^  '^^"^  ^^  Canaan, 
of  figs  were  included  in  the  ^resenrof  n  L  '  P''',''"'^°^^  '^"""'•'J^-  ^^^^^ 
Nabal,  appeased  the  wrath  ^of  David  ffi  I  r' ^J-^V?''^;  ?'«^^''  '^'^  ^^'^^  «f 
lump  or  poultice  of  figs,  applied  SdinltSl,?'''''  ^^'  ''''''  ^"^<^d  by  a 
a  leartied  doctor  obseiwes,  is  the  first  no uUice  v.  ..'T' r  "  f  •  ^'"*^"'^'  ^^"'^  ^^hich, 
Among  the  Greeks  we  find   ]»r  t^  P?"'"ce  we  read  of  in  history.  ' 

of  the  ordinary  food  of  Uie1?,?ai^n  t^on  d'^^'^'^l*^'  ^^^  ^^^  f^™'^^  a  part 
choice  of  their  figs,  that  iLvffnoMHm^T  '^T  ^^'""^  ^'^^  Athenians  were  so 
Solon,  no  production  of  1  e  Atttan  hn^^^^  tZ  T  ^'f  '"P""^^ '  ^''''  ^^  ^  ^'^^^  of 
strangers;  and  therefore  Us  S  imnmhnK?  P,^  "'''  '^''''  ^"^^^'^d  to  be  sold  to 
tation  of  figs  was  forbiddJi  a,^  tlm^  het foVm^'"'  '"'""  ^^^^'^  '^''''  the  cxpor- 
called  sukophanial  (from  the  Seef.^  -o,  n  ?'"■'  ^f ^"]st  the  delinquents  were 
proof  CO ;  and  as  tlLy  sometimesl^r^^^^^.^^Sl/;^^^^^^ 


1 


472 


FICUS   CARICA. 


I  0 

11 


tl 


^r^r 


The  lig  was  a  fn.it  much  admired  by  tlie  Romans,  who  brought  it  from  mo^t 
1  i'  ''""'"''  tiiey  conquered,  and  had  so  increased  the  varieUeV  n  Cly  by 
the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era,  that  Phny  has  ftu-nished  us  wft'h  a 
description  of  t^vcnty-nlne  sorts.     He  says,  "figs  a?e  restorative  and  the  bes^ 

o"  th  "  coverv ''  ^'He\l?'^f?,"hr"-'""^''  '°^^  ^>^  '«"§  sickness,  and  are 
on  tnc  recovery  He  adds,  "that  figs  increase  the  strength  of  voune  neoole 
preserve  the  elderly  in  better  health,  and  make  them  look  younger  and  S 
fewer  wrinkles.  They  are  so  nutritive  as  to  cause  corpulency  ad  strength  o^^ 
which  account,  pro  essed  wrestlers  and  champions  we?e  in  tfn'erpast  "fS  with 
hgs.       This  naturalist  mentions  the  African  figs,  as  bein-  admired-  but  sws 

bel"oraVeari;kmd  ^'f'^  ''^\"  '^  !"^^  ^F  ^"  ^^^'^'^•"  ^h-  appearTo  E 
.ffro  /  ?  f^  "'^'  ^°''  ^""^  ^""^  that,  when  Cato  wished  to  stimu  ate  the  sen- 
ators to  declare  war  against  Carthage,  he  took  an  early  African  fig  in  h  "hand 

s  since  this  fig  was  plucked  from  the  tree?"  and  when  they  all  agreed  than 
was  freshly  gathered,  "  Yes,"  answered  Cato,  "  it  is  not  yet  th^erdaf  shice  this 
fig  was  gathered  at  Carthage;  and  by  it,  see  how  near  to  the  waHs^of  our  c itv 
we  have  a  mortal  enemy."  With  this  argument,  he  prevailed  pon  Sem  to 
begin  the  third  Pun.c  war,  in  which  Carthage,  thJt  had  so  long  been  a  val  to 
Rome  was  utterly  destroyed  "The  Lydian  figs,"  continues  Pliny  "a  e  of  a 
reddish-purple  colour;  the  .Ihodian,  of  a  blackish  hue;  as  is  tl  e  Tiburti  le 
which  ripens  before  the  others.  The  white  figs  were  from  Here  faneum  he 
Chehdonian  figs  are  the  latest,  and  ripen  against  the  winter;  some  bear  twice  a 
year,  and  some  of  the  Chalcidian  kinds  bear  three  times  a  year."  The  Roman's 
had  figs  froui  Chalcis  and  Chios,  and  many  of  their  varieties,  it  appeafs   vvere 

amed  after  those  who  fii  ,t  introduced  or  cultivated  them  in  Italy.  For  instance 
the  Livian  Fig"  was  so  called  after  Livia,  wife  of  the  Emperor  Augustus  who' 
It  IS  said,  made  the  unnatural  use  of  it  to  poison  her  husband.  ""         '         ' 

hvc\^^STvl'''^^  '"^  ^r^  been  first  brought  from  Italy  into  Britain,  in  1525. 
by  Cardinal  Pole;  though  probably  it  was  introduced  long  before  bv  the  Ro 
mans  and  the  monks.     The  specimens,  which  were  of  the  Mar    He's  Wnd   were 

eteUe'tXut      I^  tl'' '  ''  '"f  archiepiscopal  palace,  at  Lambeth   and  b 
excellent  Ir  ut.     In  the  course  of  their  long  existence,  they  attained  a  size  far 
exceeding  the  standard  fig-tree  in  its  natufal  habitat, 'being  fi%  feet  tnTeUt 
with  trunks  from  twenty-one  to  twenty-eight  inches  in  circumference    a,  da 

S?  of  ISlTlT  tT  ''''■  7'"",  '''''  ^^^^^  "--'^  injur^Ty  ?he  Sver^ 
winter  ot  1813-14;  but  the  main  stems,  being  cut  down,  they  recovered  so  as  to 
be  in  tolerable  vigour,  in  1817;  but  some  yea?s  since,  while  the  Schwas  under 
repair  they  were  destroyed.  The  "  Pocock  Fig-tree*'  was  o  ceC^pos^d  to  have 
been  the  first  of  the  white  Marseilles  figs,  introduced  into  E  gla  r  Thft  adi! 
tion  IS,  that  it  was  brought  from  Aleppo  by  Dr.  Pocock   the  celebrated  trnvpIW 

Oxford  in  the  year  UA8.     .Some  of  the  figs  of  this  tree  were  exhibited  at  a  meet 
ing  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  in  August,  1819;  and  others  gained  a 
premium  as  the  best  white  figs,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Oxford  'and  Oxfordshi  e  Hor^ 
ticul  ural  Society,  in  August,  1833.     In  the'year  180G,  this  tree  wasTen'v  one 
feet    ugh,  with  a  trunk  three  feet  and  a  half  in  circumference  ah     ippe    m^^^ 

L  3d  o7  MaTh  S'  f'^'f  ^"'"  ''''  ^''  '^''''  '^^^PP™^^  ^'  Christ-cCciron 
the  dd  ot  March,  1809,  some  time  previous  to  which,  its  trunk  had  been  covered 

with  lead  to  preserve  it  from  the  injuries  of  the  weather;  but  at  the  time  of  he 
fire  the  lead  was  stolen,  and,  soon  after,  the  trunk  itself  decayed  and  was  prin- 
cipally removed.     In  1833,  at  the  time  Mr.  Loudon  visited  tSree,  there  w  ?e 


COMMON  FIG-TREE. 


hence 


473 


but  slight  remains  of  the  old  trunk  to  be  seen,  which  had  thrown  out  a  number 
five  fc  irieSlT^^^h^T'?  ""'  ^'-ty  years'  growth,  and  upwards  ol  tv^e'tj- 
time  nit  to  fv :  hi'  ?"'''"'  ^'''''t-  introduced  so  early,  appears  for  a  long 
iSs  0  Bu  nTfn  l^  extensively  cultivated  in  England,  whiih  is  thought  by 
tree  fs  once  "vin^  H-n°'''"^  '"  ^  popuar  prejudice  that  existed  agai.fst  this 
tTe'idearevDcJsof  fr^H  1^  poison,-a  singular  contrast  to 

heaven  being^yp^^^^^^^^       ""'''  ""'''    "^P^^^^'S  ^'"^  ''^'^''^  ^'^  best  blessing  of 

"Every  man  sitting  under  his  own  fig-tree." 

..rJI^^  5^  .^  '"  S^^^^^^  cultivation  in  first  rate  British  gardens  usuallv  laain.t 
walls;  but  in  some  parts  of  the  southern  counties,  as  aloirt^e  co.Tt  of  S^^ 

grown  as  a  s  andard;  but,  in  some  parts  of  East  Lothian,  and  in  WietonshirP  if 
ripens  ,s  fru.t  against  a  south  wall,  without  the  aid  of  a  tificial  hea  ^  ' 

The  largest  fig-tree,  as  a  wall  fruit,  in  England,  is  at  Farnham  Castle  where 
m  twen  y.five  years  aft^^r  planting,  it  had  att'ained  the  height  of7o.tytet' 

The  larges    standard  tree  of  this  species  in  England,  is  at  Arundel  Castle 
m  Sussex,  and  exceeds  twenty-five  feet  in  height,lith  a  tril  a  foot  !n  diam! 

fiiwiuT"?^  ^'''  fl'ir'""  ^1  ''^^  ^--^""^  ^^^^  »«t  carried  to  any  degree  of  perfec- 
tion  III  the  time  of  Olivier  de  Serres ;  but  it  is  now  general  throuRhout  Ue  whole 
country.     In  the  southern  departments,  its  fruit  isirown  for  d  f iiT  as  an  art 
cle  of  commerce,  but  in  the  northern  districts,  it  is'only  used  for  tfc  table       n 

n  h^f.;f     ?'^*'°?'\°^  ^^''''''  ^''^  '''''  "^  ^  «t^"dard,  seldom  exceed  eX^^^^^  fee 
ni  he.gh  ;  but  at  Avignon,  it  attains  an  elevation  of  twenty  or  twenty!five  foe' 

In  Italy  at  Monza,  there  is  a  fig-tree,  which,  in  sixty  years  after  plantL  had 
T^^^^J^SS;  ?el;.'^'^'^  ''-'  '-''  ^  ''-''  eighteeVmches  in  d^a^;:^,'  S 
In  the  east,  as  well  as  in  Italy  and  Spain,  the  fig  forms  a  considerable  nrhVlo 
of  commerce  as  well  as  a  considerable  pLt  of  the  si^stenTnce  of  t  e  pop^ 

n  the  southern  states  of  the  American  union,  the  fig-tree  is  plan  ted  as  a  stand- 
itl;  ""n^nr^lT  ^■""'^  "^  "'^  '•"'^^"^'"^  ^"^'**y-  I"  t'^«  'Middle  and  northern  states 
;Ln  d^uiKg^^^lr  '  ^°"^^-^^-T  or  wall  tree,  and  necessarily  requires  prote" 

Mytliologkal  and  Legendary  Allusions.  The  Egyptians  and  Greeks  held  the 
fru.  of  t  iis  tree  in  great  estimation  ;  it  being  the  custom  to  carry  a  basket  of  figs 
next  to  the  vessel  of  wine  used  in  the  Dionysia,  or  fostival  in  honour  of  Bacchus 
The  Romans,  also,  carried  the  fig  next  to  the  wine,  in  their  processions  in  hon 
our  of  the  same  god,  as  a  patron  of  joy  and  plenty  and  BacS  war^ipposed 
by  them  to  have  derived  his  corpulency  and  vigour  from  this  fr.ii  and  not  ?he 
grape,  fcaturn,  one  of  the  Roman  deities,  was  "represented  crowned  with  new 
figs;    he  being  supposed  to  have  first  taught  the  use  of  agriculture  in  Italv 

ffi'?r'e/%r  T^''  "^,  ^T^'  l^'^'^"^^^  *«  "^'^  g«^'  b^f°re  which  ^e A  E 
flf;  o  , ''  ^'?  ?  r'^^'"'^  '"  ''^^"^  b^^"  t'»«  ^^^^"'•ite  fruit  of  Cleopatra    aiS 

the  asp  with  which  she  terminated  her  lifo,  was  conveyed  to  her  ^a  basket  of 
figs.  1  he  story  of  Romulus  and  Remus  being  suckled  by  a  wolf  under  a  fil  tree 
^'}l^\  0  every  r',e  conversant  in  ancient  history.  Timon  ofAtlens  ^vho 
was  called  il/..««//,;.,  ,.  from  his  aversion  to  mankind  and  all  odety  on  e\  ^m 
into  a  public  place,  where  his  appearance,  as  an  orator,  soon  collected  a  hree 
assembly,  when  he  addressed  his  countrymen,  by  inform i'ng  them  that  he  ha?a 
nl  iT  '"  '\'^  g^^^^"'  °"  ^^'^^^'^  '^-ny  of  the  citizens  had  endedXir  lives  with 
a  halter ;  and  that,  as  he  was  going  to  cut  it  down,  he  advised  all  those  that  were 
inc  iiied  to  leave  the  word    (n  Jncten  i~.  u\  i  a  ■,    ""  ""-'^'^  i"'^"-"- wtre 

"^  60  b^irtlcn  and  hang  themselves.     It 


:n\ 


i 


474 


FICUS   CARICA. 


Ml 


was  an  object  of  contemtr"VSVo'^  ?r  ^f^'^'^'^^^on  of  ideas,  the  fig 

tioned  by  many  of  the  old  Bridsh  poetH  1 J^^^^^  the  "fig  of  Spain,"  men- 

figs  lo  those  4o  were  the  obiecS'sS     '%'h'"''°'"  "^^^^'"g  P"'««"ed 
probably,  a  vulgar  prejudice  aS  this  St       '  ^'''''"  ''"''"^^'"  ^"'^  '^«"^«> 

^Propagation,  Management,  &c      The  rnn.mo«  «„  *        • 
cuttings  of  the  shoots  or  roots   (not  one  of  wMnT  %?rVl  ^^'l'^  Propagated  by 
layers,  and  seeds.     In  France  mnL^!.?-     ^    f'  Y'"  ^'^''O  ^"d  also  by  suckers 
is  extensively  grown  L  an  S'^rn7r'"'^''^  ^^''"^  Marseilles,  where  the  S 
of,  for  a  planLfion'ne"  tl^  sea  and  exPosT/^^'th"  '^^^^^^-fon  is  made  choicf 
IS  trenched  two  or   hree  feet  deeo  nm^  H^li  "  ^T^  ^"^  ^^^'-     ^'he  ground 

in  squares,  or  in  the  quincunx  fSm  at  S  TT'"^'  "iV^  ^'^^  ^^^^«  ^"-^  P'^^ted 
plants  are  watered  frequeXdur^^hpfi!  ^'''''''''  '^  ^^^"""  ^^^^  "P^"      The 
itig  whatever;  but  inTe  wkteJ  "^^  L'  ^''^  'T''^''"'  ^"'^  ^^^'  ^^"hou!  any  prun! 
ground.     The  third  year  tirev  thro  I  un  vtT^  ^T''  '^7  ^''  ^"'  ^°^^"  ^o  ^'^e 
retained  to  form  a  bush ;  an7in  the  foiL3.  "'  f  ^1''  ^^"  ^-^  ^^^  "^  ^^h^^^  are 
to  ripen  fruit.     In  some  case  ?  ^.e  Sees  a  e^'trained';'''  ^''['  *'''  ^^^^  ^^  ^"^^''^^ 
also  generally  the  case  in  Italv  inrl  rllf    u        ,  '°  ^'"^''^  ^^^'"s;  a"'!  this  is 
tree  attains  I  larger  size    LaJ  t^'^F^aTce    Tn  thVJV^""'^'  '^  '^•'^^'•'  ^"^  ^^e 
trees  require  but  little  pruning  exceof  when  iJi  '"^'^^"«"t  management,  the 
branches.    In  the  south  of  FranS  ?hev  .  l^^^^^      T"^  '"°  "^"^'^  ^^«^^ded  with 
hot  summers,  for  the  want  of  water'  whlh  v   ^   '"^''  ""^''^  ^'^  ^^««'  ^""ng  very 
of  the  excessive  tranrpi  atta  tlS^Ikes  n    cTf^^^T  "' ^*^""^  °"  '^^««""t 

porous,   thinly-covered   bark       Hencrfn^  f        '"  ?'''"  ^^'^^  '^'^^««'  '^"d  very 

branches  are 'sometimes  completely   corchedZlill^^^^  "^T^"'''   ^''^ 

the  sun.     Severe  frost  has  a  similnr  off    .    and  kil  ed  by  the  powerful  ravs  of 

Marseilles,  as  extreme  drouglu  £  nfn'rim'er '^T  ^''if'''  "^^"^"^^^'  ^^'^"  ^' 
properly  be  called  fig  climates  two  Jrom^r  i"  ^l'.  countries,  which  may 
from  the  old  wood,  and  c^So^ds  with  thn  P™'^"^^^!"  ?  Y^^r.  The  first  is 
of  the  United  States;  and  t  e  s^econd  ft-om  h!  ^^f  ""l  F"^^''^"'^  ^"^^  ««me  parts 
produced  by  which,   n  the  ast  n?Zrl  n  '"'''^'^  °^^^^^  ^"^'^^^nt  year,  the  figs 

houses.  In  Greece  Syri^  and  E.vn?  TZT'  ^''  '"''''  ''P''''^  '^''^'  >"  ho? 
first  crop  is  ripened  in  the  s^th  of  FrVl^  ^''""P/'  sometimes  produced.  The 
cropinSeptem'ber.     Those  ,td.  are  to  be  S^  "^f^'  '"'^  '^'  ^^^^^^ 

dead  npe,  which  is  known  by  a  dioD  of  swl  r  i  ^f  °"  ^''^  ^'"^  ^'^^  ^hey  are 
the  eye.  The  figs,  being  gathered  ^an  Zol\  '^"''^-  ^at  appears  hanging  from 
shed;  and,  when  the  dew^S  off  thev  .?i  °"  7'"''"'  ^'''"^^^''  ^^  ^  ^ry,  airy 
during  the  hottest  part  of  the  da^.  7o  ^cil  SX  'n^^  "'^''JT  ''  ''''  «""' 
are  occasionally  flattened  with  the  hanr      n  S  Progress  of  drymg,  the  figs 

placed  in  rooms  warmed  iTy  oves  Wh'pn  h  '"  ""T'  ^""  ^^-^^'her,  they  are 
packed  in  rush  baskets,  or  in  boxes  in  avers'^nlf'  thoroughly  dried,  they  are 
laurel  leaves,  and  in  this  state  theral-esoK^^^  alternately  with  long  straw  and 
south  of  France,  figs  are  nrenarel  W  f         merchants.     In  some  parts  of  the 

ashes  of  the  fig-'tref  ^IS  S"i  TrL'^tTsfof'tlTe  Iv 'b'  >%-tSe  from  the 
skins.  ''''^'  '"^  "Scot  the  lye  being  to  harden  their 

generally  tTaM 'ag^lh^sHv^Ks  I  ZS'^^'V'  ^"^^^^^^^'  ^^ere  the  fig  is 
States,  there  are  o^Iy  tvvo  or  ^h'L  nkcTs  "boTo  iJ"  '""'  "^'T '^  ^^e  United 
standard;  and  the  pLcipal  of  tlTesP  if.f  i.  V'/'- S'^'"^''  ^'''  '^^  fruit  as  a 
Paris.  The  trees  a?e  kenras  low  bu  ho.  tfT''!'  "'  ''^'  neighbourhood  of 
acquire  more  than  three^or  four  yea^^?^  "^'t  ^''"^^^^^.«  ^^^^dom  allowed  to 

them  down  to  the  ground,  and  retaKeirS/h^mrnV^^^S^^^^^^^ 


COMMON  FIO-TREE. 


475 


''^o:i:L'SL^^^^^^^^  of  the  frost.     It  is  observed  in  the 

such  a  degree  of  perfcS"  a  to  n  a  e  the  J^^^'f  ^ "'''  ^'^  "«^«^  ^rou^u  to 
omed  to  the  figs  of  Marseilles  Cf  P^'^^'^f  ""^  ^^""^^  ^^o  have  been  accus- 
insipid  or  haIf%otteurand  even  to^^^  ^T"^'""^  '"  '^^  ^'^'''>  always  ether 
pinch  off  the  points  of  Ihe  slX,  in  the  le  w^.^^  ^^'j  ^'^'«' "  '«  ^-cL^i'X 
early  grapes  are  wanted;  or  with  the  neaTn  J  T  ^'  "  ^"^  '^"^  the  vine  when 
An  additional  process  is  reqiS  in  cold'.P.ff ''''^!^'  *^^  "^^*""ty  of  Ihe  pods 
season  ;  and  that  is,  the  insertion  of  a  smardron'nrl  I'  '^''  ^""^^  «"d  of  every 
the  eye  of  tlie  fruit;  which  has  the  eS  of  Zt  '''  b>^/««^"sof  a  straw,  into 
causing  the  fig  to  part  readily  from  the  s'.ot  tS  -^'"f  '^'  ^'^^^  P""'^*?'^  and 
begins  to  decay.  ^  ''""^  ^"^  ^''^o^'  'ike  ripe  fruit;  after  which  it  soon 

tho.'Jghthet  d\"  no^l  w;?nThei"ro^r;he'fi  'f  '^  ^^"^^^"^  P^P^^^ted  by  layers- 
the  fig  is  to  be  plantS  asTs3  J-H  .  '^'''"' "^ '^^"  ^^  ^ 

remove  all  the  sucVs  from  the    oUar  and'^il^'f  ^"!?'  ''^"^"*'°"  "^"^^  be  pS  to 
trained  against  a  wall  in  a  cold  cLate  Z't"  "^i""''  ^"^  ^^e  stem.   Vhen 
^ngle  stem,  and  not  from  the  collar  Tsfs'.eneraliru''  '^""'?  P^^-^^^d  from  a 
when  so  treated,  produces  shoots  whinh^.^  ^'"' "^''^'^ '"  because  the  plant 
more  likely  to  ripen  their  wood    '        '"^  ^''  ^'''  "'S«'^«"«'  ^"d.  consequently,' 

the  L:vSn:^^Sf^(5^i;4};j^;^^  ^^^^^^^o.  time  immemorial,  in 
antiquity,  and  more  recently  bTKrefo^nnH^  ^'"^  °''^«^  authors  of 

many  of  the  French  physiolocriS  of  thrnll'  ^a^  *^°"^^'  "  is  laughed  at  by 
It  must  be  of  some  iml)oi;tant  t4e  We  tlfinl  7t  too  ^'  '' ''  ''^""^'^^  ^^  "^^"7  ^ha^ 
ever,  in  a  notice  of  this  species  o  hi  nm  ?V  ^  ^.""''"^  ^  circumstance,  how- 
of  the  reality  of  the  sexes  Ef  £  s  ThTotr'.r'  ''  ^"^^'^^-^  "  convincing'pro^f 
species  of  insect  of  the  enat  k  nri    fr     °P^f "?."  ?o"S'sts  in  inducing  a  certain 

Caprificus,)toentertheCofthecte:'];;'r?^  '^Ti'  «"  ^he' wild  fig 
tiiring  us  pericarp,  in  order  to  dVnosi^l  il  ^^'^'fties,  for  the  purpose  of  punc- 

By  this  means,  th^  fert  le  Vovvtffn  .h  •'^^''  '"^  ''^"'"^by  hasten  its  macS  i"v 
by  the  farina  of  the  ba  rea  on  nea  tVe  oHfi""  '^  l""'  ^^u it  become  fecundated 
hough  the  fruit  may  ripen  IT  fZ  Jill  ^''i  ^''^'  '^^'bout  this  operation 
by  Bosc,  that  there  is  nSmhe  obtct  in  th!'''  ""i'  ^T  P'*^^"^*^^-  ^'  i^^Heged 
maturity  of  the  crop;  but  otheis  arrnV  '  ^T ^"^  ^^^"  ^hat  of  hastening Ihe 
of  the  stigma,  it  te^nds  \o    ne    ^/e %tT^^^^^ 

mature  seeds,  to  render  it  mo  e  i  our^hin  J    i     ^  ^''''''  "'l^'  ^^  ^^'^"g  ''  ^^'i'h 
Osage  orange.     Olivier,  the  bota  ical     avd       ?^''T  '?  ^'  '*!•"  '^'^  ^^'^b  the 
iclence  m  the  islands  ohhe  Arc^pel.irref J'/    '''''^^''^,  ^^^"''  ^  ^«"g  ^es- 
practice;  and  Bosc,  thou-h  hrallow,  i h  ,',   f      '^""^"^^^d  of  the  inutility  of  the 
as  the  larva  of  the  IVral is  pomonn  J.n       . "  T^  '''^'''^"  'he  maturity  of  U,e  Js 
yet,  he  believes  thatYtms^.To  effort  'f ''""'''  '^^  ^"^'""^y  of  the  apple,  in  France' 
the  fruit.    M.  Bernard,   he  author  of  a  Xmo"^  ''^'^7  S'  ^'^^  «^  ^'^"^  ^^^^^our  of 
cleof  that  tree  in  the ''NouvearDu  nl^r      '"V' f  ^^^^^^^^ 
hgs,  which  haveundergone  t  rproces  5,-^^^  farther  and  asserts  that  the 

size,  flavour,  and  the  ?ropertv  KePninf^  ^^ '''"' ^'^'"^^^^^^ 
rns  is  the  prevailing  specTes  an  oSSh^"    •    '  ^«/P^'  '^^'^''^  'he  Ficus  sycomo- 
said  to  aniwer  the  ^ifj^'of  calStio.raf  f™'^  '"^  ^^^  ^'•"'^'  ^^hich  is 
When  the  fruit  has  icquired  a  thifd  nS  of 'if.  «        '''  /"'P''^'  "^'"'j^  "P^"'"?- 
It,  of  a  sufficient  depth  to  remove  alF't hi  /.  '''  ^.  '''.""  '^  ^"^  off  the  end  of 

matured  the  fertilizing  dust       tL  L      !, '""'"''  '^''^'^b  have  not  by  this  time 
which  thickens,  an^ffrms  a  mnrhnr""?  J'  immediately  covered  with  sS, 
fruit ;  and  the  consequence  IthZ  k  nnnn    "^k  '^'  ""''  ^"""^  ^^e  interior  of  tlf^ 

the  time  usually  takin  by  n^'ur^wit  oC  osL'^rV"'^'^  ''  ^^^P  ^ff'  ^"  half 

J'  -.,  wuMout  losing  Liny  of  us  size  or  of  its  flavour. 


In 


r 


476 


FICUS   CARICA. 


M  • 


;fe; 


Insects,  Accidents,  and  Diseases.     The  fig-tree    in  hof  no.,„»  •  j  ■      , 

seasons,  especially  when  at  a  distance  from  the  sea  ?s  nn  f°V"'"^^  '^"'^  '"  dry 
frmt  scorched  and  shrivelled  up  bv  the  sun  IH,  L^r.  f  ^  ?-''^''''  '^''  '*^^^^«  '^"^ 
but  is  liable  to  the  attacks  of  sLeral  species  o/t^^^^^^^^ 

the  kermes,  &c.  In  British  gardens  t.Wrv  1.  ^"^^'^c^  as  the  cochineal, 
open  air;  but  it  is  very  liableTo  the  at tacL  o r^h.  1^7  '"^'"1  ^>^  ^"^^'^^«'  ^^  ^'^« 
honey  dew,  undei  glass.  An  abundanrP  of  wn^  ^  spider,  the  coccus,  and  the 
that  of  its  indigenous  habitat  the  sea  shorP  .T       ^""""^  ""^T'  ^f^^^Phere,  like 

Properties  aid  Uses  Thk  tp!woo5  of'the^rtref  '^,'  ^'^-^  '^'^''^^-^-■ 
and  tender,  and  of  a  white  coloSr^^Ts  used  in  pf "a  n^'  ?^ "'''  '«. extremely  light 
from  its  facility  of  receiving  and  rotSJ  ♦.  ^^'  ^"'  '"^'''"S  whetstones, 
employed  in  sha%enirg  3s  tol  Tl  ?1  ?  '"""[^  t"'^  '^e  oil  that  are 
great  deal  of  its  weight  m  dry  n J  bu^bvharnrn'^'  '"^'f^  ''  >^.^"'^^^'  ^''''  ^ 
strength  and  elasticity,  that  tl  e  sci^ws  of  lini  ^  '"'''  '^  ''''^^"'^^^  «»  "^"^'» 
used  as  fuel,  it  does  n^o't  afford  a  ve  ^I.  tensrhe^- tu  i^'h'"'^'  ?V'-  u^'^«" 
uable  property  of  consuming  verv  slmvlv      Th? V  "^  charcoal  has  the  val- 

milky,  ac/id  j(nce,  which  may  be^^ppS  as  a  r  reffor"'!  -''  f^'^  ^"  '-^ 
for  destroy  ng  warts      From  th,«  rv-iiT,,  ■   •  .^^""^^j  lor  raising  blisters,  and 

rubber  might\eTade  VTes  r'  b"  'L'd^T'aTctl'f^^f^  ^^""^^"^^'  '"'^- 

very  tenderost  of  the  young  leaves  mkhi  he  IZl  f  ^.f  '''"'^  Property,  the 

silk-moth.    The  fruit  of  thi  See  ^s^has  alfi^H     f  ^'"f  '^  '^^  '^^'^'^  ^^  ^^e 

article  of  food  for  a  great  part  Ke  inhabUan     nf^  been  observed,  serves  as  on 

In  the  northern  parts  of  Eu  ope  and  of  A^"'   ""^  ^'f  ''S'""^  ^^^ere  it  abounds. 

either  fresh  or  dried      MedicinaH v^f  if.  '^"'7''=^'  '*  ^'so  enters  into  the  desert, 

has  long  been  used  for  emolS'Sap^^^^^^^^^^  ^^  laxative,  and 

by  fevers,  &c.     In  Portugal,  the  SmiTr'rhili      "^^"^"""S  P^rscns  debilitated 

kind  of  brandy  is  distille^d  fror^  fermented  fiS|ll  T/    '^'"  ^^'"'7  '^'^'^^^'  ^ 

ficus,  and  also  of  the  allied  genus  car1rrnr»^-pfu^*'^  ^P*'^'''"  "^  ^'^e  genus 

of  rendering  raw  meat  tender,^  vl^nS  beneaTh  thefrT  T  ''T^^'I  P^^P^^'^ 

ica  principle  this  depends,  we  are  igno  ant  bm   t  f.i.    ^^^     ^"  '^''^^  ^^^"^ 

As  a  fruit  tree,  the  fig  s  valuablf  for^  m  ' .  ?  '*'^"''  ""doubted, 
unfavourable  in  regard  to  1  ght  aif  and  smi  ^^  1°  ''"'*  ''P'"'"^  ^"""^^  "^  situations 
the  walls  of  house!  in  crowffi  S  ies"on  e  b  k-walTir'':' '"  -"^^T^^^^ 
uig-houses,  comparatively  in  the  shudeX^P  o^c't-walJs  of  green-houses  and  fore 
fruit  tree  whatever,  in  pols;  n^7d,  wYtik^abuidato'e  nfT  ^T'  *^^"  ^"^^  ''^'^ 
this  tree  wUl  produce  uSder'gl.s;  thtr^nd^lti^^^^^^^^^  -d  heat, 


UimaceoB, 

S!/$t.  Nat. 


Ulmus, 

Orme, 

Ulme,  Ruster, 
Olmo, 

Olmo,  Ulmo,  Ulm^yro, 
Elm,  •*    ' 


Genua   ULMUS,    Linn. 


Synonymes. 


Pentandria  Digynia. 
Syl.  Lin, 


Derivaliont. 
"Il.ght  alteiatini 


Of  Authors. 

France. 

Germany. 

Spain  and  Italy. 

Portugal. 

Britain  and  Anqlo- America. 


eral  clusteVrof  2  ?o  1  mi-^'  '"°'''' '  ^"'^  ^"'"•^times  therare  a    mt'^i     '^  "  ^''^  '"^ether  upon  short 
though  perec    leaves  Lefo  e'^'..'*'""''"'^  '"  °-  ''^'^'^'^'^^^^^ie^^^^^^^^ 

male;  both  kinrrnm,  nnfni     .  °^^"',"^  "'  '^'e  'errainalbuds     FlowL  h  ''''•''^,'^''^  1  or  2  small, 
of  o„;  piece,  but  havine  4   K'     ^"'^^  T^'^''^''  ^i^tinct  from  th!  ovarv  in^'T^'  °<'  '^  ^'^  "'"  "'«™ 

sS'^^^^r  r€?^^'' ^-''-^ 

by  albumen,  s'traigh,,TTadicTe" JnT ^ '  '"  '"''^"y  i-t-ceV  t  L  S%r ft  fe?"  f''!!'^"'  °''  ''"^  ^'S 
veined  ;  in  ^ost,  SnpQual  at  h!  "PP'^^os*-  Flowers  small.  Leaves  nlprno'  -^"i^'^'"  ""attended 
uous.    'Leaves  within^  the  bud  fSl^H  ?"""^'  ''"'''"''  ^"'J  harsh  toThe  touch     Stinnf  ""'k^'  ^■^^"'"■ 

toughness,  very  slronr  orconTilrVn     P''^^'' ^'"  ^ 
t'h^l^.T"^  ?^':'  "^"'■^  <^«"inion,  and  pe  rhans  .IfM   ^  ^-^T^'  ^"^  suppleness^ 
tho  number  and  the  size  of  their  roots  nniuf  """   ^'^^  ^'"^s  increase  rapidly  in 
growmg  trunks;  but  these  vary  inTvern    J^nT''-''V  ^"  ^ave  strong,  tVpr  Jh 
The  disposition  of  the  branched'  relatrveTv  ^nfu'  ?  '^f""  ^^"""^'^^^  ^'^  ^engt     . 
they  constitute,  also  varies  exceeding    Vni    ^'^^  V""''  ^"^  ^o  the  head  which 

Tan'uJ'V'l  ^?^>^-  A't?-5'ThfchamcteT7r?V^^^^^^^ 
m  all  the  kmds,  it  varies  in  time  of  leafing  .Lr  ^"''^^^  '^  "^^''Jy  the  same 
and  form.  The  flowers,  in  most  of  tho  1?  ^  ^^"'"^^^  ^'i'^'  '"  i'^  size,  colour 
and  are  disposed  m  small  groups  wh  ch  Jv^Ti ""?  T ^'""^^^  before  the  leaves' 
branches,  before  they  are  fully  dUebned^h.u  T'T^  aPP^arance  to  the  leafless 
our  and  their  being  supported^^pe£ieslo^'?^^  f'^^l^^'  ^''^^  their  co  ! 
trees  are  generally  of  easy  culture  ran^dtl?^  I'ke  little  tufts  of  fringe.     The 

.n"ch  .of  ,ha.  it  istSefv^";;Scn,r.:;''jt'' ■  °f"r?  '<■  ™'^  <■-»  -•)- » 

~  *"'=""■"<!  which  are  species  and  which 


!  li 


478 


VLMUS. 


are  varieties;  or  even  to  what  species  the  varieties  hplnnir     ivr.  f  ^.,  i  c 

an  opinion  that  there  are  only  two  kinds^rXd  sti"ct    "'^'"-^^^^  ^'^  ''"' 

tns,  and  montana.     The  UlL.s  amerlc^  a  L  wS'  conT.do^r'  i    alhodToTl" 
campestris,  from  an  assertion  made  by  Mr.  Masters  of  Ca  Zh„rv  ?,   r     i     a 

mmli,?  TTi  '  ^'^^^'^'""S'  'Sec,  we  have  brought  the  elms  all  under  two  hpifls- 

of  thS  aiuhors  ""'^"'  '^^^'  '^'^^^  '^"i^  ^^«  described  in  the  works 


Ulmiui  unrnpestrit, 
THE  EUROPEAN    OR  FIELD  ELM. 

Si/noni/mea, 


Ulmus  campestrii, 


Orme    champeire,    Orme    ,1es    champs,  J 


(  Linn;k,j.,,  Species  Plantarum. 

I  M.cHAux,  North  American  Sylva 
Lot/DON  Arboretum  Britann.cunK 
SBF.By,  British  Forest  Trees 


a  pauvre  homme, 
Enghsh  Elm,  European  Elm, 


CtKr.MANY. 

Italy. 

Britain. 

Anolo-America. 


^et.,'^cr8...;ir!is;':j5a;;r-  -.ow..  .,„„  ,„.,„  ,.,,„.  3__^,^„^^ 

Description. 

"Fruitful  in  leaves  iho  Elm." 

VinoiL. 

HE  Ulmus  campestris 

'  is  of  a  tall,  upright 

_  habitof  growth,  with 

ri'T^  '/. "!•»,.    ^=^*'^^'"    a  straiglit  trunk,  four 

o   five  feet  in  diameter,  wheu  fully  gro^v7;,  anJ 
attammg  a  height  of  from  sixty  to  sevemv 
fee  ,  or  upwards.     The  branches,  wh  eh  ar^ 
rather  slender,  are  densely  clothed  with  small 
deep-green  leaves,  somewhat  shining  on  Ue 
upper   surface,   though   rough  to   thl  ^ouch' 
tT!o'r.r/''  "!i'  l!""""^  '"  the  middle,  and  cot 
most  other  kinds  of  elm,  unequal  at  the  base  '•"^'""  ^>!vvV^ 

Naples   in  Italy,  by  the  fi  st  of  Febru.rv •  nf  P    — '  '^^'-  .   ^'^^>^  ""^^'^  at 
the  middle  of  April  •  and  at  New  York  Slytn  Mav  '  ^Th^''?'!,'  '"England  by 
JNevv  York,  m  the  beginning  of  November  and  th±      f^"'^  ^^''  .^^  ^'''^''  ^"^  at 
^nd;  but  in  Naples  fhey  often  renia  n  „nn?l    "^^  ""'  ^°"''  '^^^^^^  '^t^r  in  Eng- 
The  flowers,  which  put^fo   h  ji  s^befo  e^  t  e  leV''"'  ""^^' ^'^^  ^"^  ^^  ^^e  yea°r. 
purple  to  a  dark-red;  and  are  succeederhv  nhi        ''I'  ""^.'^  "^ 'dolour  from  ad  nll- 
tainingeach  a  seed,    hat  ri^eL   rrmomM    '!F'  ^^'P^Y-^^oven  samara,  con- 
Fan./.-...     The  ;arietie?o    th  s  Se    are'v^  ^PP^''^^^'^"^^  «f  ^he  leaves, 
and  on  the  continent;  and  most  of  them  have  beln^  /'Tfu"''  ^""'^  '"  ^^^ain 
the.  seed-beds.     As 'remarked  at  tliri^e^mS^^^^^^^^ 


ii     Ij 


II ■;  ■' 


480 


ULMU8   CAMPESTHtS. 


Mis^ 


cal  and  again  a  horizontal    iror^  on      f.   1      /      .    "  ^''"^.•'»^«  ^''<"  now  a  verti- 

doligl.t  in  souing^at  fa  .     a  ike   .  c^^^^^^^^^  '^'''\  ^fT''  ""^  ^''^'"•^  ^« 

This  is  always  the  casrwah  plants  Z? I  i  *"'^""''  '''?  ''"f"'''  "^'  ^''^  «'»•««•• 

vation  of  man.     Tl'e  cLos   hi^^  m  ho  ?       T  '•'"^' '''""  ^"^""^"e'^  to  the  cnlti- 
in  which  thoyaropLTand'L^S  "pon  them,  the  different  situations 

appear  to  change  tl  mr  imt^ve  hahif 5'        i     "'*'  ?-^  »'-«^«tmnU  which  they  receive, 
several  varieTie^s  diS  is  m^L  „  ' ,,  .    •  ^  ''^^I'l^''^  «"J  «iz«  of  the  tin.bor  of  the 

growth.     Fo   ?nsm,co  tr  n  bcr  o   tl^  '"''  ^""^  ""  '"'"'  "*"  ^''"'^ 

fron.  the  slendernS    of    1  e  tt  n  ^wl  it  in    H  ''  ^'"""''"  '^  "'^  ^^'^  ^'"'"^  ^'^'"^. 
to  decay  at  the  joints  of     e  Lmnche      heir  b./^XTnn    ''"  ';>"''  '^^.  ^"''J^^^ 

.nds  most  near^   '(l  Atn^  ^  S  I'lC^lV  t=?  h;tSCt: 

th    s  J^:Xh^ia;;^-r,/!-t;^t-^^^     ^-^  -.Alo^^leavesthan 

va?iely-is"n;n"i;t''Tho"oid  ba^^lf  c t*["'''"' , "^''"'^  ^^^'t  '^'^^  S^-^'^  «f  this 
very  pale  vvit  ace  The  Irk  ,  T  ^  '"  '""'^  "■'■'""'^"'"  P'^'^^^^'  «'"!  becomes 
is  tmS  w       rid      T ho  l  ^''"l  '''.''"'''  ^'  ^■"^  ^he  foot-stalks  of  the  leaves 

v.r;'  f  V        '  l^^"*^*^"-     'V«A-Pi;crovee«  Field  Elm  or  KifOj^-    V/m      Tl  ■  ^ 

This  liU-P  tho  ulVr.^    !        1  /     ,      ^  '^  '^^"'  '^"^  the  tree  is  of  a  spreading  habit 

be'ie  td  s  up"ra:?rrr;iT'' "^^^  "p^"  ^'"'^^  ^^^^'^ -  ^^^  ^^ ''  '-'to 

killed  by  ^rosL^  ^''''  ^'^'-^"'^'  '"  '°"^«  autnmns,  the  shoots  are 

Willi  lni'"'~"'r'ir'"' •  ^T^'":     ^"'''''^  ^'^^^  ^^"''  ^''^  "Prigl.t-branched  tree 

^ootrn''. r":;.  ^Xer;=r  'TSt ''"  ^--'^ -e  brighti;;^; 

somewhat  -  w      v      ad     a,  X  in  t  Ki...       iT'  f  ^"■^-  S""'^'  '''*g''t,  with  a 
in  rrmina  ,,,f .  ' ,  r  m      '  .f  '^  climate  of  I.ondon,  it  is  a  week  or  two  later 

Ml  comuig  ,uu  .oaf  than  the  species.     Dr.  Lindley  mentions  a  sub-variely"  with 


Kt/ROPEAN     OR    FIEI.t)   ELM. 


nth.  no  cer- 
VI.  Miitidril- 
lit!  who  has 
h;iv»!  Iiir^'(» 
nvt!  sinooih 
very  rough 
o\v  u  verti- 
e,  and  ciil- 
i  sceiu.s  to 
t  th()  other. 
[)  tlio  ciiUi- 

sifiiafioiis 
oy  receive, 
iibor  of  tho 
it  of  tlieir 
ittlc  vahip, 
wo  subjcict 
strips,  aijil 
arioties  of 

next,  the 
tanists,  as 

I  grown  in 
ines  of  an 
very  sub-  • 
img,  spHts 

iaves  tJmn 

h  of  this 
becomes 
10  leaves, 
d  deeply 
ia.     Tliis 

this  tree, 
riety,  but 
branches 

led  Elm. 
le  timber 
hout. 
'».  Thi^ 
>st  orna- 
ig  habit, 
is  not  to 
oots  are 

led  tree, 
1-brown, 
with  a 
wo  later 
ty,  with 


481 


,  8.  U.c.sAKN.ENsis,  London.   A  J.7/&^^^^^^ 

but  very  little  from  Ihe  sJL  ^  ^'"'  ^  '^«^«-«'-"«^'»K  variety,  diifering 

Fnt.^:  '•  Sl^n^fr wh^h  rt:;'dS  'r'  ''T  '■  '"■""  '"'"'"'^  «^  '•- 

Its  leaves  are  ot  a  ve  y  dem,-grmi  Vid ^  lo^  '"'"''  '^""  ^'•"•»  '''^'■ 

marke<l  with  alternate  L.ots^nd  o  hut  "  n,  "'fi^'^  '"^"l  '^'''^  '^""k  i« 
twisted  and  interlaced  together.  This  m.;  11  "^'''  "'  '''°  '^""^  ""-e  all 
when  it  becomes  old,  as  a^i  mber  o  knots  Oo-^^^^  '^  ^"'^  ""^'"''''  »«'l'^'^''"«'c«' 
It  produces  but  f.w  'seeds,  and  .  o me  y  ^s  „^ot  w  T^  '"  'T'T^ '''  •"'"'^• 
as  the  best  of  all  the  var  etics  of  eini  1  r  t  ,  ..'^  ^V  '^'^""^"'"^d,  in  France, 
larly  for  the  hubs  of  wheels.'"  ^Z.        '   oad  lom /^ds  rt  "'''  '"^^"^"- 

scen  a  great  number  of  these  trees.  "  Meaux,  there  are  to  be 

JJ*'  }^  '••  ^'"l-"'  VA'"^:oATi.s,  London.     Varicmttcd-kavcd  FiM  Plm  •  ^'v       /         , 
ii/w,  having  leaves  striped  with  white  and   i..  J.T         "<«  ^</n;  Sdccr-lcaved 

II.  II.  c.  HETUL^KOMA   Loudo  .  ^  Vtw  ^cry  ornamental, 

resembling  those  of  the  Hetnla  alba  '''"*'  '^'"'  '"'^^^'^  somewhat 

an!unnn^;;;Sn:;i/;w;Ske  SSC''' I^i^l^''^^ Z^^'"'  '-^'^--ll  leaves, 
and  is  easily  recognized  folll'u  sn,  J  and  il  w  .^ter''h;  "''^'^'f "' ^^"^^'y- 
growth,  Its  foliage  is  fre.inently  niistaken  Ibr  a  Iho  I  nf  ,  f"'"^  "''^S''^  °'  »'« 
less  for  timber,  but  fornJ  an  o'naminLV    ee  wit  Tt  c'lii'^  'of  i  V\'^^^      "^^- 

13.  U.  c.  i-AuviFOLiA,  London.     Small-kaved  Fiehl  hvl      Ji,  °'^"- 

Jacquin,  W.lldenow,  and  others;    a    reV  alord    / 1^ ^^> 
several  varieties  ofit,  very  common  in  all  M,.  w^^^i      J     '''''  '^'"^  '"cutions 
and  varying  in  height  Vron/that'Ta  >  idd    -  tcrut  t^M  a t  Tl'  V    ''""'^' 
shrub,  according  to  the  soil  and  climate  in  wl  in    Tt  ,     '  *"  d""nuitive 

about  Caucasus  ;  and,  in  pass,,  g  SiH,  Siberia  i  ^  ^u  '/  ''  ^"^^  P'^"'*'"' 
tipiied;  but  occurs  agai,i  abo  ,?  I  ike^Vnl  "i  '  '  8'^^\"^'^"7,^^c<^"'»cs  less  nnil- 
leaves'as  a  substitufe^r,  tea  TJ^^'^ood '"  ■'  ,11 '"'  ""  "'':^^'"''»^«  "««  the 
tree-like  form,  is  said  to  be  very  lad  Td  to.mh  aiuf  if  ^'  '"',""  \'  '^^"'"^'«  ^ 
lines.  The  root  is  also  beantiLlv  v-frioc,,?'?  '  ,  "  '"'^.'".^^  '^''''  transverse 
cabinet-maker.     One  of  tli^     b  vL^el  ^^^^^^^^^^  /\"'7    ."^^^  ^''^  '""^-^^  ^"^ 

tree  cosoly  resembling  ,1,0  lasl-„a,„ca  varX  '       '''""''"""<'.  ™»l' 

cnmstuiico  of  its  boins  itont  i,i  ™„n  I  !!„.  ^        *'      "'^^  **';  Loml.,ii,  "  il,o  cir- 
thmc  ibrousl,  ,1,0  wi  ucr   Ic  ca>S  ™  lit    ,'°'''°  'T'  ""?  """'"'"8  ""  '«'>cs 

London  Horticultural  Society      The  manner  i,"  which  tboV."  "''  ^"^'^'"^  ''^.  ^'^^ 
miniature  trees  is.  bv  ringinj  the  c'tSS  Zhe  Laneb''""^'  ?""""  ^'"^^ 


01 


3f  old  trees,  and 


k^^ 


482 


ULMUS   CAMPESTRIS. 


hi  :i 


I 


Js>. 


it;. . 


PR?  ^i-  i 


1,?  '^  :s 


A,  ' 


'.i 


111 


11  f 


Ik 

ID 


then  applying  a  ball  of  loam,  kept  moist  by  water  and  moss,  till  roots  are  thrown 
out  Ironi  the  callosity  formed  at  the  ring,  when  the  small  branch  is  cut  off,  and 
planted  m  a  porcelam  pot,  'either,'  says  Mr.  Main,  'round,  or.  most  commonly 
ot  an  elongated  square,  twelve  or  fourteen  inches  long,  eight  inches  wide,  and  about 
hve  mches  m  depth.     Along  with  the  tree  they  place  pieces  of  stone,  to  represent 
rocks,  among  which  moss  and  lichens  are  introduced.     The  tree,  thus  planted 
IS  not  allowed  to  rise  higher  than  about  a  foot  or  fifteen  inches;  no  greater  sup- 
ply of  Avater  is  given  than  just  sufficient  to  keep  it  ali'  e;  and,  as  the  pot  soon 
acts  as  a  prison,  its  growth  is  necessarily  impeded;    at  the  same  time  every 
means  are  used  to  check  its  enlargement.     The  points  of  the  shoots,  and  the 
half  of  every  new  leaf,  are  constantly  and  carefully  cut  off;    the  stem  and 
blanches,  which  are  allowed  to  extend  only  a  certain  length,  are  bound  and  fan- 
tastically  distorted,  by  means  of  wire;  the  bark  is  lacerated  to  produce  protuber- 
ances, asperities  and  cracks ;  one  branch  is  partly  broken  through,  and  allowed 
to  hang  down,  as  if  by  accident ;  another  is  mutilated  to  represent  a  dead  stump  • 
in  short,  every  exertion  of  the  plant  is  checked  by  some  studied  violence  or  other' 
1  us  treatinetit  produces,  in  course  of  time,  a  perfect  forest  tree  in  miniature. 
Stunted  and  deformed,  by  the  above  means,  it  certainly  bocomes  a  curious  object, 
;.fl    t^-      ,       ,  '"^J'  oi  extreme  old  age.     Its  writhed  and  knotty  stem,  wea- 
t  er-stamed  and  scabrous  bark ;  its  distorted  and  partly  dead  branches,  its  dimiu- 
IZ  'i?,     ;^";?,  ?'^'^'/  '  Sive  it  the  aspect  of  antiquity.'"      The  French 
name,  The  de  PMbc   Gallois,  was  so  called  from  M.  Gallois,  who,  under  the 
reign  of  Louis  XV.,  imported  this  variety  into  France,  supposing  it  to  be  the  real 
Chinese  tea-tree.      Grafted   standard  high  on  the  common  English  elm,   the 
LJimus  c.  clunensis  would  form  a  very  handsome  small  tree, 
in    L  1  ""■  f-'^'i,Loudon.     Dwarf  Field  Elm,  a  very  distinct  variety,  growing 
m  the  London  Horticultural  Society's  garden,  which,  in  ten  or  twelvl  y.ars 
attained  only  a  height  of  about  two  feet.     When  taken  up  to  be  removed,  i^  was 

in  lep  th        "^  ""  '"''^  '"""'"^  ""    "^  ^^^  '"'^'''^  °^  ^^"^  S'"'''"'^  '^^^"  °^  ^'§'1'  f«et 

le^H:^::^:^^^^^  dot'-'-'-'''  ^''''  ^^^^'  ^  '^^^  -^^^  -^-- 

bhlig  t^e  ;:Sg  kind!  '^°"'"-     ^^'^^«-^--^  ^-^'^  ^^-'  --what  resem- 

l'.>.  U.  c.  FOLiis  AUREis,  Loudou. 
leaves  variegated  with  yellow. 

20.  U.  c.  suEERosA.  Cork-barked  Elm;  Ulmus  snberosa,  of  Willdenow,  Lind- 
m^'rkodfilid'nfl  "Tr^  Ormejongeu.,  Orme-m^e,  of'the  French;  k  very 
maiked  k  nd  of  elm  but  evidently  a  variety  of  the  Ulmus  campestris.  It  varies 
exceedingly  in  the  character  of  its  bark;  being  sometimes  deeply  furrowed  ind 
hZlZT.""  ''''f'  ^'V  '^-  ^\  ^'^«  ^^^"^^  "^"^h  in  the  character  of  its  1  ead 
llTlT  Ton  ""''  ^°^'  /""'"'  ""^  spreading,  and  at  others  tall  and  narrow.  The 
Zrola  tJT'  '''^'  '"  '''''' u^  with  very  fine,  dense  cork;  hence  the  name 
thi«  f  ,  ^^""^^  ^'"^  .'^"§^  °"  '^'^'h  sides,  are  more  rounded,  and  twice  or 

Iree  times  as  large  as  in  the  common  English  elm.     They  are  v^ry  uneq  ^1  It 

'    1  Tf.  '''?"! '^'  ''^'""P'^-  ^^"^  ^^«"b'y  ^^••••^ted,   hairy  beneath,  wih  dense 
broad  tufts  at  the  origin  of  the  transverse  ribs.     The  flowers  are  much  eai^ier 
than  the  foliage,  stalked,  reddish,  with  four  or  five  roundersegmS^i ts    and  as 
many  stamens,  with  dull-purple  anthers.     The  samara,  are  Sy  orbicular 
with  deep  sinuses  reaching  to  the  place  of  the  seed.     It  is  propagated  brsiclcrs 
and    ayers,  or  by  grafting  on  the  Ulmus  c.  montanu.     Tl.e\ree  is  of  Se  a iid 
rapid  growth,  and  is  highly  valued  on  account  of  its  thriving  wel    u 00^011  alkv 
soils,  and  lu  keeping  in  leaf  till  late  in  autumn.  ^  ^  ^ 


Golden  Variegated-leaved  Field  Elm.  havinc 


I  are  thrown 
cut  off,  and 

commonly, 
e,  and  about 
to  represent 
lus  planted, 
greater  sup- 
he  pot  soon 

time  every 
»ts,  and  the 
!  stem  and 
id  and  fan- 
!e  protuber- 
nd  allowed 
ead  stump ; 
ce  or  other. 

miniature, 
ions  object, 
stem,  wea- 
5,  its  dimin- 
'he  French 

under  the 
be  the  real 
1  elm,  the 

y,  growing 
3lve  years, 
ved,  it  was 
r  eight  feet 

th  curious 

hat  resem- 

Im.  having 

low,  Lind- 
i;  a  very 
It  varies 
owed,  and 
'  its  head, 
ow.  The 
the  name 
I  twice  or 
meqnal  at 
ilh  dense, 
ich  earlier 
s,  and  as 
orbicular, 
y  suckers, 
large  and 
•n  chalky 


EUROPEAN     OR    FIELD   ELM. 


483 


'ii-     IJ.    C.    SUBEKOSA  ERECTA,    liOudoU.       Er"rf  Cnrl'  hn,hn,l    X?-  11    TM 

with.a  tall,  narrow  head,  res;mbli„g  thattf  iL  Conrth  dm    hi^.^^?"'   %"''"' 
.ha.  varicly  i..  Laving  ,m,cl.  broadj  leaves!  !.„d  a  e"  iky  l!"k  "  ""«  ^""^ 

a^nTSU-^r^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

mrmber;  and  the  samane  obnvate,  with  very  sma  I  Zndedr,  "',"0.^0;." 

s^,n^^iJt^i,::?.X^;Xu::f.r!:fdri-£H°^S 

wood  was  found  to  be  very  inferior  to' that  of  most  otho^kinds  of  Hm  '  TI  . 
variety  may  be  propagated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Ulmus  c  sXi^  a' 

2.  U.  0.  EEFtrsA.     ^preadlng-branched  Field  Elm;   utwseTsco^mMo 
now,  Loudon  and  others;   Orme  jndonade,  of  the  F-enclf  The  colour  of  fl^" 
young  wood,  the  buds,  and  the  size,  colour  and  serrature  of  the  leaves  of  thh 
variety,  are  remarkab  y  like  those  of  the  "Huntingdon  Elm^  (Ulmusc  montana 

TheTn,:?''"-^     ^''    ''''''  'Yf  ''"S^'  ^^""i  «f  ^  beautiful  light     In  ing^^'en 
The  trunk  more  near  y  resembles  that  of  .the  Ulmus  c.  monta^ia  than   I  ft  of  fl  o 

isTooth  "  rr^  'rf  '^  'T'  ''^'r'^r-  ^""^  '''  »^-'^'  instead  of  be  ngnrotd 
as  smooth.  1  he  buds  are  lonjr  sharply  pointed,  and  greenish,  while  \n  the  com' 
mon  elm,  they  are  short,  obtu.c,  and  covered  'with  Irayish  'hai  '  The  reel" 
usually  more  rapid  in  its  growth,  and  comes  fifteen  or  twenty  days  earher  hito 
leaf  It  IS  a  native  of  Eurrpe,  chiefly  in  the  south  of  France,  and  in  t le  c'u 
casus ;  flowers  in  April  and  May,  and  is  propagated  in  IJritJ^in  series  bv 
grafting  on  the  Ulmus  c  montana.  According  So  l>allas,  the  wood  verv  hard 
and  durable,  and  is  used  in  Russia  for  all  the"  purposes  for  which  the  common 
elm  IS  employed  in  other  parts  of  Europe.  It  is  Laid  that  this  vadetyrvJ^v 
common  by  the  road-side,  between  ViUars-Cotterets  and  Paris,  in  F  ance  and 
also  between  that  city  and  Cressy.  '  '     "" 

T  ^\  ^^'  "'■  'J°-^''f  ^•^-     ^^''f'tain  Field  Elm  •  Ulmus  montana,  of  Smith  Lindlev 

Loudon,  and  others ;    >SVo/.A  Elm,   Wych  'Elm,  Wych   Hazel,  o?  the  B  Uish' 

1  he  trunk  of  this  variety  is  not  so  upright  as  that  of  the  English  elm    and  soon 

divides  into  ong,  widely-extended,  and  somewhat  drooping  bra  iches 'fo  min'a 

large,  spreading  summit.     Its  wood  is  of  quicker  growth  than  thatTf'tie  Ulmus 

campestns  and  consequently,  is  far  inferior  in  hardness  and  compLtness  and 

s  more  liable  to  split.     The  branches,  in  some  individuals,  are  qdfe  penduloi^ 

vouni    'Th       "  ^^^^Pl"g -i'l«^^.  the  bark  of  whicli  is  even  aiS  doLy   wlS 

LS  1  leaves,  which  are  quite  large,  are  broadly  elliptical,  having  a  long 

copiously  serrated  point;  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  with  minute  callou!  bds  Iv 

tubercles,  but  less  harsh  than  those  of  many  other  varieties,  and  pde  n^'d.w  1^ 

beneath,  with  straight,  parallel,  transverse  ribs,  that  are  copious  y  hairy  atSheir 

origins  and  subdivisions.     From  their  resemblance  to  those  of  the  hazeVGerard 


484 


ULMUS   CAMPESTRIS. 


btl^^  UU  I 


^1  iO 


tells  us  that,  in  Hampshire,  "it  is  commonly  called  the  witch  hazell"     The 

flowers  are  paler  rather  larger,  and  occur  in  looser  tufts,  than  those  of  most 

other  varieties      They  have  each  from  five  to  seven  oblong^acute  segments  Tnd 

as  many  broad,  and  rather  heart-shaped,  dark  anthers.     The  samara^l^e  broad"y 

obova te  or  el  iptical,  and  almost  orbicular,  with  shallow  notches  at  the  ends  not 

extending  half  way  to  the  seeds.     This  variety,  although  the  most  common  e"m 

^'^"''^"d  and  Ireland,  and  grows  spontaneously  in  numerous  places  in  En- 

and   and  otho^r   temperate   parts   of  northern  Europe,   appears   to   be   almost 

unknown  m  France   and   Germany,  as   it   is   not   mentioned   by  any  of  the 

dendrological  writers  of  the  two  last-named  countries.     It  is  only  within       e 

present  century,  however,  that  this  tree  has  been  much  planted  in  England 

vn!nf  to".,    r  f '!^  ''"'    ^'''^'V*^  'L'  '•"'^"'^  '•''^^  ^""S  been  considered  as  nixt  iti 

hito  nrt?f.n  nl.Y  ^^      ''  T^  ''  ^^''  ^T'^^i^gly.  ^een  extensively  introduced 

into  artific  al  plantations.     Its  wood  weighs  less  than  ihat  of  the  Ulmus  cam- 

pestris,  and  IS  of  a  coarser  grain.     Nevertheless,  it  is  used  by  the  ship-builder 

ind  tho  .n^M    '■'  >''  P""^^  '"^  block-maker,  the  cartwright,  the  cabinet-make  .' 
and  the  coach-maker.     The  timber,  according  to  Matthews,  has  great  longitu! 

fri  '^  ."''f'  ^"*'  ^T'^u  '"  S"""^'  ^"^"'^'5^  "f  sap-wood,  mid  want  of  laVeral 
adhesion,  it  splits  considerably  when  dry.  The  summit  of  this  variety,  which 
has  a  peculiar  fan-like  spread  of  branches,  often  tends,  probably  from  the  effects 
of  the  prevailing  winds,  to  one  side,  which  is  most  perceptible  in  voung  trees 
Hence,  when  fully  grown,  the  stem  is  generally  slightly  bent,  which  renders  it 
very  appropriate  for  the  Hoor-timbers  of  vessels,  being  the  onlTpa  t  of  a  ship 

'S  /  f.  ''"°T  P'^'"  m'  V''''' ''  "^  ^^PP'^'^'^'^l^''  '^^  ^^^^««"  decly^  above  wate?: 

Ihe  tiee,    continues  Matthews,  "  when  it  comes  to  some  size,  and  the  primary 

branches  being  lopped  off,  like  the  common  elm,  and  the  oak   often  throwTmU 

?he  bm,h  \T^'  '?  '!'"'  '  ^"'^  l^'T  *^^^S'  impeding  the  transit  of  the  sap, 

the  brush  increases,  and  the  stem  thickens  considerably,  in  consequence  of  a 
wart-hke  deposit  of  wood  forming  at  the  base  of  the  twigs.  This  excrescence 
when  of  size,  after  being  seasoned  in  some  cool,  moist  place,  such  as  the  north 
re-entering  angle  of  a  building  exposed  to  the  dripping  from  the  roof  forr^  a 
richer  veneer  for  cabinet-work  than  any  other  timberf"  But,  even  without  this 
process,  the  wood  has  often  a  curious  laced  appearance,  which  renders  it  fit  for 
dressing  cases  and  other  fancy  works.  The  wood  of  tl.iJ  tree  is  said  to  be  suita- 
ble for  the  naves,  poles,  and  shafts  of  gigs  and  other  carriages;  and  from  its  not 
splintering,  as  is  the  case  with  the  oak  and  ash,  in  time  of  battle,  it  is  used  for  ?he 
swingle-trces  of  the  carriages  of  cannon.  It  is  also  employed  for  the  rollers  of 
printers  and  dyers ;  for  making  wheel-barrows;  and  for  the  handles  of  spades 
forks,  and  other  implements  of  husbandry.  And,  according  to  Gerard  it  was 
fffhll  T^'T'"  '"'■'  "'  f "",''"'  '"""'•  *^  '^'^^  ""^  o"'y  "^«d«  i»to  bows,  but 
end  of  a  bough  to  the  other,  without  breaking,  was  made  into  ropes.     Gilpin   in 

iC^H'J  ."■'''  ''^^''  ^^'""^  '"■  "  ^''  P'^^'^^P^'  g-^'icrally  more  picturesque  than 

the  common  sort,  as  it  hangs  more  negligently,  though,  at  the  same  time  with 

!nnL^r!rf"w'  'J  'r'''  ^'\^§««'i  degree,  that  happy  surface  for  catching 
masses  of  hght.  which  we  admire  in  the  common  elm.  We  observe,  also  when 
whnfL  V'  T'^  "'  ^""^P^."y  ^^itl»  tl'e  common  elm,  that  its  bark  is  of  a  some- 
wha  lighter  hue.  '  On  this  passage,  Sir  Thomas  Dick  Lauder  observes,  "We 
are  disposed  to  think  that  Mr.  Gilpin  hardly  does  justice  to  this  elm.  For  our 
own  parts,  we  consider  the  wych,  or  Scottish  elm,  is  one  of  the  most  bcautifu 
trees  in  our  British  sylva.  The  trunk  is  so  bold  and  picturesque  in  fo™,  cov^^ 
free^ndi  "Tl"^  ^./''-  '''''^'  'V'^o  excrescences;  the  limbs  and  branches  ire  so 

or  clnmnf  T       "/  "'"  ^"TV'' '.  '^"?  "'"  ^^'^^^^  ^^  ^«  ''''^''  ^^it»^«"t  being  leafy 
or  clumpy^,  as  a  whole;  and  thn  head  is  generally  so  finely  massed,  and  yet  so 


EUROPEAN    OR  FIELD  ELM. 


485 


ell."  The 
se  of  most 
ments,  and 
ire  broadly 
e  ends,  not 
mmon  elm 
es  in  Eng- 
be  almost 
ny  of  the 
.vithin   the 

England, 
as  next  in 
introduced 
nius  cam- 
ip-builder, 
let-maker, 
It  longitu- 

of  lateral 
!ty,  which 
the  effects 
ing  trees, 
renders  it 
of  a  ship, 
)ve  water. 
e  primary 
brows  out 
if  the  sap, 
ence  of  a 
3rescence, 
the  north 
f.  forms  a 
hout  this 
s  it  fit  for 

be  suita- 
•m  its  not 
ed  for  the 
rollers  of 
f  spades, 
d  it  was 
)ows,  but 
from  one 
jiilpin,  in 
que  than 
ime  with 
catching 
so,  Avhen 
f  a  some- 
2s,  "We 

For  our 
beautiful 
rm,  cov- 
es are  so 
ng  leafy 
d  yet  so 


wel.  broken  as  to  render  it  one  of  the  noblest  of  park  trees;  and,  when  it  grows 
wildly  am.d  the  rocky  scenery  of  its  native  Scmland,  the're  is  no  tree   vvS 
assumes  so  great  or  so  pleasing  a  variety  of  character."*     "  The  Scotch  elm  " 
Sang  observes,  "accommodates  itself,  both  in  a  natural  state  and  when  planted 
.  dppn  ^ri  .  f '"^  'f'  V'"^  situations.     The  soil,  in  which  it  most  luxuriates,  is 

ISpf  nf   •  r""'  '''  ""V  "^7  ''"'^'-     ^^ ''  frequently  found  flourishing  by  the 

sides  of  rivers  or  streams,  winch  sometimes  wash  part  of  its  roots;  yet  it  will  not 

bent"  on'  vlfr'r  '"""'"T-       T  I'l  ""  -V^'^^"^^  ^^  '"^"^  ^"^  ^^'^^  «^'"«t"«.  >"<^"  n 
w   1  ,n     ^^''i"f«"«„^«?k   as  at  Alva,"  continues  he,  "it  arrives  at  a  large  size 

witliiu  a  century."     The  most  ready  mode  of  propagating  this  tree  is  from 

seeds,  which  are  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  are  ripe  in  Britain  about 

heiritl  tn:  '"'"l     ^  '"^^i  ^'^'"''^  ^  ^^'''r''  ""y  ''^"^  '^^^^'•^  ''^^y  drop  as  from 
their  hghtness  and  winged  appendages,  they  are  very  apt  to  be  blown  away  by 

the  wind      They  may  either  be  sown  as  soon  as  gathered,  in  which  case,  many 

plants  will  come  up  the  same  season;  or  they  may  be  thinly  spread  out  to  dry  in 

the  shade  and  atierwards  put  up  into  bags  or  boxes,  and  kept  in  a  cool,  dry 

t't  /  n  ?"''•'  r  ^^''^  ^"I'T^''?-  ^""S  ^'''^'^  t'»«  «^^ds  to  be  chosen 
liom  the  tallest,  most  erect,  and  healthy  trees;  on  the  sound  principle,  that 
plants,  like  animals,  convey  to  their  progeny  their  general  appearance,  whether 
good  or  bad  Trees,  therefore,  though  having  an  abundance  of  seeds,  if  they  be 
either  visibly  diseased,  or  ill-formed,  should  be  passed  over  by  the  collector 
When  sown,  the  seeds  of  this  tree,  and  those  of  all  its  sub-varieties,  ought  to  be 
deposited  m  light  or  triable  rich  soil,  and  very  thinly  covered,  in  order  that  the 
plants,  that  rise  from  them,  may  be  strong  and  vigorous.  The  best  form  in  which 
the  seeds  can  be  sown  is  in  beds ;  and  the  covering  of  soil  should  not  exceed  half  of 
an  incli  in  depth.  1  he  plants  may  be  removed  into  nursery  lines,  at  the  age  of 
one  or  two  years ;  or  they  may  be  grafted  in  the  following  spring.  If  not  intended 
to  be  grafted  they  may  go  through  a  regular  course  of  nursery  culture,  till  thev 
have  acquired  the  desired  heiglit  for  final  transplanting,  which  should  not  exceed 
twenty  or  twenty-five  feet.  This  variety,  like  the  Ulmus  campestris,  may  also 
be  increased  by  layers,  by  cuttings  from  the  roots,  and  by  inoculation. 

^7.  U.  c.  MONTANA  KUGosA.  Crumpkd-burked  Mountain  Field  Elm ;  Ulmus 
m.ru^Qsa,  of  Loudon ;  a  tree  of  spreading  growth,  and  moderate  size,  with  red- 
dish-brown bark,  which  cracks  into  short,  regular  pieces,  similar  to  that  of  the 
Acer  campestre. 

28.  U.  c.  MONTANA  MAJOR.  Larger  Mountain  Field  Elm;  Ulmus  m.  major  of 
Loudon;  a  tree  of  upright,  rapid  growth,  with  but  (aw  branches;  and,  in  some 
stages,  approaching  the  habit  of  the  common  Scotch  elm,  but  of  a  more  tapering 
lorni.  Its  leaves  fall  almost  a  month  earlier  than  those  of  most  of  the  allied 
races. 

29.  U.  c.  MONTANA  MINOR.  Smaller  Mountain  Field  Elm ;  Ulmus  m.  minor  of 
Loudon.  This  tree,  as  compared  with  the  preceding,  is  of  a  more  branching  and 
spreading  liaoit,  and  ot  lower  growth,  with  more  twiggy  shoots,  which  are  more 
densely  clothed  with  leaves. 

T  *^^J  ^'  ''•  ."Oj'^i'A^^  CKBENNicNsis.  Cevcnnes  Elm ;  Ulmus  m,.  cebemiensis,  of 
Loudon.  1  he  habit  of  this  tree  is  somewhat  like  that  of  the  Ulmus  c.  montana  • 
but  it  appears  to  be  of  much  less  rapid  growth.  ' 

3L  U.  c.  MONTANA  NiGUA.  /Vac/c-barkcd  Mountain  Field  Elm  ;  Ulmus  m 
nigra,  of  Loudon  ;  Irish  Black  Elm,  of  the  English  ;  a  spreading  tree,  with  the 
habit  of  the  Ulmus  c.  montana,  but  with  much  smaller  leaves. 

33.  U.  c.  MONTANA  AUSTRALis.     Sout/ieni  Mountain  Field  Elm;   Ulmus m.  aus- 

*  Lauder's  Gilpin,  1.,  p.  91. 


4S6 


IJLMUS    CAMPESTBIS. 


If 


iff 


different  in  any  other  respect  montana ,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  be 

-.^;«^.vrs^^rXh  ^[nittat^^^^^       ^'^^^  ^^-^-  ^^-- 

erally  spreading  its  branclies  i  a  Sike  S^^^^^  SlJtT"'T''  '''''  S^"" 
times  horiiiontally,  and  at  other  timeVnlmn^finr  '  «\'^etch\»g  t'lem  out  some- 
its  summit  exhibits  great  varietvSsh-^no  P'^P'^'^'^'^^^rly  downwards,  so  that 
belonging  to  an  Amii^anTpecL  of  Hm  ,  ">  r"^*^'.  ^'"f  ^^ee  is  considered  as 
vigorous  young  wood  and  hr'e  bnL  n  'l  k  ^'"'"n"'.  '^""S^'  '"''S^  leaves,  its 
same  time  as  the  Uirnus  c  nSan.  .  Icf  lt'7  '"'  ^'''^  f  ^'^"^""g  ^^  '^^« 
whic^h  no  American  elm  whreve    do^r  n  3ritai,  '^^  '';""1^"f  'f  ^^*^^«' 

a  sub-variety  of  the  Uhiius  c  monMnn      v.        '  7    V'"'''.""'  "^  "^""^^  ''^^^  it  is 
scenery,  it  is  admirably  adant^dT.?"        7  j?^rticular  situations  in  artificial 

it,  in  o^der  to  draw  7al';  f,i;./:UroZ  c^^  ^  -?«-"§ 

which  is  not  desirable  to  be  seen  ^  ''''""°'  ''^  concealed,  but 

ble  tree,  with  peculiarly  twitled' loavo/ nn     '        ^^^^nghsh  ;  a  very  remarka- 
The  leaves,  which  are  veryT4h  f^nX'r  ,  /^ry  fastigiate  habit  of  growth. 

they  fall  off,  enfold  one  siX  ^tc     'oorTtrfoii:"^  •''?'",  '^''Z  "^''^-^''''^  ^''^ 
other  variety,  save  that  of  the  U  mus  r  vir..  j^^f  •«  darker  than  that  of  any 

of  Its  sum4  eanno;rLi'stS^rtiroT.;;7'ottV;r'"lt11^^^^^^^        '^™ 

T;isn^^^r'''''''^ '''''  ^eingof  ai^ScScti^^  tJrszs 

This  variety  forms  an  elegant?Jl  trPP   wm      '  ^'f'''''^  ^^^^  of  tbe  English. 

¥he'it^^is  r£f  SHF  - -- ~  ^^^^  -;i;: 

out  hairs  beneath  eLep  the  ^xiUa  v  nub;!  ^'''^  "r?^*^  '"/'^^  ^«'''^'^'  ^"^  ^^'thi 
a  narrow,  downy  inealLg  the  miXirS'L  ''^'  ''^'^  ^"'''^''  "^'^"  ^«r'"« 
fine,  short  bluntish,  fringed^s^me™ts  andls  mtTf  «'•^»«^''ly  sessile,  with 
of  which  are  roundish  heart-sKd      Tbo  .       '^^"7  Jong  stamens,  the  anthers 

of  most  othu  varieiLs  a?e  Ob  .ato"  cl  Jven  r;TtoT/"'''  '^  ^'"'^"'^f  '^^^"  ^''"^-^ 
of  a  reddish  .me.     This  tree  is  a  native  of  lir^  be  seeds,  smooth,  and  often 

and  hedge,  and  forms  ^^  ino^tToIl^rn^tt'somf  a'rt/of'S  'V^^' 
seeds  in  near  y  as  great  abund-i.ipo  -,>.  th«  fti  ^  '  i^^&^&y^.     It  bears 

variety,  may  be  promgatedTm^^^^^  '^  "^^"f^"'^;  '^"d,  like  that 

grafting  and  inocukuion  '  ^^  '"y''^'  ^"'^  ^""^"g«  «f  '^^^  root,  or  by 

Loudon;  Huntinqdnn  Elm  CAW.^to  V'  v^'  ^^f  "*  ^J-  <^'^«^'«  ^^,^t'^«,  of 
This  is  by  far  the^nost  v  «^.^^^^^^  ^^^'^'  «f  the  English, 

series,  often  making  shoors  f?om  s  x TL.  rl  .  f  "  Fopagated  in  British  nur- 
tree  attaining  a  helh    of  "mvards  o?    I  h-ff     "!  ^'"^"'  '"  ''"'  ^^^^^^"^'^  ^  ^^"^  »he 

"Having  written  to  flundnX'ciiches  ^/Vorl  Newi^  ^f'^'  'r'"  •''"  S^^^^" 
places,"  observes  Mr.  LoudSn  '^esr^Ptinf/' .v  /  '^^'^^^^;''"«'  a»d  various  other 
lowing  information  from  Mr  'loln^S^'^^^^^^^^  '^'  have  received  the  fol- 


ElJROPEAN    OR  FIELD  ELM. 


487 


e  pendulous 
appear  to  be 

•"Im;  Ulmiis 
ic  tree,  gen- 
n  out  some- 
irds,  so  that 
•usidered  as 
\  leaves,  its 
ering  at  the 
ce  of  seeds, 
bt  that  it  is 
in  artificial 
and  fixing 
cealed,  but 

nnsm.fas- 
Y  remarka- 
of  growth, 
p-green  till 
hat  of  any 
laped  form 
less  vigor- 
11  deserves 

Ulmus  m. 
B  English. 
g,  smooth, 
ir  growth, 
very  une- 
ther  rigid, 
and  with- 
ften  forms 
3sile,  with 
le  anthers 
han  those 
and  often 
in  woods 
It  bears 
like  that 
oot,  or  by 

Movntahi 
^egeta,  of 

English, 
itish  nur- 

and  the 
he  graft. 
3us  other 

the  fol- 
)n,  dated 
re  about 
is  neigh- 
lias  been 


given  out  from  Norwich,  Bristol,  and  other  places,  under  the  name  of  the  Chi- 
Chester  elm ;  but  you  may  rely  on  my  word  that  the  Chicliester  elm  and  the 
Huntingdon  elm  arc  one  and  the  same  thing.  The  tree  is  the  fastest  grower 
and  prodi.K;es  the  best  timber  of  all  the  elms.  I  have  lately  cut  down  some  trees' 
planted  about  forty  years  ago,  and  have  used  the  planks  in  various  ways  in 
house-building.'"*  ^ 

'il.  U.  c.  Mo.VTANA  GLABRA  MAJOR.  Larger  ^imolh-leaved  Mountain  Field  Elm  ; 
Ulmus  m  glabra  major,  of  Loudon;  a  Canterbury  seedling,  of  more  vigorous 
growth  than  the  Ulmus  c.  montana  glabra,  and,  indeed,  is  a  rival  of  the  Hunt- 
mgdon  elm,  in  quickness  of  growth.  It  resembles  the  latter  in  its  bark-  but  is 
more  spreading  in  its  branches;  and  preserves  its  foliage  long  after  that  of  the 
Ulmus  c.  montana  glabra. 

,  ^^t}^i  'i-^^^^'^'^'^A  ^^'^^^^-^  OLANDULosA.  GhtmMous-leavcd  Smooth-leaved  Moun- 
tain lueld  him ;  Ulmus  m.  glabra  glandulosa,  of  Loudon,  with  leaves  very  glan- 
dular beneath.  ^  ^ 

39    U    c.  MONTANA  GLABRA  LATiFot.iA.      Broad-lcaved  Smooth-leaved  Mountain 
ludd  him;   Ulmus  m.  glabra  laiifolia,  of  Loudon,  with  leaves  oblon^    acute 
and  very  broad.  °'  ' 

o-'^?7  H;  ^'  "°^'^*'^^'^  ^^-^^^-^  MiCROPHVLLA.  Small-leuved  Smooth-leaved  Mountain 
tietd  him  ;   Ulmus  m.  glabra  inicrophi/lla,  of  Loudon. 

•^^" Ei^',?"  "^'"^^■^'''■'^  <^^^'"^^  PENDULA.  'Pendulous  branched  Smooth-leaved  Momi- 
tam  l^ield  Elm;  Ulmus  m.  glabra  pendula,  of  T>oudoii;  Downlon  Elm  of  the 
English ;  a  tree  raised  in  1810,  in  Smith's  nursery,  at  Worcester,  frorn  seeds 
obtained  from  a  tree  in  Nottinghamshire.  Mr.  Knight,  of  Downton  Castle  pur- 
chased some  trees  from  this  nursery;  and  one  of  them  turned  out  to  be  that  weep- 
ing variety,  which  has  since  obtained  the  name  of  the  "Downton  Llm."  "On 
writing  to  Mr.  Smith,"  observes  Loudon,  "to  endeavour  to  get  some  information 
respecting  the  trees  that  produced  the  seed,  he  informs  us  in  answer,  that  after 
making  every  inquiry  in  Nottinghamshire,  respecting  these  trees,  he  finds  ''  they 
were  a  mixture  of  wych  and  English  ;  probably  they  were  all  planted  as  English  • 
but  being  grafted  trees,  and  being  planted  by  the  side  of  a  public  road,  they  mic^ht 
have  been  broken  ofi:  at  the  graft,  when  young.  At  any  rate,  the  plants  produced 
from  the  seeds  were  a  complete  mi.xture  of  the  English  and  wych  elms,  both  by 
their  leaves  and  their  manner  of  growth.  The  original  trees  in  Nottinghamshire 
have  been  long  since  cut  down,  and  the  ground  built  upon.  The  plants  which  I 
raised  not  meeting  with  a  ready  sale,  I  grafted  them  with  the  common  English 
elm,  which  is  more  in  demand  in  this  neighbourhood.'  Mr.  Knight  observes°that 
the  '  Downton  elm  is  more  remarkable  for  the  singularity  of  its  form  and  growth 
than  for  its  value  as  a  timber  tree.'  "  ' 

42.  U.  c.  MONTANA  GLABRA  VARiEGATA.    Variegated -leaved  Smooth-leaved  Mountain 
Field  Elm;   Ulmus  m.  glabra  variegata,  of  Loudon,  with  variegated  leaves. 

Geography  r  nd  History.  The  Ulmus  campestris  is  a  native  of  the  middle  and 
south  of  Europe,  the  west  of  Asia,  and  of  Barbary.  In  France  and  Spain,  it  is 
found  in  great  abundance;  and  many  botanists  consider  it  as  a  native  of  En^^- 
land;  but  as  this  tree  seldom  ripens  its  seeds  in  Britain,  though  it  docs  so  freely. 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Paris,  it  can  hardly  be  considered  as  truly  indigenous  to 
that  island.  According  to  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  it  is  found  wild  in  woods  and  hedges 
in  the  southern  parts  of  England,  particularly  in  the  New  Forest,  in  Hampshire 
and  in  Sussex  and  Norfolk.  ' 

T'lis  tree  was  known  to  the  ancient  Greeks,  as  it  appears  evident  from  Pliny 
mentioning  that  they  had  two  distinct  kinds  of  elm,  one  inhabiting  the  mountains 
and  the  other  the  plains.     The  Romans,  he  adds,  had  four  kinds;  the  "  moun- 

*  Arboretum  Bntannicum,  iii.,  p.  1101. 


488 


ULMUS    CAMPESTRIS. 


■J 

pi  ' 


?li, 


"  wild  elm."         '  "  °'^  ""'>'■    "'"'^''  •'■"l  'ts  leaves  in  tufts;  and  the 

higl.,  fourteen  Lt  iu  d  cum  Sencraru   c^^  ''  seventy-nine  feot 

sixty-five  feet  in  diameter      Thorn  nro    , '*'^,f  ^^  '^'^"^^  t'»e  ground,  with  a  head 

for  L  elm,  l^ein.T^IZu  ie's 'natiral  t^'c^^tT^cJT  l/t  h^o  "rfn's  ''"^''^"'  ' 
sessed  the  same  attractions  for  nniinnnrlnw      n  '^'^'  "'^^  "^^^'"^  ?"»" 

a  "  prodigious  gro  vTh  iiTTe  s  thin      n^^^^       '  '^"'      ^'^^^  ''"''''  *'^'  ^''^  ^"^''"^ 

soon  "planted  bvThe    Ud  nf  ^  i     ^?       'r  '^S^'    ^"^""""s  a  tro<.,  which  he  had 

tvvelveS  comn^ss  V,  d  of  n  .  \T'''  ''^'"^  '"^^  ^«"S  «''»'^«'  ^^'^i^'i  ^vas  near 
hands  "  1,0  nr^,?.^t'  """"^  °  ,  "^  ''?'plit  proportionable."     *****     «  Mine  own 

incommnl.lp  w^ii-/  .  ^,  ^'  s  oiaei,  was  made  a  pastry  board.  ******  The 
plan  e^^WtI  tils  m.ie^\icTre"^'''  tf  "%"^  ^'"  ne/ghboLhood  of  Madrid,  were 
were  plant  d  sS^  U  n^^nn  1  if  'l"n  '"''  ?'''  ^^  ''^"^'«  ^een  the  first  that 
the  end  of  the  hst^Uurr  tlfev  wV^n  Ji^^^^  "V''"''  ''^''''  '^«  ^^^^  '''^'"'  ^^out 

Several  of  these     ees\vero^t7i.7n  -^  ^  '  hi  diameter,  and  in  a  health^  state, 

taken  from  Britam  bv  Phi  n  I  ^^1^^;''',  "'  ''''''^  \^  ^^^^^-  ^^'^"^  P'^^"'«  ^^'^^^ 
Henry  Vlil.,  ai  d  m\een  of  Enc.  u;d  T^  T'T'^^  ^^^^^^  'l'^^^''  danghter  of 
know'n  before  the  ?.n "n  of  tte^Iwotinidomr  d?'  ,^„^"8'-'^  «''"  --  '-^'dly 
as  being  nowhere  found  in  tha^co    ftru  nf      1  ''"'  '?^»^'«"«  '^  m  1780, 

afford  a  much  greater  quality  of  ZdY.'Ln^^^^^^  ^".^'  ^^^f  Promising  to 

^t 'high  "i.rt^;!d%:^i.^;^^ ;' i^rs  .^'^oi^  ;j^^r^;!^: 

■'Flora^Hib/nn^c;:!^  o^'b^^^bl;.^^^^^^^^  -'^^  -  MacLy's 

his  "  Sylva  Britannica,  a    wel   aJ  by'  Lo^oi     n  his  "  i'h"  ^F't  '^  ^^"^"'  "^ 
and  stands  on  the  hi-h  road  from  InnL..;    iV    .     ^'boretum  Bntanniciun," 

named  gentlema.ifs  seventy  ?e7thT^^^^  ^'f '^^'"^  '"^  ''^^  ^^^'- 

one  feet  in  circumfei.nce  o.nhi'exterio  f  a't  tZ'g;; S'l^J  ti:;\v  fivt^n  ^"'^i 
the  inside,  at  two  feet  from  tho  hn<.o      T^i       s"^""""'  ^"^  tnirty-hve  feet  round 

this  tree,  the  key  of  wh  ch  i^    ont  h  .  th.T     !''  '/  "^  ''S"''^'  ''°"''  '«  ^^>«  ^^^^^''^7  ^f 

F-1- sfe  £  EtE3^  JESS? - 

ambitus  or  spread  of  b?n  c™  of  soZ  v  f^n.  t    ,     if     '^'"  '"  '''""""'^i-.  and  an 
hundred  years  of  age  scve.ity-four  feet.     It  is  estimated  to  be  over  two 

:  ctZSlf;tf"L=""-;f  ^l-' J"  >5?i'-'l •?- ^"  ?•  J--'  Pa'k,  and 


nl^i  I 


gentlemen's  seats,  especiaU^  a   W    to  FCn  .l,t '°  '"""i^  ""V  ^'"^  °""''  °"  P'-'^^'e 
and  at  Strathfieldsaye         '  ^'''''  ''^'''  ^"^^'"S'  '^^^  I^'ttlecote  Hall, 

One  of  the  largest  trees  of  this  species  in  Scotland,  is  at  Wemyss  Castle,  in 


EUROPEAN    OR  FIELD  ELM. 


489 


sampcstris; 
s ;  and  the 

•,   at  least, 
)Iy,  having 
ides.     Tlie 
in  Oxford- 
lecn  Eliza- 
y-nine  feet 
ith  a  head 
England ; 
never  pos- 
(Im  attains 
ich  he  had 
I  was  near 
Mine  own 
1  breadth, 
This,  cnt 
**    The 
h-id,  were 
!  first  that 
em,  about 
Ithy  state, 
ants  were 
nghter  of 
as  hardly 
,  in  1780, 
mising  to 
me  space 
hirty-five 
Mackay's 

are  none 
Striitt,  in 
niicLun," 

the  last- 
w,  sixty- 
!et  roimd 
avity  of 
lened  on 

its  inte- 
jpacious 
?,  a  poor 
erwards 

ne  him- 

and  an 

ver  two 

irk,  and 
private 
te  Hall, 

istle,  hi 


m 


Fifeshire,  which  is  ninety  feet  high,  witli  a  trunk  nine  feet  and  three  inches 

diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  fifty-one  feet. 

^2!!J'T'"^l  *''^  dimensions  of  several  elms  are  recorded  by  Hayes,  though  the 

pe  tHs  Near' A  HIn  '  1  G^u"''^  ''f  'r?  ^^  '^'"''^  ^^'""^  ^°  ^'>«  Ulmuf  cam! 
ShmPf'pr.M?  V  '  'JS^''^''""'  f"  "rlt"  had  a  trunk  five  feet  and  four  inches  in 
whrch  t  M  f  oTf  I'rr^^  ""'  ^'■°"'l^-  ^"  the  county  of  Kildare,  there  stood  an  elm, 
w  ich  till  the  year  17b2,  was,  perhaps,  the  finest  tree  of  the  species  in  the  world 
The  diameter  of  the  head,  taken  from  the  extremities  of  the  lower  branches 
exceeded  thirty-lour  yards;  but  in  the  end  of  that  year  hrtwoTrh'cim  arms 
fell  from  the  trunk  one  night,  apparently  from  their  own  weight   .1^  th?wLatl^ 

cT  P;f  mI  r  '>'";■    '^'r  'r''''  ^"^'"r '^  ■"  ^'^^^«  bi.nches?soirfor  Le  §     " 

stonn  tore  n  H  o'  l""!  '  "  T'  ''"''""'?  ''"  ^'^"  ''"'''''  "^  l^^^'  ^^^^en  a  violent 
storm  toie  up  tlie  whole  by  the  roots,  with  a  great  mass  of  soil  and  rock  adhering 
to  them.  Some  time  previous  to  this,  the  trunk  had  been  carefully  measured  ad 
was  found  to  be  tlnrty-eight  and  a  half  feet  in  circumference,  ft  had  been  ho^ 
low  for  many  years;  and  the  value  of  its  timber  by  no  means  answered  what 
might  have  been  expected,  from  the  sale  of  the  two  branches  17G2  Th  re  i 
said  to  be  no  certain  record  as  to  the  age  of  this  tree;  but  popular  tradit  on  un- 
poses  1    to  have  been  planted  by  the  monks  of  St.  Wolstan,  son/   ime  before   he 

with  n    mn    f'    7V'  'T  ^''""'  f^'^P^^t'^'s  o»e  hundred  and  two  feet  in  height 
with  at  link  four  feet  and  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  thirty-two 
fee  .     An  elm,  at  Carton,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Leinster,  is  fourteen  feet  and 
eight  inches  in  circumference  near  the  base,  diminishing  like  the  shaft  of  a  Doric 
column,  and  being  thirteen  feet  in  girth,  at  sixteen  feet  from  the  ground 

1  he  most  remarkable  Ulmus  c.  montana  on  record,  as  growing  in  England 

S  -  w"  •;'"  «  ^'^  ^  u '^',  "^  ''*'  ^""^^^'^^^  °"  "  ^'^^'•^^t  ^^"d  Fruit  Trees.''  It  stood  iti 
Sir  Walter  Bagot  s  Park,  in  Staffordshire,  and  attained  the  height  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet,  with  a  trunk  seventeen  feet  in  diameter  at  the  surface  of  the 
giound  It  required  two  men  five  days  to  fell  it,  and  it  contained  forty-eight  loads 
dlT^n  T'  f  'r?i  ^"'^  yielded  eight  pairs  of  naves;  eight  thousand  six  hun- 
d  ed  and  sixty  feet  of  boards  and  planks;  and  the  whole  tree  was  estimated  to 
weign  ninety-seven  tons. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  specimens  of  the  Ulmus  c.  montana,  in 
ocotland,  IS  growing  at  Kinfauns  Castle,  in  Perthshire,  and  is  figured  by  Mr. 
Loudon,  111  his  "Arboretum  Britannicum."  He  represents  it  to  be  seventy  feet 
high,  wi  h  a  trunk  SIX  feet  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  sixty  feet. 
voi"  I  Ki'rl,'"'  '''''"'  "''''''■  Mansfieldtown,  in  the  county  of  Louth,  there  is  a 
remarkable  Ulmus  c  montana,  which  is  considered  to  be  upwards  of  one  hundred 
f!^f  'JJ^'^yy^^'Y^^-.  »  1S39,  it  was  seventy  feet  in  hei'ght,  with  a  trunk  nine 
tea  and  eight  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base,  five  feet  and  four  inches,  at  six  feet 
above  Uie  ground,  and  with  a  head  ninety  feet  in  di;i   icter. 

In  France,  the  elm  was  scarcely  known,  as  an  ornain.Mital  tree,  till  the  time  of 
panels  I. ;  and  It  appears  to  have  been  first  planted  there  to  adorn  public  walks 
about  the  year  lo4()  It  was  afterwards  planted  largely,  particularly  in  church- 
yards by  Sully,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  ;  and,  by  the  desire  of  that  king,  who, 
according  to  Evelyn,  expressed  a  wish  to  have  it  planted  in  all  the  highways  in 
1- ranee.  It  became  the  tree  most  generally  adopted  for  promenades  and  hedge- 
rows. Maiiyod  trees  existed  at  the  period  of  the  first  French  revolution,  which 
were  called  "Sully,  '  or  "  Rosni,"  and  "Henri  Quatre;"  names  that  had  been 
given  tliem  apparently  to  commemorate  their  illustrious  planters.  Bosc  states  that 
he  him.self  had  seen  some  of  these  elms  in  Burgundy,  with  trunks  from  four  to  five 
leet  in  diameter,  which,  though  hollow,  yet  supported  heads  capable  of  sheltering 
some  tiiousands  of  men.  It  is  said  that  Henry  IV.  planted  an  elm  in  the  garden 
62 


III 


490 


TLMUS   CAMPESTRIS. 


i'"i 


mi 


Tinted  Sates  is  unoPf.l'T        '^ '"'"'  campestris  was  introduced  into  the 
thlZ  t\^Y''  fl  ?'''''  ^'''^'  "^^''  '^^^  north-westerly  corner  of  the  City  Hall    ' 

iiiii^iiiPI 

mo„„,„e„.  ,0  .he  fa.l,e;  of  A.Kh-omtt'S  uletds.",;?'!'  gr've'  ouC:,l'"'^  " 

"Jove's  sylvan  (laiishters  bade  their  eliiw  lieslow 
A  uarrcii  shade,  and  in  hia  lioiiour  grow." 

"In  this  once-favmirod  walk,  beneath  these  elms, 
Wliere  thickeneil  folia.;e,  to  the  sniiir  ray 
Inipervr.uis.  sheds  a  venerable  ■.'loom 
Oft  in  iiialfiictivo  converse  we  he?uilcd 
Ihe  fervid  time,  which  each  reiiirnin"  year 
in  friond.s  lip's  call  devoted.    Such  lliings  were: 
But  are,  alas  !  no  more." 

.he  earth  opened,  and  .he  elm  and  o.her  .rees  sprJ„r„r.o  givrlllS'si.ar 


EUROPEAN    OR  FIELD  ELM. 


491 


the  revolu- 
France,  at 
■sailles. 
e,  is  one  at 
r  planting, 
ter. 

nine  years 
ik  one  foot 
same  place 
ons. 

/^hich  was 
i^on  inches 
irs  old. 
I  into  the 
nd  of  the 
achnsetts, 
rs  of  age. 
;at  of  Mr. 
idred  feet, 
3  ground. 
I,  opposite 
mference, 
1  Welles, 
I  the  year 

:!ity  Hall,  ' 
ttained  a 

•oets  fre- 
ring  ines- 

Romans 
•  of  man. 

raised  a 


3a,"  that 
grove  of 
Y  of  two 


?,  in  his 
inch,  in 
een  and 

into  the 
tic,  that 
I  shade. 


Virgil,  in  his  "Georgics,"  mentions  that  the  Roman  iiusbandmcn  bent  the  youna 
elms,  while  growmg,  mto  the  proper  .sliape  for  the  durys,  or  plough-tail,— 

"  X"""?  ^^""  wlih  early  force  in  copses  txiw, 
rit  fur  the  figure  of  ilie  cruuked  plough." 

The  elm  was  planted  by  the  Romans  for  supporting  tlie  vine;  and  it  is  still  so 
employed,  along  with  the  I.ombardy  poplar,  in  the  south  of  Italy.  Columella 
lutorms  us  that  vineyards,  with  elm-trees  as  props  were  named  "  arbusta,"  the 
vines  themselves  being  called  "arbiistivue  vilis,"  to  distinguish  them  from  others 
raised  m  more  conhiied  situations.  fJnce  in  two  year3,  the  elms  were  carefully 
primed,  to  prevent  their  leaves  from  overshadowing  the  grapes;  and  this  opera- 
tion being  deemed  of  great  importance,  Corydon  is  reproached  by  Virgil,  for  the 
double  neglect  of  suffering  both  his  elms  and  vines  to  remain  unpruned,— 

"  Simipulala  tihi  frondosa  vitis  in  ulino  oat." 
Your  vine  half-pruned  upon  the  leafy  elm. 

The  use,  however,  which  the  Romans  made  of  the  elm,  as  a  prop  to  the  vine  has 
given  rise  to  the  most  numorous  allusions  to  tliis  tree  by  the  poets  not  oulv 
ancient,  but  modern.  Ovid  makes  Vertumuus  allude  to  it,  when  he  is  rccommend- 
mg  matrimony  to  Pomona,— 

"  '  If  that  fair  elm,'  he  cried,  'alone  should  stand, 

No  ;'ra|re9  would  giiiw  witli  uold,  anil  tempt  tlie  hand  ; 
Or  if  that  vine  without  hor  elm  should  grow, 
'T  would  creep,  a  poor  neglected  shrub,  below.'  " 

Milton,  in  describing  the  occupations  of  Adam  and  Eve,  in  Paradise,  says,— 

"  They  led  the  vine 
To  wed  her  elm  ;  sliu,  sjmu.sod,  almut  him  twines 
Her  marriaiieable  arms;  ami  with  her  l)ringa 
Her  dow.ir,  tlio  adopted  cluatera,  to  adorn 
Hia  barren  leaves." 

Tasso  alludes  to  the  same  custom,  in  the  passage, — 

"  The  married  elm  fell  with  his  fruitful  vino." 

And  Beaumont,  when  he  says, — 

"Tlie  amorous  vine 
Did  with  tlie  fair  a.id  slraiglit-limbed  Elm  entwine." 

Wordsworth,  also,  speaks  of  it,  in  that  beautiful  reflection,  the  "Pillar  of  Trajan,"— 

"So,  pleased  with  purple  clusters  to  entwine 
Some  lofty  Kim-tree,  mounts  the  daring  vine." 

Cowpor  very  accurately  sketches  the  variety  of  form  in  the  elm,  and  alludes  to 
t he  ditferent  sites  where  it  is  to  be  found.  In  the  "  Task,"  he  first  introduces 
this  tree  rearing  its  lofty  head  by  the  river's  brink,— 

"There,  fist  rooted  in  his  hank. 
Stand,  never  overlookeil,  our  fivouriie  elms, 
That  screen  the  herdsman's  solitary  hut." 

Then  he  gives  an  enchanting  scene,  where  a  lowly  cot  is  surrounded  by  these 
trees, —  ' 

"  'T  is  perched  upon  the  srcen  liill-top,  but  close 
Kiivironinl  with  a  rnii;  of  branching  elms, 
That  overhang  the  thatch," 

And  he  then  introduces  us  to  a  grove  of  elms, — 

"The  ernvp  receives  ns  next ; 
Doiweon  the  nprl^ilil  aliafis  of  wiuise  tall  elms 
We  may  discern  the  thresher  at  his  task," 


490 


ULMUS   CAMPESTRIS. 


some  ot  the  niidlaiul  counties,  even  at  the  nresent  rlnv   if  if  d  i  .1  r    . 

lomcd  .„  l,a„g  ,h„  ski,;,  „?  ,1,0  wo  vosmcv  ha  d  Id  E't',!' M  "'  """,  •■"7''- 
in  11,0  ch„rcl,yard,,  as  a  ki„d  „f  ironh/*  '^  °  "'"""'  °"  "'"  *=''"» 

■■  Tho  proprio,',  of  ,51aS  ^ho'olt  ''savV.-  ""■>'  ■'  '"•""■  "'  ™"""  ^'"'•■""»- 


vys  Marshall,  in  his  work  on  "Plantinc 


propriety  ot  p 

iiimiiiiii^ 

iKf"""''  "'™''  '"  'l'^"-'"-"".  P"l«  or  pla,„alio„s.  TE  ,    n,o  nroso,  t 

S^r  a^/'Cro  l„Z°,lHr'ro„"rd  "oto  'I'air '";?'„r '"  ''a?  TAV'  ""= 
geiiorally  performed  by  ihe  "whip"  or  "snhoo"  mod?,  Ij  .i*^  (;,af,i„g  ,s 

a,.d  .1,0  plan,,  ,„ake  Ioo,s  of  ,l,r?o  or  fo„?fe  i,,"  ,  gl     .  o  s°ar';e'ar"'Fel; 
plants  succeed  more  readilv  bv  eraftincr  tl,in  tho  olm     cV         i       ^  f         , 
the  graft  .  made  close  to  thl^  iS^.^Zl^^^^l:^     ic^r.  d  ^n  whl  m^^ 
ing,  the  mere  eartlnng  of  the  plants  from  the  soil,  in  the  intervals  let we^^^^^^^^ 
rows   will  serve  as  a  substitute  for  claying.     It  has  been  recommended  t''"t   le 
graft  be  made  six  or  eight  inches  above  fhe  collar,  in  order  tHess^n  the    S-f 
the  scon,  when  It  becomes  a  tree  throwing  out  roots,  wSi   as  the  case  with 
many  of  tiie  varieties,  would  become  troublesome  by  their      cles      iSi^ 
sometimes  performed,  but  less  frequently.     On  the'cont  ne.it  of  Europe  ^  an 


s,  p.  30  ct  scq. 


*  See  Loudon  s  Arboretum  Bntannicuin,  lii.  p.  m2  ;  also  Woodland  Gleanin 

t  Ihe  procujss  of  producin-  Icnjers  consists  in  bendinR  the 
youii-  branches  of  trees  and  shrubs  into  the  soil  to  a  certain 
deptli,  and  elevatins;  their  tops  above  the  surface  of  the  around 
in  an  upward  direction,  as  denoted  in  the  adjoinin"  figure  In 
time,  the  buried  parts  of  these  branches  take  root,  and  finallv 
become  perfect  plants.  The  ground  should  be  kept  quite  clear 
ot  weeds,  and  the  layers  should  be  watered  in  dry  weather  • 
and,  when  sufficiently  rooted,  they  should  be  carefully  sepa-  -  — .-■  y  -        ■    -  -  .  =::;.5^  ^ 


i^itch  hazel, 
ive  against 

witch.  In 
liat  a  little 
cl,  wiiliout 

the  butter 
'■ere  accus- 
•n  the  elms 

sweet,  and 
3 pen  situa- 
3r  streams. 
"  Planting 
;ht  of  folly 
I  good  elm 
of  a  man's 
tical  time, 
I  soils.     It 
^ever,  that 
c  rich,  its 
compared 
re,  and  at 
s  of  iron. 
inal  trees, 
'ill  bear  a    ■ 

bundance 
tlie  stem ; 
ition,  and 
ihment  of 

the  roots 
le  present 
Jotch  dm 
se  of  the 
rafting  is 
1  spring; 
ir.  Few 
iat  when 
Mth  mat- 
veen  the 

that  the 
e  risk  of 
ase  with 
idding  is 
e,  plants 


EUKOPEAN     OK   FIELD   EI.M. 


498 


n  nursery 


are  very  often  procured  from  stools,  simply  by  heaping  np  earth  about  the  shoots 
■which  proceed  I'rom  them.  These  shoots  throw  out  roots  into  the  earth ;  and, 
after  growing  three  or  four  years,  during  which  time  they  acquire  the  height  of 
ten  or  fifteen  feet,  they  are  clipped  olf,  when  they  are  cither  jilantcd  in  the  sites 
where  they  are  finally  to  remain,  or  in  nursery  lines.  When  they  are  trans- 
planted  to  their  final  situations,  the  side  shoots  are  cut  ofi",  and  the  main  stem  is 
headed  down  to  the  height  of  eight  or  ten  feet;  so  that  nowly-planted  trees  ap- 
pear to  be  nothing  more  than  naked  truncheons.  The  first  year,  a  great  many 
shoots  are  produced  from  the  upper  extremity  of  each  plant;  and  in  the  autumn 
of  that  year,  or  in  the  second  spring,  their  shoots  are  all  cut  off  bu'  one,  which 
soon  forms  an  erect  stem,  and  a  tree  with  as  regular  a  head  as  if  no  decapitation 
had  taken  place.  This  mode  corresponds  with  the  recommendation  of  Evelyn, 
to  plant  trees  about  the  "scantling  of  your  leg,  and  to  trim  off  their  iieads  at  five 
or  six  feet  in  height;"  and  also  with  Cato's  mode  of  having  the  stoms  five 
or  six  fingers  thick,  who  says  that  "  you  can  hardly  plant  an  elm  too  big,  pro- 
vided yoii  trim  the  roots  and  cut  oflf  the  head."  All  the  avenues  and  rows  of 
elm-trees,  in  Europe,  it  is  said,  were  planted  in  this  manner,  previously  to  about 
the  middle  of  the  last  century;  and,  according  to  M.  Poitcau,  the  same  practice 
is  still  the  most  general  in  France.  In  Britain,  young  elms  having  been  two  or 
three  times  transplanted  in  the  nurseries,  are  removed  to  their  final  situations,  with- 
out heading  down ;  and,  in  the  moist  climate  of  that  country,  they  grow  vigorously 
the  first  year  without  much  pruning.  Hut,  in  the  south  of  Europe,  where  the  cli- 
mate of  summer  is  hotter  and  more  arid,  and  is  attended  with  a  consequent  increased 
evaporation  from  the  leaves  of  plants,  th^.  trees  are  liable  to  be  killed  when  trans- 
planted with  all  their  branches  on  ;  and  hence  the  mode  of  depriving  them  of  their 
branches  as  described  above.  For  similar  reasons,  the  same  practice  is  recpiisite 
in  the  United  States  to  ensure  success.  In  France  and  Belgium,  the  Ulmus  cam- 
pestris  is  the  most  common  tree  planted  by  road  sides,  and  along  the  boulevards 
and  streets  of  cities  and  towns;  and,  in  such  cases,  a  large  pit  is  previously  dug, 
four  or  five  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  two  to  three  feet  in  depth;  and  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  fine,  rich  mould  is  placed  in  immediate  contact  with  the  roots 
of  the  trees,  and  the  pit  filled  with  the  best  part  of  the  soil,  which  had  been  i)re- 
viously  dug  out  of  it.  During  the  first  summer,  water  is  regularly  supplied,  and 
the  trees,  or  rather  stumps,  grow  freely;  very  little  attention  being  required  after- 
wards, except  to  encourage  the  leading  shoots,  and  to  shorten  in,  the  lateral 
branches,  so  as  to  encourage  the  plants  to  assume  a  tree-like  form.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  Paris,  and  in  the  south  of  France,  the  Ulmus  carapestris  occa- 
sionally bears  seeds,  which  are  sometimes  sown  by  nurserymen,  in  order  to  pro- 
cure new  varieties,  and  by  the  managers  of  the  national  forests,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  supply  of  plants,  at  a  cheap  rate;  but  in  Britain,  this  tree  very  rarely  ripens 
seeds,  or  produces  them  at  all ;  nevertheless,  it  has  done  so,  in  a  few  places,  as 
in  Lea  Park,  near  Littlebourne,  about  four  miles  from  Canterbury.  It  is  observed 
by  Bosc,  that  some  of  the  more  remarkable  varieties,  such  as  the  twisted  elm, 
(Ulmus  c.  tortuosa.)  &-c.,  come  tolerably  true  from  seeds,  speaking  of  the  mass 
of  young  plants;  but  that  among  these  are  constantly  to  be  found  numerous  sub- 
varieties.  The  seeds,  which  fall  from  the  trees  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe,  are 
swept  up  and  immediately  sown  in  beds  of  light,  rich  soil;  being  placed  about 
an  inch  apart  every  way,  they  are  covered  to  the  depth  of  about  an  eighth  of  an 
inch,  The  plants  come  up  the  same  season,  and  arc  fit  for  transplanting  into 
nursery  lines  in  the  autumn  following. 

"Of  all  the  European  timber  trees,"  observes  Loudon,  "not  belonging  to  the 
coniferous  family,  except  the  Lombardy  poplars,  the  narrow-leaved  elm,  (Ulmus 
campestris,)  requires  the  least  care  or  pruning  after  it  is  planted;  and,  at  the 
same  time,  no  tree  will  bear  better  than  it  does,  the  knife  or  the  shears.     All 


1 1 


t  1 


494 


ULMUS    CAMrKSTRIS. 


■f- 


ill 


J|'«  hranrhns  mny  ho  cut  from  the  stem,  pxcopt  a  smal 

years.     When  grown  oxcln«iv.-ly^f,,    ,h  M  rl.  1    Hts  Im^  *''"'"'  ""'"^'^'"  "^ 

to  ho  allowed  a  con.si<l,<rahlo  a.m.l  f,,,  o  nM,.  1,1  1  '''  ''"^^'vor,  u  roq„ir...s 
of  its  whole  height.     The  tiS  ,h?    i!c    '•  '"!•'■''''?'  "?'  ^7'  '''""  °"«  "'i'-d 

ot  the  elm,  not  ho  iig  remarkai)le  for  its  .Inr  .hii;,.;        '^W  1  he  timher 

inonly  fo„„d  decayed  at  the  he  rt  •  n  .t  /^^^^^^^  "^1"  "J'^  "■"""'  very  com- 
tlic  eiterior  oircutifforence  o  tie  ^r  is  %' ■;!::,':r;;''r  f"  '^""'  ^^^"  ^^'"^" 
prolific  of  hranches.     The  most  nr    i  n  .1.  7*''  f'^.""'^  vigorous  state,  and 

seventy  and  eighty  year      a  3    f To  fr,/  'f"."^  ^'''  ^'"^  '^'  ^'"'"^'^^^ 

down.W,  woo3  w^il'bo"n;orr;|.oLuSd7sonsrne^d '-r'^'  ''  ''''  ^'^'-«  ^'  ^  -'^ 

ne^:';^'gf::;o^f  :::r;;;;i^:f :;,  j^'^  ^:""-  ^^^-p-^^-.  O"'"  the  straight. 

to  he  inj.rred  by  h  gh  w    df  oKcont  a    ^,'  '^rl '  ^'"^r"'"  '"  ''^^  ''^•'"''  '«  ""'  ''"^''^ 
-an  aciident  whid.  m      .'ino'  7r  ,m^  y;«'di"g  at  the  roots, 

-s^-- ^  it  i-:s,'-- - . 

L.'ight  of  three  i  four  ibet  from  the  L,  n  .  T  '  f'T^'.'"S  to  M.chanx,  "at  a 
titv  of  san  "     "  qn,«  riio  giound,  and  which  discharges  a  yreat  ruian- 

uiy  ui  ^ap.  1  lie  d  sease  nenetrafp*!  arndiinn.r  "  i, ,      ii        ?•     "  fe/^^i  iiuan- 

of  the  tree,  and  corrupts  its  s.Enoo      Mn?  f  l^'  f'^'^'',     '"'"  "'«  ''"t'^rior 

it  in  the  be-inr.ino-  3  to  4rnc/'l  ^^any  attempts  have  been  made  to  cure 

best  treatS  "t^'pforce  tl  n^^^^^  toTTon^'^  r''^"""'"  ^1'''^"'  «"'^'^^««-  '!'''« 
anger,  in  the  very  hear  of  lo  m.hdv  wK\s  '"''T  '''/T  "'^^^«'  ^^'^'^  ^"^ 
the  sap."     The  riatter  dischar^eT  by  thir    leer  hn     h''^'''''^  ^J  the  flowing  of 

It  shows  iLself  by  the  ex  ravnsa^^j  o.mhh^f  ^  f  "^  ?"'^'^  ^^'^"^'^  r«m««,;,r.. 

the  bark,  and  by  it^sween^Is  ?  frl.f.  '"  ^"'"""^  '"""'  ^'^'^^'^  ^'reaks  down 
i.pon  it.  '  Mr.  Spence  Uii nf^^^^^^^  numerous  msects,  of  several  tribes,  to  feed 

scolyti.     "I  have  seen  "h!  1  '^"''''''  """^  Pi-obably,  is  caused  by  the 

ehns%ierceJ  by  these  Lets  wro'ro'll.o  '^T"^""''^«\i""  to  Mr.  Loudon,  'ZTy 
in  white  massed,  I  fg  m  t 'manna  '  nd' naTt^ff'*'^  5^^'","?  ^^''^'^  ^'«^^^  "»^ 
the  bark,  and  numerc^.s  ins"  "  wer^'  ;";2t"d  ^'fLTnt^'  ''"'  ^^"^'"  ^«^^" 
^"S-i:t0S:^f^;:;^^:^-^  .  vu,gar,y  called 

appear  almost  round.*  Th^^arr^    ?e  i  ,n  tf  "^- ?  '""f"  ''«"  '"  '"''B"'  «><  l<> 

.:»„,„  a  branch  „ay  »rpearc^rer:l[,;;i;i,:rto':;:i;r.rrr.tvt^ii 

*  Arboretum  Britannicum,  iii,,  p.  1384. 


KUROrEAr;     OK    HELD    KIM. 


"at  a 


all  havo  vaiiisliod.     The  larvtc 


aro  siiKill  and  slonder,  and  d 
Soniotitiu's  small 


495 

tho  loaves 
iladders  or  galls  are 


wit!)  (Kjiial  avidity  as  tlio  perfect  insect 

produced  on  the  leaves  of  the  rhn,  hy  the  mmcttire  of  some  kind  of  insect,  (pro^ 
hably  a  cyiiips,)  which  arc  at  Hrst  green,  hut  afliirwards  tnrn  black.  Mach  of 
these  galls  conlani  a  fluid,  which,  according  to  Dii  llajuel,  is  called  dm  halm, 
and  was  lornierly  employed  for  the  cnre  of  recent  wounds. 

In  the  "  Nouveau  ('ours  d'Agriculturc,"  there  are  metilioned  four  other  insects 
that  prey  upon  the  elm.  Tho  first  is  the  larva  of  the  Bombyv  c/injsorr/iwa,  of 
l-ahricins,  which  destroys  tho  leaf-huds  and  leaves  entirely,  .so  as  to  give  tho 
tree,  in  spring,  the  appearance  of  winter.  The  second  is  the  Oalcnica  nlmarkn- 
si.i,  of  Fabricius,  a  coleopterous  in.scct,  the  larvie  of  which,  in  some  seasons 
entirely  destroy  the  parenchyma  of  the  leaves  of  tho  elms,  in  the  public  prome- 
nades both  in  Mritaiti  and  in  continental  Muropc.  These  larvsn  are  of  a  blackish 
colour,  and  exhale,  when  crushed,  a  most  disagreeable  odour.  The  moment 
they  are  touched,  they  coil  up,  and  sudor  themselves  to  fall  to  the  ground.  The 
perfect  insect  is  extremely  sluggish  in  its  movements,  feigning  death,  in  cases 
of  danger,  rather  than  unfolding  its  wings  to  (ly  away.  It  conceals  itself  in  the 
crevices  of  the  bark,  also  under  stones,  and  between  the  bricks  of  walls-  and 
sometimes  will  produce  three  generations  in  the  course  of  one  summer.  '  The 
third  is  a  sp<!cies  of  goat-moth,  {Cossus  ligniperdu,  of  Fabricius,)  the  larva  of 
which  is  about  three  inches  long,  with  its  body  sprinkled  with  slender  hairs- 
being  of  a  reddish-brown  on  the  back,  becoming  yellow  beneath,  with  eight 
breathing-holes  on  the  sides,  and  a  black  head.  It  exhales  a  most  disagreeable 
goat-like  odour,  which  is  produced  by  an  oily  and  very  acrid  liquor,  that  it  dis- 
charges at  its  mouth,  and  tho  use  of  which  is  supposed  to  soften  the  wood  before 
it  devours  it.  The  pupa  is  brown,  the  abdominal  segments  bearing  two  rows 
of  spines,  directed  backwards.  Before  entering  into  its  chrysalis  staie,  which 
sometimes  takes  place  under  ground,  the  larva  spins  a  strong  web,  intermixed 
with  particles  of  wood,  that  constitutes  its  cocoon.  The  perfect  insect  has  dark- 
gray  wings,  clouded  with,  dark-brown,  and  streaked  with  black.  It  belongs  to 
that  class-  of  insects  which  fly  by  night,  and  appears,  in  Europe,  in  the  month  of 
June.  The  female  lays  but  one  set  of  eggs,  but  these  generally  amount  lo  one 
thousand  in  number,  and  are  always  deposited  at  the  base  of  the  trees,  whence 
the  larviE  penetrate  the  bark,  wherever  they  can  find  the  easiest  entrance.  The 
eggs  are  .small,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  imago;  and  the  caterpillar,  which 
grows  to  a  large  size,  is  said  to  remain  in  the  larva  state  three  years.  This 
insect,  in  Europe,  not  only  feeds  upon  the  elm,  but  also  preys  upon  the  alder,  the 
oak,  the  ash,  the  walnut,  the  beech,  the  lime,  and  on  some  kinds  of  the  willow, 
and  of  the  poplar.  The  larvop  devour  the  liber  or  inner  bark,  making  long  gal- 
leries in  the  wood,  somewhat  after  the  maimer  of  those  of  the  wood  leopard 
moth,  (/euzera  a^sculi,)  in  the  common  pear-tree,  and  finally  destroying  the 
tree.  Many  remedies  have  been  proposed,  but  that  of  Latreille  appears  to  be 
most  approved  of  in  France.  This  consists  in  surrounding  the  base  of  the  tree, 
where  it  has  been  observed  that  the  females  always  deposit  their  eggs,  with  a 
thick  coaling  of  a  mixture  of  clay  and  cow-dung,  which  the  insect  cannot  pene- 
trate. The  green  woodpecker  preys  upon  these  caterpillars,  and  its  stomach,  on 
dissection,  emits  an  intolerable  stench.  The  fourth  enemy  to  the  elm,  and  the 
one  which  is  considered  by  far  the  most  injurious,  is  the  larva  of  the  ^rohjliis 
destructor ;  but  it  is  sometimes  assisted  in  its  ravages  by  that  of  the  Sco/ytits 
armatiis.  In  about  the  month  of  June  or  July,  the  female  insect  bores  through 
the  bark,  until  slie  has  reached  the  point  between  the  soft  wood  and  the  inner 
bark ;  she  then  forms  in  the  latter  a  vertical  channel,  usually  upwards,  of  about 
two  inches  in  length,  on  each  side  of  which  she  deposits  her  eggs,  as  she 
advances,  to  the  number  of  from  twenty  to  fifty  in  all.     It  appears  probable  that. 


496 


ULMUS    CAMPESTRIS. 


P  >  'I 


(.11 


V    K^ 


I'  .  ^ 


after  doing  this,  she  dies,  without  making  her  way  out  again,  as  she  may  often 
be  found  dead  at  the  end  of  the  channel.  About  September,  the  iTrvV  are 
hatched,  which  commence  feeding  upon  the  matter  of  the  inner  bark  at  the 
edge  0  the  channel ;  and  in  a  very  shght  degree,  on  that  of  the  soft  wood  onpo- 
sue,  advancing  as  they  feed,  in  a  course  at  about  right  angles  from  the  nnuarv 
channel,  on  each  side  of  it.  The  true  food  of  the  insect  is  the  inner  bafla?d 
the  erosion  of  the  soft  wood  is  so  slight,  as  to  be,  perhaps,  nearly  accidentah 
1  he  course  of  each  individual  larva,  on  each  side  of  the  primary  channel  is 
about  paral  el  to  that  of  the  larva  next  to  it ;  and  each  forms  a  channel  by  is 
feeding  that  is  enlarged  as  the  larva  increases  in  size.     When  each  larva  has 

¥ho«  I  h'  '"l  ^''"^  '^"'''  '*''"^'  g"^^^'  ^  ^'^^ig'>t  ''«'^  thringh  the  bark 
These  beetles  begin  o  come  out  m  about  the  end  of  May,  or  the  beginning  of 
June,  of  the  year  following  that  in  which  the  eggs  were  deposited.  The  sLes 
trZ"^  "  ^7'  ""^  '^r  ^"^"''''  ^'"^"^S  eggs,  pferce  through  the  bark,  as  above 
1.,^  r'tif  "^  °"'  /'7"Vg^"f  ^tion  to  generation,  and  year  to  year.  The 
result  of  he  erosions  of  the  female  parent,  and  of  the  larvae,  in  the  inner  bark  and 
sof   wood,  ,s  that  of  cutting  off  the  vital  connection  between  these  two  pai  ts 

fl^     !r\        '"■''"°"'  ^f""^""^  '"  "^  ^'""^  '^'^^«  be^"'«e  numerous,  of  occasioning 
ts  death,  by  preventing  the  ascent  and  descent  of  the  sap.     It  has  been  asse  -ted 
that  the  female  scoly  us  never  attacks  a  tree  in  a  perfectly  healthy  state  for  the 
purpose  of  depositing  her  eggs;  and,  also,  that  trees  suffering  under  cachioma 
are  particularly  liable  to  her  ravages.     It  has  also  been  remarked  S    E 
msects  seldom  destroy  the  trees  they  attack  the  first  year;  and  that  they  piefer 
a  tree  tha    they  have  already  begun  to  devour,  to  one' tha't  is  young  and  vigor- 
ous ;  but  they  never  attack  a  tree  that  is  entirely  dead.     Yet  it  is  true  that  both 
he  males  and  females  pierce  young  and  healthy  trees  for  the  purpose  of  eating 
he  inner  bark,  w  uch  constitutes  their  principal  food;  and  that  Uie  numerou! 
holes  which  they  thus  cause,  partly  from  the  lu '    of  sap  'which  exudes  from  them 
and  partly  from  the  effect  of  the  rain  that  lodges  in  them,  in  a  few  years  S 
the  trees,  in  w  uch  they  occur,  into  an  incipient  state  of  decay.     These  trees  are 
mdiscriminately  selected  by  the  female  insects  for  the  deposition  of  their  eggs   itist 

Se.'llT,  f)""'"^v  '^T'y"'"'^"'^"^!  ''^"^  *h"^  healthy  trees  are  efllctiiuy 
destroyed  by  the  combined  operations,  first  and  last,  of  the  scolyti  of  both  sexes 
though  not  in  consequence  of  the  sole  deposition  of  the  eggs  of  the  female  The 
most  effectual  mode  recommended  to  prevent  the  future'depredat  ons  of  the  e 
insects,  IS,  first,  to  pare  away,  with  a  spoke-shave,  or  other  tool,  the  louSh  exte' 
nor  bark  of  the  trees  bearing  the  marks  of  their  ravages ;  and  if  here  be  no  trace 

which  'Z'  ^7)'-  ''!'r  ^^  '"^^'^  """^r  H'  «'^  ^••^^^'  «'  «^  'h«^^  -'P^rficial  fur  ow 
which  the  scolyti  of  both  sexes  make  for  food  in  young  trees,  they  may  be  pro- 
nounced as  being  in  a  sound  and  healthy  state.  But  if^he  i,  ner  barl7exhib  ts 
small  holes  which  communicate  with  channels  as  described  above  the  nex 
thing  to  be  done  is  to  determine  whether  the  female  has  already  deposited  her 
eggs  withinit,  or  whether  it  contains  the  young  scolyti  either  in  a  larva  or 
chrysalis  s  ate.  In  order  to  know  this,  it  will  be  necessary  to  cut  away  herland 
here,  portions  of  the  bark,  quite  into  the  wood ;  and  if  Uie  existence  of  either 
he  eggs  or  of  the  insects  be  proved,  the  trees  should  be  cut  down,  and  the  bark  be 
al  en  off  and  burnt.  Those  trees  pierced  with  exterior  superficial  holes  or  fur- 
rows, which  have  no  larva3  in  them,  are  such  as  have  been  attacked  for  food 
only ;  and,  if  they  be  care  nlly  brushed  over  with  coal-tar,  the  fumes  of  wlicUs 
highly  off-ensive  to  the  perfect  scolyti,  there  is  every  probability  that  tlie^  will  be 
secure  from  the  future  attacks  of  the  females;  and  that  the  repetition  of  fhlsame 
process  m  he  spring  for  one  or  two  years,  would  enable  them-to  resume  the  r 
vigour,  and  become  healthy  trees.*  •^•^umv  men 

*  See  Loudon's  Arboretum  Britannicum,  iii.,  p.  1387,  et  ,seq. 


EUROPEAN     OR    FIELD    ELM.  497 

Properties  and  Uses.     The  wood  of  the  Ulmus  campestris  is  of  a  brownish 
colour,  and  is  hard  and  fine-grained.     When  green,  it  weighs  nearly  seventy 
pounds  to  a  cubic  foot,  and  when  dry,  not  more  than  forty-eight  and  a  half 
pounds.     It  possesses  greater  lateral  adhesion,  but  less  longitudinal  toughness 
than  that  of  the  Scotch  eim,  (Ulmus  c.  montana,)  and,  consequently,  does  not 
crack  so  much  as  that  variety  in  drying.     In  ship-building,  it  is  valuable  for 
forming  the  blocks  and  de^d-eyes,  and  other  wooden  fixtures  of  rigging,  being 
particularly  suitable  for  these  purposes,  from  its  hard  and  adhesive  nature,  and 
indisposition  to  crack  or  split,  when  exposed  to  the  vicissitudes  of  moisture  and 
dryness.     One  of  the  principal  uses  of  the  English  elm,  however,  in  ship-build- 
ing, IS  for  keels.     In  Norfolk,  the  timber  of  this  tree  is  generally  used  for  naves 
to  wheels;  and  in  many  parts  of  England,  and  particularly  about  London,  it  is 
also  employed  for  coffins.     Elm  timber  is  also  remarkably  durable  in  water,  and 
IS  particularly  adapted  fc;  piles,  pumps,  water-pipes,  and  for  any  other  similar 
purpose.     It  has  been  used  in  Europe,  from  time  immemorial,  for  water-pipes,  or 
gutters,  for  conveying  the  water  of  salt  springs  to  the  large  boxes  or  pans,  where 
the  watery  particles  are  evaporated  by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  or  by  fire ;  and  it  is 
well  known  that  the  Anglo-Saxons  called  all  the  places  where  there  were  salt 
springs,  ''wich"  or  "  wych  "  (as  Droitwich,  Nantwich,  &c.);  hence,  probably, 
originated  the  name  "  wych  elm,"  which  was  formerly  applied  to  all  British  elms 
including  the  Ulmus  c.  montana.     The  knobs,  which  grow  upon  old  elms,  are 
sawn  into  thin  plates  by  cabinet-makers,  particularly  in  France  and  Germany 
and,  when  polished,  they  exhibit  very  curious  and  beautiful  arrangements  of 
fibre,  which  render  their  wood  exceedingly  ornamental,  for  articles  of  fancy.     As 
fuel,  the  wood  of  the  elm,  according  to  Hartig,  is  to  that  of  beech  as  twelve  hun- 
dred and  fifty-nine  is  to  fifteen  hundred  and  forty ;  and,  as  charcoal,  as  fourteen 
hundred  and  seven  is  to  sixteen  hundred.     The  ashes  of  this  tree  are  rich  in 
alkaline  salts;  and  among  seventy-three  kinds  of  trees.  M.  Werneck  found  that 
It  occupied  the  tenth  place  in  productiveness  of  potash.     The  inner  bark,  like 
that  of  the  European  lime-tree,  is  sometimes  employed  for  making  bast-mats  and 
ropes.     Young  deer  are  very  fond  of  this  bark;  and  in  Norway  the  inhabitants 
kiln-dry  it,  and  grind  it  with  corn  to  make  flour  for  bread.     The  leaves  and 
young  shoots  of  the  elm  were  used  by  the  Romans  to  feed  cattle,  and  they  ace 
still  employed,  in  may  parts  of  France,  for  the  same  purpose ;  and  both  in  France 
and  Norway,  they  are  boiled  to  serve  as  food  for  pigs.     In  Russia,  the  leaves  of 
the  Ulmus  c.  parvifolia  are  used  for  tea.    The  bark  is  highly  astringent,  and  both 
the  leaves  and  bark,  it  is  said,  contain  a  considerable  proportion  of  glue.     From 
the  bark  there  has  been  extracted  a  principle  called  ulmlne,  which  is  regarded  by 
some  as  a  constituent  of  every  vegetable.     A  decoction  of  the  bark  Imparts  a 
yellow  colour  to  wool.     In  Norway,  the  bark  is  employed  in  tanning  skins.     The 
fruit,  in  a  green  state,  is  sometimes  eaten  as  a  salad. 

As  a  picturesque  tree,  "  the  elm,"  observes  Gilpin,  "  has  not  so  distinct  a  char- 
acter as  either  the  oak  or  the  ash.  It  partakes  so  much  of  the  oak,  that,  when  it 
IS  rough  and  old,  it  may  easily,  at  a  little  distance,  be  mistaken  for  one;  though 
the  oak,  (I  mean  such  an  oak  as  is  strongly  marked  with  its  peculiar  character  ) 
can  never  be  mistaken  for  the  elm.  This  is  certainly  a  defect  in  the  elm  •  for 
strong  characters  are  a  great  source  of  picturesque  beauty.  This  defect,  how- 
ever, appears  chiefly  in  the  skeleton  of  the  elm;  in  full  foliage,  its  character  is 
more  marked.  No  tree  is  better  adapted  to  receive  grand  masses  of  light.  In 
this  respect,  it  is  superior  both  to  the  oak  and  the  ash.  Nor  is  its  foliat^e,  shad- 
owing as  It  is,  of  the  heavy  kind.  Its  leaves  are  small,  and  this  gives  it  a  natural 
lightness;  it  commonly  hangs  loosely,  and  is,  in  general,  very  picturesque.  The 
elm  naturally  grows  upright,  and,  when  it  meets  with,  a  soil  it  \ovps  risos  higher 
than  the  generality  of  trees ;  and,  after  it  has  assumed  the  dignity  and  lioa7y 
03 


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498 


ULMUS    CAMPESTKIS. 


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i 


roughness  of  age,  few  of  its  forest  brethren,  (though,  properly  sneaking,  it  is  not 
a  forester,)  excel  it  in  grandeur  and  beauty.     The  elm  is  the  first' tree  that  salutes 
the  early  spring,  with  its  light  and  cheerful  green;  a  tint  which  contrasts  agreea- 
bly with  the  oak,  whose  early  leaf  has  generally  more  of  the  olive  cast.     We  see 
them  sometimes  in  fine  harmony  together,  about  the  end  of  April  and  the  begin- 
nmg  of  May.     VVe  often,  also,  see  the  elm  planted  with  the  Scotch  pine.     In  the 
spring.  Its  light-green  is  very  discordant  with  the  gloomy  hue  of  its  companion- 
but,  as  the  year  advances,  the  elm  leaf  takes  a  darker  tint,  and  unites  in  har- 
mony with  the  pine.     In  autumn,  also,  the  yellow  leaf  of  the  elm  mixes  as 
kindly  with  the  orange  of  the  beech,  the  ochre  of  the  oak,  and  many  of  the  other 
fading  hues  of  the  wood.     *****     The  elm  throws  out  a  beautiful 
bloom,  in  the  form  of  a  spicated  ball,  about  the  bigness  of  a  nutmeg,  of  a  dark- 
crimson  colour.     This  bloom  sometimes  appears  in  such  profusion  as  to  thicken 
and  enrich  the  spray  exceedingly,  even  to  the  fulness  almost  of  foliage.     *     *     * 
*     *     The  branch  of  the  elm  has  neither  the  strength  nor  the  various  abrupt 
twistings  of  the  oak ;  nor  does  it  shoot  so  much  in  horizontal  directions.     Such, 
also,  is  the  spray.     It  has  a  more  regular  appearance,  not  starting  off  at  right- 
angles,  but  forming  its  shoots  more  acutely  with  the  parent  branch;  neither  does 
the  spray  of  the  elm  shoot,  like  the  ash,  in  regular  pairs  from  the  same  knot,  but 
\n  a  kind  of  allernacy.     It  has,  generally,  at  first,  a  flat  appearance ;  but,  as  one 
year  s  shoot  is  added  to  another,  it  has  not  strength  to  support  itself;  and  as  the 
tree  grows  old,  it  often  becomes  pendent  also,  like  the  ash  ;  whereas  the  'tough- 
ness and  strength  of  the  oak  enable  it  to  stretch  oul.  its  branches  horizontally  to 
the  very  last  twig."* 

As  an  ornamental  tree,  the  Ulmus  campestris  is  employed  both  in  Britain  - 
and  on  the  continent,  more  especially  in  France  and  Holland,  for  lining  avenues 
and  particular  for  public  walks.      For  this  purpose  it  is  well  adapted    froni 
the  comparative  rapidity  of  its  growth,  the  straightness  of  its  trunk,  the  facility 
with  which  It  bears  lopping,  the  deuseness  of  its  foliage,  its  hardiness,  and  it3 
great  longevity.  .  °  ' 

*  Forest  Scenery. 


i(if  11'  a- 


''N 


Ulmus  americana, 
THE  AMERICAN  ELM. 

Spionymes. 


Ulmus  americana, 

Orme  d'Amerique,  Orme  parasol, 

Amerikanische  Ulme, 

Ulmo  americano, 

American  White  Elm,  Canadian  Elm, 

White  Elm,  Rock  Elm, 


LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 

MicHAux,  North  American  Sylva. 

LotrDoN,  Arboretum  Britannicum. 

France. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

Britain. 

Anolo-America. 


.ifnfa'dXefiglre^^^vJ!""'  ^'"''"'=''"  ^^""''  P'"  ''''  ^"''°"'  *"»"""■"  Britannicum,  iii.,  fig.  ,aiG,  and  ,ii.  p..  m 

Specific  Characters.  Leaves  with  their  disks  unequal  at  the  base,  4—5  inches  long,  inclusive  of  a  lono- 
acummate  point,  from  2-24  inches  broad,  serrate,  and  mostly  doubly  so  ;  the  axUs  of  the  veh^  under- 
neath joined  by  a  membrane  ;  petioles  from  1-1^  inches  in  length,  and  clothed  wiiii  short  hai?s 
Flowers  effuse,  with  the  peduncles  short  and  glabrous.     Stamens  5-8.    Samara;  fringed  at  the  eXes 

WmmZ's^mm'^Znt      ^""^  ^"'"''"'  ^"''"'  ^""^  '"^''''^  ^''^  ^^''  "'°"  ^^^^^ -Adapted,  ff<m 


Description. 

IHE    Ulmus 
americana, 
whenstand- 

_„„^-^„  ing  in    the 

forest,  is  a  lofty  tree,  with  a  remarka- 
bly clean,  straight,  round  trunk,  with 
a  small,  much  contorted  head;  but,  in 
a  clearing,  where  it  grows  in  an  insu- 
lated manner,  receiving  a  full  supply  of 
lipht  and  air,  it  appears  in  all  its  ma- 
jesi",  towering  to  an  elevation  of  eighty 
or  one  himdred  feet,  with  a  stem  from 
four  to  six  feet  in  diameter,  which,  at 
ten  or  twenty  feet  above  its  ba,se,  usually  ramifies  into  three  or  more  primary 
hmbs,  that  contniue  gradually  spreading  outward  and  upwards  to  a  great  length 
dividmg  and  sub-dividmg  into  many  smaller  ramifications,  and  diffusing,  on  all 
sides,  numerous  long,  flexible,  and  pendulous  branchlets,  bending  into  regular  fes- 
toons, and  giving  to  the  tree  a  broad  and  somewhat  flat-topped  summit,  of  regu- 
lar proportions  and  admirable  beauty.  When  growing  in  the  last-named  situa- 
tion, this  tree  is  often  marked  by  two  or  more  small  branches,  four  or  five  feet 
m  length,  proceeding  from  near  the  first  ramification,  and  descending  along  the 
trunk  ;  and  the  larger  branches  or  limbs  are  sometimes  covered  with  little  ragged 
twigs,  as  if  clothed  with  tufts  of  hair.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  tender,  deeply- 
furrowed,  and  almost  white.  The  leaves,  which  are  four  or  five  inches  long,  are 
alternate,  unequal  at  the  base,  oval-acuminate,  generally  doubly  denticulated 
with  regular  and  prominent  ribs,  rough,  and  of  an  almost  glossy  deep-green  above' 
and  pale  and  downy  beneath.  The  flowers,  which  appear  in  Marrh.  April  or  Ma,J 
belore  the  leaves,  are  very  small,  of  a  purplish  colour,  supported  by  short,  sleii- 


i 


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ULMUS  AMERICANA. 


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tier  foot-stallcs,  and  are  united  in  bunches  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches.  The 
seeds,  which  are  contained  in  flat  oval,  fringed  capsules,  notched  at  the  base, 
arrive  at  maturity,  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States,  from  the  middle  of 
May  to  the  first  of  June. 

Varieties.  The  Ulmus  americana,  like  its  European  congener,  has  compara- 
tively, the  same  aptitude  to  vary  from  seeds,  and  has  already  given  rise  to  seve- 
ral varieties;  but,  as  such  a  state  of  confusion  exists  in  botanical  works,  not  only 
as  relates  to  the  American  elms,  but  to  all  others  o'  the  genus,  and  as  the  obser- 
vations and  experiments  as  regards  their  culture  and  growth,  have  been  some- 
what Iiniited,  It  IS  difficult  to  determine  whether  they  all  belong  to  one  race  or 
consist  ot  several  distinct  species,— a  problem  which  can  never  be  satisfactorily 
solved  before  they  are  studied  and  cultivated  under  the  most  varied  circum- 
stances, during  a  period  of  several  years.  As  with  the  European  elms,  we  have 
classified  them  all  under  one  head,  giving,  as  usual,  among  our  synonymes,  the 
names  under  which  they  are  described  as  species,  by  one  or  more  authors. 

1.  U.  A.  suBSEssiLiFOLiA.  Suhsessile-leaved  American  Elm  ;  Ulmus  americana, 
u  ^""'iy^ ;  ^  ^^'■g^  tree,  with  divergent  branches,  indigenous  chiefly  to  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  seventy  or  eighty  feet  The 
leaves,  whicii  are  three  or  four  inches  long,  are  subsessile,  ovate-acuminate 
doubly  serrate,  oblique,  and  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  rough  above,  and  slightlv 
pubescent  beneath.  '        o  j  &    */ 

2.  U.  A.  ALBA,  Loudon.     Whitish-branched  American  Elm ;  a  tree  native  of 
Louisiana  and  other  states,  growing  to  a  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  having  long 
flexible,  hanging  branches,  witli  whitish  bark.     The  leaves  are  oblong,  obliquely- 
acute  at  the  base,  doubly-denticulate,  rougn  and  lucid  above,  and  villous  beneath.  • 

6.  U.  A.  PENDULA,  Loudon.     Pendulous-branched  American  Elm. 

4.  U.  A   RUBRA,  Loudon.     Reddish-branched  American  Elm,  with  the  branches 
red,  and  the  leaves  ovate,  rugose,  and  rough. 

5.  U.  A.  FOLiis  VARiEGATis,  Loudou.      Variegatp.d-kaved  American  Elm. 

6.  U.  A.  RACEMosA.     Racemosc-fiowered  American  Elm ;   Ulmus  racemosa,  of 
Aiittall,  Gray  and  lorrey,  and  others;  Orme  a  grappe,  of  the  French;  Trauben- 
Ulme,  of  the  Germans;    Thomas'  Elm,  Norhern  Cork-barked  Elm,  of  the  Anglo- 
Americans.     This  variety  Avas  first  described 
and  figured  by  Mr.  David  Thomas,  of  Cayuga 
county,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  in  the  nine- 
teenth volume  of  Silliman's  "American  Journal 
of  Science   and  Art."     It  abounds  throughout 
western  New  York,  and   is  also  found  in  Can- 
ada and  Vermont.     The  large  primary  branches 
produce    corky    excrescences,    somewhat    like 
those   of   the   wahoo    elm   (Ulmus   a.    alata.) 
The  leaves  are  broadly-ovate,  acuminate,  doubly- 
serrated,  glabrous,  and  somewhat  shining  above, 
with  the  under  surface  and  ribs  slightly  pubes- 
cent.   The  flowers,  which  are  yell   w,  and  appear 
in  April  or  May,  are  small,  distinctly  pedicellate, 
and,  unlike  those  of  any  other  elm,  are   dis- 
posed in  racemes,  composed  of  several  clusters 
of  two  to  four  together,  and  extending  from  the 
length  of  from  one  inch  to  two  inches  and  a 
half,  often  furnished  with  one  or  two  small,  but 
perfect  leaves,  before  the  opening  of  the  termi- 
nal buds.     The  samara)  are  large,  of  an  elliptic  form,  very  pubescent,  thickly 
innged  on  the  margin,  with  their  membranes  more  extuudcd  on  one  side,  as  mdi- 


ches.  The 
t  the  base, 
e  middle  of 

IS  compara- 
"ise  to  seve- 
ns, not  only 
s  the  obser- 
been  some- 
)ne  race,  or 
itisfactorily 
ed  circn ni- 
ls, we  have 
nymes,  the 
hors. 

americana, 
.0  the  Alle- 
feet.  The 
acuminate, 
tid  slightly 

native  of 
iving  long, 

obliquely- 
is  beneath. ' 

e  branches 

m. 

cemosa,  of 
;  Tranben- 
the  Anglo- 


It,  thickly 
e,  as  iiidi- 


AMERICAN  ELM.  SQl 

cative  of  a  second,  though  abortive  cell.     The  seeds  ripen  in  May  or  June,  at 
which  tmie  they  may  be  collected  and  sown;  and,  if  properly  treated,  they  will 
immediately  come  up,  and  make  strong  shoots  the  first  season. 
rn'        /■/^^''^^r,  ^'«'^'«y-*"t^erf  American  Elm;   Ulmus  rubra,  oi  Michanx- 
Cy^m?<s/i</m    of  Pursh,  Loudon,  and  others;   Orme  rou<re,   Orme  gras,  of  the 
trench;  Gelbhche  Ulmc,  of  the  Germans;  Slippery  Elm,  Red  Elm,  Red-rvooded 
lulm,  Moose  Elm,  of  the  British  and  Anglo-Americans.     This  tree  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  Dutch  cork-barked  elm,  (Ul- 
mus  campestris  major,)  of  Europe.     It  ofttn  at- 
tains a  height  of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  trunk 
fifteen  or  twenty  inches  in  diameter.     The  bark 
of  its  trunk  is  brown,  and  deeplv-furrowed ;  and 
that  of  the  branches  rough,  and  "lighter  coloured. 
The  leaves  are  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  nearly 
equal,  and  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  ser- 
rated,  with   unequal   teeth,    rugose,   very  rough, 
and  hairy  on  both  surfaces;  being  larger,  thicker,' 
and  rougher  than  those  of  the  Ulmus  americana. 
The  leaf-buds,  which  are  also  larger  and  rounder 
than  those  of  thai  fee,  are  covered,  a  fortnight 
before  their  developement,  with  a  tawny,  or  rus- 
setty  down,  by  which  this  tree  can  readily  be  dis- 
tinguished from  any  other  variety.     The  flowers, 
which  appear  in  April  and  May,  are  produced  in 
tufts  at  the  extremity  of  the  young  shoots;  and 
the  scales  which  surround  the  branches,  like  the  buds,  are  covered  with  down  • 
the  calyx  is  downy  and  sessile;  the  stamens  short,  and  of  a  pale-rose  colour' 
1  lie  seeds,  which  usually  ripen  from  the  middle  to  the  last  of  May,  are  large 
destitute  of  fringe,  orbicular  or  obovate  in  shape,  and  strongly  resemble  those  of 
the  English  elm.      With  the  exception  of  the  maritime  districts  of  Carolina, 
Georgia,  and  Florida,  this  tree  is  found  in  almost  every  part  of  the  United  States 
and  of  Canada;  but,  in  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  it  is  more  multiplied 
than  east  of  the  Alleghanies,  where  it  grows  on  the  richest  lands  of  an  uneven 
surface.     It  is  less  abundant,  however,  than  the  Ulmus  americana,  with  which  it 
rarely  associates,  as  it  requires  a  more  substantial  soil,  somewhat  free  from  mois- 
ture, and  even  delights  in  elevated  and  open  situations,  such  as  the  steep  banks 
of  the  Hudson  and  of  the  Susquehannah.     The  heart-wood  is  coarse-grained  and 
less  compact  than  that  of  the  Ulmus  americana,  and  is  of  a  dull-red  tinge  ;  whence 
the  name  "  Red  Elm."     Even  in  the  branches  of  one  or  two  inches  in  diameter 
the  perfect  wood  forms  the  principal  part.     From  its  durability,  the  timber  of 
this  tree  is  employed  with  advantage  in  the  regions  where  it  abounds,  in  the  con- 
struction of  houses,  and  sometimes  of  ships.     It  is  said  to  be  the  best  of  the  Amer- 
ican woods  for  making  blocks  employed  in  the  rigging  of  vessels,  and  its  scarcity 
in  the  Atlantic  states  is  the  only  ca'ise  of  its  limited  consumption  for  that  pur- 
pose.    It  also  makes  excellent  rails,  which  are  of  long  duration,  and  are  formed 
with  little  labour,  as  the  trunk  may  be  easily  and  regularly  split.     The  bark,  which 
is  very  mucilaginous,  contains  certain  proportions  of  sugar,  galic  acid,  and  super- 
tartrate  of  potash.     Medicinally,  it  is  said  to  be  alternative,  tonic,  and  diuretic, 
and  is  employed  for  the  cure  of  herpetic,  and  leprous  eruptions.     The  leaves' 
which  emit  an  agreeable  smell,  have  been  employed  as  food  for  the  larva)  of  the 
silk-moth.     The  bark  and  small  branches,  with  the  leaves,  macerated  in  water, 
yield  a  thick  and  abundant  mucilage,  which  is  used  in  forming  a  refreshing  and 
soothing  drink,  in  coughs  and  rheums.     This  mucilage  is  nlso  substituted  for  t!\p. 
roots  of  the  marsh  mallow,  (Althaja  officinalis,)  in  making  emollient  suppurative 
cataplasms. 


503 


ULMUS  AMERICANA. 


[:;5,  §' 


ditfers"from"'thp*At^''"'*°"\   ^''P^V-fooihed-lcaved  American  Elm.     This  variety 

acuminate  at  the  apex  °  ''''  ^"''-cordate  at  the  base,  doubly  serrated,  and 

es^e .!".  t;;;  thtrt;  or^'itr/t tf  ^"^^f?  f'^ ''  ?T"  '"^^^^  f  ^^^«"- 
The  branchlets  are  terete  smooth  '  '  ■  '  ti^L'^^'i  °^  Kentucky  and  Illinois, 
to  six  inches  long,  and  three  or  four '"'  r'l  ^^'  k^'^'''  ^^I'^'^  ^'^  ^'•«""*  ^''"^ 

obovate,  acumina  e  obi  n  Sv  ohn  L'  ,C  ^V^^^  V'""  Jf"^  °"  "^'^''^  P^^'^'es,  are 
on  the  upperXand  vHlottne'h"  ^''  '"''  '"'''^  '''''''^'  nearly  smooth 

/J'ij^^;yS:e:q"e"\trirf^^^^^^^^^^  ^Wrf...«..,  Y./. 

lets.  Its'  leaves  wlTh  a  e  six  or  I  «f  Alabama,  with  terete,  smooth  branch- 
broad,  are  boriL  o^^  netioles   ntVJJ      ""  l""^^^'  ^""^'  ^"^  ^^''^^  "^  ^0"^  inches 

are  acute  a^  en   re  at  S  ''^  .'^f'  '^'^"  '"  ^"^  ^''^'^  ^'^ '^  ^^^^ 

the  upper  half,  sub-acum  nate  at  the  p,'?''  ''f'  '"T '  ^"b-^q"^'.  «harp  teeth  in 
ers  occur  in  fosc  cles  wi?h  Ihp  np  ]  f '  ^"fi«"^"o''^  «»  l>oth  sides.  The  flow- 
stamens  exseS,  and'  t^  pi  t  1  !"t\t nU^"''V^^ .''^X""  campanulate,  the 
samara  are  fasciculate  pedtufcled  oblo.;  h  fi^?'  ^'^^  V  ^'^"  '^^"  ''y^^''  ^he 
12.  U    A    ALATA       rv,./.     •       J  7'o"g.  bifid,  and  fimbriate  on  the  sides. 

Loudon    and  others-    Sir «S    n'^^'T  ^^"''    P'""^  «^«^'''  ^^  ^ichaux, 
t'^m.,ohheGerSis-    li^Lrfe,.^^^^  °^,  ?"  ^'•^"^h;    Gofluffdle 

variety  forms  aTe^  kT^^ddllt^g' l^e^^'^Ji^-'^  ^"^'^  '^^is 

mon ly  not  exceeding  thirty  feet,  wi^h  a  trunk  n'ne 

or  ten    nches  in  diameter.     The  branches  are  gar- 
nished throughout  their  entire  length,  on  two  onpo- 

site  side.,  with  fungous  appendag^, 'about  a  qS^ar- 

ter  of  an  inch  in  width,  which  have  given  rise  to 

the  name  of  alata,  or  winged.     The  kaves  which 

form   ;"'  ""  .'^""  P^'*°''^'  ^^^  «^  ^"  oblong-S  a 
form,  narrowed  to  an  acute  point,  denticulated  and 
almost  equal  at  the  base.     The  flowers  put  for'tUn 
Apnl  JUS    before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  and 
do  not  differ  materially  from  those  of  the  other  dms 

Jf  fl,P  nr"''  '''''"''•  ^'■'  "'"'^'^  ^'^^J'^r  tl'an  those 
oi  the  Ulmus  americana,  are  downy,  and  bear  a 
dense   fringe   at  the   edge.     This  trS  is  indTgen- 

r?rn!!^.  """'^T'/*'"'"*^'  '^'^  ^^nuxn^  districts  of 
Carolina  and  Georgia,  to  Avestern  Tennessee    and 

th7r  ^T  f  •^'"^"^'^^-     ^'  '«  generally  fou^id  on        -- 

that  of  the  Ulmus  aUiJ^.L'    The'hrnVooT"^^^  '"1  ^'^^T^  '""^^ 

always  bears  a  great  proportion  to  the  tnl?>  i  ""  chocolate-colour,  and 

states,  it  is  used  for  tlfeTavesTo  coach Xp^,      ,    "  '^'""  "^^''^  "^  '^'^  ««"thern 
pose  to  the  tupelo.  (Nyssa  )  LTnrboth  hS      \T  'V"  P?^"'"'""^  ^«^  ^^is  pur- 
it  is  not  partic'ularly^pVoVriS'to  any  o^^^^^^^^^         ThfslS?  '"'^^  "^^'/^"^ 
mo  Britain  in  1820,  wllere^here  are  sr/l  speSen«  '"bp'^"  n^.T,^^->"^ 
collections.     It  IS  perfectly  hardy  in  New  yl^rlV;  as'Las  bee'ntll'tesreZon  tt 


is  effusa,  of 


irrated,  and 


AMERICAN   ELM.  ggj 

seat  of  Mr.  A.  J  Downing,  on  the  Hudson,  where  there  is  a  fine  tree  which 
annually  flowers  in  April  or  May.  '       ^^" 

13.  U.  A.  DiMiDiATA.     Dimidiuie-kaved  American  Elm;   Ulmus  dimidintn  nf 

pSn^^'i  "  '^'''^  7''^  ^"'''"'*''  ^"S"'^^-  branchlets,  naufe  of  SrlTa  knd 
Florida,  and  growing  from  eight  to  twelve  feet  in  height.     The  leaves  whirh 

alTofTU"  'Y'  P«^i?^«^-««f  two  forms,  from  one^o  two  ties   „^^ngS^ 
all  of  a  pale  colour  sub-coriaceous  texture,  equally  serrate,  with  the  base  verv 
obi  que  often  one  side  decurrent,  and  the  otherVeduced  in  si'ze  or  dimidiate  S 
IS,   n  the  narrow  leaves  the  base  of  one  side  is  removed  upwards  of  the  net  oIp 
and  IS  much  reduced  in  its  dimensions.  "pwaras  oi  tne  petiole, 

14.  U.  A.  OPACA.     Densely-shaded  American  Elm.;   Ulmus  opaca  of  Nuttqll  • 
Orme  opaque,  of  the  French;    Undurchsichtige  Ulme,  of    L  4rmans      Th  s 
curious  elm  was  discovered  in  1818,  by  '  Germans,     ihis 
Mr.  Nuttall,  near  the  confluence  of  Kiam- 
esha  and  Red  Rivers,  in  the  territory  of 
Arkansas.     He  describes  it  as  forming  a 
majestic,  spreading  tree,  with  smooth  and 
brownish  branchlets,  of  the  dimensions 
of  the  ordinary  oak,  and  remarkable  for 
the  smallness  and  thickness  of  its  oblique     ^ 
and  unusually  blunt  leaves,  which,  with  /S>-? 
their  siiort  stalks,  are  only  about  an  inch  ^^- 
in  length,  and  half  as  broad  as  they  are 
long;    they    are   very   numerous,    close 
together,  scabrous,  with  minute  papilla, 
are  of  a   somewhat  shining   and   deep- 
green  above,  and  paler  beneath;  they  are  oblong-ovate;  mostly  obtuse  doiiblv 
denticulated,  oblique  at  the  base,  as  well  as  the^vhole'o,uline^vi  ^oC    af 
niuch  narrower  than  the  other;  and  the  nerves  on  the  under    ide  Ire  piXscent 

iTtT"""'"'  '•'"'?'"  ''  ^?'^'^-     '^h^  fl°^^*^^«  ^r«  fasciculated  in  small    uml 
bers,  and  occur  on  short  peduncles.     The  samarte  are  of  an  elliptic  form   ra  h^r 

nZl  '^'^  ''  the  summit,  and  covered  with  a  dense,  some vvh at  trTuginous 
Mr  S^n  "C  '"''"i  7'-  ,  The  density  of  shade  produced  by  this  tree^  Ss 
Mr  ]\u  tall,  "so  crowded  with  rigid  leaves,  and  the  peculiarity  of  its  appea  ance 
entitle  It  to  a  place  in  the  nurseries  of  the  curious,  and  it  is  probably  quite  hard v 
enough  for  all  temperate  climates.     To  this  species  Virgil's  epithet,    ^  ^ 

'Fojcundffl  frondibus  ulmi.' 

might  more  justly  be  applied  than  to  any  other."* 

ica  fSTtrt^P'r-T  ^^''  ^'"""t  ^'"^"^^"^  i«  indigenous  to  North  Amer- 
ica tiom^ova  Scotia  to  Louisiana.  It  appears  to  be  the  most  multiplied  and 
attains  the  greatest  dimensions,  within  the  territory  situated  between  Cfortv- 
first  and  forty-sixth  degrees  of  north  latitude,  which  comprises  the  pr  nc  pal  2s 
of  the  provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Brunswick 
and  of  the  states  of  New  England  and  New  York.  In  he  middTe  s  a  es  S 
farther  southward  it  becomes  less  multiplied;  but  west  of  the  Alleghan  es'  it"s 
partjcularly  abundant  in^all  the  fertile  bottoms'  watered  by  the  streams  that  swe 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Ohio,  which  are  inundated  by  the  floods  of  spring 

1  his  species  was  introduced  into  Germany  in  the  early  part  of  the  XVIIIth  ceri- 

moni  "i^  wTorn  ''l'  ^'"'1/^''^  '''''  ''  ^^"'  ^^^^^^"g  af  Schwdbbache  near  [>/  . 
mont,  in  Westphalia.     It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  propagated   n  Britain 
however,  before  the  year  1752,  when  it  vas  planted  at  Mile  End  London,  by 

*  North  American  Sylva,  p,  36. 


604 


ULMUS    AMBRICANA. 


Mr.  James  Gordon ;  though,  as  Martyn  observes,  no  notice  was  taken  of  it  or  of 
any  other  American  ehn  in  the  edition  of  Miller's  "  Dictionary/'  which  was 
published  sixteen  years  afterwards.  It  has  doubtless  existed  in  the  arbo  e  wn  at 
Kew,  and  probably,  in  the  grounds  at  Syoii,  but  it  i«  not  to  be  fo.n  d  of  mud 
magnitude  at  present,  m  either  of  these  collections.  There  are  trees  however 
m  the  garden  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  and  in  the  Edinbug  botanic 
garden  which  exceed  thirty  feet  in  height.  TlieAmerican  elm  seldmn  flo  we  s 
m  England,  and  never  ripens  its  seeds.  ""wur^ 

Seeds  of  the  Uimus  amcricana  were  sent  to  France  by  M.  Michaux   in  1807 
^om  vvhich  several  thousand  plants  were  raised;  and,  of  which,  a  carding  to 
the  "JNouveau  Du  Hamel,"  there  arc  very  fine  specimens  at  Trianon   where 
they  are  distinguished  from  all  other  elms  by'  the  superior  beauty  of  S'leaves 
In  America   the   '  favourite  elm,"  and  several  othlr  native  trees,  ar7  nseplra: 
S.in"?''''ST/'''  ^'^^'^'«^«^y  «f  tf^«  «o""try.      They  forcibly 'appeaTthe 
3    hoT       ''•'  ^r?'"'-  ""'  ?'l'y  ?^  ^'^''^  associated  with  the  sports  of  chil  ! 
hood,  the  coming  and  singing  of  birds,  and  with  the  haunts  of  yoing  men  and 
maidens  fondly  and  joyously  traced  in  by-gone  days  ;  but  they  [each  lessons  of 
wisdom  to  aged  and  hoary-headed  men-bespeak  ihe'ir  country's  wo.  gr-their 
country's  gory,  and  tell  them  much  concerning  the  mutability  of  things  below 
Had  these  trees  the  gifts  of  reason  and  speech,  Sr  could  their  "leaves  fo?m  word^ 
when  shaken  by  the  wind,"  how  many  tales  of  loves  and  woes-of  human  suf- 
fering and  human  joys  would  they  unfold.     But,  as  these  ancient  tenants  of  t  le 
TiZ  "',  '"'^"''''*  ''''^'  ^"''^•^  ^"'^  '^^'^^'•y'  ^''  "«  be  ourselves  the  oracles  and 

fhP  d  m       .  °"  r  r"\''"'',  'V'  ^'"^'  °^  '^''  '''''^'  ^^'^i«»'  h^ve  transpired  w  tl  in 
the  dim  vista  of  two  hundred  years.  ^ 


ij 


i  J' 


PF.NxN  S    TREATY   ELM. 

"  Willi  kind,  nssiirini;  words, 
And  answnrjii?  d.-eils,  lie  bindd  the  de.iililcss  cluiin 
Of  friendsliip;  ,iiiil  though  o'er  his  sileiu  griive 
rime  Ion?  hath  ivander'd,  still  at  the  blest  nain'j 
Of  the  beloved  Miciiion,  starts  the  tear 
Of  Indian  gratitude." 

Tkaits  of  the  Aborioines. 


Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1G82,  the  commissioners,  who  accompanied  the 
first  detachment  of  colonists  to  Pennsylvania,  had,  iu  compliance  wT te  pro- 
prictary  s  instructions,  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  neighbouring  tribes  of  Indi'ms 
for  the  purchase  of  the  lands  which  thev  worn  tn  n..."  „     '^^:_  .ul"^';" '*'''" ^'• 


,   -        ..„       ,,  ,  ,,,^  uiL-giuiJiifi,     Avnicn  lea  mm  to  the  pract  ce  of 

the  most  scrupulous  morality,  did  not  permit  him  to  look  upon  the  king's  patent 

right  to  the  coun  ry,  without  purchasing  it  by  fair  and  open  bargain  of  the  na- 
tives, to  whom  It  properly  belonged.  He  had  instructed  cominis  oners  who 
arrived  in  America  before  him  to  buy  it  of  the  latter,  and  to  make  with  he^^  a 
^eay  of  eternal  friendship.  This,  those  commissioners  had  done,  and  now  by 
mutual  agreemen  between  him  and  the  Indian  chiefs,  it  was  to  be  solemnly  kl 
fied.  He  proceeded,  therefore,  accompanied  by  his  friends,  consisting  of  n^n 
woinen  and  young  persons  of  both  sexes,  to  Coaquannoc,  ihe  IndiahiaU  f"; 
the  place  where  Philadelphia  now  stands.  On  his  arrival,  he  found  the  sa  nems 
and  their  tribes  assembling.  They  were  seen  through  the  woods  as  far  as  the 
eye  could  reach,  and  looked  frightfully,  both  on  acc'ount  of  trir  n  imlerand 
their  arms.  The  Quakers  are  reported  to  have  been  but  a  handful  in  co  inarison 
and  without  any  weapon;  so  that  dismay  and  terror  must  have  seized  t  em  had 
they  not  confided  in  the  righteousness  of  their  cause.     It  is  much  to  be  ree^^ttoH 


AMERFCAN   ELM. 


505 


^^^<iM  concur  in  coZS^^^^^  °^  '''r'  '''""^'!  '"  '"^"^  •"«"»*«»  it 

There  are,  ho^veve      e  a  m,    i     l         ^'"""f  "*^  ^'^^  '"  ^''«  '^""«'«  «f  "'e  world! 

his  usual  dress      He  had  npithnr  7.^  .^  branches.     Wilham  I'cnii  appeared  in 
insigna  of  eS nonce      He  w^.  dLti  '. 'T''''?'  T"^^  ''^''"^'  h^l'^^^d,  or  any 

roundhiswai       nadeofsiirfet   3  ^^  ^"^-"'"S  ^  «'^y-h'"«  «"«'' 

cer's  mihrary  sasrwhich  excrnUn  rl'llr^^  ^'\T'.  ^'^T'"'''^'  ^^'^'^  ^"'  «^R- 

Colonel  Markh?,      his  secretarv  Zd  lo    1     '^'^"'\^''\    O"  •"«  right  hand  was 
followed  by  the    rai    of  tt,  ikp?/  R  ff  °"  '"'  ''^''  ^^''^  ^'i^"'!  I'^^rson, 

merchandi^\   vh  c^whe^  thevcanfe^^^^^^^^         '"'?  '^'"'^^  ^'^^'""'^  '^"''^'««  ^^ 
ground.     He  hold  a  rol   of  DS.mnm  in  t         ^^^^'^^^s,  were  spread  upon  tlie 

of  purchase  and  Lity  in  his  S      broftr^  "\'  ^^^^T^^^'^"  of  the  treaty 
the^n,  t^n  put  npon  L  o.J^Sa  i^^nd  c^f  ^^^f^^^^^ -:i^-;;o|, 

iiSiiSiiiii 

h.vP  fhp  r.'''  '^'"T"  ^^  ^'^'"^  ^'^  ^^«"  =^«  to  the  English.     Thev  we  e  to 

ave  the  same  liberty  to  do  all  things  therein,  relating  to  the  imnro?  TonT  of 

the.r  grounds    and  providing  sustenat.ce  for  tlioir  fomUies,  wh  c h^the  Sisi 

persons  h7^nf'^\"''''r^Vy■i''^^^'"^^"  '^''  ^^^"'  ^'  ^'''^'^IJ  be  tt  ed  by  tn^  ve 
for  Z  i  A  ^  )''''"'?  ''?^"'^  ^«  ^^^"g''«h'  ^»d  half  Indians.  He  then  p Jid  heni 
for  the  land   and  made  them  many  presents  beside,  from  the  merchaXe  w   ,ch 

^nnn^^'^  ^"^'^''-  '^''"'-  """'"^  ^°"«  "^'«'  ''«  l^i^  the  roll  o?rarchment  ^  he 
t1  on  d>pH''.r';?  ''^"'"i  !^'^  '\'  ^'■"""'^  ^•''^"'d  be  common  toCh  peon  e  ill 
en  adaed,  thfit  he  would  not  do  like  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland  tint  is  nil 
them  only  children  or  brothers ;  for  parents  were  sometimes  nnliid  'to  their  Vh 
dren,  and  brothers  would  often  differ;  neither  would  he  compa  e  il  e  f  e^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
be  ween  them  to  a  chain,  which  the 'rain  might  rust,  or  a  .^-o  .U  ;^  f^S 
break;  but  he  should  consider  them  as  the  same  fiesh  and  blood  wi     the  Chm 


506 


ULMUS   AMERICANA. 


■I| 


>    I, 


tians, — tno  same  as  if  a  man's  body  was  to  he  divided  into  two  parts.  Taking 
up  the  parciunent,  he  then  presented  it  to  the  sachem  who  wore  the  horn  in  his 
cliaplet,  and  desired  him  and  the  other  sachems  to  preserve  it  carefully  for  three 
generations,  that  liieir  chiidreti  miglit  know  what  had  passed  between  them, 
when  they  were  no  longer  living  to  repeat  it.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
speeches  of  the  Indians  on  this  memorable  day,  have  not  come  down  to  us.  It 
is  only  known  that  they  solemnly  pledged  themselves,  according  to  the  manner 
of  their  country,  to  live  in  love  with  William  Penn  and  his  children  as  long  as 
the  sun  and  moon  should  endure.  Thus  ended  this  famous  treaty  of  which 
more  has  been  said  in  the  way  of  praise,  than  of  any  other  ever  transmitted  to 
posterity."  To  this  may  be  added  the  concise  eulogium  of  Voltaire,  who  pro- 
nounced it  to  be  "  the  only  treaty  which  was  ratified  without  an  oath,  and  the 
only  one  which  was  never  broken." 

The  tree,  under  which  the  foregoing  transaction  took  place,  was  long  regarded 
by  the  Pennsylvanians  with  universal  veneration.  During  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence. General  Simcoe,  who  commanded  a  British  force  at  Kensington,  when  his 
soldiers  were  cutting  down  all  the  trees  around  them  for  fuel,  placed  a  centinel 
under  Penn's  elm,  to  guard  it  from  injury.  In  1810,  this  tree  was  blown  down 
in  a  gale  of  wind,  when,  on  counting  the  annular  rings,  it  proved  to  be  tv/o  hun- 
dred and  eighty-tliree  years  of  age,  having  been  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  years 
old  at  the  time  the  treaty  was  signed.  Shortly  after  this  accident  occurred,  a 
large  portion  of  the  tree  was  conveyed  to  the  seat  of  the  representative  of  the  Penn 
family,  at  Stoke,  near  Windsor,  in  England,  where,  it  is  said,  it  still  remains  in 
a  state  of  complete  preservation. 


'.    ! 


LIBERTY   TREES. 

"  When  people  first  thought  of  making  Liberty  a  goddess,"  says  Dr.  Smith, 
"  and  consecrating  trees  to  her,  we  cannot  say ;  but,  about  the  time  when  the 
troubles  between  the  American  colonies  and  the  mother  country  commenced,  there 
appears  to  have  been  laid,  in  England,  an  unpopular  excise  upon  cider,  and  the 
sufferers  under  the  act  assembled  near  Honiton,  in  Devonshire,  and  appropriated 
an  apple-tree  as  an  altar  at  which  they  might  sacrifice  the  image  of  the  minister 
with  whom  the  act  originated.  It  was  in  imitation  of  this  exhibition,  that,  we 
suppose,  our  revolutionary  Liberty  Trees  took  their  rise.  The  most  famous 
were  the  ones  at  Boston,  Providence,  Newport  and  New  York.  It  fell  to  the 
native  elm  to  be  selected  for  this  purpose  in  America.  That  which  was  set  apart 
in  Boston,  was  a  wide-spreading  and  beautiful  tree,  which  stood  in  front  of  the 
house  that  now  makes  the  corner  of  Essex  and  Washington  streets,*  opposite 
Boylston  market.  *****  Several  other  large  elms  grew  in  the  vicinity, 
and  our  aged  inhabitants  remember  the  place  by  the  name  of  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  elm-trees.  It  was  on  the  14th  of  August,  1765,  that  this  tree  was  devoted 
to  the  '  Sons  of  Liberty,'  to  expose  on  it  the  effigies  of  the  men  who  had  rendered 
themselves  odious  by  their  agency  in  procuring  or  favouring  the  passage  of  the 
Stamp  Act ;  and,  on  the  11th  of  September  following,  they  fixed  a  copper  plate, 
two  feet  and  a  half,  by  three  feet  and  a  half  in  dimensions  upon  it,  bearing  the 
inscription,  in  gold  letters,  the  tree  of  liberty,  Aug.  14,  1765.  Ever  after,  most 
of  the  popular  meetings  of  the  'Sons  of  Liberty'  were  held  in  the  square  round 
this  tree.  *****  The  British  made  it  an  object  of  ridicule.  The  soldiers 
made  poor  Ditson,  whom  they  tarred  and  feathered,  paiade  in  front  of  this  tree, 
before  they  would  let  him  go,  and  one  of  the  greatest  exploits  during  the  siege 
was  the  felling  of  this  famous  eye-sore.     This  was  oTected  about  the  last  week 

*  It  was  remarked  by  La  Fayette,  at  the  time  he  visited  Boston,  in  1824,  that  "  The  world  should  never 
forget  the  spot  where  once  stood  the  Liberty  Tree,  so  famous  in  your  annals." 


AMERtCAN   ELM. 


507 


not  touch.     O,  o7  .  fe^r  r  m4^^^^^  ground-M.  ,-.„,  jhcy  conld 

This  tree  had  been  nlantedoMThntL.  ''^^  by  accident  on  the  occasion. 

Pembertou  MSS   '  ^^.^  ^46  and  So^^^^^  (according  to  the 

are  informed  by  an  o  d  anrroprbirin  hi?'"  '  V''^'^''^  "'  ^"''^"^«'  ^e 
that  the  tree  w^fen  cut,  „i  SESu'cSoru";  J'^  ""^  P"^'^"'  ''  '"^^  ^''"^' 

havre  been  rer;kabirfor  i  s  s  r  anJ serviX  °''"P"^  "^''  .^  '?^^"^-  ^'  '«  «^*d  '« 
when  they  arrived  inThenaLlC.IrnT  ?  f  ^"'".^  °^  '"«^'"'«"*=«  ^^  strangers 
on  Monday,  July  2Sth   1768   whe^-^^^^^^  "t^ons  of  Liberty" 

and  an  animated  Surse  was  dHi3?f  ^«"f«"'-se  of  people  had  assembled, 
Mr.  Silas  Downer,  rr^mlrof  the  bar      TUo  tl'rr'-^''T-  "I  '^'  '''''  ^V 

tree,  he  pronounced  aloud  t."  followingUrT'ift:  S^^^^ 
of  all  the  true  sons  of  liberty  in  AiSa    fi.o.t  n  ^  '•      t    ."''T  ^"'^  ^^''^'^ 
wheresoever  thev  mav  be  di^Lr^P-f  S         '.  '^"'^'"'  ^'■^'»"^'  Corsica,  or 

liberty.     May  alo^rLiLes^n  fd  n/.r"^/' ^"'  the  world,  dedicate  this  tree  of 

house  of  Saul,  shall  grow  weaker  aXweatr!^A;Eli''     '^"''  ''''''"'''  ^'^'  '^'' 

TREES   OF   FRIENDSHIP. 

meeting  ^o.^^Se  forme  ly%t'^|'L'SJvTlms%:t.hV'"  °Y  '"I"" 
a  state  of  decay.     The  Sh^f  thesP^rJ"  '^f ''"r'  ^"^  subsequently  fell  into 

THE   GREAT   ELM   IN   BOSTON. 

grounds,  ,s  much  revered  by  the  ci.Uens,  andLual^rracLTe  ^i^^Zi^ti 

•  Boston  N.«:».Lel.et  and  Cily  R.cori,  Edilcd  by  Dr.  Jeromg  V.  C.  Smiib,  i.  p.  19.       ' 


I' 


608 


VLMUa   AMEniCAN4. 


particular  attention  of  strangers.  According  to  a  statement  in  the  "  Boston 
Traveller,"  of  the  20tli  of  April,  1844,  it  did  not,  as  many  supjwsc,  spring  from 
the  soil  on  which  it  now  stands,  hut  was  set  out  there  by  L'aplain  Daniel  Hench- 
man— at  what  time,  we  are  uiuible  precisely  to  say,  but  believe  it  was  some- 
where about  the  year  l<)70,  and  therefore  it  is  about  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  years  old.  It  was  stated  by  Madam  Scott,  the  widow  of  John  Hancock, 
that  Captain  Henchman  brought  thi.s  tree  from  the  North  End,  and  planted  it  in 
the  place  where  it  now  stands,  on  the  moist  lands  of  the  Common — a  proper 
place  for  an  elm.  In  Whitman's  history  of  the  Ancient  and  Honourable  Artillery 
Company,  we  find  it  stated  that  Captain  Henchman  was  a  school-master  in  Hos- 
ton,  irom  ItVJG  to  1671.  He  joined  the  Ancient  and  Honourable  Artillery  Company 
in  1075.  "  He  was  a  distinguished  captain  in  King  l*hilip's  war,  of  a  company 
of  foot,  June  26,  1675,  in  company  with  Captain  Prentice,  with  a  troop  of  horse, 
and  was  the  person  who  set  out  the  great  dm  tree  on  Boston  Common,  for  a 
shade  to  the  military  companies  which  might  exercise  there  in  after  time."  About 
forty-five  years  ago,  this  tree  had  a  large  liollow  in  it,  and  was  apparently  rapidly 
decaying;  but  by  proper  modes  of  treatment,  which  modern  times  have  discov- 
ered, and  particularly  that  recommended  by  Forsyth,  its  decay  was  arrested,  its 
vigour  restored,  and  it  is  now  apparently  as  flourishing  as  ever,  and  without  any 
appearance  of  the  hollow,  which  was  once  large  enough  for  a  boy  to  hide  him- 
self in. 

The  present  lieight  of  this  tree,  (April,  181G,)  is  about  sixty-five  feet;  the 
girth  of  its  trunk,  at  a  yard  above  the  ground,  eighteen  foot,  and  the  diameter 
of  its  head,  ninety  feet. 


'■'If;' 


THE   GREAT    ELM   IN   PITTSFIELD. 


'  Wise  with  the  lore  of  ceiilurlen, 
What  tales,  Ifthcru  wero  toiiguea  in  trees, 
That  giant  elm  could  tell." 


In  the  centre  of  the  public  square,  in  the  beautiful  town  of  Pittsfield,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, there  stands  alone,  in  all  its  majesty,  encircled  by  a  new  generation 
of  lesser  trees,  a  venerable  old  elm,  which  measures  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  thirteen  feet  and  nine  inches  in  circumference, 
at  a  yard  from  the  ground,  and  ninety  feet  to  the  lowermost  limbs.  At  the  time 
the  town  was  first  settled,  nearly  one  hundred  years  ago,  it  was  a  beautiful  tall 
tree,  at  least  a  century  and  a  half  olJ,  which,  from  the  symmetry  of  its  trunk, 
and  its  palm-like  summit,  was  spared  by  the  woodman's  axe,  while  the  rest  of 
its  forest  brethren  were  felled  to  the  ground.  With  this  much  revered  and  ancient 
tenant  of  the  soil,  there  are  associated  numerous  incidents,  which,  in  themselves, 
would  fill  a  volume ;  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  immediate  object  and 
limited  length  of  this  treatise,  prevents  us  from  entering  into  them  in  detail.  It 
was  beneath  the  shade  of  this  tree  that  the  American  troops,  of  that  part  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, at  present  known  as  the  county  of  Berkshire,  and  the  valley  of  the 
Housatunnuk,  were  marshalled,  previous  to  their  march  to  Bunker  Hill.  And 
the  first  agricultural  fair  in  America  was  held,  in  October,  1814,  under  its 
boughs. 

At  the  request  of  a  highly  valued  friend,  we  insert  the  following  spirited 
and  graphic  lines,  by  Mr.  N.  S.  Dodge,  of  Pittsfield,  which  appeared,  a  few 
years  since,  in  the  "  Berkshire  Whig."  Their  intrinsic  merit,  more  especially 
from  the  relation  which  they  bear  to  this  "  primeval  aboriginal  of  the  soil,"  which 
has  been  rocked  by  the  storms  of  centuries,  and  scathed  by  the  thunder's  bolt. 


AMERICAN   ELM. 


509 


TaL'tndZi!^!u!nn  nr  n^''"*^  '"'^  r^'  P''^'''»"'«"'^«.  ">^y  common.!  itself  to  the 
taste  and  attention  of  iho  many  adtnircrs  of  this  old  and  venerable  friend. 

€it  IScabt  Olo  ISIm. 

Hall  to  th«  Elm !  ih«  limva  old  Elm  I 

Our  lam  lone  forMi  iruB, 
Wli,.M  limlM  imlxand  tlm  llifhlnlnn'i  brim! 

for  a  brav«  did  Klin  in  ha  I 
For  ariemi  icnre  iif  full  lol.l  yean 

H«  haa  hiirne  lila  Imify  prime, 
Yet  ho  hiilil.4  them  wnll,  ami  Uvea  to  tell 

Hin  tale  nf  tlm  nlilen  time  I 

Then  Imll  to  the  Klin  !  the  Kreoi.loiip'd  Elm  I 
And  liiiin  may  hia  brancheH  wave, 

For  a  relic  la  hii,  the  ({nari'd  old  tree. 
Of  the  tlinei  of  lh«  good  and  bfav*. 

The  weary  hunter  from  the  chaae 

Keilml  lln^o,'llh  hl^  shade  ; 
In  the  twiliKhl  pale  the  Icivcr'a  tala 

Was  told  the  darkliair'd  maldl 
Anil  gHth'ring  from  the  mountain  aldea 

When  rouflsd  the  hraveH  to  war, 
Like  a  banner  ho,  the  oUI  Elm  tree, 

Waved  un  the  el^ht  afar. 

When  echo  from  the  eastern  height* 

Told  of  oldUiinker'a  hill. 
And  musterini?  thick,  while  hearu  beat  quick, 

Weno  men  nf  n«rve  and  will. 
The  old  tree  reared  hia  crnHted  top, 

Li':e  a  warrior  txild  and  free. 
An  emblem  true  to  each  yeoman's  view 

Of  death  or  victory. 

The  t»m\  aid  Hays  of  winter  drear, 

The  slei?hrido  and  the  liall, 
The  ?ood  old  time.i,  when  New  Vear'a  chlmea 

Sent  cheer  to  cot  and  hall ; 
When  music  lishl,  and  glances  bright 

Made  Chrlntmaa  evenings  pay, 
Ho  welcom'd  them,  the  halo  old  Kim, 

With  hia  brunchea  aera  and  gray. 

But  they  are  gone,  those  good  old  time*. 

No  Chiijtmaa  daya  remain  ; 
Gone  too  each  man  of  the  stalwart  van— 

In  the  churchyard  all  aro  lain  i 
Each  hoary  head  in  his  narrow  bed 

Hath  pather'il  him  to  rest, 
Vet  still  v/aveth  he,  the  old  Elm  tree, 

A  canopy  over  the  bleat. 

Then  hail  to  the  Elm  !  the  brave  old  Elm  ! 
Our  last  lone  forest  tree  I 

And  long  may  he  wear,  thai  hia  kindly  cars 
O'er  our  cbildrsn's  children  be  I 

To  the  extrenie  regret  of  the  citizens  of  Pittsfield,  especially  of  those  who  were 

hv  wh ,Vh''. ' h     'f"l  '*"'  I'u  r '  ''''''^'  ^y  ''S'^"""S  °"  ^he  30th  of  June,  1841 , 
by  which  a  broad  strip  of  bark  was  rent  from  the  entire  length  of  the  trunk 
Measures  were  immediately  taken  to  repair  the  injury,  by  thi  application  of  a 
plastic  compound,  but  some  of  the  branches  begin  to'exhibit  ma?ks  of  decay 
solutlom  '^''  '^''  ""^''  ■*''''  '^  ""^'1"'^^  ''  ^^^^  approaching  its  LTZl 

THE   HATFIELD   ELM. 

The  largest  Ulmus  americana  we  have  on  record,  stood,  until  a  few  years 
since,  in  the  town  o    Hatfield,  in  Massachusetts,  near  the'  river  ConnTcSu 

Ihe  girth  of  Its  trunk,  at  a  yard  above  the  ground,  was  thirty-four  feet  and 
.twenty-four  and  a  half  feet  at  five  feet  above.^  Ther'e  was  a  cut  h"  the  trimk 
tholi^'u    ^T  ^,^«^%^he  ground,  which  popular  tradition  says  was  made  by 

he  tomahawk  of  an  Indian,  for  the  greatest  rise  of  the  water  ever  known  in 
the  above-named  river.  «Mi"wu  m 


510 


ULMCS   AMERICANA. 


THE   GREAT  ELM   AT   JOHNSTOWN. 

At  Johnstown,  near  Providence,  in  Rhode  Island,  there  is  an  American  elm, 
with  a  trunk  twenty-four  feet  and  three  inches  in  circumference  at  two  feet  above 
♦he  ground,  twenty-one  feet  and  eight  inches  at  a  yard  above,  and  holds  nearly 
the  same  size  for  twelve  feet.  The  trunk  divides  into  eight  main  branches, 
which  extend  themselves  into  a  broad,  spreading  summit. 


!£iiJL3L 


THE   VTASHINGTON   ELM. 

In  the  city  of  Cambridge,  in  Massachusetts,  there  stands,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Harvard  University,  a  beautiful  elm,  named  after  General  Washington,  which 
has  a  trunk  thirteen  feet  and  three  inches  in  circumference,  and  is  estimated  to 
be  one  hundred  and  thirty  years  of  age.  It  is  said  that  the  "celebrated  Whit- 
field, when  excluded  from  the  pulpits  of  the  town  and  college,  preached  under  the 
shade  of  this  tree  in  the  summer  of  1744.* 

Soil,  Propagation,  i^c.  The  Ulmus  americana  delights  in  low  and  humid 
situations,  such  as  the  rich  bottoms  or  interval  lands  along  the  banks  of  rivers 
and  streams,  or  on  the  borders  of  swamps,  where  the  soil  is  deep  and  fertile.  It 
will  grow,  however,  on  any  soil  that  is  not  too  dry  and  barren,  and  in  any  situ- 
tion  within  its  natural  limits,  how  much  soever  exposed.  The  propagation  and 
management  of  this  species,  and  those  of  the  European  elm,  are  nearly  the  same, 
and  consequently  need  not  be  repeated  here. 

Accidetits,  Insects,  Sfc.  The  American  elm  is  subject  to  but  few  diseases,  and 
is  not  very  liable  to  accidents,  except  in  being  sometimes  prostrated  by  violent 
winds.  But,  unfortunately,  the  foliage  of  this  noble  tree  serves  as  food  for  sev- 
eral kinds  of  insects,  or  their  larvae,  while  its  bark  and  wood  are  pierced  by 
others  for  the  purpose  of  making  provision  for  their  young.  Among  the  latter 
class  may  be  mentioned  the  pigeon  tremex,  (Tremex  columba,)  which  pierces 
the  tree  half  an  inch  or  more  in  depth,  wherein  she  deposits  her  eggs.  The 
body  of  the  female  is  described,  by  Dr.  Harris,  as  "cylindrical,  about  as  thick  as 
a  common  lead-pencil,  and  an  inch  and  a  half,  or  more,  in  length,  exclusive  of 
the  borer,  which  is  an  inch  long,  and  projects  three-eighths  of  an  inch  beyond 
the  end  of  the  body.  The  latter  rounds  upwards,  like  the  stem  of  a  boat,  and  is 
armed  with  a  point,  or  short  horn.  The  head  and  the  thorax,  are  rust-coloured, 
varied  v/ith  black.  The  abdomen,  or  hinder  and  longest  part  of  the  body,  is 
black,  with  seven  ochre-yellow  bands  across  the  back,  all  of  them  but  the  first 
two  interrupted  in  the  middle.  The  horned  tail,  and  a  round  spot  before  it,  im- 
pressed as  if  with  a  seal,  are  ochre-yellow.  The  antennae  are  rather  short  and 
blunt,  rust-coloured,  with  a  broad,  black  ring  in  the  middle.  The  wings  expand 
t\/o  inches  and  a  quarter,  or  more ;  they  are  smoky-brown,  and  semi-transparent. 
The  legs  are  ochre-yellow,  with  blackish  thighs.  The  borer,  awl,  or  needle,  is 
as  thick  a«  a  bristle,  spear-pointed  at  the  end,  and  of  a  black  colour ;  it  is  con- 
cealed, when  not  in  use,  between  two  narrow,  rust-colored  side-pieces,  forming  a 
kind  of  scabbard  to  it."  Ths  male,  continues  the  same  author,  "is  extremely 
unlike  the  female,  in  colour,  form  and  size,  and  is  not  furnished  with  the  remarka- 
ble borer  of  the  other  sex.  He  is  rust-coloured  variegated  with  black.  His 
antennae  are  rust-yellow,  or  blackish.  His  wings  are  smoky,  but  clearer  than 
those  of  the  female.  His  hind-body  is  somewhat  flattened,  rather  widest  behind, 
and  ends  witn  a  conical  horn.  His  hind-legs  are  flattened,  much  wider  than 
those  of  the  female,  and  of  a  blackish  colour;  the  c'  ?r  legs  are  rust-coloured, 

*  North  American  Review. 


AaiERICAN  ELM. 


511 


inrh  TnH  1  .         ''"^  '"^^'  ^"^  ^  quarter;  and  his  wings  expand  from  one 

rLn  J/        ?  ''  ?'  "^^'•«' ^"'i  IS  .sometimes  driven  in  so  tightly,  that  the  insect 
cannot  draw  It  out  again,  but  remains  fastened  to  the  tree  till  she  dies     Tbl^^al 

fnditXT''  Ktr'^  '''''  end,  and  rather  ies^^han  ^ne^nvemieTh^o  ?n 
Jou  ded  beh  nd    vvhh  . T  °'*  Fu^'  ''  Y^  '«^^i«h-white,  of  a  cylindrical  shape, 

£S'of  VVbr^rr^^H^'  ^7.  '^"^^^  «!:  -hneumon-flies  iPimpL  i'a  ^  M 
j<«a^o/,  ot  l-abricius.)     These  flies  may  frequently  be  seen  thrustine  their  slen- 
u  ^o/ers,  measuring  from  three  to  four  inches  in  length,  into  the  tunksTf?reP^ 
inhabited  by  the  grubs  of  the  tremex,  and  by  other  wood-eainVin^^^^^^^^^^ 

wirhnnr  h  ""''K^'^'^.'^^^y^''^^^'^'^^^  ^'^'^^  f^^tened  to  the^  Ls  and  d" e 
without  being  able  to  draw  their  borers  out  again."^     Amon-  the  leDidoDterons 

rtcornis,  01  Harris,)  and  those  of  several  spec  es  of  GeometridsG  <!uch  as  smn 
7S;J"7r'-'^''Tr''-  T-'  i'^^l^ding^those  of  the  S-tfeV  whue  -nS^ 
if&T  The'Tekv  s  nr7r'\"'^  ''"  ?"^"^^"  c-iker-worn.  (PhalJl^Zal: 
and  ks  inrv-t  /r^/  / '"'  ^'""^ .^'^ :^[^^  Preyed  upon  by  a  coleopterous  beetle 

and  us  larvae,  {Chrysomela  scalaris,  of  Le  Conte,)  and  likewise  bv  the  larva?  of 

.nitT  "^"T^^  ^S'"t'''  "^""'^  «f  P^^"^'  «^  dLericana,  of  llih)     These 
insects,  according  to  Dr.  Harris,  appear  from  the  latter  part  of  May  to  the  middle 
of  June,  during  which  period  the  female  lays  her  eggs  upon  the  trees     The  krvi 
which  come  to  their  growth  in  August,  measure  Irom^n  inch  to  an  inch  arid  a 

tolVsZfa  u'airTo'r  ''"'  ''^  '''"''r^'  ^"  ^'^^"^  ^rm,  VndTa'eTw'J^y! 
two  legs,  or  a  pair  to  every  ring,  except  the  fourth.     They  have  a  firm   rough 

£'  with  Tll^k'T^'^'^'''''  '''^'''''r^  ''''''''^  ^^"h  numerous  transS  vS 
fhpLll   f        ?      u"''^'  ^«"^'sting  of  two  narrow  black  lines,  along  the  top  of 

lAl    '/'^w."'"  ^'^^  '•'  '•'"  ''''^'  ^'"^  their  spiracles,  or  breathing-holes ^are 
also  black.     When  at  rest,  they  lie  on  their  sides,  curled  up  in  a  spiral  form  and 
m  this  position,  look  not  much  unlike  some  kiudL  of  cockle  ir  sna?  sh Jl?s    '  £?ke 

'urbed  £M.L?f  ?'"''' '^  '^l  ^'r'  ^''"bex,  this  insect,  when  hand!  d  or  dis^ 
turbed  betrays  its  fears  or  its  displeasure  by  spirting  out  a  watery  fluid  from  cer- 

TllT  P';T'  '^'""'^'^  ""  ^'^^  '''^''  «f  i'«  bodv,  just  above  itTs^pSe       After 
t    feeding  state  is  over,  ,t  crawls  down  from  the  tree  to  the  ground,  and  Conceals 

rnrlT       ^^  ''"  "'^''  ""'  '''^''  ^"^^'^h,  and  there  makes  an  oblong  oval,  brown 
5n  this'  ZltTf^.  ''T''  ''  ''''^^'  as  parchment,  and  about  an  i?ch  n  lengTh 
in  this,  the  false  caterpillar  remains  unchanged  throughout  the  winter  and  is  not 

ts'clKyTahs  s'ldn  ^nZ  h '"  "l  ''''  ^'^""""1  ^P""»^-  ^^  ^^g"^  the  h'lsecrbnr"^ 
rirr,  nr  n  1.     1    '      f 'i^^  ^,'"1""^  ^^aiHst  the  end  of  its  cocoon,  forces  off  a  little 

wmgld  fS  t    ''  '      '  '     '       '"^'^  '^'"  '^''""^  '^"'  "^'^''  ''''""''  ^'''^'  ^"  ^ 

Properties  and  Uses     The  wood  of  the  Ulmus  americana,  like  that  of  the 

European  elm,  is  of  a  dark-brown  colour,  and  is  liable  to  decay\vhen  exposed  to 

o  tjt  lT^'T"f'^"'.T'"''^""'^'^^y"^^^^!  ^"d,  when  cut  transvLselyor  obUquelv 
to  the  longitudinal  fibres,  it  exhibits  the  same  numerous  and  fine  imdnlatlon  ^ 


'  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts,  pp.  389,  390,  ct  391. 


t  Ibidem,  p.  375. 


512 


ULMUS    AMERICANA. 


Stij 


but  it  splits  more  easily,  and  has  less  compactness,  hardness,  and  strength, 
weighing,  when  perfectly  dry,  only  thirty-three  pounds  to  a  cubic  foot.  The 
principal  uses  to  which  this  timber  is  applied,  are  for  making  naves  or  hubs  to 
wheels,  for  piles  and  foundation  pieces  to  mills,  canal  locks,  and  for  many  other 
purposes  where  strength  is  required,  and  the  work  is  constantly  buried  in  water 
or  mud.  In  the  state  of  Maine,  it  is  occasionally  employed  for  the  keels  to 
vessels,  for  which  purpose  it  is  well  adapted  on  account  of  its  size.  It  is  also 
employed  for  the  swingle-trees  of  the  carriages  of  great  guns;  and  in  some  parts 
of  the  country,  where  more  appropriate  wood  is  not  to  be  found,  it  is  used  for 
making  ox-yokes,  sleds,  and  other  implements  of  husbandry.  The  bark,  which 
is  easily  detached  from  the  tree  during  eight  months  of  the  year,  is  sometimes 
used  for  making  bast-mats,  ropes,  or  withes,  and  for  the  bottoms  of  chairs.  The 
wood,  when  dry,  makes  excellent  fuel,  and  when  burned,  yields  a  large  propor- 
tion of  ashes,  which  abound  in  alkaline  salts.  In  Canada,  and  in  the  northern 
parts  of  the  states  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  New  York,  a  profit- 
able business  is  followed,  especially  in  connection  with  clearing  the  forests,  in  pre- 
paring the  saltsof  ley,  for  the  manufacture  of  potash.  The  method  generally  adopted 
for  procuring  these  salts,  is  detailed  by  Gosse,  in  his  "  Canadian  Naturalist,"  as  fol- 
lows : — "  One  man,  or  more  commonly  two,  go  into  the  woods  with  holders,  and  a 
kettle  or  large  caldron,  and  make  a  kind  of  camp,  very  much  like  a  sugar  camp. 
As  winter  is  the  usual  season  of  operation,  they  often  make  a  rude  hut,  or  somo 
little  protection  from  the  cold.  They  commence  their  business  by  felling  such  trees 
in  the  neighbourhood  as  suit  their  purpose;  unless  they  have  another  object  in 
view,  the  clearing  of  the  land  for  cultivation,  in  which  case,  they  cut,  and  burn 
indiscriminately,  all  the  timber,  except  such  as  is  saved  for  some  peculiar  pur-' 
pose,  such  as  cedar  for  fencing,  &c.  Having  cut  enough  to  begin,  and  divided  it 
into  logs,  they  pile  them  on  one  another  by  rolling  them  up  an  inclined  plane, 
made  by  stakes  from  the  lower  logs  to  the  ground.  They  then  fill  the  interstices 
with  dry  brush,  seasoned  wood,  &c.,  and  set  fire  to  the  whole,  taking  care  to 
have  sufficient  wood  that  will  burn  to  consume  that  which  would  not  burn  with- 
out assistance.  The  ashes  are  collected  from  time  to  time,  and  put  into  a  holder, 
shaped  like  an  inverted  cone,  with  the  bottom  open ;  a  little  straw  is  placed  over 
the  hole  at  the  bottom,  a  receiver  placed  beneath,  and  water  poured  on  the  ashes, 
the  water  filters  through,  and  runs  into  the  receiver,  having  extracted  the  alkali 
contained  in  the  ashes,  which  stains  it  of  a  dark  colour,  like  that  of  brandy. 
This  is  called  lye,  or  ley,  and  is  boiled  down  till  the  water  is  evaporated,  and  the 
alkali  is  left,  which  is  the  potash  in  a  very  impure  state ;  it  is  of  a  black  colour, 
and  is  called  salts  of  ley.  This  is  sold  to  those  who  keep  a  potashery  where  it 
is  cleansed  from  its  impurities,  I  believe,  by  burning  in  a  furnace,  and  becomes 
the  potash  of  commerce." 

As  a  picturesque  tree,  the  American  elm,  in  woodland  scenes,  is  rarely  sur- 
passed by  its  forest  brethren,  in  point  of  beauty,  or  of  size.  When  standing  in  a 
wood,  in  a  soil  it  loves,  it  naturally  grows  upright,  and  rises  higher  than  a  gen- 
erality of  other  trees;  and,  when  standing  insulated  and  alone,  in  a  newly-cleared 
field,  with  its  top  decayed  and  dead,  save  here  and  there  a  small  tuft  of  leaves, 
stretching  forth  its  naked  and  withered  arms,  it  forms  a  striking  emblem  of  the 
aged  patriarch,  who  has  outlived  all  his  fellows,  and  is  a  stranger  in  the  land 
which  gave  him  birth,  in  whom  death  is  already  struggling  with  life,  and  will 
soon  gain  the  ascendency.  But  when  cultivated  or  grown  in  a  pasture  or  in  the 
lawn  standing  in  lonely  majesty,  towering  to  the  height  of  a  hundred  feet,  with 
its  lowermost  limbs  diverging  outward  and  upwards,  at  a  few  yards  above  the 
ground,  and  afterwards  dividing,  and  sub-dividing  into  numerous  smaller  ramifi- 
cations, and  diffusing  on  all  sides  its  pendulous  branchlets,  floating  lightly  in  the 
air,  it  forms  an  object  of  dignity  and  grandeur.     This  tree,  too,  is  among  the  first 


^ri 


AMERICAN   ELM. 


613 


„„i  ""ii'"«-si  oiange,  a  tint  that  contrasts  aereeablv.  at  this  spT;r.n  wiii,  .1.^ 
pale-yellow,  sober  foliage  of  the  hirch  and  the  beech,  wUh  the  diffSeiu 'sh,  1  Jr 
brom,  ,„  the  bass-wood  and  the  ash,  or  with  the  buSlot  „    the  larcif    t1 

g    gei.  s  mt'am"  Thi'^s'!'  ""'T''^  "?  "?■  '"  g»-'l  ^k°mnd 'Martin  U 

mg  and  tlirowing  forward  the  gayer  tints,  is  not  without  effect  " 

65 


Genus  PLANER  A,   Gmel. 


CM 


M'i^i^ 


?J.'K 


Ulmaee.T. 

Sy^l.  Xiit. 


Polygamia  Jloncccia ;  or  Tetr-Pent-andria  Digynia. 

(SV/iV.  Lin. 


Synonymcs. 


Flanera,  U/miis,  Rlmm/iiis, 


Of  Authors. 


Dcriynlinn.    The  wnm  Planera  wa^  so  named  in  honour  of  'ohann  Jakob  Planer,  pmfoaior  of  bolany  at  Erfiirtli,  who  puh- 
lnhod,  in  17»i,  a  work  OMliileil  "  Plautaruni  Agri  Erfnrdiensis,"  in  one  volume,  8vo. 

Generk  Characters.  Sexes  polygamous,  or  each  in  a  distinct  flower;  in  each  case  upon  the  same  plant. 
Calyx  of  female  ami  bisexual  (lowers  bell-shaiied,  distinct  from  thi;  ovary,  membnuioiis,  green,  of  one 
piece,  but  haviii;,'  5  ciliate  lobes.  Stamens,  in  the  bisexual  llower,  1—'),  less  developed  ilian  those  in 
the  male  (lower.  Ovary  top-shnped,  villous.  Sii?:mas  2,  sessile,  divergim;.  white,  pimpled.  Frnit 
roundisli.  uibbous,  pouUed,  dry,  2-celled,  each  cell  coiUaining  1-seed.  Calvx  of  male  (lower  as  in  the 
female  and  bi.sexual  llowers.  Stamens  4—5,  inserted  near  the  centre  of  tlie  bottom  of  the  calyx,  and 
opposite  to  Its  lobes.  Anthers  reachin.s;  a  little  beyond  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  borne  outwardly  to  the 
lilameiu,  of  2  lobes  that  seem  as  -1,  and  2  cells  that  open  sidewise  and  lens^t'hwisc.  In  P.  gmebni,  (P. 
ulmuolia,)  the  fruits  are  m  heads;  and  in  P.  richardii,  nearly  solitary.  ^Leaves  alternate,  and  more 
or  less  ovate  and  toothed  ;  feather-veined  and  annual  ;  and  the" llowers,  small,  and  not  showy.  P.  rich- 
ardii has  stipules,  which  are  straight,  pointed,  villous,  and  soon  i-dii  oa'.—Adapled,  from  Tarmn,  Mi- 
chaux,  and  Lundun. 


TIE  genus  Planera  embraces  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs,  natives  of 
western  Asia,  and  of  North  America;  quite  hardy  in  Britain,  and 
in  tlic  middle  states  of  the  American  uiiio.f,  and  arc  readily  propa- 
gated by  grafting  on  the  elm,  by  layers,  and  cuttings  of  the  roots, 
or  from  seeds,  in  any  common  soil.     There  are  at  least  two  spe- 


cies  in    this   genus,    the   zclkoua-tree,    (Planera   richardii,)    and 
lera  (IManera  ulmifolia.)      The  former  is   a  beautiful  lofty  tree, 
growing  to  a  height  of  seventy  or  eighty  feet,  native  of  the  country  bel 
iJlack  and  Caspian  Seas,  particularly  of  fmiretta  and  Miiigreha ;  also  of 


nmelin's  plane 

;tween  the 
^         ;  the  north 

of  Persia,  and  of  Georgia.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  shining-green,  broadly 
crcnnlated  leaves,  its  smooth,  greenish  trunk,  and  somewhat  resembles  the 
beech,  except  that  its  branches  arc  more  numerous,  and  grow  more  erect.  Both 
the  sap-wood  and  the  heart-wood  of  the  :?;olkoua  are  employed  as  timber  for  the 
same  purposes  as  the  oak.  The  heart-wood,  when  cut  obliquely,  resembles  that 
of  the  robinia,  and  like  that  wood,  presents  numerous  interlacements  of  fibre. 
It  is  very  heavy,  and  when  dry,  becomes  so  extremely  hard,  that  it  is  difficult 
to  penetrate  it  with  nails.  It  has,  also,  the  great  advantage  of  never  becoming 
worm-eaten,  however  old  it  may  be.  It  is  remarkably  durable  as  posts,  to  stand 
either  in  water  or  in  the  earth.  The  largest  recorded  tree  of  this  species,  in  Eu- 
rope, is  on  the  estate  of  M.  Ic  Compte  de  Dijon,  at  Podenas,  near  Nerac,  in 
I'^rancc,  in  the  department  of  the  Lot  ct  (iaronne.  It  Avas  planted  in  17S9;  and 
on  the  29th  of  .hmuary,  1S:]1,  it  measured  nearly  eighty  feet  in  height,  with  a 
trunk  three  feet  in  diameter,  at  a  yard  above  the  ground.  The  Planera  richardii 
was  first  introduced  into  Britain  in  ,-  jut  the  year  17(5t),  and  planted  in  the  gar- 
dons  at  Syon  and  at  Kew,  in  wh.^.i  there  arc  specimens  exceeding  fifty  feet  in 
licight.  The  zelkoua  or  zelkona,  was  introduced  into  the  I'nited  St'atcs  in  1784, 
liy  the  late  William  Hamilton,  at  the  AVoodlands,  near  Philadelphia,  where  there 
arc  five  beautiful  fastigiate-growing  trees,  from  forty-five  to  fifty  or  more  feet  in 
height,  with  trunks  from  eighteen  inches  to  two  Icct  in  diameter. 


Planera  nlmifnlla, 
THr:  ELM-LEAVED  PLAiNERA. 

Sijnonymes, 


Plmicra  uhaifoUa, 

Vlancra  gmdini, 

i'laiR'i-a  a  feuillos  d'orme, 
Ulinenbiiitirif,'o  I'laueni, 
Plaiicra  a  Ibiilii!  iH  olmo, 
(iinuliu's  riauLTu,  riancr-tree, 


BIicHAux,  North  American  Sylva, 
j  i^IiciiAux,  Flora  Boreali-Americana. 

Pur.sii,  Flora  Ainnrica-  Septcntrionalis. 
,  LouDox,  Arboretum  Eritaimiciim. 

FllA.NTl;. 
Gl;i!.MA.NY. 

Italy. 

Britai:;  and  A\glo-Amurica. 


l-elowf  '  -■^""-ti^'ii'  >>l^a,  pl.  li),  Luiulon,  Arboretum  CriUuuicmn,  iii.,  fig.  1251;   an,J  die  fi^up-H 

Specif cCharnrtfra.     Flowers  in  heads,  openi.i-  before  the  leaves,  and  borne  on  bmn.i,.-  „   i 


'■ijii. 


Descriplion, 

IE  Planera  ulmifolia  is  a  large  shrub 
or  low  Iree.  growing  to  a  height  of 
twenty  to  forty  feet,  with  a'trnuk 
PtPr~"Tr.  1    ^— ^'-^'^  /''""^  t^^clve  to  fifteen  inciie.s  in  diaiu-  W, 

eter.      I  lie    eaves  arc  about  an  inch  and  a  half  Ion-  oval-  ^^^l 
acum.na te,  denticulated,  of  a  lively  green  on  the  np,?er  sm-  ^"^^  '"' 
lace,  and  gray  beneath,  much  resembling  those  of  the  Ulmus 
oampcstns  except  in  being  serrated  wiUi  equal  teeth.     T le 
Hovers,  which  appear  early,  and  before  the  leaves,  occur  at .  e 

ZtfJl'    The''"'  "  ^"1?'T  '"'^^'^'  ^^"^^  "P-^  -" ''^-  ^'        ^ 

lo^  ;      T?;  f     ?^  T'"  f "''"'  °^^^  greenish-brown  colour,  aud  are  not  all  consnic 

Yc«ovrv;//y,  ^5'c.     This  species  is  a  native  of  North  America   where  it  is  found 
in  the  arts.  =  '  '^ ''  ^""^  qn>»-opnated  to  any  particular  use 


Genus   CELTIS,    Tourn. 


UlmaceoB. 

Si/at.  Nat. 


Polygamia  MonoEcia  j  or  Pentandria  Digynia. 

Sijst.  Lin. 


U^^l^^^^l^n^^lX^^it  Zll\:^:,^.Z^::'^'S:^.  ''"""  '°  '"^  '°'"^'  -^  -  -><'  '^  re^r  to  a.  European  ne.tle- 

Br.tam,  the-  fl,„vers  are  pl-otruded  us  .  rvim  slv  to  U^p  In  Jf?"'  J""  ^''T^''  '"  "^^^  '^'"'''^  ^anly  „ 
wards  axillary;  bisexual  or  less  common  75  he  VncrfSro,  IT*'"''  "?'^'  ^  '^^  '''■""^'  =^r«  "^'^r- 
kmds  upon  one  plant,  and  when  they  occur  it  e  same  rSm  ,  1°  f""''  '"'  >'  ""^'°  *"  ''«"«^'  ^  ''"'h 
shaped,  distinct  Irom  the  ovarv  S—fi  mr  n,l   .1 1  raceme,  the  latter  are  the  lower.     Calyx  bell- 

.nserted  imo  the  base  of  the^^lyx,  opE  I'v  to  tTlobcTnM'.r"'^  '"  ,^siivation.  Stamen^  5-( , 
ments  at  first  incurved.  Anthers  coXe  nnLin  It  ,,'''  "  V^  '^''y  ''"'  shorter  than  the  lobes.  Fila' 
1-celled.  Stii^mas  2,  sess.racumiZe  lo^  T  1'  ""  ''"'  -'  "''''"'""  "'  "'«  ^'Jcs-  Ovary  ovate 
parted.     Fru.t  .  drupe,  subfgirbre    'o;;iclXeJ?^^^^^^  .''^^'^  °^  "'=^"''"1'  ^imp^e  or  2: 

Its  radicle  uppermost ;  iraces  of  sub-RelatboL  ilbuml^^^^  "''  pendulous.    Embryo  siclde^shaped, 

m  2  ranks,  ovate  and  pointed,  imequal  at  he  £  "  seix.fP  T™/'''  "">''"'°"«-  -leaves  alternate 
from  the  callous  bases  and  re.nains  of  biTstl,^-  annual  in  hi.  h  '  f  ,""  '^^  m^'^  surface,  apparently 
the  primary  veins  forming  but  a  sinall  a  H^ J  £  nil  n.  ,^  ""'''i'"  ^'■"""''  ^"^^  the.se  have 
portion  01  the  lengthof  the  disk.  Stipules  hnceo  a  e  soonT  n'/'lv  '"'V^'"'''"^  ""-""S''  ^  considerable 
plaited,  with  scales  present  between  leaf  nnd  In  d'  t7i  v,  '""'"S  <''  •  -Leaves  in  the  bud  not  folded,  but 
t.ty.-Z:...«„,  ArioLan,  from  Mel  'S  S^IS,  S^^^fl^as'""''  ""''''''  "^"^  ^"^^"  '^  '^^^ 

deciduous  tree,  native  of  both  shoms  nV  tl  1  m   1  .  ^^        ,  ^   ^°^"^^^  's   a 

abundant  throughout  the  whole  of   he  somh  .f  P  "'"^       ^"^  ^^  particularly 
is  distinguished   by  itsTonl    sLlr    flS     '  ""^^'f'^''  ^Pain,  and  Italy,  and 
spotted  with  white  and  sht^tlv  rnJorf^    '^'?,  ^'^''^^'^''  ^^^th  a  grayish  bark, 
leaves  are  of  a  Sf^rlM^n  arU7.Trm,'  I    '"  T'"'"''''''  with  down.     The 
and,  when  young   arf  covered  WMi  Tv.!^  \  the  nerves  on  the  lower  side, 
lanceolate,  termin^thi"  hi  a  nil.    ,^.7^"°^^'^^  pubescence.     They  are  ovaU 
prolonged  down  to  Ihenctir     Til  fl  ^""^^S^^.^d  at  the  base,  with  one  side 
inconspicuous,  are  pi^duc^ed  at  ihe  s^L  Z"'"'  T^'t'^  ^'"  ^"^""'  g^^^"'^'^  '-^"d 
blackisli,  when  ripe  anTresem  les  n  ?mn        V^""  ''^.';'-     ^^''^  ^'''''''  ^^'^'ch  is 
become  edible  till'  the  apreami    «  «?  Te  first 'fn?^'  '!j'^  ''^'"^^y'  ^^  ^^''^  "«'  ^^ 
until  the  following  spring^^  I   is  rem.r  .hit  t      ?  '  "^"^  '"•"^'"^  "P«"  ^he  tree 
the  lotus  of  the  ancie  its'  the  Ld  of  ,  p  /  TT''  ^"^''  '''^P^''^  ^^  ^^^^^'^  ^een 
ides,  and  Theophras  us  de  cribe  as  sUp?  ^r^^'^^Sh  which  Herodotus,  Dioscor- 
Homer  says,  was  so  Ific  o/s  as  o  S  ^^''^"V^"^  wholesome;  and  which, 
try.     This' t'ree  is  much  use    tn  the  no  th  o^Vw"  ""1  °^  ^  ^"^^et  their  coun! 
for  planting  squares  and  nnblipMnU..      I         ?  ^'  ."^  '"  ^'^^  ^'^"^'^  «f  I'rance, 
fort!  to  fift?,  aVd  even    evSty  felt  uhelir  Tlf.  ^''^T"^'^  ''  ^'  ^^""'^  ^^^"^ 
ranking  between  that  of  Te  liVoal   a  df  f" hnT  ?  T^"  ^""''^T^Y  c«'«Pact, 

crs^aJrii^mr cI^^lCTee^dsr''^^^  ''''''  ''''  ^''  ^^^  ^^  P-"=--d  V  lay- 


Celtis  occidcntalis, 
THE  AMERICAN  NETTLE-TREE. 

Sijnonymes. 


Celtis  occidentalis, 

Micocoulier  d'occident,  Micncoulipr  de 
Virginie,  Micocoulier  dcs  Antilles,  Tro- 
phus  d'Aineri(]ue,  Bois-ranion, 

Abendlandischer  Ziir^el 

Cello  occidentale, 

Bois  inconnu, 

North  American  Nettln-tree, 

American  Nettle-tree,  Sugar  Berry-tree, 


LiNN^us,  Species  Plantarum. 
Miciuux,  North  American  Sylvn 
^Loudon,  Arboretum  Britannicum'. 

FjiA.NCIi. 

Germany. 

Italy. 

French  Illinois. 

Britain. 

United  States. 


^K/!=^  o„^^Sr^--  part,  and  at  the  base,  entire  • 

pubescent  beneath,  and  marked  ^vith 'conspictious\^em^'    fS  T  ""^  upper  surface 

blanch,  3  ,n  an  axil;  in  the  upper  part,  1  onK  in  tlf^vll      r      ,'■'''''>' '  '"  "'*=  lower  part  of  the 
equal  or  shorter  than  the  petiolei?  ^^,^X,  obsalrCy  p'Se  ol  rer""^'  """'''■^'  ""  P^'^"^'^'^  '^^■ 

Description. 

^^I^^^^HE  CeltLs  occidentalis 

^  I^MrB'^  '^  ^^^^^  ^^^'^'  varying 
|LJ4-S"^   lieigiit    from    tliirty 

,       ,    .1 Ee©\ili/S^to  seventy  feet,  Avitli  a 

trunk  Irom  eighteen  inclics  to  four  feet  or  more 
m  diameter      Its  branches  are  numerous  and 
Slender  and  the  limbs  originate  at  small  dis- 
tances from  the  ground,  and  seek  a  horizontal 
or  an  mclmed  direction.    The  bark  of  the  trunk 
IS  rough,  and  that  of  the  secondary  branches 
smooth  and  even.     Th-^  branchlets  are  angu! 
lar,  pubescent,  bnt  not  dotted.     The  leaves 
when  young,  are  ovate-lanceolate,  and  some- 
what downy.     When  adult,  they  are  broadly 
ovate-acuminate,  about  three  inches  long,  oval- 
oblique  or  acute  at  the  base,  very  acuminate  at 
he  summit,  and  distinctly  toothed  in  their  cen- 
tral margins.     Their  colour  is  a  beautiful  dark  / 

bTe•i\h:rtS^rumSl'^pS^^^^^^  -"-^-^^  -d  hairy  or  pubescent 

from  those  of  the  Europears^e  ief  by  bein  Ja^^^^^  r'f/'^  '^,  distinguished 


618 


CELTIS   OCCinENTALIS. 


il 


chcny      Whoii  ripe,  it  is  ratlicr  fleshy,  very  swoet,  and,  like  that  of  the  Celtis 
austrahs,  of  Liiirope,  becomes  shrivelled,  and  of  a  brownish  or  blackish  cast 

Vnrtciws'      'J^ho  trees  belonging  to  the  genus  celtis,  like  those  of  pyrus,  fraxintis, 
ulimis,  and  others,  from  the  similarity  of  tiieir  habits,  and  their  apparent  apti- 
tude to  sport  by  the  nilluences  of  soil,  climate,  &c.,  it  seems  to  us,  are  subject  to 
sninlar  variations,  and  consequently  should  be  reduced  in  the  number  of  their 
species.     We  have  accordingly,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  and  the  convenience  of 
classification,  brought  all  the  North  American  kinds,  including  those  usually 
regarded  as  species  by  botanists,  under  one  head,  and  have  considered  them  only 
as  varieties  ot  the  Celtis  occidentalis.     Those,  however,  who  differ  from  us  in 
opinion,  will  find  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  among  our  syiionymes,  the  names, 
as  given  by  Michaux,  Nuttall,  Loudon,  and  others,  whereby  they  will  be  enabled 
to  know  under  what  head  they  are  described  in  the  works  of  these  authors. 
V        M    o-  V°*'"^"''°''''^-     Lonrr.lcnved  American  Net  tic-tree ;  Ce/tis  lon^ifoUa,  of 
iVittall;  Micocoulier  a  longues  fenilles,  of  the  French;  Lan'^hliittrlger  Ziirrrel, 
ot  the  (jqrmans;  a  fine  shady  tree,  sometimes  attaining  the  height'' of  sixty  or 
seventy  feet,  native  of  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.    The  branches, 
when  young,  are  tomentose,  but  become  dotted  and  smooth  with  ago.     The 
leaves  are  broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  gradually  acute,  oblique  and  une- 
qual at  the  base,  from  two  inches  to  three  inches  and  a  half  in  length,  and 
from  one  mch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  wide,  and  smooth  on  both  surfaces.     The 
ffowers,  which  come  out  in  March  or  April,  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  are 
small  of  a  greenish  colour,  and  are  succeeded  by  small  brownish-yellow  l)erries. 
rr   ^- "•  ^'••■'•''■'I'O'^iA,  Lamarck.      Thin-lenred  American  Nettk-trec ;  Celtis  tenni- 
Jofia,ol  Anttall;   Micocuttlier  d  feidllcs  dcliecs,  of  the  French;   Ddnnbhittrirre'r 
j^urffel,o[  the  (Germans;  a  small  shrub,  with  erect  divaricate  branches,  growTii'' 
to  a  height  ol  from  two  to  five  feet,  a  nalivo  of  Maryland  and  Virginia;  flowci" 
mg  in  May,  and  bearing  small,  solitary  berries,  which  are  glaucous  and  brown. 
Ihebranchlets  arc  angular  and  smooth.     The  leaves,  which  are  from  one  to 
two  niches  long,  m  the  adult  state,  are  cordate-ovate,  slightly  acuminated,  serru- 
late in  the  middle,  but  occasionally  without  teeth,  smooth,  and  rather  thin. 

3.  C.  o.  MAiUTDiA.  S'ca-side-inhaljitiiirr  American  Nettlo-tree ;  Celtis  viaritimn, 
ot  l{ahnesque;  a  small  crooked  shrub,  three  or  four  feet  in  height,  growinc^  on 
the  sea-shore  from  Long  Island,  in  New  York,  to  Chesapeake  Bay.  Its  branches 
arc  cmcrous,  and  slightly  dotted;  the  leaves  small,  ovate-acuminate,  with  lar<^o 
serraturcs,  rough  on  both  sides,  with  the  petioles  and  nerves  pubescent;  and 
flowers  in  May.  ' 

4  C.  0.  coRiiATA,  lioudon.  Hcnrt-lcavcd  Amerh-an  Nttlle-trce ;  a 'tree  with 
reddish  branchlets,  attaining  a  height  of  twenty  to  forty  feet,  and  native  of  Ken- 
tucky Illinois,  &c.,  where  it  is  sometimes  called  hac/c-hcrry,  which  more  pro- 
perly belongs  to  the  Celtis  o.  crassifolia.  The  leaves,  which  are  from  three  to 
five  inches  m  length,  and  from  an  inch  to  two  inches  wide,  are  ovate-oblong,  or 
acuminate  sub-cordate,  or  truncate,  and  slightly  oblique  at  the  base,  rough 
above,  ^and  smooth  beneath,  with  regular  reticulate  nerves. 

5.  0.  o.  RETICULATA.  Hcticulate-ncrved-leaved  American  Nettle-tree;  Celtis 
reticulata,  of  1  orrey  and  Nuttall ;  Micocoulier  a  feuiUes  rcticulces,  of  the  French  • 
Netzbluttriger  Zdrn-el,  of  the  Germans;  a  tall  shrub,  with  numerous  smooth! 
slender  branches,  discovered  by  Dr.  E.  P.  James,  near  the  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  m  1819.  It  has  since  been  met  with  by  Thomas  Nuttall,  in  the 
same  mountain  range,  along  the  borders  of  the  Oregon,  towards  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains, particularly  on  the  banks  of  the  Brulee,  a  small  stream  falling  into  thai 
river.  I'he  leaves,  according  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  become  thick  and  rigid,  and  are 
about  an  mch  and  a  half  long,  by  less  than  an  inch  wide,  acute,  but  scarcely 
acuminate,  with  a  few  irregular  serratures  toward  tiie  point,  though  a  mimber 


AMERICAN   NKTTLK-TREE. 


of  the  loavos 


may  bo  observed  to 


519 


" luu,  auu  sMLmiivr  Sinuate.!  at  tl.o^h?!?""  "''.^.'^"'^'"••es  at  all;   they  arc  very 

Icn^tl,    ncar/y  or  quite   sniootS      T   "d.^,  T-   ^1''''^''^  ^  ^''«"Sl'^^ 

ped.mcles,aud  arc  ofabrowuish-yellmv  colour  ^  '         '^^'■^'  ""''   '^''''' 

//«5-  /i.vvy,  i/«.  Bn-,-;^:i}^^AtS^^  l^  '^'''  ^'^^'•"^ans;  Hack  Berry, 

has  hithcrti  bocTu  troa/ d  as^a  s  o'cicV  n^'^'"'-^'"'^^^^  '^'''^^  t^^^'  whici; 


has  hitherto  been  treated  as  a  species,  some- 
tunes  grows  to  a  height  of  uiore  than  eighty 

ect,  but  w.th  a  trunk  of  tlie  very  dispronor- 

onate  diameter  of  only  eighteen'  or  twJutv 
mchcs.     It  IS  distmguished  by  the  form  of  its 
tunic,  which  IS  straight  and  undivided  to  a  creat 
iKMght;  and  by  its  bark,  which  is  of  a  grayish 
<'->lonr,  nubrokeu,  and  covered  with  asperiUes 
iincq-ially   distributed   over   its   surface       Its 
leaves  are  larger  than  those  of  any  other  tree 
of  the  genus  being  six  inches  long,  and  from 
tliree  to  four  inches  broad;   they  a.^  oval-acu- 
minate, broad,  heart-shaped,  auricled  and  uu- 
cquai  at  the  base,  serrated  with  uneciual  teeth 
ot   a  thick  and  rather  leathery  texture,    and 
rough  on  both  surlaces.     The  petioles  are  from 
o.ie  lourth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  in  lougth,  and 
I'-c  sligluly  hany.     The   flowers,   winch'  put    m 

'^^fnllli^uS^i'l^Znn^i:^^  -.1--  -  ^  -™-on  peduncle, 

l.rown,  or  nearly  bckco''i^^^^^^^  ^^>ghty  pointed  at  the  apex,  is  if  a  dark- 

borne  ou  slendcn^Xicles  h'nt  vn  '  '  T  ^'l'  '"'  ^'^  ""  bird-dierry,  and  is 
hanks  of  the  hiSe  aboVe  I'Lbde  h/f  ^  "'"\''"  "^'"'t'  ^'"  "'°  '^'=^^^-  ^'he 
limit,  as  an  indigen  s  n^o  -  [  o  'l.T'T  ^'^^«"^^"1^^'-^^^1  '-•«  its  nothernmost 
row  boinularies,'hoin^a  stVanie;  to  lb  LV  ^^  ^^'1''"';-  V  '''''•'^^''^'^  ^vithin  nar- 
son'thern  states'  bii  west  of  fe  n  ^^'"^  ''}''''  i'}''^^  "  ^"-S'liia,  and  of  the  more 
valleys  that  It^etc     al^  1"  ,  '  ^t^^  llji  l^llj^'^J  P^^^  '"•"til''i-l  in  all  the 

It  was  introduced  into  Ih-il  ,/  r\V-!>'  wf    ?  ^      js' o'l,^  "i'^^  '^^^""•^^^^^■ 

mental   tree.      ft  is  well  ad'inied  fn.''^  n    .  .  ""'7  considered  as  an  orna- 

'•'''inire.1,  fmiu  the  rinid  tv  u  d  I  vm  '  P''^'"''V'.^"''  ^^'"^'''^  '^  ^-^r^on  or  shade  is 
thick  texture  OS  E^  'li^^^Tf^'l  f  7^''' ^"^^  ''-  '^^ge  size  and 
and  liability  to  decay,  when  ex  os  to  t  '^  nhen  ""'  ^'''''"'-.^'•'^'"  ^'^  ^^'^^^l^ness 
it  is  compact  and  f  ne- 4  m7    o  Lp"       tl  '^ 

expose(l  it  is  quite  w  ite      S  w'n  r.   r  '         '^^''  '":    ''"=^^'>'-'  "i"'^  when  freshly 

dulal  fibres,  i^eSi,^^  ho  fi^  Tind  htur  ha;  Tl'''  "  f'^T  \'  ''^  ''-"'^- 
the  elm.     The  san-wood      '   .  ^'"^  ob.served  m  the  locust  and  in 

iVn.n  pure  w  he  t  ™.'  Tu  I  e'r^^nf';',''''  ^""  "'''"^"S'^  '"  '  ^^^  "'""'t^-«. 
south,  and  Missoui 


inois  on  the  west.     In  its  natural  habitat,  it  prefers 


620 


CELTIS   OCCIDiiNTALIS. 


cool,  shady  situation,  and  a  deep,  fertile  soil,  as  along  the  borders  of  rivers 
among  other  trees.     It  was  introduced  into  Britain,  by  Mr.. John  Tradescant,  iti 
1050,  where  it  has  proved  to  be  a  very  hardv    .id  ornamental  tree,  and  has  since 
been  cultivated  in  many  of  the  European  gardens. 

The  largest  recorded  tree  of  this  species,  in  Britain,  is  at  Svon,  which  has 
attauied  the  height  of  fifty-four  feet,  with  a  trunk  nearly  two  leet  and  a  half  in 
diameter,  and  an  ambitus  or  spread  of  branches  of  thirty  feet. 

The  largest  Celtis  occidentalis,  in  France,  is  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  at  Paris, 
which  has  been  planted  about  one  hundred  and  forty  years,  and  has  attained  a 
height  of  nearly  seventy  feet,  with  a  trunk  about  two  feet  iu  diameter,  and  an 
ambitus  of  forty  feet. 

At  Bnick,  on  the  Leytha,  in  Austria,  there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  which,  in 
forty-five  years  after  planting,  had  attained  the  height  of  sixty  feet,  with  a  trunk 
two  feet  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  an  ambitus  of  forty  feet. 

In  Germany,  in  the  botanic  garden  at  Gottingcn,  there  is  an  American  nettle- 
tree,  which,  in  thirty  years  after  planting,  had  attained  the  height  of  thirty  feet 
with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter.  ' 

In  the  Uniter'.  Slates,  at  Springfield,  in  Massachusetts,  there  is  a  Celtis  occiden- 
talis fourteen  feet  in  circumference. 

Propoiratioi,  iS/'c.  The  Celtis  occidentalis  is  readily  propagated  by  layers  or 
from  seeds,  r.nd  will  best  succeed  in  a  rich,  fertile  soil,  which  is  rather  cool  and 
moist.  The  only  insect  of  note  that  is  found  upon  this  tree,  in  the  United  States, 
Js  the  larva  of  the  hack-berry  moth,  {Sphinx  drupifemnim,  of  Abbott,)  which  is 
nearly  three  inches  long,  half  of  an  inch  thick,  of  a  green  colour,  beautifully 
marked  and  shaded  with  pink,  and  a  brilliant  white. 

Properties  and  Uses.  The  wood  of  the  Celtis  occidentalis,  when  perfectly 
seasoned,  is  of  a  dark-brown  colour,  hard,  compact,  su].ple  and  tenacious,  Avhich 
renders  it  appropriate  for  many  purposes;  but,  from  its  comparative  scarcity,  and 
growing  among  an  abundance  of  more  valuable  trees,  it  never  has  been  applied 
to  many  uses  in  the  arts.  It  has  sometimes  been  employed  by  the  wheelwright 
lor  shafts,  by  coopers  for  hoops,  and  it  has  been  wrought  into  whip-stocks,  axe- 
helves,  and  various  other  articles  of  use. 

In  Europe,  it  is  cultivated  solely  as  an  ornamental  tree;  and  as  it  possesses 
the  proiierty  of  keeping  on  its  leaves  very  late,  which  die  olf  of  a  bright  yellow, 
it  well  deserves  a  place  in  every  collection. 


■\ 


r 


Ill 


